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Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas51 Introduction1.1 Brief Description of the ECOSAN SystemIn December of 2003, the Natural Resources and Environment Board (NREB),Sarawak and the Majlis Bandaraya Kuching Selatan or Kuching South City Council(MBKS) with the assistance of DANIDA, Denmark carried out a pilot project for anEcological Sanitation (ECOSAN) wastewater treatment system at 9 residentialhomes at Hui Sing Garden in Kuching, Sarawak. This pilot project is the first of itskind in the South East Asia region.The main objectives are to:- Reduce cost for wastewater management by avoiding sewers. Sewers areusually more than 80% of the investment for conventional centralised sewagetreatment systems.- Increase environmental performance by recycling of organic matter, energyand water.In essence, the ECOSAN system is a non-piped system, focusing on waterconservation, effective nutrient management and potential energy recovery fromhousehold wastewater. The Hui Sing Garden ECOSAN system is adopted from avery successful environmental friendly system designed by a research team fromthe Agricultural University of Norway in 1997 led by Prof. Petter D. Jenssen. Thissystem implies source-separation of domestic wastewater into black water andgrey water.The two components of the ECOSAN system are the management of black waterand grey water discharges.1.1.1 Black WaterBlack water consists of toilet wastewater. It has high concentrations of organicmatter (BOD) and Nitrogen (N) and moderate contents of Phosphorus (P). It alsohas a very high content of bacteria (E. coli), typically 100 times higherconcentration than levels than what is found in grey water. The levels of pathogensin black water pose a threat to public health, if people get exposed to thewastewater.UEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.
Establishing and Operating ECOSAN System in New and Existing Residential Areas6Black water constitutes less than 10% of the domestic wastewater with 99% ofpathogen in the domestic wastewater. It is therefore more appropriate to betransported for further biological treatment. Local treatment in an urban settingwould require substantial health precaution measures. To reduce transportationcost, the less black water being transported the better. Using the low-flush toilet willsubstantially reduce the volume of the black water.The black water portion of ECOSAN Hui Sing Garden involve low-flush toiletinstallation (from the normal 6-15 litres/flush to 2-4 litres/flush), installation of blackwater collection piping and a communal black water storage tank equipped with avent and desludging pipe to facilitate easy emptying of the storage tank content.Black water from the toilets is collected from the storage tanks without allowing anyoverflow to the drains. The black water will be periodically removed from thestorage tank via vacuum trucks and transported to the existing Matang sludgetreatment plant, which will eventually be equipped with a biogas facility. There isno more discharge of any organic matter, bacteria, or nutrients to the storm waterdrains. The black water will be further processed at the biogas facility to generatepower and fertiliser, i.e. energy and nutrient recovery.1.1.2 Grey WaterGrey water consists of wastewater from laundry, kitchens, baths, wash basins andother in-house water outlets other than toilets. Grey water has medium to highcontents of organic matter (BOD), low contents of Nitrogen and moderate contentsof Phosphorus. Grey water has a low content of bacteria (E. coli).The grey water in Kuching is also expected to have high contents of oil and grease,due to local cooking habits.Grey water, which constitutes more than 90% of the domestic wastewater with lessthan 1% of pathogen, is costly to be transported, but safely to be treated onsite.The main components of the grey water portion are:- Grey water collection pipe- Oil and grease tank and pump sump- Pre-treatment bio-filters- Horizontal subsurface flow porous media filter, i.e. constructed wetlandFor the Hui Sing Garden project, the constructed wetland receives grey water from9 single-storey terraced houses (an average of 5 persons / household). The facilityconsists of pre-treatment of the grey water in an oil and grease tank, pumping via apump sump to a vertical single pass aerobic bio-filter followed by a subsurfacehorizontal-flow porous media filter, which is essentially the constructed wetland.UEMS_TEC_02_53_Final ECOSAN Costing Report_280905.
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Appendix 12 - Pollution Load 2000 a
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Cost Component Unit WWTPs CSTP SANI
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Appendix 14 - Proposed Interim Sani
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Natural Resources and Environment B
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