here - Eco-Ideal Consulting Sdn Bhd

DANIDA-SARAWAK GOVERNMENTUrban Environmental ManagementSystem (UEMS) ProjectCost of Establishing and Operating ECOSANSystem in New and Existing ResidentialAreasFinal ReportSeptember 2005Report No. UEMS_TEC_02_53Issue No. 2Date of Issue 16th July 2005PreparedCheckedApprovedSNB, ChemsainILA

Cost of Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New andExisting Residential AreasPrepared with assistance of:Danish International Development Assistance (DANIDA)Consultants:Soren Beck, COWIBrian Chong, Chemsain Konsultant Sdn. Bhd.1 st Edition (1 st Print)September 2005Copies: 200© Sarawak Government and DANIDAPrinted by UM Colour Printing CompanyReport No. UEMS_TEC_02-53

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas1Table of Contents1 Introduction 51.1 Brief Description of the ECOSAN System 52 Cost of ECOSAN System 73 ECOSAN Costing in New Housing Areas 113.1 Black Water System 113.2 Operating and Maintenance Costs 163.3 Transport Cost for Black Water System 173.4 Black Water Treatment at Biogas Facility 193.5 Grey Water System 213.6 Summary of ECOSAN Costs for New Housing Estates 243.7 ECOSAN Cost Compared to Traditional Septic TankSystem 264 Costing of ECOSAN in Existing Housing Areas 274.1 Black Water System 274.2 Transport Costs 294.3 Sludge Treatment at Biogas Facility 294.4 Grey water System 294.5 Operating Costs 314.6 Summary of ECOSAN Costs for Existing Housing Estates 315 Cost Estimate in Study Area 345.1 Population Distribution 345.2 Distribution by PE 365.3 Capital Program Cost Estimate for Integrated WastewaterPlanning 395.4 Short-term Interim Sanitation Projects - Critical Area 405.5 Total Integrated Wastewater Planning Cost 2000-2015 425.6 Total Integrated Wastewater Planning Pollutant RemovalEfficiencies 43UEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas2List of TablesTable 2.1:Summary of ECOSAN System for Different Size HousingAreas 7Table 3.1: Communal Storage Tank 14Table 3.2:Capital Costs for Black Water System at New Housing Area(RM) 14Table 3.3: Capital Cost - Traditional Septic Tank and Toilets (RM) 15Table 3.4:Table 3.5:Table 3.6:Annual Capital Costs per PE (RM) - ECOSAN Black WaterStorage System 15Annual Capital Costs per PE (RM) - Traditional Septic Tankand Toilets 16Annual Operating and Maintenance Costs for Black waterSystem at New Housing Area (RM) 16Table 3.7: Distance Related Black Water Transport Cost 19Table 3.8:Capital Costs for Grey water System at New Housing Area(RM) 22Table 3.9: Annual Capital Costs per PE (RM) 23Table 3.10: Operating and Maintenance Costs for Grey water System atNew Housing Area (RM / Year) 23Table 3.11: Capital Cost for ECOSAN System - New Housing Estates(RM per PE) 24Table 3.12: Operating Cost for ECOSAN System - New Housing Estates(RM/PE/Year) 25Table 3.13: Annual Costs for ECOSAN System - New Housing Estates(RM per PE) 25Table 4.1: Capital Costs for Black water System at Existing Housing 28Table 4.2: Annual Capital Costs for Black Water System per PE (RM) 29Table 4.3:Capital Costs for Grey water System at Existing HousingArea 30Table 4.4: Annual Capital Costs per PE (RM) 31Table 4.5:Table 4.6:Capital Cost for ECOSAN System - Existing Housing Estates(RM per PE) 32Operating Cost for ECOSAN System - Existing HousingEstates (RM/PE/Year) 32Table 5.1: Present and Projected Population Distribution in Study Area 34Table 5.2:Present and Projected Population Equivalent (PE) in StudyArea 34UEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas3List of Tables (Cont'd)Table 5.3:Catchment Areas Suitable for ECOSAN System (areasoutside the Critical Area) 37Table 5.4: Distribution of PE by Source and Area - Year 2000 39Table 5.5: Capital Expenditure of Potential Interim Sanitation Projects 41Table 5.6:Table 5.7:BOD loading (Kg/day) into Sg. Sarawak Before and AfterImplementation Interim Sanitation Projects 41Total Estimated Capital Cost of the Integrated WastewaterPlanning in Study Area 2000-2015 (RM Millions) 42Table 5.8: Pollutant Removal Efficiency 43List of FiguresFigure 2.1: Typical ECOSAN Layout for Small Housing Area (100PE) 8Figure 2.2: Typical ECOSAN Layout for Medium Housing Area (500PE) 9Figure 2.3: Typical ECOSAN Layout for Large Housing Area (1,000PE) 10Figure 3.1: Plan and Sections of a Typical 30m 3 Communal Tank 12Figure 5.1: Map of the Critical Area 35Figure 5.2: ECOSAN Suitability Map 38List of AppendicesAppendix 1: Piping Cost for Black Water SystemAppendix 2: Capital Costs for Black Water Systems in New Housing AreasAppendix 3: Typical Daily Tanker Truck ScheduleAppendix 4: Unit Cost of TransportationAppendix 5: Piping Cost for Grey Water SystemAppendix 6: Capital Costs - Grey Water System at New Housing AreasAppendix 7: Piping Costs for Black Water System - Existing Housing AreasAppendix 8: Fitting Costs for Grey Water System - Existing Housing AreaAppendix 9: Capital Costs of Grey Water System at Existing Housing AreasAppendix 10: EKOLOG Population Forecast 2000-2015Appendix 11: List of Sewage Treatment Plants in the Critical AreaAppendix 12: Pollution Load 2000 and 2015 in Study AreaAppendix 13: EKOLOG StudyAppendix 14: Proposed Interim Sanitation ProjectsUEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas4AbbreviationsBODCERCSTPDBKUDKKECOSANHDPEM&EM&EMARAMBKSNNREBO&MPPERCRMSTPBiological Oxygen DemandCarbon Emission RightsConventional Sewage TreatmentDewan Bandaraya Kuching Utara or Kuching North City HallDanish KronerEcological SanitationHigh Density PolyethyleneMechanical & ElectricalMechanical and ElectricalMajlis Amanah RakyatMajlis Bandaraya Kuching Selatan or Kuching South CityCouncilNitrogenNatural Resources and Environment Board, SarawakOperating & MaintenancePhosphorusPopulation EquivalentReinforced ConcreteRinggit MalaysiaSewage Treatment PlantUEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas51 Introduction1.1 Brief Description of the ECOSAN SystemIn December of 2003, the Natural Resources and Environment Board (NREB),Sarawak and the Majlis Bandaraya Kuching Selatan or Kuching South City Council(MBKS) with the assistance of DANIDA, Denmark carried out a pilot project for anEcological Sanitation (ECOSAN) wastewater treatment system at 9 residentialhomes at Hui Sing Garden in Kuching, Sarawak. This pilot project is the first of itskind in the South East Asia region.The main objectives are to:- Reduce cost for wastewater management by avoiding sewers. Sewers areusually more than 80% of the investment for conventional centralised sewagetreatment systems.- Increase environmental performance by recycling of organic matter, energyand water.In essence, the ECOSAN system is a non-piped system, focusing on waterconservation, effective nutrient management and potential energy recovery fromhousehold wastewater. The Hui Sing Garden ECOSAN system is adopted from avery successful environmental friendly system designed by a research team fromthe Agricultural University of Norway in 1997 led by Prof. Petter D. Jenssen. Thissystem implies source-separation of domestic wastewater into black water andgrey water.The two components of the ECOSAN system are the management of black waterand grey water discharges.1.1.1 Black WaterBlack water consists of toilet wastewater. It has high concentrations of organicmatter (BOD) and Nitrogen (N) and moderate contents of Phosphorus (P). It alsohas a very high content of bacteria (E. coli), typically 100 times higherconcentration than levels than what is found in grey water. The levels of pathogensin black water pose a threat to public health, if people get exposed to thewastewater.UEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas6Black water constitutes less than 10% of the domestic wastewater with 99% ofpathogen in the domestic wastewater. It is therefore more appropriate to betransported for further biological treatment. Local treatment in an urban settingwould require substantial health precaution measures. To reduce transportationcost, the less black water being transported the better. Using the low-flush toilet willsubstantially reduce the volume of the black water.The black water portion of ECOSAN Hui Sing Garden involve low-flush toiletinstallation (from the normal 6-15 litres/flush to 2-4 litres/flush), installation of blackwater collection piping and a communal black water storage tank equipped with avent and desludging pipe to facilitate easy emptying of the storage tank content.Black water from the toilets is collected from the storage tanks without allowing anyoverflow to the drains. The black water will be periodically removed from thestorage tank via vacuum trucks and transported to the existing Matang sludgetreatment plant, which will eventually be equipped with a biogas facility. There isno more discharge of any organic matter, bacteria, or nutrients to the storm waterdrains. The black water will be further processed at the biogas facility to generatepower and fertiliser, i.e. energy and nutrient recovery.1.1.2 Grey WaterGrey water consists of wastewater from laundry, kitchens, baths, wash basins andother in-house water outlets other than toilets. Grey water has medium to highcontents of organic matter (BOD), low contents of Nitrogen and moderate contentsof Phosphorus. Grey water has a low content of bacteria (E. coli).The grey water in Kuching is also expected to have high contents of oil and grease,due to local cooking habits.Grey water, which constitutes more than 90% of the domestic wastewater with lessthan 1% of pathogen, is costly to be transported, but safely to be treated onsite.The main components of the grey water portion are:- Grey water collection pipe- Oil and grease tank and pump sump- Pre-treatment bio-filters- Horizontal subsurface flow porous media filter, i.e. constructed wetlandFor the Hui Sing Garden project, the constructed wetland receives grey water from9 single-storey terraced houses (an average of 5 persons / household). The facilityconsists of pre-treatment of the grey water in an oil and grease tank, pumping via apump sump to a vertical single pass aerobic bio-filter followed by a subsurfacehorizontal-flow porous media filter, which is essentially the constructed wetland.UEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas72 Cost of ECOSAN SystemImplementing ecological sanitation based on local treatment of grey water and localstorage of black water for transport by tanker-trucks for centralised recyclingrequires a number of decisions to be taken. Different methodologies and costingconsiderations will be required for existing built-up urban areas and newdevelopments, respectively. In the following Chapters, the different approaches aredescribed.The dimensions of ECOSAN systems for different sizes of housing schemes areshown in Table 2.1. Figure 2.1, Figure 2.2 and Figure 2.3 show the typical layoutplan for the ECOSAN treatment system in different size housing areas.Table 2.1: Summary of ECOSAN System for Different Size Housing AreasHousingAreaNo. ofHousesPopulationEquivalent (PE)Black watergeneration(M 3 per day)Grey watergeneration(M 3 per day)Small 20 100 1.20 14.00Medium 100 500 6.00 70.00Large 200 1000 12.00 140.00The estimated volume of black water and grey water per day is after the installationof low flush toilets.UEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

CHEMSAIN KONSULTANT SDN. BHD.8UEMS PROJECTCost of Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New andExisting Housing Estates100 PE Housing EstatesLegendManhole and clean out pipeBlackwater pipeManholeGreywater pipeOil & Grease ChamberPump SumpEffluent ChamberStorm water drainBiofiltersCommunal tankWetlandBiofilterFigure 2.1: Typical ECOSAN Layout for Small Housing Area (100PE)D\ACAD\DRAWINGS\CK\EN113\23\05\100PE.PPT.

9CHEMSAIN KONSULTANT SDN. BHD.Figure 2.2: Typical ECOSAN Layout for Medium Housing Area (500PE)UEMS PROJECTCost of Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New andExisting Housing Estates500 PEHousingEstatesWetlandBiofilterEffluentChamberLegendCommunal TankManhole and cleanout pipeBlackwater pipeGreywater pipeOil and GreaseChamberPump SumpStorm water drainD\ACAD\DRAWINGS\CK\EN113\23\05\500PE.PPT.

CHEMSAIN KONSULTANT SDN. BHD.10Figure 2.3: Typical ECOSAN Layout for Large Housing Area (1,000PE)UEMS PROJECTCost of Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New andExisting Housing EstatesLegendCommunal tankManhole andclean out pipeBlackwater pipeGreywater pipeOil & GreaseChamberPump Sump1000 PE Housing EstatesOil & Grease ChamberEffluentChamberWetlandBiofilterStormwater drainD\AC AD\DR AWINGS \C K\EN113\23\05\1000PE. PPT.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas113 ECOSAN Costing in New Housing AreasIn new housing developments, the premises may be prepared for ecologicalsanitation at very little or not extra cost compared to traditional septic tanksewerage treatment systems. In the following a total cost calculation has beenprepared for the ECOSAN system and the difference in costs between theECOSAN system and the traditional system using septic tanks has been assessed.3.1 Black Water SystemIn a typical household, the flush water from toilets constitutes 25 percent of thetotal water consumption. The collection of black water constitutes by far the majorparts of the costs of operating the system. Reduction of the amount of black wateris therefore a major component of the project design.The following assumptions have been made for the installation of black watersystem in new urban areas:- Installation of low flush toilets (2/4 litres per flush) implying generation of 12liters black water / PE / day. These toilets are slightly more expensive topurchase and install than traditional toilets but the extra cost will be offset bythe reduced cost of water consumption and subsequent reduction in andtransportation of black water.- Black water will be collected in a communal storage tank through a local pipenetwork from each house (refer to Figure 3.1).- Communal storage tanks for black water will require regular emptying(typically once in 3-4 weeks) by tanker trucks and transport to the recyclingfacility at Matang Sludge Treatment Plant.3.1.1 Capital Costs for Black WaterThe capital costs for the black water system include preliminary design works, civilworks for the communal tank, Mechanical & Electrical (M&E) equipment (low flushtoilet, level indicator, ventilation pipe, piping and fittings) and M&E installation (lowflush toilet, communal tank and piping). The calculations are based on the followingmain assumptions:- The cost of design work for new housing estates is divided between the blackwater system (30%) and grey water system (70%).UEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

12Figure 3.1: Plan and Sections of a Typical 30m 3 Communal Tank.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas13- Initially, low flush toilets are likely to be imported. However, as the ECOSANsystem and or water conservation in general gains momentum the shifttowards the use of low flush toilets will encourage local producers tomanufacture such toilets. It is anticipated that this will reduce the cost. Aconservative estimate of RM 850 per toilet including installation has beenused in the analysis. It is assumed that there are an average 3 toilets perhouse in new housing estates.- The costing of M&E equipment such as piping, valves etc. is based on the useof materials, which are cost effective in terms of life span under Malaysianclimatic conditions. (Ex: strength towards exposure to sunlight.) The unit costfor joints, caps, valves and different size pipes and installation is provided inAppendix 1.- The cost of piping is based on trenching and cover in new housing estates.- The cost of the civil works excludes piling works as this is depending on siteand soil condition.The communal tank is constructed using reinforced concrete (RC). For thecommunal tank, a standard-size (30 m 3 ) is assumed. The actual size in a housingarea will depend on a number of factors:- Size of housing scheme: The sizing of the communal tank according to thesize of the housing scheme would provide economies of scale for the tankresulting in about 10 percent lower cost per PE for medium and largerschemes compared to the small scheme. However, one single tank in a largehousing scheme would potentially require additional piping and pumping costswhich would offset the lower tank costs.- Size of the tanker trucks: Ideally the capacity of the communal tank shouldmatch the capacity of the tanker truck to fully utilise the capacity of the tank.As noted in Section 3.3 there are limitations on the size of trucks to be used.It is expected that the truck fleet will consist of a mixture of trucks with acapacity of 10 and 12 m 3 .- Collection schedule: It is unlikely that the black water collection can beoptimised to such an extent that each communal tank is always emptied at theoptimum time. Therefore, a certain additional tank capacity is required to allowfor variations in the schedule.- A 30 m 3 storage tank will then correspond to desludging by two 12 m 3 tankertrucks, leaving 6 m 3 residual buffer capacity. Details of a typical 30m 3communal tank is shown in Table 3.1 and Figure 3.1.UEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas14Table 3.1: Communal Storage TankSize of housing scheme100 PEAmount of Black Water (3 weeks) 25.2 m 3Dimension of communal tank5.0 (L) x 3.0 (W) x 2.0 (D)Capacity of Storage Tank 30 m 3Cost of Communal Tank (RM) 31,100A summary of the black water capital cost for different size schemes are shown inTable 3.2 below while details of the calculations are presented in Appendix 2.Table 3.2: Capital Costs for Black Water System at New Housing Area (RM)Items/ActivitiesCapital Costs (RM)100 PE 500 PE 1000 PEDesign Fees 2,400 2,900 3,400Civil Work, Communal Tank 1 31,100 139,900 248,800M&E EquipmentLow flush toilet (3 toilets /household, RM 850 / unit)Communal tankPiping including installationFittings and jointsM&E InstallationCommunal tank excluding piping78,600 357,000 638,8001,200 9,000 18,000Total Capital Cost 113,300 508,800 909,000Note: 1 Exclude piling works as it depends on site and soil condition.The cost of a traditional septic tank solution, where the septic tank is assumed tobe a standard pre-cast good quality PE tank with a capacity of 2 m 2 and assumingthat an average of three toilets are installed per household is estimated and shownin Table 3.3.UEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas15Table 3.3: Capital Cost - Traditional Septic Tank and Toilets (RM)Items/ActivitiesSize of Housing Scheme100 PE 500 PE 1000 PENormal toilet installation (3toilets @ RM 600 / Unit incl.piping and fittings)Septic tank including installation(RM 2,500 / unit)36,000 174,000 330,00050,000 250,000 500,000Total Capital Costs 96,000 474,000 930,000The cost of a traditional septic tank installation for one household is RM 2,500based on contractor's bids broken down as follows:i) Prefabricated Septic Tank RM 1,000ii) Piping, Fittings and Installation RM 1,000iii) Ventilation pipe and others RM 500Total RM 2,500Note: Exclude piling as this will depend on site condition.The investment cost of a traditional septic tank system is thus between RM 4,650and 4,800 per household (5 PE per household).3.1.2 Comparison of Capital Costs per PE for Black Water StorageSystemIn order to make comparisons between different sewerage systems the abovecapital costs for different black water schemes have been translated into bothcapital costs per PE and capital costs per PE per day. See Table 3.4.Table 3.4: Annual Capital Costs per PE (RM) - ECOSAN Black Water StorageSystemDescriptionSize of Housing Scheme100 PE 500 PE 1000 PEAverage Annual Capital Costs 1 9,303 41,833 74,749Capital cost per PE per day 0.25 0.23 0.20Capital Cost per PE 1,133 1,018 909Note: 1 Assuming 20 year life and discount rate of 6 percent p.a.UEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas16The corresponding capital costs per PE for the traditional septic tank installation isshown in Table 3.5.Table 3.5: Annual Capital Costs per PE (RM) - Traditional Septic Tank andToiletsItems/ActivitiesSize of Housing Scheme100 PE 500 PE 1000 PECapital Cost per PE 960 948 930The capital cost of ECOSAN per PE is higher than the traditional system of septictanks for smaller housing schemes. However, as the scheme grows larger the costof the two alternatives are almost of the same magnitude.3.2 Operating and Maintenance CostsThe maintenance operations for the black water system include cleaning of blockagesfrom the black water piping systems and maintenance of equipment at thecommunal storage tank such as the level indicator, ventilation pipe, desludgingpipe etc.It is assumed that the a black water system will require 1 scheduled maintenancevisit @ RM 50 per visit and 1 unscheduled maintenance visit @ RM 100 per visityearly per 20 houses/100 PE.The total operating costs per year are calculated and shown in Table 3.6 below.Table 3.6: Annual Operating and Maintenance Costs for Black water Systemat New Housing Area (RM)ActivitySize of Housing Scheme100 PE 500 PE 1000 PEScheduled visits (RM 50/visit) (1visit/100PE/year)Unscheduled visits (RM 100/visit) (1visit/100PE/year)50 250 500100 500 1,000Operating Cost (RM per Year) 150 750 1500The corresponding operating and maintenance costs for the black water system innew housing areas are thus estimated to be RM 0.004/PE/day.UEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas173.3 Transport Cost for Black Water System3.3.1 Typical Collection ScheduleThe main component of the black water system operation is the transport of theblack water from the communal storage tank to the sludge treatment facility atMatang, west of Kuching. A typical daily schedule has been worked out based onthe following assumptions:- It is assumed that the trucks are in operation for about 10 hours per day andthe number of working days per year is 312.- It is assumed that the average distance between tank and sewage treatmentplant in the study area is 10 Km. This distance will allow desludging of blackwater from an average of 8.5 communal tanks i.e. 85 m 3 of sludge per day.A set of typical daily schedules for a tanker truck transporting of black water ispresented in Appendix 3 for a range of average distances between tank andsewage treatment plant.3.3.2 Truck Operating CostsThe truck operating costs have been calculated using the following assumptions:- The vehicle is a 3-axle 10-wheeler tanker with a capacity of 10 m 3 . The 10 m 3has been chosen as a typical size as it will be able to access most areasincluding existing town areas. It is possible to produce a tanker truck with acapacity of 12 m 3 and still be within the legal weight limit for axle loads. Thetransport costs per m 3 for a 12 m 3 capacity tanker truck is about 10 percentlower than for a 10 m 3 capacity tanker truck.- The cost of the tanker truck with desludging equipment is RM 400,000 basedon recent quotations obtained in Kuching. The economic life of the truck is 10years. Depreciation calculated as 50% time-based (RM 200,000 over 10years) and 50% km-based.- Interest rate is 6% per annum- Insurance cost is RM 5,000 per year- Road tax is RM 1,200 per year- Fuel cost is calculated based on a diesel price of RM 1.09 per litre and anaverage fuel consumption of 2.7 km / litre.- Tyre consumption based on three axles with ten wheels. The average life of atyre is estimated at 45,000 km and the cost is RM 600 per tyre- Tanker maintenance cost is estimated to be RM 0.27 per truck-km equal toapproximately 4 percent of the capital cost of the vehicle per year.- Overhead cost is calculated to be RM 34,000 per year per truck based on thepresent operation of tanker trucks in Kuching. The overhead costs cover 1/6thUEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas19Table 3.7: Distance Related Black Water Transport CostDistance between Black Water Tank and SewageTreatment Plant5 km 10 km 20 km 30 kmVehicle Operating Costs(RM per m 3 )Vehicle Operating Costs(RM per PE/day)2.92 5.55 11.29 16.800.04 0.07 0.13 0.20The average travel distance between the Matang plant and the bulk of the studyarea is about 10 km. Consequently the transport cost per m 3 of sludge is RM 5.55and the corresponding cost per PE per day is RM 0.07.3.4 Black Water Treatment at Biogas FacilityThe black water is transported for centralised treatment at the septic sludgetreatment plant in Matang. It is assumed that a modern biogas treatment facility willbe built to treat the black water.The estimation of capital investment and operation cost for a modern biogastreatment facility in Malaysian is difficult since there is no local or regionalexperiences available. However, a biogas plant is being constructed in Pasir Puteh,Serian, Sarawak and the costing for this plant has been used as a basis for thecalculations in Section 3.4.1 and 3.4.2. The cost estimate has been compared andchecked against the costs structure from four existing biogas facilities in operationin Denmark and the most recent bid prices in Denmark.Although the Danish biogas plants generally operate with piggery waste while thecentralised sewage treatment plant in Kuching will operate primarily with blackwater from households, it is assumed that the retention time and therefore plantcapacity is the same for both inputs (about 12 days in a thermophile processgrowing bacteria at 55 degrees C).The organic loading from piggery waste is substantially higher (BOD loading of2,500 mg/L) than black water from households (BOD loading of about 800 mg/Lusing 2/4 l low flush toilets) but this only impacts the amount of biogas producednot the capacity of the plant.3.4.1 Capital CostThe first phase of the Pasir Puteh biogas plant will have a treatment capacity ofabout 750 m 3 sludge per day. The Pasir Puteh plant design include a pre-treatment"sanitation tank”, the digesters, a gas engine to produce heat for the sanitation tankand electricity and finally a concentration tank to reduce the water content of theliquid digestrate. The estimated capital cost excluding the pre-treatment tank of thisUEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas21- The potential value of Carbon Emission Rights (CER) have been excludedfrom this analysis, and- Potential revenue from sale of electricity is not included.3.5 Grey Water SystemThe treatment of grey water is done on site with a system comprising a pumpsump, oil and grease chamber, a set of bio-filters and a constructed wetland withinthe housing scheme. The constructed wetland for the grey water system isdesigned based on the following criteria:- Grey water production – 140 L / PE/day- Constructed wetland – 0.7 m 2 / PEThe housing developers for large estates shall allocate 10% of the housing estateas open areas, which is subsequently handed over to the local council. Theconstructed wetland for the grey water system will typically require 40 % of theopen area or 4 % of the total housing development area. Therefore, there is nocost of land acquisition if the facility is designed so as to be part of the open/greenarea.In order to gain appreciation from the residents, the constructed wetland willrequire proper turfing such as converting of the ‘hill’ created by the bio-filter as aplay area and planting suitable plant on top of the constructed wetland. Theexperience from the pilot plant project at Taman Hui Sing was that the residentsaccepted the facility in the adjacent park as part of the landscaping of the area.The residents at Taman Hui Sing feel that the pilot plant project is an importantinitiative to minimise water pollution and thus, to provide them a better andhealthier living environment. They also recognise that collecting the grey water viapipes and eliminate the grey water discharge into the drain have noticeablydecreased the need for flushing and problems with rats and flies.3.5.1 Capital CostsThe main components for the grey water system in a new urban housing areainclude:- Grey water collection piping system- Oil and Grease Tank and Pump Sump- Pre-treatment Bio-filters- Constructed Wetland- Beautification/ Landscaping MeasuresThe calculations are based on the following main assumptions:- Total costs for the design work for new housing estates are divided betweenthe black water system (30%) and the grey water system (70%).UEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas22- The costing of Mechanical & Electrical equipment such as piping, valves etc.is based on the use of materials, which are cost effective in terms of life spanunder Malaysian climatic conditions. (Ex: strength towards exposure tosunlight.)A summary of the grey water capital cost for different size housing schemes isshown in Table 3.8 below while details of the calculations are presented in theAppendix 5 and 6.Table 3.8: Capital Costs for Grey water System at New Housing Area (RM)Items/ActivitiesSize of Housing Scheme100 PE 500 PE 1000 PEPreliminary Design Work 5,600 6,700 8,100Civil Work 1Oil and grease tankPump sumpConstructed wetlandM&E EquipmentPipingFittings and jointsOil and Grease tankPump SumpClay liner, domes, outlet chamberand filter materialM&E InstallationConstructed wetlandElectrical installation & controlpanel6,000 27,200 36,10068,800 257,300 388,3004,800 12,500 33,400Turfing 2,000 5,000 8,000Total Capital Costs (RM) 87,200 308,700 473,900Note: 1 Excluding piling works as it depends on site and soil condition.3.5.2 Capital Costs for Grey Water System per PEIn order to make comparisons between different sewerage systems the abovecapital costs for different grey water schemes have been translated into bothcapital costs per PE and capital costs per PE per day as shown in Table 3.9.UEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas23Table 3.9: Annual Capital Costs per PE (RM)Description 100 PE 500 PE 1000 PEAverage Annual Capital Costs 1 7,172 25,390 38,978Capital cost per PE per day 0.20 0.14 0.12Capital Cost per PE 872 617 473Note 1 : Assuming 20 year life and discount rate of 6 percent p.a.The capital costs per PE show a rapid decline from the smallest scheme cateringfor 100 PE to a scheme catering for 500 PE. There are further economies of scaleas costs per PE are reduced by 33 percent if the scheme is doubled to cater for1000 PE.3.5.3 Operating CostsThe main operating and maintenance costs for the grey water system are the oiland grease desludging, the maintenance of pump, constructed wetland and pipingsystem and replacement of pump (refer to Table 3.10).It is estimated that the oil and grease content of the grey water is about 0.1percent. The cost of desludging is based on this volume and using double thetransport cost per ton compared to black water collection due to the relatively lowvolume (typically between 1.5 and 10 m 3 ) per operation. The wetland maintenancewill include servicing of the pump sump, labour cost for the trimming of grasses,clogging of bio-filters, etc.Table 3.10: Operating and Maintenance Costs for Grey water System at NewHousing Area (RM / Year)ActivitySize of Housing Estate100 PE 500 PE 1000 PEDesludging of Oil and Grease 250 750 750Wetland maintenance 400 480 768Maintenance of piping 200 900 1600Annual O & M Cost (RM) 850 2,130 3,118The operation and maintenance costs per PE per day are only about RM 0.01-0.02.UEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas243.6 Summary of ECOSAN Costs for New Housing Estates3.6.1 Capital CostsThe capital cost of developing an ECOSAN system for new housing estates of varioussizes is shown in Table 3.11.Table 3.11: Capital Cost for ECOSAN System - New Housing Estates (RM perPE)Capital Cost ElementSize of Housing Scheme100 PE 500 PE 1000 PEBlack Water System» Black Water Storage System1,1331,018909» Transport fleet575757» Biogas plant240240240Total Capital Cost Black Water 1,430 1,315 1,206Total Capital Cost Grey Water System 872 617 473Total Capital Costs ECOSAN System -New Housing Estates2,302 1,932 1,679The total capital investment cost for ECOSAN system in new housing estates isestimated at between RM 8,400 and 11,500 per household depending on the sizeof the housing estate. For the investment analysis in Chapter 5, the ECOSANinvestment cost for a 500 PE housing estate is used, i.e. an average investmentcost of RM 1,950 per PE.3.6.2 Operating CostsThe operating cost for an ECOSAN system for new housing estates of various sizesis shown in Table 3.12.UEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas25Table 3.12: Operating Cost for ECOSAN System - New Housing Estates(RM/PE/Year)Operating Cost ElementSize of Housing Scheme100 PE 500 PE 1000 PEBlack Water System» Black Water Storage System1.461.461.46» Transport25.5525.5525.55» Treatment at Biogas plant25.5525.5525.55Total Black water system 52.56 52.56 52.56Total Grey Water System 7.3 3.65 3.65Total Operating Costs ECOSAN System- New Housing Estates60.0 56.0 56.0The total operating cost for ECOSAN system in new housing estates is almostconstant at RM 56 / PE / year regardless of size. The resulting yearly expenditureper household to operate an ECOSAN system is RM 280.3.6.3 Total Annual CostThe total annual cost of an ECOSAN system for new housing estates of varioussizes includes depreciation of the capital costs is shown in Table 3.13.Table 3.13: Annual Costs for ECOSAN System - New Housing Estates (RMper PE)Cost ElementSize of Housing Scheme100 PE 500 PE 1000 PEAnnual capital cost for Black Water System:» Black Water Storage System938475» Transport fleet777» Biogas plant181818Total Annual Capital Cost Black Water System 118 109 100Total Annual Capital Cost Grey Water System 72 51 39Total Annual Capital Costs ECOSAN System 190 160 139Total Annual Operating Costs ECOSAN System 60 56 56Total Annual Costs Ecosan System (RM/PE) 250 216 195UEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas263.7 ECOSAN Cost Compared to Traditional Septic TankSystemThe capital cost of the ECOSAN system has been compared to the traditionalsystem using septic tanks. The purpose is to determine the need for governmentfunds for development expenditure in sanitation.3.7.1 Cost comparison - New Housing areas (RM/Household)Capital Cost ECOSAN * Traditional DifferenceTotal Investment Cost 9,750 4,750 5,000* Refer to Table 3.3The investment cost in the ECOSAN system is shown to be RM 5,000 higher thanthe traditional septic tank solution per household or RM 1,000 per PE.Operational Cost ECOSAN * Traditional DifferenceRM / household / year 280 100 180* Based on the current septic tank desludging requirement of once every 4 years for eachhousehold. Each desludging will cost RM 400.00.UEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas274 Costing of ECOSAN in Existing Housing AreasIn built-up urban areas, the ECOSAN system must adapt to the prevailingconditions. The cost of ECOSAN in existing built-up areas will be affected by theexisting layout of the wastewater management system. The main constraints are:- Location of outlet pipes are already fixed- House installations (pipes, fixtures) may require replacement or renovation- Available areas for grey water facilities and storage tanks etc. may, in someareas, be limitedThe following activities must be considered for the installation of ecologicalsanitation:- Existing septic tanks at single house plots should be decommissioned.- New communal collector network and communal storage tanks for black watershould be established.- Existing communal black water pipes and tanks should be utilised as collectornetworks and storage facilities wherever possible.- Existing grey water outlets should be combined to form a single outlet fromeach house plot.- New communal collector network and communal treatment facilities for greywater should be established.4.1 Black Water System4.1.1 Capital CostsThe main elements for the black water system at existing housing areas consist of :- Installation of (2/4L) low flush toilets (average 1.5 per household)- Installation of piping from toilets to black water tank- Construction of black water communal holding tank or conversion of existingseptic tanks to holding tanks- Installation of connection for desludging- Construction of inlet manhole and overflow manholeUEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas28- Level indicator for tank capacityThe following assumptions have been made:- Piping is assumed to be above ground located in existing drains. If thisassumptions does not hold due to lack of space it will be necessary to digtrenches, etc. which will increase the costs.- All communal tanks are assumed to be of standard size of 30 m 3 . Thecommunal tank is constructed using RC. Dimensions of the communal tankvary according to the size of the housing scheme. The sizing of the communaltank according to the size of the housing scheme would provide economies ofscale for the tank resulting in about 10 percent lower cost per PE for mediumand larger schemes compared to the small scheme. However, a single tankwould potentially require additional piping cost and pumping costs whichwould offset the lower tank costs.A summary of the capital costs for the black water system is shown below in Table4.1. The detailed calculations are presented in Appendix 7.Table 4.1: Capital Costs for Black water System at Existing HousingItems/ActivitiesSize of Housing Scheme100 PE 500 PE 1000 PEPreliminary Design Work 2,600 3,200 3,800Civil Work-Communal Tank 1 31,100 139,900 279,900M&E EquipmentLow flush toilet (1.5 per Unit)Communal tankPipingFittings & jointsM&E InstallationCommunal tank53,200 239,700 429,9001,400 7,000 14,000Piping 5,600 22,400 43,400Relocation of Existing Utilities 1,500 5,000 9,000Total Capital Costs (RM) 95,400 417,200 780,000Note: 1 Exclude piling works as it depends on site and soil condition.The capital cost for black water system for built-up areas is estimated at 18% lowerthat the cost for new housing estates (refer to Table 3.2). This is mainly due tolower number of toilets in existing built-up areas (1.5) compared to new housingestates (3.0).UEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas294.1.2 Capital Costs for Black Water per PEIn order to make comparisons between different sewerage systems the abovecapital costs for different black water schemes have been translated into bothcapital costs per PE and capital costs per PE per day as shown in Table 4.2.Table 4.2: Annual Capital Costs for Black Water System per PE (RM)DescriptionSize of Housing Scheme100 PE 500 PE 1000 PEAverage Annual Capital Costs 1 7,831 34,299 64,139Capital cost per PE per day 0.21 0.19 0.18Capital Cost per PE 954 834 780Note: 1 Assuming 20 year life and discount rate of 6 percent p.a.4.1.3 Operating CostsECOSAN operating costs for black water system at existing housing areas are thesame as for new housing areas in Table 3.6.4.2 Transport CostsThe transport cost per m 3 of black water has been estimated to be identical to thecosts for new housing areas. It should also be acknowledged that the costs mayincrease under certain circumstances where the location and accessibility does notallow tankers with a 10 m 3 capacity to access the area.4.3 Sludge Treatment at Biogas FacilityCapital and operating costs for the biogas treatment plant for the black watersystem at existing housing areas are same as for new housing areas.4.4 Grey water SystemAs mentioned in Section 3.5 the constructed wetland only requires 3-4% of thetotal project area. For the existing housing area, the constructed wetland can beinstalled at any green open space that is located within the housing estate.4.4.1 Capital CostsThe main elements are as mentioned in Section 3.5.1.UEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas30The following assumptions have been made:- Total costs for the design work are divided according to the black water (30%)and grey water (70%) ratio for new housing estates.- HDPE pipes are used as these pipes have a longer life span and are moreresistant to the exposure to sunlight than conventional piping materials- Total cost of the civil works exclude piling works as this is depending on siteand soil condition.- To install new grey water pipes, hacking of existing pavement or walkwaysmay be necessary.A summary of the capital costs of the grey water system is shown below in Table4.3.Table 4.3: Capital Costs for Grey water System at Existing Housing AreaItems/ActivitiesSize of Housing Area100 PE 500 PE 1000 PEPreliminary Design Work 6,200 7,400 8,900Civil Work 1Oil and grease tankPump sumpConstructed wetlandM&E EquipmentWetlandPipingOil & grease tankPump SumpM&E InstallationConstructed wetlandElectrical installation and controlpanelHacking of pavement /walkways6,000 20,400 36,10069,000 257,300 391,5004,800 12,500 22,9004,000 20,000 40,000Turfing 2,000 5,000 8,000Relocation of existing facilities 1,500 5,000 9,000Total Capital Costs (RM) 93,500 327,600 516,400Note: 1 Excludes piling works as it depends on site and soil condition.UEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas314.4.2 Capital Costs for Grey Water System per PEIn order to make comparisons between different sewerage systems the above capitalcosts for different grey water schemes have been translated into both capitalcosts per PE and capital costs per PE per day as shown in Table 4.4.Table 4.4: Annual Capital Costs per PE (RM)DescriptionSize of Housing Scheme100 PE 500 PE 1000 PEAverage Annual Capital Costs 1 7,690 26,945 42,474Capital cost per PE per day 0.21 0.15 0.13Capital Cost per PE 935 655 516Note: 1 Assuming 20 year life and discount rate of 6 percent p. a.The capital costs per PE show a rapid decline from the smallest scheme cateringfor 100 PE to a scheme catering for 500 PE. There are further economies of scaleas costs per PE are reduced by 20 percent if the scheme is doubled to cater for1000 PE.4.5 Operating CostsOperating costs for grey water system at existing housing areas are same as fornew housing areas in Table 3.10.4.6 Summary of ECOSAN Costs for Existing HousingEstates4.6.1 Capital CostsThe capital cost of developing an ECOSAN system for existing housing estates ofvarious sizes is shown in Table 4.5.UEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas32Table 4.5: Capital Cost for ECOSAN System - Existing Housing Estates (RMper PE)Capital Cost ElementSize of Housing Scheme100 PE 500 PE 1000 PEBlack water system» Black Water Storage System954834780» Transport fleet575757» Biogas plant240240240Total Capital Cost Black Water 1,251 1,131 1,077Total Grey Water System 935 655 516Total Capital Costs ECOSAN System -Existing Housing Estates2,186 1,786 1,593The total capital investment cost for ECOSAN system in existing housing estates isestimated at between RM 8,000 and 10,900 per household depending on the sizeof the housing estate. For the investment analysis in Section 5, the ECOSAN investmentcost for a 500 PE housing estate is used, i.e. an average investment costof RM 1,800 per PE.4.6.2 Operating CostsThe operating cost for an ECOSAN system for existing housing estates of varioussizes is shown in Table 4.6.Table 4.6: Operating Cost for ECOSAN System - Existing Housing Estates(RM/PE/Year)Operating Cost ElementSize of Housing Scheme100 PE 500 PE 1000 PEBlack Water System» Black Water Storage System1.461.461.46» Transport25.5525.5525.55» Treatment at Biogas plant25.5525.5525.55Total Black Water System 52.56 52.56 52.56Total Grey Water System 7.3 3.65 3.65Total Operating Costs ECOSAN system -Existing Housing Estates60.0 56.0 56.0UEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas33The total operating cost for ECOSAN system in existing housing estates is almostconstant at RM 56 / PE / year regardless of size. The resulting yearly expenditureper household to operate an ECOSAN system is RM 280.UEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas345 Cost Estimate in Study Area5.1 Population DistributionThe area for the present study is identical to the area of the EKOLOG Study, inorder to make suitable comparisons between the EKOLOG study and the presentStudy. The EKOLOG study identified the following population (see Table 5.1) in2000 and projected population by 2015.Table 5.1: Present and Projected Population Distribution in Study AreaArea Area (Km 2 ) Population (Inhabitants)Year 2000 Year 2015Kuching North 38.77 70,602 106,349Kuching South 15.76 63,364 86,836Sungai Maong 43.22 93,323 132,658Total Study AreaSource: Total EKOLOG Study - Table 6.10.2.197.75 227,288 325,843The detailed distribution by catchment's area is shown in Appendix 10.The EKOLOG study divided the study area into a Critical Area - an area South ofSg. Kuching with high population density and commercial and industrial activitywith a high pollution load and a larger mainly residential area. The Critical Area istargeted for immediate attention, while the remaining study area would follow in thenext phases of the EKOLOG project (refer to Figure 5.1).Based on detailed studies, the EKOLOG report has determine the PopulationEquivalent (PE) from residential and non-residential sources as shown in Table5.2Error! Reference source not found. below.Table 5.2: Present and Projected Population Equivalent (PE) in Study AreaYear Residential PE Non-residential PE Total PE2000 227,288 90,090 317,3782015 325,843 255,157 581,000UEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas35Figure 5.1: Map of the Critical AreaUEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas365.2 Distribution by PEBased on an IKONOS satellite image from year 2000 supplemented with fieldobservations, the area suitability for the ECOSAN in Kuching has been determined.The analysis is based on the present and expected land use pattern in the city.This starting point has been taken as the main limitation of the possible areas forECOSAN is the composition of the wastewater. Only areas with a land useproducing domestic wastewater suitable for ECOSAN should be further assessedfor ECOSAN.Before finally assigning certain areas for ECOSAN, additional parameters shouldbe taken into account. Such parameters include access to land for grey waterfacilities, transport distance to the black water recycling facility at Matang, slopeand presence of soft soils (peat and soft clay) unsuitable for wastewater piping.For the present costing survey, it is assumed that the Ekolog Critical Area isdedicated for conventional centralized sewage system and area outside the CriticalArea is suitable for ECOSAN 1 .Table 5.3 and Figure 5.2: show the areas that have been found to be suitable forECOSAN system implementation.1 Refer to Framework Plan for Integrated Wastewater Management for the City of Kuching, Sarawak(DANIDA, 2004) for a discussion on areas suitable for ECOSAN.UEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas37Table 5.3: Catchment Areas Suitable for ECOSAN System (areas outside the Critical Area)Catchments Population DetachedhousesSemi DetachedhousesTerracehousesFlatsKampunghousesTotalhouseholds1. Maong 94, 192 3,150 3,208 4,944 1,186 - 12,4882. Bintangor 1 4,402 136 28 - - 131 2953. Kudei 8,151 64 223 1,102 - 96 1,4854. Sg. Padungan 1 15,043South of Sg. Sarawak 121,7881. Gita 8,937 69 188 346 - - 6032. Laruh 5,975 139 290 409 - - 8383. Turong 1,356 30 12 28 - 141 2114. Sinjan 10,641 196 78 578 - 390 1,2425. Bedil 9,167 - - - - 801 8016. Gersik 2,504 - - - - 258 2587. Seman Lama 11,487 - - - - 1,719 1,7198. Siol Kandis 1 7,489 2 450 - - 23 4759. Paroh 2 78910. Paroh 2 15,016North of Sg. Sarawak 73,361Total 195,149Source: Environment of Sg. Sarawak-Relationships between City and River, Sarawak Government/Danced Sustainable Urban Development Project, Sarawak,2001.Note: 1 90 percent of the population assumed to be outside the critical areaNote: 2 Paroh and Maong Paroh have been added in June 2005.UEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas38Figure 5.2: ECOSAN Suitability MapUEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas39In 2000, a total population of 195,149 were living in areas which are potentiallysuitable for the ECOSAN system.According to Table 5.1, the Study Area is populated by 227,288 inhabitants in year2000. This implies that the residential PE in the Critical Area is 227,288 – 195,149= 32,129.The EKOLOG study found that the Critical Area had about 76,000 PE in year 2000and 98,000 in year 2015. Based on the distribution found above, this would resultin just over 40 percent or 32,139 of the PE being generated from residentialsources and 43,861 PE being generated from non-residential sources in the CriticalArea.The total of 317,378 PE in the study area can therefore be divided into differentcategories and geographical areas as depicted in Table 5.4.Table 5.4: Distribution of PE by Source and Area - Year 2000Source Critical Area Non-Critical Area TotalResidential 32,139 195,149 227,288Non-residential 43,861 46,229 90,090Total 76,000 241,378 317,3785.3 Capital Program Cost Estimate for IntegratedWastewater PlanningThe estimated cost of the integrated wastewater planning is divided into threesections:- The Critical Area, which is assumed to be conventionally sanitized, the costestimate is taken from the EKOLOG study.- The residential PE in the Non-Critical Area, which are all assumed to besuitable for ECOSAN.- The non-residential PE in the Non-Critical Area is assumed to be managed atprice levels equal to ECOSAN.5.3.1 Critical AreaThe EKOLOG study has estimated that the investment cost for a centralisedsanitation system covering the projected population and pollution load in year 2015in the Critical Area will be RM 430 Million at 2002 price level. The cost is estimatedto be about RM 470 million at present price level based on a 3% annual inflationrate.UEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas405.3.2 Residential Sources in Non-Critical AreaThe population suitable for ECOSAN in the Study Area outside the Critical Area isestimated to be 195,149, equivalent to about 195,000 PE.Applying the cost of ECOSAN to the 195,000 PE yields the following total investmentrequirement: 195,000 PE @ RM 1,800 2 equal to about RM 351 Million.5.3.3 Non-residential Sources in Non-Critical AreaApplying the cost of ECOSAN to the 32,000 PE from non-residential sourcesoutside the Citical Area yields the following total investment requirement: 32,000PE @ RM 1,800 equal to about RM 57.6 Million.5.3.4 Estimated Cost of ECOSAN 2000 to 2015In the previous sections, the cost of introducing ECOSAN in the existing areaswhere ECOSAN is suitable and the EKOLOG intervention in the Critical Area hasbeen assessed. However, in order to compare EKOLOG with the cost of combiningEKOLOG with alternative systems the cost of serving the projected population andother sources of pollution during the period 2000-2015 with ECOSAN has beenestimated.The EKOLOG study estimated that between 2000 and 2015 the number of PEwould grow from 317,000 to 581,000 (refer to Error! Reference source notfound.) or an additional 264,000 PE in the Study Area, of which 22,000 PE wouldbe in the Critical Area and 242,000 PE in the remaining (ECOSAN) areas. Thecapital cost of ECOSAN to treat this additional pollution sources based on thecalculations in Section 3.7.1 is 242,000 x RM 1,000 3 = RM 242 Million. Theadditional PE is considered for new housing estates.5.4 Short-term Interim Sanitation Projects - Critical AreaThe Critical Area identified in the EKOLOG, study has been identified as a majorsource of pollution into Sg. Sarawak.If the Critical Area is not being conventionally sanitized in the short term, a numberof interim sanitation measures can be implemented which may substantially reducethe pollutant load from the Area.5.4.1 Proposed Interim Sanitation MeasuresAs reported in the River Quality Baseline Study, 2001, the major pollution sourcesof the lower reaches of Sg. Sarawak are:- Untreated or partially treated sewage from households and commercial area;2 Refer to Section 4.6.1 of this report.3 Refer to Section 3.7 of this reportUEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas41- Untreated wastewater discharged from food outlets;- Partially treated sewage discharged from hotels; and- Untreated wastewater from industriesThe interim sanitation measures includes:- Conversion of septic tanks to blackwater holding tanks for transportation ofwaste to centralized treatment;- Installation of appropriately sized Oil and Grease traps and strainers at foodoutlets; and- Ensure proper functioning of the treatment plants of individual office buildings,shopping complexes and hotels.In Appendix 14, the components of possible interim sanitation projects aredescribed both in terms of costs and their estimated impact in terms of reduction inpollution. The components do not include grey water treatment, as space for suchfacilities is not considered conducive in the area.5.4.2 Summary of Interim Sanitation ProjectsThe cost of the proposed interim projects in the Critical Area is estimated to be RM33.2 million (see Table 5.5).Table 5.5: Capital Expenditure of Potential Interim Sanitation ProjectsInterim Sanitation Project’s ComponentCapital Costs(RM Million)Elimination of Black Water Discharge 26.7Installation of Proper Oil and Grease Traps 5.5Improving Performance of Sewage Treatment Plants 1.0Total Interim Improvement Project Cost 33.25.4.3 Impact of Interim Sanitation ProjectsThe estimated BOD loading to Sg. Sarawak from the above point sources withinthe Critical Area are detailed in Table 5.6 below for the present situation as well asthe situation after implementation of the Interim projects proposed above.Table 5.6: BOD loading (Kg/day) into Sg. Sarawak Before and AfterImplementation Interim Sanitation ProjectsSource of BOD LoadingBefore InterimProjectsAfter InterimProjectsUEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas42Black Water from Households 915 0Grey Water from Households 526 526Grey Water from Food Outlets 471 235Hotels 77 5Com. Centers / GovernmentInst./ Apartments66 5Industries 6 1Total 2,061 772It can be seen from Table 5.6 above, that by introducing the recommended interimprojects, the overall BOD loading to Sg. Sarawak may be reduced by 63%.5.5 Total Integrated Wastewater Planning Cost 2000-2015The cost of the individual components and the total integrated wastewater planningfor the whole Study Area are shown in Table 5.7 below.Table 5.7: Total Estimated Capital Cost of the Integrated WastewaterPlanning in Study Area 2000-2015 (RM Millions)AreaTreatment AlternativesEKOLOGProjectEKOLOG in CriticalArea plusECOSAN in therest of the AreaInterim Projects inCritical Area plusECOSAN in the restof the AreaCritical Area 470 470 1 33Non-Critical Area 2,755 650 650Total Study Area 3,225 1,120 683Note:1Refer to “UEMS Report – Framework Plan for Integrated Wastewater Managementfor the City of Kuching, Sarawak” prepared by NREB/DID. The Critical Area has20% of the total PE for the Study Area.The total cost for the EKOLOG project was estimated to be RM 2,950 at 2002 pricelevel. Based on an annual inflation of about 3 percent the cost estimate at 2005price level is 3,225, divided into RM 470 for the critical area and RM 2,755 for theNon-Critical Area.UEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas43The cost of implementing ECOSAN in the Non-Critical Area was estimated to beRM 650.5.6 Total Integrated Wastewater Planning PollutantRemoval EfficienciesThe load of pollutants to the environment by the different options have been calculated.The findings are presented in Table 5.8.Table 5.8: Pollutant Removal EfficiencyTreatment Alternatives% BODRemoval% Total NitrogenRemovalEKOLOG’s Centralised Conventional95 66System 1EKOLOG in Critical Area & ECOSAN in the 97 89rest of Area 2Interim Projects in Critical Area andECOSAN in the rest of Area91 84Note:1Removal efficiencies derived from EKOLOG Table 11.5.1.5.1: Section 2 : ConceptualDesign (Page 92).2The BOD and Total N percent removal efficiencies for ECOSAN were obtainedfrom “UEMS Report – Framework Plan for Integrated Wastewater Management forthe City of Kuching, Sarawak” prepared by NREB/DID. The Critical Area has 20% ofthe total PE for the Study Area.UEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.

Appendix 1 - Piping Cost for Black Water SystemPiping Cost for Black Water SystemPiping Systemi) Pipes from House to ManholeMaterial: HDPESize: 100 mm diameterGradient: 1:20 to 1:40Pipe Cost Per Meter Length, incl. installation(RM)50.00ii)Pipes from Manhole to Communal TankMaterial: HDPESize: 150 mm diameterGradient: 1: 60 to 1:8080.00The number of T-Joint, elbow, end cap and P-trap required are for per row of 10 houses. Thenumbers of check valves are based on the number of pumps and pump sumps required.Joints Caps and Valves for Black Water SystemJoints and caps per row of 10 houses Cost per unit (RM) Cost per row (RM)T-Joint x 10 numbers 70.00 700.00Elbow x 1 number 70.00 70.00End Cap x 2 numbers 26.00 52.00P-Trap x 10 numbers 50.00 500.00Check Valve: 1 / communal tank 20.00 20.00.

Appendix 2 - Capital Costs for Black Water Systems in NewHousing AreasCapital Costs for Black water System at New Housing Area (RM)Items/ActivitiesSize of Housing scheme100 PE 500 PE 1000 PEDesign Fees 2,400 2,900 3,400Civil Work, Communal Tank 1 31,100 139,900 248,800M&E EquipmentLow flush toilet (3 toilets / household, RM 850 /unit)Communal tankPiping including installationFittings and jointsM&E InstallationCommunal tank excluding piping78,600 357,000 638,8001,200 9,000 18,000Total Cost 113,300 508,800 909,000Annual Cost (RM per Year, 6% p.a. 20-years) 9,303 41,833 74,749Capital Cost per PE 1,133 1,018 909Capital cost per PE per day 0.25 0.23 0.20Note: 1 Exclude piling works as it depends on site and soil condition..

Appendix 3 - Typical Daily Tanker Truck ScheduleTypical Daily Tanker Truck Schedule- Average distance between Tank and Plant is 10 KmActivity Distance travelled Time spent per dayDepot to tank 5 km 10 minDesludging tank 115 minTank to plant 10 km 20 minEmptying tanker10 minPlant to tank 10 km 20 minRepeat activity 2 to 5 another 6.5 times 130 km 423 minDesludging tank15 minTank to Plant 10 km 20 minEmptying tanker10 minPlant to Depot 5 km 10 minTotal per day 170 Km 553 minTransport Cost of Black Water as a function of Distance between Tank and PlantAverage Distance between Housing estateand Sludge treatment plantDistance between Tank and Plant5Km 10 Km 20 Km 30 KmTime per round trip (Min) 45 65 105 145Number of trips per day 12.33 8.45 5.00 3.48Total number of Km driven per day 128.30 169 200.00 208.80Sludge collected per day (tonnes) 123.30 84.5 50.00 34.80Vehicle operating cost per Km 3.63 3.63 3.63 3.63Vehicle Cost per Day 465.73 608.39 726.00 757.94Total Vehicle Operating cost (RM per m 3 ) 3.78 7.19 14.51 21.78Total Vehicle Operating cost (RM per PE/day) 0.05 0.09 0.17 0.26Vehicle Operating Costs Excluding CapitalCosts and interest (RM per m3)Vehicle Operating Costs Excluding CapitalCosts and interest (RM per PE/day)2.92 5.55 11.29 16.800.04 0.07 0.13 0.20.

Appendix 4 - Unit Cost of TransportationUnit Cost of Transportation-Tanker Truck with 10 m 3 capacityComponents RM/Year RM/kmDepreciation – Time 20,000Depreciation – Distance 0.32Interest 12,000Insurance 5,000Road Tax 1,200Staff Cost (Admin) 34,000Staff Cost (Driver) 84,000Fuel 0.40Tyre 0.13Tanker Repair/Maintenance 0.27Total 156,200 1.12RM/km 2.50 1.12Total (RM/km) 3.63Total (RM/day) 725.48Total (RM/m 3 ) 14.51Total (RM/PE/day) 0.17.

Appendix 5 - Piping Cost for Grey Water SystemPiping Cost for Grey Water SystemPiping Systemi) Pipes from House to ManholeMaterial: HDPESize: 150 mm diameterGradient: 1:120 to 1:180ii) Pipes from Manhole to Oil & Grease Tank /Pump Sump / WetlandMaterial: HDPESize: 150 mm diameterGradient: 1: 120 to 1:180Cost Per Meter including installation (RM)80.0080.00Assumptions:- The number of T-Joint, elbow, end cap and P-trap require are for per row of 10 houses- The number of check valves required are as according to the number of pump sumps- The number of 90mm T-Joint, 25mm reducer, 25mm elbow and 25mm female threaded is inaccording to the number of bio-filters required.Fittings Cost for Grey Water SystemPer row of 10 houses 1 unit (RM) Per row (RM)150mm T-Joint x 10 numbers 70.00 700.00150mm Elbow x 10 number 70.00 700.00150mm End Cap x 2 numbers 26.00 52.00150mm P-Trap x 10 numbers 50.00 500.00150mm Check Valve x 1 number 20.00 20.0090mm T-Joint x 1 number/bio-filter 45.00 45.0090mm End Cap x 2 number 10.00 20.0090mm Connector x 1 number 12.00 12.0025mm Reducer x 1 number/ bio-filter 1.20 1.2025mm Elbow x 1 number/bio-filter 2.00 2.0025mm Female Threaded x 1 number/bio-filter 1.20 1.20.

Appendix 6 - Capital Costs - Grey Water System at NewHousing AreasCapital Costs for Grey Water System at New Housing AreaItems/ActivitiesSize of the Housing Scheme100 PE 500 PE 1000 PEPreliminary Design Work 5,600 6,700 8,100Civil Work 1Oil and grease tankPump sumpConstructed wetlandM&E EquipmentClay liner, domes, outlet channels andfilter materialPipingFittings and jointsOil and Grease tankPump SumpM&E InstallationConstructed wetlandElectrical installation & control panel6,000 27,200 36,10068,800 257,300 388,3004,800 12,500 33,400Turfing 2,000 5,000 8,000Total Capital Costs (RM) 87,200 308,700 473,900Annual Cost (RM) (6% p.a. 20-years) 7,172 25,390 38,978Capital Cost /PE 872 617 473Capital Cost /PE/day 0.20 0.14 0.12Note: 1 Excluding piling works as it depends on site and soil condition..

Appendix 7 - Piping Costs for Black Water System - ExistingHousing AreasPiping Cost for Black Water System - Existing Housing AreasPiping Systemi) Pipes from House to ManholeMaterial: HDPE Size: 100 mm diameterGradient: 1:20 to 1:40ii) Pipes from Manhole to Communal TankMaterial: HDPESize: 150 mm diameterGradient: 1: 60 to 1:80Cost Per Meter Length (RM) includinginstallation50.0080.00Fittings Cost for Black water SystemPer row of 10 houses 1 unit (RM) Per row (RM)T-Joint x 10 numbers 70.00 700.00Elbow x 1 number 70.00 70.00End Cap x 2 numbers 26.00 52.00P-Trap x 10 numbers 50.00 500.00Check Valve x 1 number 20.00 20.00Assumptions:The number of T-Joint, elbow, end cap and P-trap require are for per row of 10 houses and thenumber of check valves required are as according to the number of pump sumps.

Appendix 8 - Fitting Costs for Grey Water System - ExistingHousing AreaFittings Cost for Grey Water System - Existing Housing AreasPer row of 10 houses 1 unit (RM) Per row (RM)150mm T-Joint x 10 numbers 70.00 700.00150mm Elbow x 10 number 70.00 700.00150mm End Cap x 2 numbers 26.00 52.00150mm P-Trap x 10 numbers 50.00 500.00150mm Check Valve x 1 number/pump sump 20.00 20.0090mm T-Joint x 1 number/bio filter 45.00 45.0090mm End Cap x 2 number 10.00 20.0090mm Connector x 1 number 12.00 12.0025mm Reducer x 1 number/ bio filter 1.20 1.2025mm Elbow x 1 number/bio filter 2.00 2.0025mm Female Threaded x 1 number/bio filter 1.20 1.20Assumptions:- The number of 150mm T-Joint, elbow, end cap and P-trap require are for per row of 10 houses- The number of check valves required is as according to the number of pump sumps, and thenumber of 90mm T-Joint, 25mm reducer, 25mm elbow and 25mm female threaded requiredis as according to the number of bio-filters.Piping Cost for Grey water system - Existing Housing AreasPiping Systemi) Pipes from House to ManholeMaterial: HDPESize: 150 mm diameterGradient: 1:120 to 1:80ii) Pipes from Manhole to Oil & Grease Tank/PumpSump/WetlandMaterial: HDPESize: 150 mm diameterGradient: 1: 120 to 1:180Cost Per Meter (RM) includinginstallation80.0080.00Note:150 mm pipe will be used all the way from house to wetland (connection to inlet of oil and greasechamber..

Appendix 9 - Capital Costs of Grey Water System at ExistingHousing AreasItems/ActivitiesSize of Housing Area100 PE 500 PE 1000 PEPreliminary Design Work 6,200 7,400 8,900Civil Work 1Oil and grease tankPump sumpConstructed wetlandM&E EquipmentWetlandPipingOil & grease tankPump SumpM&E InstallationConstructed wetlandElectrical installation and control panel6,000 20,400 36,10069,000 257,300 391,5004,800 12,500 22,900Hacking of pavement / walkways 4,000 20,000 40,000Turfing 2,000 5,000 8,000Relocation of existing facilities 1,500 5,000 9,000Total Capital Costs (RM) 93,500 327,600 516,400Annual Cost (RM) (6% p.a. 20-years) 7,690 26,945 42,474Total Capital Cost (RM/PE) 935 655 516Total Capital Cost (RM/PE/day) 0.21 0.15 0.13Note: 1 Excludes piling works as it depends on site and soil condition..

Appendix 10 - EKOLOG Population Forecast 2000-2015Population in 2000 and 2015 - in Natural Waterway's CatchmentsNatural Waterway's Catchments Statistic Dep. (July 2002)Population [Inhabitants]Lots No Catchment's Name Area [km2] Year 2000 Year 20151 Sg. Paroh 7.44 789 1,4062 Sg. Maong Paroh 13.36 15,016 22,3113 Sg. Binjai 0.95 711 1,2704 Sg. Gita 1.93 1,729 2,7055 Jalan Kubah Ria 1.08 3,875 6,1976 Sg. Laruh 2.45 5,375 9,6107 Sg. Sinjan Kecil 1.80 7,008 12,5318 Sg. Bedil Basar 2.10 11,092 15,0999 Sg. Gersik 1.18 3,054 4,04910 Sg. Bintawak 3.23 8,862 14,17111 Jalan Brooke 1.90 11,368 13,91912 Jalan Bako 1.35 1,723 3,080Kuching North 38.77 70,602 106,34913 Sg. Kudei 2.53 9,188 11,82614 Jalan Muhibbah 0.9 4,598 7,15815 Sg. Bintangor 2.09 8,037 9,49116 Waterfront 0.88 3,445 3,99917 Sg. Padungan 3.43 16,715 24,13018 Jalan Sekama 1.1 5,281 7,42519 Jalan Tun Abdul Razak 0.5 2,762 3,57220 Sg. Periok 0.58 1,662 1,91221 Bintawa 3.05 10,015 14,42922 Jalan Keruing 0.7 1,661 2,895Kuching South 15.76 63,364 86,83623 Kampong Segedup 0.8 187 33524 Sg. Padada 2.1 699 1,25625 Left Bank Sg. M. Kan 10.55 14,523 22,25226 Inter river Sg. Maong 16.01 36,732 52,15327 Right Bank Sg. M. Kiri 13.76 41,181 56,661Sungai Maong 43.22 93,323 132,658Total 97.75 227,288 325,843Source: EKOLOG Study Report Table 6.10.2.1.

Appendix 11 - List of Sewage Treatment Plants in the CriticalAreaRiverbank Suite Holiday Inn, Kuching Wisma Bukit Mata, KuchingTaman Sri Sarawak Crowne Plaza Hotel Saujana Car ParkMedan Pelita Hilton Hotel Harbour View HotelBorneo Hotel Electra House Arif HotelMerdeka Palace Regalis Hotel Mayfair HotelHarbour View Hotel Kuching Plaza Bangunan Ting Pek KingTaman Kereta Bldg (Top Spot) Sommerset Apartments Wisma HopohBank Negara Pejabat Pos Sarawak ClubStandard Chartered Bank Penjara Pusat Jalan Tabuan Persatuan Bulan Sabit MerahYayasan Sarawak Poliklinik Bampflylde ResidenceApartmentLucky Drive Housing Estate Sri Aman Estate Taman Bina MARAMasjid Bahagian Laila Inn Perpustakaan DBKUMBF Finance Bangunan Mahkamah Syariah Wisma SatokNursery DBKU (Jln Satok) Bangunan Sugar Bun Syarikat Telekom MalaysiaBahai CenterAgriculture Department (JlnBadruddin)Hong Kong Park HousingEstateLand Survey Department (JlnBadruddin)Badarudin FlatsCivic CenterNursury DBKU (Jalan Maxwell) Sun Valley STP STP Central BaratSTP Central Garden, JlanDeshonSTP Sunny Estate, Jln Mendu STP Pending Heights Phase 1STP Pending Heights Phase 2 Sarawak Plaza Tun Jugah.

Appendix 12 - Pollution Load 2000 and 2015 in Study AreaDomestic / Commercial Sewage in 2000 and 2015 - in Natural Waterway's Catchments.Natural Waterway's CatchmentsStatistic Dep.(July 2002)I approach calculationKWB Data(July 2002)II approachcalculationBase forcalculationPopulation[Inhabitants]DomesticSewageIndustrialand CommercialWaterConsumptionIndustrialandCommercialSewageDomesticCommercialand IndustrialSewageWaterConsumptionDomesticCommercialand IndustrialSewageTotal DomesticCommercialand IndustrialSewageLotsNoCatchments NameArea[km2]In2000In2015In2000[Mld]In2015[Mld]In2000[Mld]In2015[Mld]In2000[Mld]In2015[Mld]In2000[Mld]In2015[Mld]In2000[Mld]In2015[Mld]In2000[Mld]In2015[Mld]In2000[Mld]In2015[Mld]1 Sg. Paroh 7.44 789 1406 0.18 0.32 0.01 0.29 0.01 0.27 0.19 0.59 0.12 2.85 0.11 2.71 0.19 2.712 Sg. Maong Paroh 13.36 15016 22311 3.38 5.02 0.28 1.10 0.27 1.05 3.64 6.07 2.80 11.01 2.66 10.46 3.64 10.463 Sg. Binjai 0.95 711 1270 0.16 0.29 0.00 0.46 0.00 0.44 0.16 0.72 0.00 0.46 0.00 0.44 0.16 0.724 Sg. Gita 1.93 1729 2705 0.39 0.61 0.14 0.26 0.14 0.24 0.53 0.85 1.44 2.57 1.37 2.44 1.37 2.445 Jalan Kubah Ria 1.08 3875 6197 0.87 1.39 0.18 0.50 0.17 0.48 1.04 1.87 1.07 2.97 1.02 2.82 1.02 2.826 Sg. Laruh 2.45 5375 9610 1.21 2.16 0.36 0.89 0.34 0.85 1.55 3.01 1.88 4.67 1.79 4.44 1.79 4.447 Sg. Sinjan Kecil 1.80 7008 12531 1.58 2.82 0.21 0.25 0.20 0.23 1.78 3.05 2.12 2.46 2.01 2.34 2.01 3.058 Sg. Bedil Basar 2.10 11092 15099 2.50 3.40 0.75 1.40 0.71 1.33 3.21 4.73 1.64 3.06 1.56 2.91 3.21 4.739 Sg. Gersik 1.18 3054 4049 0.69 0.91 0.18 0.71 0.17 0.68 0.86 1.59 1.08 4.26 1.03 4.05 1.03 4.0510 Sg. Bintawak 3.23 8862 14171 1.99 3.19 0.62 2.09 0.59 1.98 2.59 5.17 1.55 5.18 1.47 4.92 2.59 5.1711 Jalan Brooke 1.90 11368 13919 2.56 3.13 0.20 0.24 0.19 0.23 2.75 3.36 1.97 2.41 1.87 2.29 2.75 3.3612 Jalan Bako 1.35 1723 3080 0.39 0.69 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.42 0.75 0.39 0.59 0.37 0.56 0.42 0.75Kuching North 38.77 70602 106349 15.89 23.93 2.98 7.89 2.83 7.83 18.72 31.76 16.06 42.49 15.26 40.37 20.17 44.7013 Sg. Kudei 2.53 9188 11826 2.07 2.66 0.66 0.98 0.63 0.93 2.69 3.59 3.15 4.68 3.00 4.45 3.00 4.4514 Jalan Muhibbah 0.9 4598 7158 1.03 1.61 0.41 0.47 0.39 0.45 1.42 2.06 1.61 1.87 1.53 1.78 1.53 2.0615 Sg. Bintangor 2.09 8037 9491 1.81 2.14 2.54 2.95 2.42 2.80 4.22 4.94 5.35 6.21 5.08 5.90 5.08 5.90

Appendix 13 - EKOLOG StudyThe EKOLOG study findings and budget will be included here.The estimated investment cost for the study area is RM 2,950 Million.Operating and Maintenance Costs for Option 2 for 600,000 PE is shown below.Ultimate Operating and Maintenance Costs of the WMS Using 2002 Year Price BaseCost Component Unit WWTPs CSTP SANITARY NETWORK TOTALDAILY TOTAL O&M COST RM/d 51,840 45,041 17,602 114,483ELCTRICITY RM/d 23,617 9,276 3,465 36,359Daily energy consumption kWh/d 112,464.0 44,173.0 16,500.0Unit price of electrical energy RM/kWh 0.21 0.21 0.21FUEL OIL RM/d 4,440 518 4,958Daily diesel oil fuel consumption L/d - 6,000.0 700.0Unit price of diesel oil RM/L - 0.74 0.74LABOUR AND OVERHEAD COSTS RM/d 4,667 1,767 6,567 13,000Number of white collar workers person 20 7 21Number of blue collar workers person 40 16 67Monthly average pension for white collar worker RM/month 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00Monthly average pension for blue collar worker RM/month 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00Overhead costs factor (percentage of labour costs;including training)% 100% 100% 100%

Cost Component Unit WWTPs CSTP SANITARY NETWORK TOTALWATER AND CHEMICALS 4,972 0 0 4,972Daily polyelectrolyte consumption for sludge dewateringkg/d 153 - -Unit price of polyelectrolyte RM/kg 30.00 - -Daily potable water consumption m3/d 313 - -Unit price of potable water RM/m3 1.06 - -Daily chlorinated lime consumption for screeningdisinfectionkg/d 100 - -Unit price of lime RM/kg 0.50 - -SCREEINING, GRITAND GREASE DISPOSAL RM/d 164 0 0 164Daily quantity of screenings m3/d 8.00 -Unit cost of screenings disposal (transport + landfill) RM/m3 10.00 - -Daily quantity of grit m3/d 6.00 - -Unit cost of screenings disposal (transport + landfill) RM/m3 10.00 - -Daily quantity of grease m3/d 2.40 - -Unit cost of grease disposal (transport + landfill) RM/m3 10.00 - -SLUDGE TRASNPORT WWTP-CSTP RM/d 3,600 0 0 3,600Daily quantity of sludge from WWTPs m3/d 60 - -Unit cost of sludge transport (average distance15km)RM/m3 60.00 - -

Cost Component Unit WWTPs CSTP SANITARY NETWORK TOTALBULK MATERIAL RM/d 0 10,300 0 10,300Daily bulk material requirement m3/d - 103Unit price of bulk material (transport only, distance25km)RM/m3 - 100.00COMPOST TRANSPORT FROM CSTP RM/d 0 11,680 0 11,680Daily quantity of compost from CSTP m3/d - 146 -Unit cost of compost transport (average distance20km)RM/m3 - 80.00 -CURRENT SERVICE AND REPAIRS RM/d 8,058 1,704 4,756 14,518Cost of structural components (="Structural" or"Sewer" costs)Percentage factor of service & repair costs forstructural componentsRM 107,276,600 17,503,000 1,896,834,755%/a 0.10% 0.10% 0.05%Cost of equipment (= "Others" costs) RM 141,695,000 30,214,000 39,384,000Percentage factor of service & repair costs forequipmentMISCELLANEOUS OPERATING EXPENSES(e.g. various overhead and administration costs, oilsand lubricants, protective clothing, laboratory chemicals,petrol for management cars, stationery, travellingexpenses, business lunches, New Year and GawaiDayak fire%/a 2.00% 2.00% 2.00%RM/d 6,762 5,875 2,296 14,933Percentage factor for miscellaneous expenses %/a 15% 15% 15%Source: EKOLOG Report Table 3.2.9: Option 2 Complete (600,000 PE)

Appendix 14 – Proposed Interim Sanitation ProjectsA. Elimination of Black Water DischargeProblemSewage - described as black water in this report - from the residential and commercial areasis predominately treated by septic tanks, with effluent discharging to the drains and then tothe river. Septic tanks are not able to treat sewage to a satisfactory level. As a result, effluentdischarged cannot meet the required standards. The load of organic (BOD) pollution is mostsignificant from the Padungan and Bintawa1 sub-catchments. Furthermore, septic tanks donot adequately remove pathogenic organisms, and hence pathogen contamination in Sg.Sarawak is a persistent problem.Proposed MeasureIt is recommended that all septic tanks be decommissioned and replaced by communal blackwater storage tanks. This will totally eliminate the discharge of untreated black water. Thecommunal tanks will be emptied regularly with the black water transported to Matang forfurther treatment. Due to the transport cost, this exercise should be coupled with thereplacement of existing toilets with low-flush toilets.Estimated Capital CostBased on the assessment in the Table 4.2 of this report, the capital cost per PE forinstallation of a black water system is approximately RM 834/PE. The population in the criticalarea is about 32,000. Hence, the total capital investment cost is expected to be approximatelyRM 26.7 million.B. Installation of Proper Oil and Grease TrapsProblemIt is estimated there are approximately 260 food outlets (FO) in the Critical Area. FO refers tofood courts, shops with food stalls, coffee shops and restaurants. Most of these FO are notequipped with an oil and grease trap. If a trap is used, it is usually under-sized and therefore,not effective. Hence, wastewater (high in oil and grease levels) from these premises isdischarged into drains without treatment introducing high BOD loading into Sg. Sarawak. Byeliminating oil and grease discharge from FO the BOD discharged from these premises willbe reduced by approximately 50%.Proposed MeasureIt is recommended that properly sized oil and grease traps be installed in these FO. Sinceseveral FO may share one trap it is estimated that a total of 185 traps will be needed. TheUEMS Project had carried out studies 1 on sizing of oil and grease traps from which thefollowing cost estimate is derived.Estimated Capital CostsBased on these studies, the average capital and installation cost of one (1) oil and greasetrap = RM 30,000.Note:Cost includes earthworks, surveying, construction (incl. breaking of roadway/concrete whenevernecessary), piping works and installation.The total investment cost is estimated to be: 185 Trap @ RM 30,000 or RM 5.55 million.1 ”Oil and Grease Traps Sizing Guidelines” – UEMS Project

C. Improving Performance of Private Sewage Treatment PlantsIn the Critical Area, hotels, major commercial complexes, government institutions andindustries manage their own sewage and wastewater treatment plants. Most of the sewagetreatment plants are packaged treatment plants while others are Imhoff Tank installations.Industrial wastewater treatment plants, regulated by the Department of Environment (DOE),are usually built by specialised wastewater treatment contractors.Recent analysis documented that sewage treatment plants are not working well and only 10% can achieved Standard A effluent quality. The plants are usually poorly maintained,discharges poor quality effluent and hence, add to the pollution problems of Sg. Sarawak.According to Council records there are 57 such sewage treatment plants in the Critical Area.A list of these plants is provided in Appendix 11.Proposed MeasureThese Sewage Treatment Plants are privately owned and enforcement should be improved toensure the plants are properly design and maintain. Hence, the solution is to enforce the law.The following actions are recommended:- Appoint designated agency to undertake monitoring and inspections of the sewagetreatment plants with preset standards;- Issue warnings / notices to all owners of these treatment plants to carry outretrofitting and / or maintenance works so that the desired effluent quality can beachieved;- Engage qualified or train personnel to carry out proper inspections, audits of sewagetreatment plants and provide technical assistance to sewage treatment plant ownersto improve the performance of their plants; and- Produce a generic set of guidelines to assist the operators of these sewagetreatment plants.Estimated CostsThe proposed measures are of an administrative nature improving the efficiency andeffectiveness of the enforcing authority. The cost will be to increase man-power to carry outenforcement duties and to hire qualified technical personnel in sewage operation andmanagement. This cost is estimated to be RM 1 million divided equally into administrativecosts and the cost of providing Technical Assistance.

Natural Resources and Environment Board18 th – 20 th Floor, Menara Pelita, Petra JayaLocked Bag 210393050 Kuching, SarawakMALAYSIATel: +60 82 442784Fax: +60 82 442945www.nreb.gov.myDANIDADanish International Development AssistanceRoyal Danish Embassy22 nd Floor, Wisma Denmark86, Jalan Ampang50450 Kuala LumpurMALAYSIATel: +60 3 2032 2001Fax: +60 3 2032 2012www.denmark.com.myCOWIConsulting Engineers and Planners ASParallelvej 15DK-2800 LyngbyDENMARKTel: +45 45 97 2211Fax: +45 45 97 2212www.cowi.dk