05 December 2011 - OVH.net

05 December 2011

Publications info ( 791 publication(s) ) 

Bulletins 

Bulletin of the IDF No. 001/1960 - The present status of continuous butter 

making 

By Prof. W.J. Brinckman, Belgium 

The flotation, concentration and emulsion systems are reviewed. 

Date: 1960 - Pages: 31 - Out of print 

Bulletin of the IDF No. 002/1960 - Unification of testing standards for dairy 

machinery 

By Prof. Dr G. Waelzholz, Fed. Germany 

A review of technical regulations and directions for the design, operation and 

inspection of various machines and equipment used in the dairy industry in a 

number of countries. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 003/1960 - Detection of Brucella agglutinins and 

mastitis secretion in the hygienic control of herd samples 

By Dr Svend O. Koch, Denmark 

Methods used hube test - ABR test - plate test - "Flockungs" reaction) and their 

assessment for the detection of Brucella agglutinins. Methods for the detection 

of mastitis, their assessment, discussion and conclusions. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 004/1960 - Present position of the production, 

collection, transport, processing and distribution of various milk and milk 

products in hot countries - Summary of a survey on the improvement of the 

Awassi breed of sheep in Israel 

Present position of the production, collection, transport, processing and 

distribution of various milk and milk products in hot countries 

By Mr R. Larrat, France 

82 pp 

Summary of a survey on the improvement of the Awassi breed of sheep in 

Israel 

By Mr Find, Israel 

7 pp 

Date: 1960 - Pages: 89 - Out of print

Bulletin of the IDF No. 005/1961 - General report on the IDF Seminar in Bern 

(Switzerland) - 20 to 24 September 1960 on: "The keeping quality of milk" 

Four main aspects are reviewed: factors affecting the quality of milk at the farm 

increase in number of microorganisms during transport - influence of milk 

treatment at the dairy - factors affecting the keeping quality of milk during delivery 

to consumers. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 006/1961 - Production and distribution of rind less 

cheese - Brucella melitensis infections in cattle, sheep and goats - General 

survey on milk cans used in member countries of IDF 

Production and distribution of rind less cheese 

By Mr A.H. Pedersen, Denmark 

Brucella melitensis infections in cattle, sheep and goats 

By Prof. Dr.M. Seeleman, Fed. Germany 

General survey on milk cans used in member countries of IDF 

By Mr F. Bonnaire, France 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 007/1961 - Results of a survey concerning cheese 

made from sheep's and goat's milks in warm and Mediterranean countries - 

Possibilities of the use of skimmed milk in warm countries 

Results of a survey concerning cheese made from sheep's and goat's milks in 

warm and Mediterranean countries 

By Mr S, Matallana, Spain 

Cheese made from such milks in Egypt, France, Germany, Iran, Israel, Italy, 

Jordan, Lybia, Spain. Syria and Tunisia are described. 

Possibilities of the use of skimmed milk in warm countries 

By Mr M. Benedetti, Italy 

Various outlets (acidified, sweetened, condensed, evaporated or dried skimmed 

milks, toning, cheese, addition to bread, etc.) are reviewed. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 008/1961 - Problems specific to liquid milk in warm 

countries - Observations on the quality of buffalo's milk as received at the 

"Amul" dairy at Anand (India) 

Problems specific to liquid milk in warm countries 

By Prof. A.M. Guerault, France

The problems facing the European dairy expert visiting a tropical country with a 

developing dairy industry. 

Observations on the quality of buffalo's milk as received at the "Amul" dairy at 

Anand (India) 

By Mr V. Kurien, India 

A survey on the bacteriological quality of buffalo's milk from various sources 

during all seasons. A description of the operation of the dairy is given. Tables are 

appended. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 009/1962 - General report on the 7th IDF Seminar at 

Bistad (SE), 4-6 September 1961 on: "The Nutritive Value of Milk and Milk 

Products" 

No abstract 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 010/1962 - Detection of penicillin and other antibiotics 

in milk - Results of experiments on the use of cold:stored cream for butter 

manufacture 

Detection of penicillin and other antibiotics in milk 

By Dr Torsten Storgards, Sweden 

A review of existing methods: chemical, bacteriological and others. The author 

concludes that "there is little prospect of agreement on a standard method". 

Results of experiments on the use of cold:stored cream for butter manufacture 

By Prof. W. Mohr, Fed. Germany 

The author who was a leading expert in this field. analyzes the results of 

experiments carried out in Denmark, France and the Netherlands in 1959/1960. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 011/1962 - Loose barn housing of dairy cows - Kumyss 

Loose barn housing of dairy cows 

By Dr H. Baumgartner, Switzerland 

A short review of present concepts on the loose barn housing of dairy cows with 

special emphasis on milk production and milk hygiene. 

Kumyss 

By Prof. P.J. Berlin, USSR 

Manufacture, quality factors, composition, curative value, etc. of Kumyss, a 

popular product in large areas of the USSR.


Bulletin of the IDF No. 012/1963 - Quality payment for milk 

By a Group of Experts 

"Quality" is taken here in its broadest sense. Basic systems of milk payment 

according to hygienic properties and to chemical composition, the organization 

of milk payment schemes, etc. are described. Recommendations are given. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 013/1963 - Efficiency of management in dairying 

By Mr F. Procter, U.K. 

Business organization, aids to efficient management, essentials to efficient 

management, normal dairy office practice. Managing and technical staff, work 

study. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 014/1963 - Detection of foreign fats in milk flit 

By Dr J.B. Roos, Netherlands 

A study on the adulteration of milkfat and methods used to detect it, 

'adulteration' being understood as the presence of oils and fats of vegetable or 

animal origin not originating from milk. Nearly 300 references are given. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 015/1963 - Problems raised in connection with the use 

of buffalo's milk in India - Possibility of using ewe's milk as consumption milk 

Problems raised in connection with the use of buffalo's milk in India 

By Dr A. T. Oudani & Dr K.K. Iya, India 

The problems examined are: adulteration or admixtures, manufacture, analytical 

methods. 

Possibility of using ewe's milk as consumption milk 

By Mr H. Outheil, France 

This report deals with the chemical and biochemical properties of ewe's milk and 

with the production processes for this milk up to the pre-industrial stage. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 016/1963 - Use of dyes for the detection of antibiotics 

in milk 

By Prof. Dr P. Kaestli, Switzerland

On the basis of results of tests with various colouring matters, the author 

concludes that dye-marking of antibiotics is probably the most effective measure 

for preventing milk with antibiotics from being marketed. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 017/1964 - Disposal and treatment of dairy waste 

waters 

By Prof. Dr Ing. G. Waelzholz, Fed. Germany 

This report describes the situation in 21 member countries having answered 2 

questionnaires (issued in 1960 and 1962) on regulations, research, systems used, 

etc.. in relation to the disposal of waste waters. A list of publications per country 

is appended. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 018/1964 - Report of an IDF Seminar on fermented 

milks, held in Paris (France) from 25 to 27 September 1963 

This document contains the text of the 12 reports submitted at this international 

conference as well as an account of the discussions and the resolutions of the 

Seminar. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 019/1964 - Antioxydants in dried milk – The 

significance of thermoduric organisms in milk 

Antioxydants in dried milk 

By Dr. J.w. Pette, Netherlands & Dr. J.A.B. Smith, U.K. 

After reviewing the more recent knowledge on this subject, the authors conclude 

that the best keeping quality is achieved by ensuring that dried whole milk is 

properly made and efficiently gaspacked. 

The significance of thermoduric organisms in milk 

By Dr W.A. Cuthbert, U.K. 

On the basis of an analysis of published papers, the author attempts to 

reappraise the significance of thermoduric organisms. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 020/1964 - The cooling of milk on the farm 


This report gives the conclusions of experts based on a 3 year survey involving 

all member countries of the Federation. The detailed information received from 

these countries on local conditions is appended. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 021/1964 - Standardization, packaging and marketing 

of fluid milk 

By Prof. J-v. Brinckman, Belgium 

The information given reflects the situation in 21 countries in 1960 and 1961. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 022/1964 - Higher and secondary dairy education 

By Prof. Dr Ing. V.D. Surkov, USSR 

This report is based on information obtained from 25 countries and covers the 

years 1961 and 1962. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 023/1964 - Production, processing and consumption of 

goat's milk and derived products - Development of dairy cattle and of the dairy 

industry in Republics of the Soviet Union with warm climatic conditions 

Production, processing and consumption of goat's milk and derived products 

By Mr Matallana, Spain 

The report gives information (for 1962/1963) on production (number of goats. 

production per animal and total), utilization. processing, consumption, etc. of 

goat's milk in 30 countries both members and non members of the Federation. 

Development of dairy cattle and of the dairy industry in Republics of the Soviet 

Union with warm climatic conditions. 

By Mr V. V. Kostygov, USSR 

Six USSR Republics are involved in this survey: 

Uzbek, Tadjik, Turkmenia, Georgia, Azerbaidjan and Armenia. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 024/1965 - General report on the IDF Seminar held in 

Kiel (Fed. Germany) in June 1964 on Bulk Collection of Milk 

The following aspects are considered: general survey of bulk collection systems 

in various countries (12 reports), technical problems (6 reports), bacteriological 

and hygienic problems (6 reports), cost problems (5 reports). An account of the 

discussions and _he final recommendations are also given. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 025/1965 - Trends of the production of cow's milk in 

the warm regions of the Australian continent 

By Mr J.A. Ferguson, Australia

The author reviews the conditions and the development of the dairy industry .in 

the Australian States or regions of Queensland, North Western Australia, North 

Australia and the Darwin region. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 026/1965 - The cleaning of cheese moulds 

By Ing. H. Lolkema, Netherlands 

A survey is made of various methods for cleaning moulds as they used to be 

practised or as developed in recent years. The methods are assessed as to 

advantages and disadvantages. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 027/1965 - General report on the 10th IDF Seminar 

held in Brighton, UK, in October 1964, on the sales promotion for milk and 

milk products 

This report includes the full text of the 7 papers submitted at this Seminar and an 

account of the discussion on each, as well as the text of the resolutions. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 028/1965 - Problems of dairy science education - The 

possible promotion of milk consumption in warm countries by the use of 

sterilized milk - New forms of concentrated milks 

Problems of dairy science education 

By Dr G. Hoppe & Prof. Dr F. Kiermeier, Fed. Germany 

The problems considered are mainly those in relation with the inclusion of 

biological courses in dairy training, of dairy technology in food technology 

training and of dairy education in agricultural faculties. 

The possible promotion of milk consumption in warm countries by the use of 

sterilized milk 

By Dr P. Rosenfeld, Israel 

This is a summary of a report by the author. When adopting this report for 

publication in 1964 the relevant IDF Commission stated that, pending the 

'solution of a few outstanding problems, sterilized milk "will certainly be an 

excellent means of developing the consumption of milk in the warm countries". 

New forms of concentrated milks 

By Prof. E.L. Crossley, U.K. 

A short summary of a paper by the author. "Fresh concentrate" (concentrated 

pasteurized milk) is reported to be of commercial importance, compared to other 

products (sterilized concentrate, frozen concentrate).


Bulletin of the IDF No. 029/1966 - Packaging materials for dried milk 


Chapters include: packaging requirements for dried milk; traditional and new 

materials; applications to packaging of dried milk; legal regulations. Some of this 

information is based on an enquiry with member countries. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 030/1966 - Milk vending 

By Mr J.R. Rawling, U.K. & IMP Group 

The report describes the situation in 27 countries in the light of comments 

contributed by these countries on a questionnaire issued in October 1964. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 031/1966 - Standardization, packaging and marketing 

of fluid milk - Permeability to gas and light of packages used for fluid milk 

Standardization, packaging and marketing of fluid milk 

By Prof. W. Brinckman, Belgium 

This report describes the situation in 1965, in 21 countries. 

Permeability to gas and light of packages used for fluid milk 

By Prof. Dr T. Storgards, Sweden & Prof. Dr A. Lembke, Fed. Germany 

This report gives the results of investigations on the protective influence of 

different packaging materials on the oxidation processes in milk. Light and gas 

permeability were surveyed. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 032/1966 - Dairying throughout the world (43 

countries) 

Various authors 

Information on the dairy situation in each country is grouped under: general 

introduction - milk production and processing - organization of the dairy industry 

- consumption of milk and dairy products - education and research....; the future 

of the dairy industry. All important dairying countries are represented. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 033/1967 - Consumption statistics (1963/4/5) for milk 

and milk products and arguments for increased funds for promotion

By Mr J.R. Rowling, U.K. & IMP Group 

These statistics cover 15 countries and intend to give a basis for forecasting and 

indicating consumption trends. A section of the booklet is devoted to arguments 

for increased funds for dairy promotion. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 034/1967 - Definition of mastitis - Influence of coldstorage 

of raw milk on certain of its properties 

Definition of mastitis 

By Prof. P. Kaestli, Switzerland and a Group of Experts 

Definitions are given (for subclinical mastitis, clinical mastitis, non specific 

mastitis, etc.) as well as threshold values for cell numbers in normal and in 

mastitic milk. 

Influence of cold-storage of raw milk on certain of its properties 

By Prof. P. Swartling, Sweden 

This report on the influence of cold storage of raw milk on its chemical, 

bacteriological and technical properties was produced after obtaining comments 

on this subject from all member countries of the Federation. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 035/1967 - Dairying in the Mediterranean area 

By Mr J. Mittaine, France 

A survey of the dairy situation (1964) in Greece, Turkey, Yugoslavia, Cyprus, 

Lebanon, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Israel, U.A.R., Jordan, Bulgaria and Italy. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 036/1967 - Trends in the marketing of dairy products 

By Mr A. Hilding, Sweden and a Group of Experts 

Chapters include: theoretical and practical approaches in developing a 

progressive way of marketing dairy, products - products and production structure 

- distribution methods - price and sales policy - advertising and sales promotion - 

marketing research. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 037/1968 - General report on the IDF Seminar held 

in Vienna (Austria), in April 1967, on 'Sales Promotion for Milk and Milk 

Products' 

Various authors

The full text of papers and of the discussions on the following aspects are given: 

fundamentals of market research as related to promotion - prospects for butter 

- milk and milk products in the diet - educational programmes - the need for 

adequate promotional funds. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 038/1968 - General report on the IDF Seminar held in 

Paris (France) in June 1967, on "Caseins and Caseinates" 


A summary of the papers and of the discussions is given which covered the 

following aspects: constitution of caseins - modern methods of manufacture of 

caseins and caseinates - manufacturing costs - uses of caseins and caseinates - 

methods of analysis - classification. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 039/1968 - Definition of cheese consistency types 

By Mr G. Burkhalter, Switzerland 

The author proposed to use the water content in the fat free cheese as a 

provisional basis for the classification of cheese into 3 categories: hard, semihard, 

soft. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 040/1968 - Commercial uses of dried milks 


After a general introduction, the main uses of milk powder, according to 

information available until 1967, are reviewed. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 041/1968 - Bacteriostatic properties of milk from 

tropical countries - Production of milk under arid conditions 

Bacteriostatic properties of milk from tropical countries 

By Dr J.E. Auclair, France 

On the basis of the bacteriological examination of milk samples received from 

a few tropical countries, the author concludes that no special bacteriostatic 

properties are found for these milks. 

Production of milk under arid conditions 

By Dr P. Rosenfeld, Israel 

The author describes the production of milk from Friesian cattle born in Israel in 

the near-desert of the Eilat zone.


Bulletin of the IDF No. 042/1968 - Chemical residues in milk (metals and 

plastics - detergents and disinfectants - pesticides - antibiotics - radioactive 

contamination) 


Each chapter is treated by a top expert. General recommendations are made and 

many bibliographical references are given. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 043/1968 - Techniques for the production of 

anhydrous milk fat 

By Mr L.F. Gunnis, Australia 

The author gives an historical background, reviews the uses of the product and 

gives a detailed description of the various processes of manufacture. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 044/1968 - Use of electrophoresis for the identification 

of mixtures of cow's, ewe's and goat's milk in dairy products 

By Mr G. Bret, France 

After reviewing the more conventional methods, the author describes in detail the 

use of thinlayer polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 045/1968 - Freeze-drying of foodstuffs with particular 

reference to dairy products 

By Prof. E.A. Vas & Ir H. Lolkema, Netherlands 

This report is based on the information available to the authors and on data 

obtained from 24 member countries. A chapter is devoted to the cost of the 

freeze drying process. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 046/1969 - Trends of the marketing of fluid milk and 

hard cheese 


Two main aspects are covered: 

Review of future developments and factors affecting the market for dairy 

products.

Consequences on the marketing of fluid milk and hard cheese and promotion of 

these products. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 047/1969 - The addition of dried skimmed milk to 

bread 


The report describes the situation, including nutritional and technological 

aspects, in four countries: Australia, France, Sweden and the U.K. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 048/1969 - Present state of production, collection, 

treatment, processing and distribution of various milks and milk products in 

the warm countries 

by MM Larrat & Veisseyre, France 

A total of 66 countries in Africa, Near East, South East Asia and Central and Latin 

America are covered. The report is based on original IDF data and on FAD and 

UNICEF documents. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 049/1969 - Consumption statistics for milk and milk 

products (1966/67) 

by IMP Group 

The statistics concern 29 countries, mostly in Europe but including also USA, 

Australia, Kenya, Canada, South Africa. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 050/1969 - Properties of cow's, ewe's and buffaloe's 

milks in the Socialist Sovietic Republic of Armenia 

By Prof. Z.H. Dilanian, USSR 

The composition of the milk from the Brown Caucasian cow is compared to milk 

from buffaloes, ewes, etc. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 051/1969 - Different types of rennets 

By Ir M. Naudts, Belgium 

The author reviews animal, microbial and vegetable rennets. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 052/1969 - Dairy education at primary level 

By Prof. A. Veillet, France 

The author describes the situation in 24 countries having contributed to this 

survey. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 053/1970 - Methods for quantitative milk measurement 

at dairy plants 

By MM. Guerin & Guillon, France 

The report is based on data supplied by 22 IDF countries and gives the situation 

in 1967. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 054/1970 - Influence of packaging materials on the 

stability and organoleptic quality of milk 

By MM. P. Ronkilde Poulsen, Denmark & J. Blaauw, Netherlands 

The report summarizes the comments obtained from 25 countries on a detailed 

questionnaire issued in 1967. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 055/1970 - Bulk collection of milk 

By a Group of Experts, Chairman: Prof. Dr G. WiJ'lzholz, Fed. Germany 

The following aspects are covered: tanker vehicles for bulk collection; hygienic 

aspects of bulk collection; conclusions. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 056/1970 - International survey on the composition of 

milk 

By Prof. Dr J. Pien, France 

The results of analyses (s.n.f., fat, protein) carried out in 15 countries, in the 

period 1966-1968 are given and conclusions are drawn. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 057/1970 - Nitrosamins in cheese? 

By Dr J.G. vari Ginkel, Netherlands 

After a study of the literature and in the light of his own experiments, the author 

concludes that "nitrate additions to cheese milk have no effect on the possible 

formation of nitrosamins".


Bulletin of the IDF No. 058/1970 - An assessment of the cost of milk collection 

By a Group of Experts, Chairman: Prof. Dr A. Neitzke, Fed. Germany 

The essential aim of this report is to make available a basis for calculating the 

cost of milk collection. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 059/1970 - Recent IDF work in relation to dried milk 


This publication. deals with: the manufacture of instantly soluble dried milk, IDF 

screening test for non instant dried skimmed milk, IDF list of recommended 

additives, use of poly phosphates for dried milk, Code of hygienic practice for the 

manufacture of dried milk. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 060/1971 - A monograph on bovine mastitis 

By a Group of Experts, Chairman: Dr H. Baumgartner, Switzerland 

This part I of a Monograph on Mastitis was produced by an International Panel 

of experts in this field and deals with economics, aetiology and diagnosis of the 

disease. 

Two annexes deal with electronic counting of somatic cells and with procedures 

for bacteriological examination. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 061/1971 - Metallic corrosion in dairying 

By a Group of Experts, Chairman: Prof. M. Sainclivier, France 

This booklet is mainly devoted to a comprehensive bibliographical review of 

studies dealing with metallic corrosion in dairying. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 062/1971 - Preliminary catalogue of cheese varieties 

By Mr G. Burkhalter, Switzerland 

This catalogue, complete with alphabetical index, lists some 400 varieties of 

cheese, based on information contributed by 27 countries during 1965-1970. 



products (1968/69)

By the IMP Group 

Most of the member countries are covered. The trends of the consumption from 

1963 to 1969 are shown per country in separate tables. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 064/1971 - The planning, general maintenance and 

good housekeeping in dairy factories 

By Mr LF. Gunnis, Australia 

This document is intended to serve as a Guide to dairy factory managers. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 065/1972 - Pesticide residues in milk and milk 

products 

By Dr W.K. Downey, Ireland 

This document is a general review of the subject based on a thorough 

compilation of existing literature and on the results of an IDF enquiry among 

member countries. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 066/1972 - Development of a method for international 

cost comparison between dairy firms 

by Prof. Dr A. Neitzke, Fed. Germany and a Group of Experts 

The method is based essentially on experience acquired in Federal Germany but 

also on the practical use of the method in a few countries in Western Europe. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 067/1972 - Identification of rennet substitutes 

by Dr P.J. de Koning, Netherlands 

This report contains an extensive review of the methods published in the 

literature and communicated to the author at recent meetings of an IDF Group, 

in a few countries in Western Europe. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 068/1972 - IDF Monograph on UHT milk 


In addition to an "History of the development of UHT processes", the 

Monograph includes 11 chapters each written by a recognized authority on the 

specific subject matter: bacteriological aspects, flavour and texture, chemical 

aspects, nutritive value, engineering principles, UHT processing systems, aseptic

packaging, UHT plants, marketing, legislation, problems specific to' warm 

countries, etc. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 069/1972 - Large dairy farms in Israel 

by Mr S. Gal, Israel 

Large dairy farms in Israel have undergone for several years a process of 

continuous development and growth. The author describes this process from 

1956 to 1970. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 070/1973 - Code of hygienic practice for the 

manufacture of cheese 

by a Group of Experts 

It is suggested that this Code which deals mainly with plant facilities and 

operating requirements should be accepted and practised voluntarily by all 

manufacturers of cheese. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 071/1973 - Packaging of milk and milk products 


This is an account of the IDF Seminar held in Prague from 23 to 26 May 1972. It 

includes a summary of the 9 papers submitted and of the 2 conferences as well 

as an account of the discussions and the conclusions of the Seminar. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 072/1973 - Automation in the dairy industry 


Three main aspects are covered: basic principles of automation, flow diagrams 

and parameter lists for the manufacture of the principal dairy products, subjects 

recommended for further research and development. The economic aspects of 

automation are only briefly considered. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 073/1973 - Use of nisin producing lactic streptococci in 

cheese making 

by Dr E. Lipinska, Poland 

The author makes an assessment of the past and present research in this field 

and emphasizes the possibilities offered by mixed starters, nisin producing and 

nisin resistant, in protecting cheeses against butyric swelling.


Bulletin of the IDF No. 074/1973 - Substitutes for calf rennet 

by Ir R. Martens & Ir M. Naudts, Belgium 

The document is mainly an addendum to a similar publication issued in 1969 

(IDF Document 51) and includes "Recommendations for experiments in relation 

to the technological suitability of substitutes for calf rennet" by Ir P. Swaginga, 

Netherlands and Ir M. Naudts, Belgium. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 075/1973 - New physical methods for processing dairy 

products 

by Prof. N.N, Lipatov, USSR 

This paper was produced mostly on the basis of information contributed by IDF 

member countries on the occasion of 2 questionnaires issued in 1969 and 1971 

respectively. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 076/1973 - A monograph on bovine mastitis 


Methods of mastitis control and the organisation of mastitis control schemes 

are reviewed. A proposal for a basic systematic control system is given. The 

current (mostly 1970/1971) situation in a number of countries is described in an 

appendix. Part I of this Monograph was published in 1971 (IDF document 60). 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 077/1974 - Dairy effluent treatment 


This contains the proceedings of an International IDF Symposium on dairy 

effluent treatment that was held in Denmark, May 1973. 

Available in the format of a photocopy 

Date: 1974 - Pages: 169 - Paper: 24.79 


products 

by the IMP Group

These statistics are for 1970 and 1971. Most of IDF member countries are 

included. Tables are appended showing total consumption figures for liquid milk 

and cream, according to fat percentage, for period 1969-1972. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 079/1974 - Trends of the markets for butter, milk 

based infant foods, instant milk powder 


The report contains the results of the work of I DF Groups of Experts from 1970 

to 1973. The section dealing with milk powder covers the markets in France, 

Netherlands, U.K. and Fed. Germany while the other sections cover a wider area. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 080/1974 - Procedure for the identification of milk 

coagulating enzymes 

by Dr P.J. de Koning, Netherlands 

This report was produced by the author in the context of the work carried out by 

an IDF Group of Experts on Rennets and Substitutes. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 081/1974 - Copper contamination in the context of 

modern milk production 

by Dr H. Van Duin, Netherlands 

This document was produced by the author as a member of an IDF Group of 

Experts on heavy metals in milk and milk products. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 082/1974 - Lipolysis in coiled bulk milk 


The following main aspects are reviewed: lipolytic systems in milk, factors 

influencing lipolytic activity, how to prevent or minimize the occurrence of 

lipolysis, etc. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 083/1974 - Bacteriological quality of cooled bulk milk 

(methods of assessment) 


Two main aspects are covered: methods for estimating bacterial numbers - 

methods for estimating bacterial activity.



products (1972/73) 

Withdrawn - The survey is out of date and no longer relevant 

Date: 1975 - Pages: 56 - Withdrawn 

Bulletin of the IDF No. 085/1975 - Proceedings of Seminar on Mastitis Control 


The main aspects covered in this authoritative book are: diagnosis of mastitis, 

somatic cell counting, prevention of infection, elimination of infections, special 

aspects of mastitis control, implementation of control techniques. The book 

contains the full text of the 56 papers (and of the discussions) submitted on 

these subjects at this IDF Seminar, which was held at the Reading University, 

April 1975. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 086/1975 - Proceedings of the lipolysis Symposium 


This book contains the full text of the 39 papers (and of the discussions) 

submitted to this Symposium held in Cork in March 1975, under the following 

headings: how do physiological parameters determine lipolytic susceptibilities? 

Which enzymes are primarily responsible for lipolysis in milk? What are the major 

causes of lipolytic delysis in milk? Which methods should be recommended 

for monitoring lipolysis? The book has been described as a "Standard text and 

source of reference for many years to come” 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 087/1976 - Methods for the determination of the 

optimum size of dairy plants and enterprises 

by Group of Experts 

The report represents the outcome of the discussions in an IDF Group of Experts 

created in 1971, in the Commission for Dairy Economics; the Chairman of the 

Group was Prof. Dr H. Neitzke. 



products (1974) 


A total of 30 countries are covered by this survey of per caput consumption of 

milk and dairy food for 1974; number of minutes worked to earn one liter or kg of

milk, butter and cheese, retail prices and information on promotional expenditure 

are also given. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 089/1976 - UHT treatment of milk-based products 

by Dr T.R. Ashton 

This report is based on the personal experience of the author, augmented by 

information supplied by 22 countries in the course of 1975. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 090/1976 - Control of water & waste water in the dairy 

industry 

This report sets out methods used for the measurement, sampling and analysis, 

national legislation, quality standards for water in dairy plants, etc. in 11 countries 

(mostly European but including Australia and Japan). 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 091/1976 - Rennet substitutes - Standardization of 

enzyme activity 

By various authors 

This publication reviews information published from 1972 to 1976 on the subject 

of technological suitability of rennet substitutes and, in addition. deals with the 

following problems: proteolytic and clotting activities of chymosin and related 

proteases for the standardization of enzyme activity; determination of the clotting 

to proteolytic activity ratio; use of a synthetic hexapeptide as a basis for the 

standardization of chymosin activity. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 092/1976 - Technical Guide for the Packaging of milk 

and milk products 


It took an international group of experts 3 years to produce this Guide which 

covers the following aspects: statutory regulations - migration - odour and 

taste -mechanical strength - permeability to water vapour, gases, flavour - 

light transmission - recycling of packaging materials - special requirements for 

particular products (liquid milk, cream, fermented milks, butter, cheese, milk 

powder) and methods of test. 



products (1975)



Bulletin of the IDF No. 094/1977 - Nutritional research carried out under the 

auspices of IDF 


This is the final report on research carried out in Europe, by a Group of 

Nutritionists, with the financial assistance of IDF member countries. The 

research explored the following areas: digestibility of proteins; dietary fats and 

proteins as factors in atherogenesis in the rabbit; the relative effects of butter and 

margerine in atherosclerotic patients; dietary fat. dietary sugar and heart disease. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 095/1977 - Catalogue of aids used for dairy training 


This is a catalogue of books, brochures, folders, films, slides, etc., issued in 16 

major dairying countries in various parts of the world, mostly from 1970 to 1976 

on: milk production, chemistry and physics, microbiology, dairy technology, dairy 

economics, effluents, etc. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 096/1977 - Management of milk supplies 


The document includes 4 papers submitted to an IDF Conference in October 

1976 and dealing with Trends of the World Trade for Milk Products (Drs H. 

Schelhaas); Global quota systems, a case study for Austria (Dr Schwendinger & 

Dr Silvestri); Management of milk supplies in Canada through individual quotas 

(Mr H.J. Mestern); Management of EEC milk supplies (Dr T. O'Dwyer & Mr A.P. 

Barton). 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 097/1977 - Bitterness in cheese 

By Dr Crawford & Ir Zwaginga 

Dr R.J.M. Crawford of the West of Scotland Agricultural College reviews the 

published information on the subject (mostly for Cheddar) in the period 

1960-1975, and I r Zwaginga briefly discusses recent studies on the bitterness in 

cheese at the Netherlands Institute for Dairy Research. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 098/1977 - Significance of aflatoxins in the dairy 

industry 

By Prof. Dr F. Kiermeier 

The author reviews the toxicity and occurrence of aflatoxins in milk and milk 

products, the factors influencing their occurrence, the direct and indirect 

contamination of milk, as well as the aflatoxin contents in commercial dairy 

products. Over 100 literature references are given. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 099/1977 - Methods for the determination of the 

firmness of milk coagulum 

By Dr J. Thomasow & Dr E. Voss 

The authors give a description of methods based on the principles of 

penetrometers, suspended bodies, torsion viscosimeters, manometrical 

methods, light adsorption, ultrasonic methods. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 100/1977 - Safety & reliability of automated dairy plant 


The object of the Group which produced this document was the development 

of guidelines to prevent accidents in automated plants and the subject was 

considered from the angles of design of equipment and plant, control of the 

operation and of the equipment. From the information compiled from member 

countries, 54 case histories (failure incidents) are summarized in an appendix. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 101/1977 - Rising costs of milk collection 

By L.w.J. Hurd 

The following aspects are examined: summary of milk transportation survey 

findings; organization of ex farm collection of milk; cost trends in milk collection 

in the 1970-75 period; measures to contain and/or reduce milk collection costs; 

suggested topics for further study. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 102/1977 - Energy conservation in the dairy industry 

The objective of the Group is to examine the efficiency with which the dairy 

industry uses energy and to attempt to raise this efficiency by applying 

procedures and technologies which are well known, well tried and to not require 

a high level of capital investment. The Group felt that significant savings can be 

made by this means alone and in this document endeavours to set out "areas 

which should be investigated immediately and which will result in considerable 

savings in energy use".






Bulletin of the IDF No. 104/1978 - Proceedings of the IDF Seminar on Dairy 

Effluents 

This book includes 40 papers by international experts, under the following 

headings: control of milk and milk products wastage (how to reduce milk and 

milk products wastage); water economy in dairies (water conservation, reuse of 

effluents); measurement, sampling and analysis of dairy effluent; dairy effluent 

treatment (this section describes the situation in a large number of countries 

and the approaches commonly used); sludge from dairy effluent plants (hygienic 

aspects, potential for animal feed, sludge handling, etc.) The book also includes 

a detailed account of the discussions at the Seminar held in 1976 in Warsaw 

(Poland) and which was attended by 83 participants from 18 countries. 



Bulletin of the IDF No. 105/1978 - Metal contaminants in milk and milk 

products 

Pathways to and incidence in milk and milk products, toxicological aspects, 

analytical aspects, advice on how to minimize contamination, etc. are reviewed 

for arsenic, cadmium, copper, iron, lead, mercury and tin. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 106/1978 - Characteristics of products obtained by 

membrane processes when applied to dairy products 

This is a review of the general characteristics of products obtained by membrane 

processes classified as concentration only (reverse osmosis) and fractionation 

(ultrafiltration and electrodialysis) processes. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 107/1978 - Proceedings of the IDF Seminar on new 

dairy foods 

The Seminar was held in Killarney (Ireland). in April 1977 and the proceedings 

reproduce the complete text of the 17 reports presented by specialists from 

European and non European countries, mainly on market research, marketing 

and distribution of new products, the future for dairy proteins, milkfat, cheese 

and cultured products, fresh dairy products, dairy spreads, imitation products, 

etc.


Bulletin of the IDF No. 108/1978 - Special addresses at IDF Sessions 


13 reports issued in 1977 and 1978 are presented on milk production, 

enterobacteriaceae, enzymatic methods, direct acidification in the manufacture 

of cheese, non conventional starters, rennets and substitutes and marketing 

aspects. 






Bulletin of the IDF No. 110/1979 - Market conditionds & trends for cheese 


World trends in cheese production, export market prospects, consumption 

trends, special varieties, imitation cheese, etc. The situation in 11 countries is 

analyzed in detail. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 111/1979 - School milk schemes 

By J. Ridley Rowling (U.K.) on behalf of the IMP Group 

The report starts off with nutritional and other important considerations, 

describes the situation in 23 selected countries in Europe, Africa, Near and Far 

East, Australasia and the North American Continent, and analyses briefly recent 

developments in the EEC and promotional aids. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 112/1979 - Practical guide to noise abatement 


Basic data on noise, noise legislation, noise generation of equipment, good 

house-keeping practices, noise abatement, noise specification in equipment 

orders, hearing protection aids. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 113/1979 - Chemical residues in milk and milk products 

By various authors

Eight chapters describe a) the compounds and chemical structure, by occurrence 

of residues in milk and milk products, c) the principles of residue analysis, d) 

levels of residues detected, e) toxicological aspects, and give recommendations 

in relation to: chlorinated insecticides; organophosphates and carbamates; 

herbicides and fungicides; fasciolicides; insecticides having a systemic effect 

against hypodermic attack; antibiotics and sulphonamides; detergents and 

disinfectants; polychlorinated biphenyls. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 114/1979 - Somatic cells in milk; their significance and 

recommended methods for counting 


After a review of literature on the significance of the somatic cell count of 

raw milk in relation to the quality of heat treated milk and milk products, the 

document describes recommended methods for somatic cell counting in milk 

(microscopic count; Coulter Counter, Fossomatic) and ends with a chapter on 

quality control in the laboratory. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 115/1979 - Equipment for membrane processes 


An international Group of Experts produced this review of equipment available 

for electrodialysis, for reverse osmosis and for ultrafiltration, "in order to give 

the dairy industry a better possibility to choose the equipment best suited 

for their needs". The review is based on information contributed by some 30 

manufacturers in Western Europe, USA and Japan and covers mainly the basic 

characteristics of membranes and of modules, data for membrane processing of 

dairy products, cleaning procedures, etc. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 116/1979 - Recombination of milk and milk products 


This monograph (the first ever on the subject) was compiled by various 

specialists, mostly from Australia and New Zealand and describes equipment 

and processes for the recombination of milks and creams, of evaporated and 

of sweetened condensed milk, of cultured milk products, of butter and of some 

types of cheese. Some 20 pages are devoted to raw material specifications (dairy 

products, vegetable oils, sucrose, water, seed lactose, salt, food additives), their 

packing and storage. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 117/1979 - Design and use of CIP systems in the dairy 

industry


A comprehensive survey of the topic, the monograph gives guidance for users 

and would-be users on how to approach the installation of a CIP system and on 

how to use it. Chapters include: general description of CIP units, performance of 

CIP units, design criteria for dairy equipment, consumption figures, CIP effluent, 

conclusions and guidelines. Appendici deal with: definitions and essential 

terminology; chemical and mathematical formulae and equations; management 

of cleaning and sterilizing operations; calculations for pressure drop in CIP 

circuits. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 118/1980 - Flavour impairment of milk & milk products 

due to lipolysis 


Biochemical aspects, as well as physiological and mechanical factors associated 

with lipolysis in bovine milk are discussed. A final chapter deals with the 

relationship between free fatty acid levels of milk and butter and lipolysed flavour. 






Bulletin of the IDF No. 120/1980 - Factors influencing the bacteriological 

quality of raw milk 

This is a review of the present knowledge in the field. Chapters include: 

microflora of the udder; bacteriological contamination from the surface of the 

teat and udder; contamination from the milking environment; multiplication of 

bacteria in milk during storage and transport and at the processing dairy. 

Date: 1980 - Out of print 

Bulletin of the IDF No. 121/1980 - Progress in mastitis control in 23 countries 

This booklet gives a picture of the 1977-1978 situation in major European dairy 

countries as well as in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, USA and South Africa. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 122/1980 - Behaviour of pathogens in cheese 

In this document, dairy experts (mainly from Western Europe but also from 

Austral ia and Canada) review the current knowledge in relation to bacteria 

pathogenic to man in milk and their survival rate during cheese manufacture and

ipening. A chapter also deals with viruses pathogenic to man in milk and cheese 

and with rickettsia. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 123/1980 - General Code of Hygienic Practice for the 

Dairy Industry 

This General Code is of an advisory nature and sets out to establish hygienic 

principles for the processing, manufacturing, handling, packaging, storing and 

transporting of milk and dairy products. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 124/1980 - Guide for dairy managers on wastage 

prevention in dairy plants 

By IDF General Secretariat 

This reports sums up the general source of wastage of milk, milk products & 

auxiliary materials and gives procedures for reducing such wastage & eliminating 

the causes, at the level of milk reception & storage, during liquid milk processing, 

butter making, cheese manufacture, etc. A chapter is also devoted to sources of 

water wastage & recommendations for its reduction. 



Bulletin of the IDF No. 125/1980 - Factors affecting the yields and contents of 

milk constituents of commercial importance 

This major work includes 16 chapters, each by a different author, and reviews 

all nutritional and other factors that influence the composition of milk and milk 

products. The first chapters define the commercial importance of individual 

milk constituents. Chapters 6 and 7 deal with genetic variation and physiological 

factors in relation to yields and contents of milk constituents. Chapters 8 to 

11 consider the influence of nutritional factors on the content of milk fat (non 

protected fat in the diet, protected polyunsaturated fat in the diet, etc.) while the 

remaining chapters are devoted to the influence of diet on the characteristics of 

milk. fat, on the contents of protein, lactose, minerals and vitamins in milk. This 

book will remain for many years the main source of information in the field. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 126/1980 - Special Addresses at IDF Sessions 1979 

This document includes reports on enzymatic stabilization of milk (utilization of 

the milk peroxidase for the preservation of raw milk), air pollution in the context 

of the food industry, rennets and substitutes (review of the work of an IDF 

Group). cheesemaking and cheese research in Switzerland (with special reference 

to the defect of "secondary fermentation"), utilization of permeates from the 

ultrafiltration of whey and skimmilk, modern information sources for the dairy

scientist, dairy price support policies in developed countries (effects of support 

policies on national and international markets and their implications for dairy 

development in developing countries). the role of industry in dairy development 

(with special reference to the role of Nestle). 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 127/1980 - Corrosion in the dairy industry 

As in the case of most IDF publications, an international Group of Experts 

produced this document dealing with: the significance of corrosion in the dairy 

industry, corrosion of aluminium and its alloys, corrosion of stainless steels and 

its prevention. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 128/1980 - Code of practice for the design and 

construction of milk collection tankers 

A document produced by Mr C.H. Lawrence, Head of the Bulk Collection 

Technical Dept of the MMB in the UK following two enquiries among all member 

countries of the Federation. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 129/1980 - Starters in the manufacture of cheese 

Activity test of mesophilic starters; acidifying activity of thermophilic starters; 

citrate fermenting bacteria in lactic starters; carbon dioxide produced by starters; 

count of mesophilic lactic bacteriophages. 



Bulletin of the IDF No. 130/1981 - Factors affecting the quality of heat treated 

milk 

An international Group of Experts from 15 countries produced this 80 page 

document, mainly in the period 1978-1981. It deals with: quality assurance, bulk 

handling of raw milk, pasteurized milk, UHT treatment, in container sterilization, 

shelf life, etc. 






Bulletin of the IDF No. 132/1981 - Laboratory methods for use in mastitis work

This report reviews the recommended methods for somatic cell counting in milk, 

the aseptic collection of milk samples and the isolation and identification of 

mastitis bacteria. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 133/1981 - New monograph on UHT milk 

The first monograph of this type was published by I DF in 1972 and was a best 

seller. The new monograph produced by the same group of international experts, 

augmented by representatives from a few additional countries is expected to be 

equally popular. It includes updated chapters of the previous book and several 

new chapters e.g. on quality assurance, problems specific to warm countries, 

basic requirements for the UHT plant, the market for UHT milk in the F .R. of 

Germany, etc. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 134/1981 - Membrane processes: guidelines for testing 

equipment; terms and definitions 

This document describes main requirements for and scope of testing equipment 

used for membrane processes. A separate section gives a list of terms and 

definitions which should be a major contribution to international understanding 

in this field. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 135/1981 - Evaluation of the firmness of butter 

This report was completed by an international group of dairy scientists in 1980 

and after considering the various methods available discusses the results, and 

sets out final recommendations. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 136/1981 - Special addresses, IDF Annual Sessions in 

1980 


Reports on: reproduction of dairy cows (calving interval, reproduction failure, 

reproduction & lactation, good animal husbandry) (in French), comparative 

nutritive value of vegetable & milk proteins, microbiological problems in cheese 

manufacture (refrigerated milk, bacteriophage, cheese ripening, survival of 

pathogens), returnable & non-returnable milk packaging (economics & energy 

requirements), nutrition labelling (legislation in Sweden, Canada, United 

Kingdom) (3 papers), errors in moisture determination in milk powders using the 

oven method, determination of low levels of sorbic acid in cheese, the challenge 

for butter in the United Kingdom, techniques & instrumentation of high pressure 

liquid chromatography. 

Date: 1981 - Pages: 64 - Paper: 19.83

Bulletin of the IDF No. 137/1981 - Buffalo as a candidate for milk production 

By Prof. N.C. Ganguli 

Worldwide attention is being turned increasingly on the buffalo as a producer of 

milk. This paper, produced by a world expert in this field, Professor of Eminence 

N.C. Ganguli of India, covers buffalo population, milk production, reproduction 

& heredity, nutritional efficiency, calf rearing, insemination, sterility, diseases, 

buffalo milk composition, buffalo meat, the future: 399 references. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 138/1981 - Dairy effluent 


3 reports by a Group of Experts covering: - national legislation - water to milk 

ratios - relationships between BOD, COD & TOC in dairy effuents. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 139/1981 - Corrosion in the dairy industry (selected 

cases) 


A series of brochures amplifying IDF Bulletin 127: 1980. N° 1 - Main parameters 

determining the conditions of use of dairy plant and connected with corrosion 

(2 pages); N° 2 - Corrosion initiated by thermal insulating materials (3 pages); N 

° 3 - Corrosion associated with welds in austenitic stainless steels (8 pages); N° 

4 - Rubber corrosion in the dairy processing industry (7 pages); N° 5 - Corrosion 

of stainless steel tubing attributable to manufacturing defects (6 pages); N° 

6 - Corrosion inhibitors for aluminium alloys in contact with cleaning agents 

containing sodium hydroxide (2 pages) . 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 140/1981 - Composition of ewe's and goat's milk 

This brochure, by M. Ramos & M. Juarez, Instituto de Productos Lacteos, Madrid, 

deals with: World distribution of ewe's & goat's milk, variation in composition 

according to breed, stage of lactation, type of milking & feeding, payment for 

quality; tables of composition: 121 references. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 141/1981 - IDF - Catalogue of Cheeses 


List including more than 500 cheeses from 29 countries, classification according 

to type of milk (animal species) & texture, alphabetical list of cheese names 

and basic list in tabular form giving anonymous names, country ot origin, type

of milk, physical characteristics of rind and body, weight, content of fat in dry 

matter, water & water in fat-free cheese. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 142/1982 - Recombination of milk and milk products 

Proceedings of IDF Seminar in Singaporte, 7-10 October 1980 


Complete report including all papers and transcript of discussion: recombination 

of milk & creams, sweetened condensed milk, evaporated milk, packaging & 

marketing of products, recombination of cheese & fermented products, butter & 

ice cream, quality control 

& standards, recombination as a means to establish indigenous dairy food 

production, conclusions, list of participants . 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 143/1982 - Technical guide for the packaging of milk 

and milk products - 2nd edition 


This new guide replaces IDF Bulletin 92 : 1976, and covers: factors affecting 

the packaging of milk & milk products - regulations, migration, odour & taste, 

mechanical strength, material stability, permeability to gases, to flavour, 

light transmission, packaging equipment, avoidance of recontamination, 

environmental constraints, outer packaging, disposal of used packages, recycling, 

accuracy of contents, etc. Special requirements for particular dairy products - 

liquid milk & buttermilk, cream, fermented milks, butter, cheese, milk powder. 



products 1980 including summary 1966-1980 


Statistics from 34 countries of consumption, overall & per caput, retail prices, 

population, minutes worked, promotional expenditure & subsidies of milk & milk 

products. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 145/1982 - Taxonomic features and identification of 

Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus 

By J.P. Accolas 

Morphology, ecology, biochemistry & physiology of the 2 species: 41 references. A 

review by J.P. Accolas from the INRA (France). 

Date: 1982 - Pages: 10 - Paper: 7.44

Bulletin of the IDF No. 146/1982 - The world market for cheese 

The previous report (IDF Bulletin 110) on this subject, published in 1979 as 

a result of the work of Mr McCarthy & his Group C10C, gave a photograph 

of the situation on the world cheese market, mostly in 1977. The present new 

publication by the same author, is based on 1979 & 1980 data and includes 52 

pages (compared to the 25 pages of the 1979 report). It reviews such topical 

questions as: the importance of cheese to the world's dairy industry; export 

market prospects for cheese; possibilities of developing particular markets of 

special varieties of cheese; and deals in more detail with conditions specific to: 

Canada, Germany, France, India, Ireland, Japan, Netherlands, Sweden, United 

Kingdom, U.S.A. & USSR. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 147/1982 - Dairy ingredients in food products 

This publication is based on a recent IDF Seminar and examines: the utilization 

of milk solids, milk protein, lactose, milkfat; what different branches of the food 

industry require from dairy ingredients; dairy vs non dairy ingredients, etc. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 148/1982 - Catalogue of teaching aids used in dairy 

training (audiovisual aids, books & brochures) 


This is a second, amplified and updated edition of document 95 issued in 1977. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 149/1982 - Special addresses - IDF Annual Sessions 

1981 (Economics) 


Reports on: trends in the consumption of milk & milk products in Spain, dairy 

outlook for the decade of the eighties, 3 papers on development of consumption 

of milk & milk products in areas where consumption is low, econometric 

demand . 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 150/1982 - Forecasting milk supplies - Proceedings of 

IDF Workshop in the Hague, Netherlands, 4-6 October 1979 


Report covering objectives and uses of forecasts and intelligence work, models 

for forecasting milk production, collection of data and information services. 

Date: 1982 - Pages: 34 - Paper: 24.79

Bulletin of the IDF No. 151/1982 - Dairy education – Proceedings of lDF 

Seminar in Rome, Italy, 28-30 May 1980 


Report with a review of dairy education in IDF Member Countries, relationship 

between education in food science & in dairy science, management, marketing 

& business studies, engineering & processing, information services, practical 

training and industrial experience, FAO dairy training programme, dairy 

education in developing countries, nutrition & health. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 152/1982 - Iodide in milk and milk products 

Report covering pathways for iodide to reach the milk, biochemical aspects & 

toxicology, analytical methods, incidence, precautions to reduce incidence: 75- 

references. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 153/1982 - Special addresses - IDF Annual Sessions 

1981 (technology, science & nutrition) 


Reports on: hygienic design of dairy equipment, material handling, rheology 

of cheese, solid to liquid fat ratio, reference materials, instrumental methods, 

cultured dairy foods in health, allergies to milk. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 154/1983 - Measurement of extraneous water by 

determination of freezing point of milk 

Report concerning the results of the freezing point test (IDF Standard 108 : 1982): 

freezing point in degrees Celsius & the Hortvet apparatus, milk constituents & 

freezing point depression, osmotic equilibrium between milk & blood, goats, 

buffaloes & ewes milk, factors affecting the freezing point of genuine milk, effect 

of processing, sources of extraneous water, avoiding water in milk, method 

for surveying ex-farm milk, instrument control, preservation of samples: 119 

references. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 155/1983 - International study of dairy cooperatives - 

Country case studies 

By Mr J.D. Empson 

The author of this study collected information in 1981/1982 on the development 

of dairy cooperatives, legislative aspects, organization, management structure, 

financing, etc. in an impressive number of countries: Austria, Australia, Canada,

Switzerland, Germany (F.R.), Denmark, Finland, France, United Kingdom, 

Ireland, India, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, Poland, Sweden, 

USA. For some countries, the case studies were compiled with the assistance of 

FAD: Burma, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Malawi, Philippines, Thailand. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 156/1983 - Sludge from dairy effluent treatment plants 

and sludge from milk separators 

Two reports covering: composition, treatment & disposal of sludge from dairy 

effluents treatment plants, including sources, types & amounts of sludge, 

analytical methods; composition, legislation, utilization and/or disposal of sludge 

from discontinuously-operating and self-desludging separators. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 157/1983 - Changes in milk at 100-150°C 


Reports covering: 

- bacteriological, chemical, biochemical & physical changes in milk at 

temperatures of 100-150°C, by H. Burton 

- occurrence & levels of heat-resistant proteinases and their effects on UHTtreated 

dairy products, by G. Suhren 

- detection & determination of antibiotics or inhibitory substances in member 

countries of IDF, results of a questionnaire compiled by W. Heeschen 

- accelerated ripening of cheese, by a Group of Experts, Chairman: B.A. Law. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 158/1983 - Production & utilization of goat's & ewe's 

milk 

By a Group of Experts - Chairman: J.C. Le Jaouen 

Report including surveys of production & utilization of goat's milk & of ewe's 

milk (in English only), a report on farmhouse production of cheese & other 

products from ewe's & goat's milk vs industrial production (in English & French), 

by Dr F. Vieira de Sa, and a memorandum on legal protection of ewe's & goat's 

milk products (in French only), by Dr G. Kalatzopoulos. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 159/1983 - Cultured dairy foods in human nutrition 

By a Group of Experts - Chairman: M.I. Gurr 

Report that investigates the evidence concerning the "healthy" image of 

fermented milks with reports on the influence of feeding cultured & culturecontaining 

products on the microbial ecology of the gut and the effects of feeding 

cultured & culture-containing products on health.






Bulletin of the IDF No. 161/1983 - Corrosion in the dairy industry - selected 

cases - (Brochures 7-11) 

By a Group of Experts - Chairman: G. Daufin 

A further Mries of brochures bound together and not available separately, 

covering the following: N° 7 - Avoiding corrosion & damage to homogenizers; 

N° 8 - Corrosion prevention in UHT indirectly-heated milk sterilizers; N° 9 - 

Corrosion from cheese brines; W 10 Preventing the corrosion of carbon steel 

in service waters; N° 11 - Table of corrosivity of chemical substances used in 

detergent & disinfectant formulas against metals commonly used in the dairy . 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 162/1983 - Cost of transportation in relation to dairy 

factory structure 

By a Group of Experts - Chairman: E.O. Petersen 

Report on a survey of IDF member countries, covering the transport structure of 

the dairy industry, measures to reduce transportation costs, interrelation between 

transport functions & dairy industry structure & future developments. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 163/1983 - The dairy cow of the future - Proceedings of 

IDF/EAAP Seminar in Warsaw, Poland, 11-13 August 1982 

Complete report comprising all papers & discussions at sessions on basic 

prospects for the year 2000, systems of milk production in the year 2000, 

production traits selection aims for the year 2000, breeding plants for the future. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 164/1983 - School milk schemes, 1983 (Second part) 

Report on school milk schemes in 23 countries together with notes on the value 

of milk in school children's diets. The report includes answers on current sales 

of milk in schools, types of school in school milk schemes, pricing & packaging 

of the milk, methods of distribution & payment, government policies, nutritional 

research, marketing effects, educational material, sponsorship & activities such 

as PR. 

Date: 1983 - Pages: 34 - Paper: 24.79

Bulletin of the IDF No. 165/1983 - International comparison of the genetic 

merit of dairy cattle 

Two reports. The IDF. recommended procedure for comparison of genetic merit. 

An assessment of the FAD-sponsored Polish experiment on the comparison of 10 

Friesian cattle strains including procedure, results, ranking & references. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 166/1983 - Nutrition & metabolism - Reports at IDF 

Annual Sessions 1982 

Three articles on different aspects of nutrition & metabolism: quantity & quality 

of milk protein intake: metabolic responses of the neonate. Trans-fatty acids: 

metabolic & nutritional significance. Significance of milk as a source of dietary 

calcium. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 167/1983 - The international market for fluid milk 

This report reviews the current (1975-1980-1982) situation in 23 dairying 

countries;including for each country data on total consumption of various types 

of fluid milk, fermented milks, dairy desserts, etc., on milk containers & answers 

questions such as: how is milk distributed, how & where is milk consumed? 

Forecasts for 1985 are given, also per country. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 168/1984 - Recommended methods for somatic cell 

counts in milk 

Superseded by the Standard 148-1 and Standard 148-2 

Date: 1984 - Withdrawn 

Bulletin of the IDF No. 169/1984 - The use of unmarketable milk on the farm 

By J.H. Roy 

The author submitted this report as a Special Address in July 1983 and examines 

mainly the implications of using rejected milk for calf rearing on the farm. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 170/1984 - The world market for butter 


The report describes the situation mainly in 1982, in relation to: trends of the 

market for yellow fats, barriers to increased sales of butter, butter/margarine 

blends, advertising approach of the margarine industry, etc. 21 countries are 

covered mostly in Western Europe & North America. 

Date: 1984 - Pages: 18 - Paper: 24.79

Bulletin of the IDF No. 171/1984 - Cheesemaking 


This publication includes 3 reports: the surface flora & its role in the ripening 

of cheese, cheesemaking in Norway, cheese manufacture on the farm in the 

Netherlands. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 172/1984 - The world market for ice cream 


This publication is based on the information contributed by 18 countries 

(Western & Eastern Europe, North America, South Africa, Australia, Japan) and 

mainly reflects the situation in 1982. The information is presented in tabular form 

and analyzed. A list of organizations, journals, etc. is appended. 






Bulletin of the IDF No. 174/1984 - Balance tanks for dairy effluent treatment 

plants 


Balance tanks are defined as tanks that effluents flow through before discharge 

to sewer or an on site effluent treatment plant. The situation in 20 countries in 

different parts of the world is reported upon & analysed. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 175/1984 - Interim cheese market report 

A Group of Experts in IDF produced in 1982 a report on the World Market for 

Cheese (see Bulletin 146) and a new report in this series is planned for 1985 

or 1986. In the meantime, this interim paper describes international cheese 

production & trading during 1980-1982 and analyzes the developments & trends 

in fresh cheese during the same period, with estimates for 1985. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 176/1984 - Computerized bulk milk collection systems 

By various authors

Proceedings of an IDF Workshop held in Toronto (Canada), on September 

20-21, 1983. The first workshop on this topic was in 1978 and here again the 

main purpose was to exchange information and experience between firms using 

computerized route planning systems and these firms interested in so doing. 


Bulletin 177/1984 - Quality assurance - Means of promoting efficiency in 

dairying 


This publication contains the proceedings of an IDF Seminar held in Valdivia 

(Chile), 15-18 November 1983. The theme of quality assurance was examined in a 

Latin American context. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 178/1984 - General Code of hygienic practice for the 

dairy industry & advisory microbiological criteria for dried milk, edible rennet 

casein & food grade whey powders 


This is a new extended version of the 1980 edition (Bulletin 123) . 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 179/1984 - Fermented milks 


These proceedings of an IDF Seminar in Avignon (France), 14-16 May 1984, 

review the subjects: fermented milks in the world, nutritional value of fermented 

milks, their microorganisms, regulations affecting them, their manufacture & 

marketing. 17 posters presented at the Seminar are also reproduced and a list of 

participants with their address is appended. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 180/1984 - Inventory of methods of analysis for milk & 

milk products (1 rst edition) 

Superseded by Bulletin N° 248/1990 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 181/1984 - Update on existing analytical methods for 

detecting mixtures of cow's, ewe's & goat's milk 


This publication reviews mainly chromatographic, electrophoretic & 

immunological techniques.


Bulletin of the IDF No. 182/1984 - The thermization of milk - Milk treatment 

on the farm (or on-farm use of membrane systems) 

The first of the 2 papers was produced by Ir M.G. van den Berg in the light of 

comments from IDF countries. The second paper was presented by Or R.R. Zall 

& J.H. Chen to the meeting of IDF Commission A in July 1983. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 183/1984 - Progeny testing methods in dairy cattle 

These proceedings of an IDF/EAAP Symposium held in Prague (Czechoslovakia), 

14-16 September 1984, include no less than 38 reports as well as the IDF 

recommended procedure for the international comparison of the genetic merit of 

dairy cattle. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 184/1984 - Dairy effluents 

Proceedings of an IDF Seminar held at Killarney (Ireland) from 19 to 22 April 

1983 and includes 40 papers on dairy waste treatment by authors from many 

countries. 



Bulletin of the IDF No. 185/1984 - Control systems for automated dairy 

processes (a guide for dairy plant managers) 

Three main questions are examined: why & what to autoby IDF/ISO/AOAC / par 

FIUISO/AOAC 

This inventory is intended to provide a complete catalogue of adopted methods 

of analysis prepared by IDF, ISO & AOAC. The 3 organizations have been 

cooperating for many years in the preparation of methods of analysis. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 186/1985 - Consumption statistics for milk & milk 

products - 1983 



Bulletin of the IDF No. 187/1985 - Progress in mastitis control 

This survey describes in tabular form the progress made in 23 countries, on 

the basis of an enquiry made in September 1983. In a previous survey, of 1977 

(see Bulletin 121), many countries reported little progress; this time, 7 countries 

reported definite improvement to 1983.


Bulletin of the IDF No. 188/1985 - International study of dairy cooperatives 

This first part of this study was published in 1983 (Bulletin 155). This Bulletin 

deals with the importance, development, finance, membership organization & 

management structures of dairy cooperatives. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 189/1985 - Surface finishes of stainless steels - New 

stainless steels 

The first part of the publication is an introduction to the commercially available 

surface finishes of stainless steels & includes notes on their corrosion resistance. 

The second part explains how the new stainless steels developed during the past 

10 years differ from the more conventional types. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 190/1985 - New feed sources for dairy cattle 

The publication is based on information contributed by 18 member countries 

and, in addition, to an inventory of new sources (treated straw, animal wastes, 

single cell protein, etc.) includes an analysis of the present situation and of the 

perspectives. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 191/1985 - Protective proteins in milk 

The author examines the mode of action, sources, biological significance and in 

vivo activity of lysozyme, lactoferrin, and the lactoperoxidase system. A chapter is 

devoted to synergism & another to comments & prospects. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 192/1985 - Payment for milk on the basis of quality 



Bulletin of the IDF No. 193/1985 - Inventory of methods of analysis for milk & 

milk products (2nd edition) 



Bulletin of the IDF No. 194/1985 - Milk clotting enzymes 

By various authors

3 aspects are covered: heat stability of milk clotting enzymes, technological 

consequences - technological suitability of calf rennet substitutes - future 

developments in rennet and its use in the cheese factory 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 195/1985 - Nutrient sources in dairy effluent 

17 countries contributed information on the presence of nutrients, particularly 

nitrogen & phosphorus, in dairy effluents arising from dairy processing, cleaning, 

water treatment, etc. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 196/1986 - Feed evaluation and rationing systems for 

dairy cattle 

The coordinators on this study, as members of IDF Group A 15, state in the 

preamble that "more & more, there emerges from the bulk of information, a fairly 

clear framework of the dairy cow's metabolism. This makes possible a better 

practical understanding of feed evaluation and providing practice with reliable 

recommendations". The report includes 16 chapters by 25 authors. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 197/1986 - Demand analysis and policy evaluation 

This Bulletin is entirely devoted to the proceedings of an IDF Workshop, held in 

Ottawa (Canada) in May 1985. "The primary purpose of holding this workshop", 

explains the editor of the publication, Prof. Or Peter Stonehouse "was to provide 

a forum for the exchange of information and ideas concerning problems with and 

opportunities for using econometrics & other demand analysis and forecasting 

techniques". The book includes 26 reports by 37 authors. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 198/1986 - Efficiency of machine milking 

Abstract not available. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 199/1986 - Special addresses given at IDF Annual 

Sessions 1985 in New Zealand 

Abstract not available. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 200/1986 - Pasteurized milk 

Monograph by various authors 

The main chapters include: microbiological aspects; processes avoiding 

recontamination; biochemical aspects; appearance, texture, flavour & defects

of pasteurized milk; nutritional aspects; design of pasteurization equipment; 

instrumentation for heat treatment system; packaging, storage & distribution; 

quality control; statutory regulations; some technological & engineering aspects. 




Annual compilation by IDF Group of Experts C1 - Promotion & marketing 



Bulletin of the IDF No. 202/1986 - Ewe’s & goat’s milk & milk products 


Includes 42 reports presented at an IDF Seminar in September 1985 in Athens 

(Greece). 

Management of ewes & goats & prospects in this field, with special emphasis on 

machine milking. 

Characteristics of ewe & goat milk. 

The manufacture & characteristics of cheese. 

Methods for detecting mixtures of milks from different species. 

Protection & marketing of the traditional products made from ewe & goat milk. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 203/1986 - World market for cheese (2nd edition) 


(See also Bulletin N° 146/1982, 3rd edition N° 307/1995, 4th edition N° 326/1997 

& 5th edition N° 359/2001) 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 204/1986 - Continuous butter manufacture 


Eight chapters describe the present state of the art: raw materials, separation, 

heat treatment, cream crystallization, continuous manufacture, sanitary design, 

etc. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 205/1986 - Milk collection in developing countries 

By a Group of Experts

The report is based on a survey in 22 countries in all parts of the world, and 

was produced by a Group of Experts, in cooperation with FAO. It is meant as a 

compilation of the experience gained by dairy experts in these countries. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 206/1986 - Quota controls on milk supplies and supply 

management 

By an IDF Group of Experts (See also 2nd edition Bulletin No. 245/1989) 

Countries without quota systems are looked at, followed by a brief description of 

quota systems by country - EEC, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Austria, Switzerland, 

Israel, South Africa, Canada, Japan. A comparison is made of quota systems and 

their effects. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 207/1986 - Reference materials and interlaboratory 

collaborative studies 

By various authors (See also Bulletins No. 235/1988 & No. 285/1993) 

The booklet mainly describes the collaborative studies made in order to 

determine the precision (repeatability & reproducibility) of methods for the 

determination of total solids, phosphorus, lactic acid, aflatoxin, freezing point, 

etc. in a range of milk & milk products. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 208/1987 - Rapid indirect methods for the 

measurement of the major components of milk 


The methods described include: microwave (total solids), dye binding (protein), 

infra red absorption (fat, protein, lactose, total solids), turbidimetry (fat). 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 209/1987 - Dairy science issue 


Main aspects covered: functional properties of milk proteins: water sorption 

by milk proteins; activity of proteinases; accelerated ripening of non Cheddar 

cheese. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 210/1987 - Code of practice for the exchange of dairy 

students for work experience 


This short report summarizes the conditions under which a constructive scheme 

can be built up. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 211/1987 - Bovine mastitis: definition & guidelines for 

diagnosis 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 212/1987 - Trends in whey utilization 


This publication contains the proceedings of the 1986 International Whey 

Conference in Chicago. The papers presented reveal the wide variety of economic 

and technical environments in which whey processing and utilization are carried 

out in various countries of the world. The general framework focuses attention in 

four areas: 

a review of current activities, including statistics of whey utilization in USA, 

Europe and Oceania; 

• advances in process technology; 

• newer products based either upon lactose or whey protein; 

• whey utilization in animal feed. 

There is a good deal of interplay between various categories, particularly the 

frequent interdependence of new products and new process technology. 







Bulletin of the IDF No. 214/1987 - Packaging of butter, soft cheese & fresh 

cheese 

by a Group of Experts (See also Bulletin N°143/1982 & Bulletin N°300/1995) 

The report was produced in the period 1985-1987 by Group B4 and is meant as an 

update of some of the chapters of the Packaging Guide (Bulletin N°143/1982). 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 215/1987 - Machine milking and mastitis


Comprises 

a) recommendations concerning the use of milking machines and the incidence 

of mastitis; 

b) review of literature on milking machine factors affecting the rate of new 

infections; 

c) review on the effect of machine milking on teat end condition. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 216/1987 - Use of lysozyme in the prevention of late 

blowing in cheese 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 217/1987 - Environmental influences on bovine 

mastitis 

By a Group of experts 

Covers mastitis as a multifactorial disease, pathogenesis, sources & transmission 

of pathogens, environmental influences on animal health, external environment, 

internal environment, conclusions and recommendations. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 218/1987 - Hygienic design of dairy processing 

equipment 


This report describes, in general terms, requirements in respect of cleanability 

and hygiene in dairy equipment - construction details, plant erection, cleanability 

and inspection of equipment. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 219/1987 - Fire prevention in spray-drying of milk 

powder 


Recommendations covering prevention, detection and extinction of fire in single 

and two-stage spray dryers. Appendices on ignition temperatures of powders and 

safety measures for dust explosions. 

Date: 1987 - Pages: 15 - Paper: 19.83

Bulletin of the IDF No. 220/1987 - Milk and milk products - detection of 

inhibitors 

Replaced by Bulletin N°258/1991 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 221/1987 - Dairy development in East Africa 


Proceedings of IDF Seminar on appropriate dairy technology transfer, Nairobi, 

March 1987. Comprises 30 reports on: milk production - milk collection, 

preservation, quality control & payment - milk processing & marketing - training 

for dairy development - role of women in milk production. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 222/1988 - Milk products and health 


Issue comprising 4 reports: milk in the Finnish diet; diet & cardiovascular 

disease; nutritional significance of essential trace elements in dairy foods; 

species-dependent effects of dietary casein & calcium cholesterol metabolism. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 223/1988 - Listeria monocytogenes in food 


Pathogenesis, transmission of disease, listeriosis outbreaks, epidemiology; 

microbiology, habitat, occurrence; survival during processing & storage; methods 

of detection, enrichment, isolation, identification; bibliography. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 224/1988 - Recent views on the marketing of & 

promotion for milk & milk products 


Papers presented at IDF marketing conferences in 1986 & (mostly) 1987: US dairy 

industry & promotion, milk marketing strategies in Finland, domestic market 

for Dutch cheese, development of butter blends in USA, developments in the 

preserved milk sector, etc. 



Bulletin of the IDF No. 225/1988 - Control & determination of curd setting 

during cheesemaking; influence of milk concentration of UF on enzymatic 

coagulation


In the first paper, the authors mainly report on the NIZO experience with 

instrumental & other methods; in the second paper, Ms P. Garnot reviews the 

data available on the influence of variations of protein content obtained by UF. 




Annual compilation by IDF Group of Experts C1 - Promotion and marketing 



Bulletin of the IDF No. 227/1988 - Fermented milks - Science & technology 


Monograph comprising twelve chapters, including the results of a survey on 

fermented milks and the organisms involved in their preparation, starters of 

various types, technology for various products, packaging, quality control, 

rheology, new technology. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 228/1988 - Use of prolonged release bovine 

somatotropin in milk production 

By R.K. Phipps 

Report presented to IDF Annual Sessions, September 1987, on a study on 

British Friesian cows, covering administration of BST, results (milk yield 

and composition, feed intake, effects on body, feed efficiency, cow health, 

reproduction effects), discussion, potential uses, conclusions. 10 references. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 229/1988 - Contemporary quality assurance 


Proceedings of IDF/USNAC Seminar in Chicago, USA, in September 1987. 14 

chapters and list of participants. Covers consumer satisfaction and confidence, 

product development, raw milk QA, package QA, quality systems, good 

laboratory practice, good manufacturer’s practice, HACCP approach, quality 

oversight, quality management (regulatory), quality standards in industry, 

product retrievals, costs and benefits of QA, training of QA personnel. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 230/1988 - Dairy research

By three authors 

Special address given at the 1987 & 1988 Annual Sessions of IDF. Analysis by Dr 

G.C. Cheeseman of the development of research in changing circumstances on 

the basis of experience in UK. 

Description by Dr S.Szakaly of “fundamental” dairy research in Hungary and by 

Dr G. Mozsik on clinical research into the dietary role of fresh milk products in 

Hungary. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 231/1988 - Flowmeters and sampling equipment on 

milk collection tankers 


Separate chapters on guidelines for flowmeters on milk collection tankers, 

automatic sampling, data collection and magnetic milkmeters (results of 

enquiries in IDF countries). As an appendix: 3-A Sanitary Standards for 

Flowmeters for Milk & Milk Products (N°28-01). 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 232/1988 - Quality, treatment & use of condensate & 

reverse osmosis permeates 


In four parts concerning the disposal and use of condensate and reverse osmosis 

permeate as dairy effluents, covering quality of the condensates and permeates, 

treatment of condensate, use of condensates and permeates and a case study of 

the re-use of condensate. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 233/1988 - Trends in utilization of whey and whey 

derivatives 


A selection of chapters supplementing the proceedings of the 1987 International 

Whey Conference (Bulletin of IDF N° 212/1987), covering concentration 

and drying whey and permeates, whey protein concentrates, lactose and its 

derivatives, hydrolysis of lactose, fermentation of whey and permeate, whey 

beverages. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 234/1988 - Code of practice for the preservation of raw 

milk by the lactoperoxidase system 


Code of hygienic practice drawn up after consultation with IDF member 

countries. Submitted to the FAO/WHO Codex Committee on Food Hygiene. 

Covers principles, utilization, application and control of usage. In appendices, 

specifications for sodium thiocyanate and percarbonate, analysis of thiocyanate 

in milk and a survey of the scientific background to the use of the lactoperoxidase 

system. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 235/1988 - Interlaboratory collaborative studies (second 

series) 

By various Groups of Experts (See also Bulletins N° 207/1986 and N°285/1993) 

Reports on interlaboratory collaborative studies undertaken to establish the 

precision of standard methods of analysis giving the analytical data in full, 

together with the precision figures derived from them. Covers water content in 

butteroil (Karl Fischer), total solids in sweetened condensed milk, chloride in 

butter, calcium in milk & milk powder, fat content (gravimetric methods) of milk 

& milk products, fat acidity in milkfat & butter. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 236/1988 - Corrosion: peracetic acid solutions, 

electrochemical principles, glossary of terms 


Report with 3 chapters concerning the topics mentioned in the title. 







Bulletin of the IDF No. 238/1989 - Heat-induced changes in milk 

Replaced by Special Issue 9501 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 239/1989 - Present & future importance of imitation 

dairy products 


Report covering background to the development of imitation products, market 

position, conclusions and results of an IDF questionnaire covering “filled” milk

(soya drink), spreads, toppings and imitation cream, “filled” milk powder (coffee 

whiteners). Guidelines for designation and presentation. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 240/1989 - Use of ultrafiltration technology in 

cheesemaking 

Abstract not available 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 241/1989 - Per caput consumption statistics for milk 

and milk products: 1977-1987 

By J. Smogorzewska (United Kingdom) for the International Milk Promotion Group 

Summaries of statistics from 30 countries of per caput consumption of liquid 

milks, fermented milks, other liquid milk products, cream, butter etc., cheese, 

condensed and evaporated milk, whole milk powder, skim milk powder, ice 

cream and population data. 



Bulletin of the IDF No. 242/1989 - Efficiency of machine milking (Part 2) 

by a Group of Experts (See also - Part 1 - Bulletin N° 198/1986) 

Monograph covering laboratory test methods for milking machine components, 

automatic cluster removers and vocabulary of milking machine installations (update 

of IDF Standard 56B:1978). 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 243/1989 - World dairy situation 1989 and dairying in 

the nineties 

Two parts - one by the President of Commission C - the other by a Group of 

Experts 

1) Presentation of information provided at the Annual Sessions (Copenhagen, 

1989) comprising a summary of production, utilization, consumption demand, 

international trade, policy development, world tables of production of milk and 

milk products, exports, imports and prices, dairy situation in individual countries; 

2) Factors likely to affect dairying in the nineties. Dairy industry in Western 

countries, centrally-planned economies (USSR and Eastern Europe), Third World 

countries, international dairy markets, major trends. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 244/1989 - Special addresses at IDF Annual Sessions 

1988, Budapest , Hungary

y various authors 

Interactions in stabilizers and emulsifiers and their functional effects - B. Schäffer 

• Scientific and practical results with use of ultrafiltration - G. Babella 

• Applications of membrane techniques in the dairy industry - J.L. Maubois 

• GATT activities related to the dairy market - M. Østeras 

• Food safety and hygiene standards in relation to public health - H.J. Beckers 

• Immunological supplementation of cow’s milk formulations - A.S. Goldman 

• Fat content of dairy foods in relation to consumer acceptability - M.I. Gurr 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 245/1989 - Quota controls on milk supplies and milk 

management (2nd edition) 

by a Group of Experts (See also Bulletin N° 206/1986) 

Overview of milk supply management, countries with quota systems, countries 

without quota systems. 







Bulletin of the IDF No. 247/1990 - Radionuclides in dairy products - 

Distribution systems for liquid milk & fresh dairy products - Use of enzymes in 

cheesemaking - General principles for the design of clinical trials with special 

references to mastitis therapy - Teat and udder cleaning 

Radionuclides in dairy products 

by O. Paakkola (Finland) & A. Wiechen (Germany) 

Sources of radiation; environmental contamination; radionuclides and health 

effects of radiation; measurement methods and determination of radionuclides 

in milk, effect of processing of milk products on radioactive contamination; 

consumer protection. 

13 pp 

Distribution systems for liquid milk & fresh dairy products 


Distribution systems for fresh dairy products from order-taking through storage 

and handling to customer service; possible future developments. 

8 pp

Use of enzymes in cheesemaking 

by various authors 

Uses of enzymes in cheesemaking in 23 countries; summary of Government 

regulations; enzymes as food additives or processing aids; and enzymes 

produced by genetic engineering. 

15 pp 

General principles for the design of clinical trials with special references to 

mastitis therapy 

by M. A. Thorburn (Canada) 

This eight-page report covers clinical trials of therapeutic treatments; causes of 

mastitis and its consequences. 

10 pp 

Teat and udder cleaning 

by K. Jorgensen (Denmark) 

Methods of teat/udder cleaning, with consideration of sources of bacterial 

contamination, teat surface microflora, disinfectants, comparative evaluation. 

3 pp 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 248/1990 - Inventory of Methods of analysis for milk & 

milk products (3rd edition) 

Replaced by 6th edition: Bulletin N° 350/2000 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 249/1990 - World dairy situation 1990 - Butter: the 

world market - Imitation cheese products 

Three reports presented at the 74th Annual Sessions of the IDF in Toronto in October 

1990 

Part 1, by President of the Commission C, Mr John Sliter (US): summary and 

forecasts of world production, utilization, consumption demand, trade and policy 

development; world tables for cow numbers, milk, butter and cheese production, 

trade and prices; situation in individual countries and the EEC. 

Part 2, by Mr J.W. Brown (UK) and developed by Group C2: butter production/ 

consumption trends by country; world trade; possible measures to achieve 

balance. 

Part 3, by Mr J. McCarthy (Ireland) and developed by Group C2: summary 

and history of imitation cheese products; trends in production/consumption; 

situation and legislation in EC and USA; challenge for the dairy industry. 

Date: 1990 - Pages: 52 - Paper: 37.18

Bulletin of the IDF No. 250/1990 - Special addresses at IDF Annual Sessions - 

Copenhagen, September 1989 


• New developments in dairy cattle breeding - E.B. Burnside (Canada) 

• Embryotechnology in Danish dairy cattle - T. Greve & P. Hyttel (Denmark) 

• The Danish cattle health service - P. Annel (Denmark) 

• New developments in whey drinks - F.M. Driessen & M.G. van den Berg (Netherlands) 

• Applied research in Danish dairying - B.K. Mortensen (Denmark) 

• What is the use of standards of identity? - O. Alsoe (Denmark) 

• Implementation of a quality surveillance system in Denmark - B. Olsen (Denmark) 

• Facts and trends in microbial contamination of dairy products - N. Skovgaard (Denmark) 

• Future trends in quality risks of dairy products: facts and trends in chemical contamination 

of dairy products - K. Voldum-Clausen (Denmark) 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 251/1990 - Production of chymosin by microorganisms 

and its use for cheesemaking - Detection and prevention of anaerobic spore 

formers and cheese quality 

Production of chymosin by microorganisms and its use for cheesemaking 

by M. Teuber (Switzerland) on behalf of a Group of Experts 

Production of chymosin; recovery of prochymosin; purification; biochemical 

characteristics of chymosin prepared by genetic engineering; cheesemaking with 

recombinant chymosin; and safety aspects. 

13 pp 

Detection and prevention of anaerobic spore formers and cheese quality 


Methods for detection and enumeration of clostridial spores related to cheese 

quality; prevention of the contamination of raw milk by making a good silage, 

and by a hygienic milk production; the manufacturing method for cheese and the 

sensitivity to butyric acid fermentation; methods for preventing, controlling and 

detecting butyric acid fermentation. 

44 pp 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 252/1990 - Anaerobic treatment of dairy effluents - the 

present stage of development - Culture media for detection & enumeration of 

bifidobacteria in fermented milk products 

Anaerobic treatment of dairy effluents - the present stage of development 

by a Group of Experts

This report covers principles of anaerobic treatment; advantages and 

disadvantages of anaerobic digestion; control and types of anaerobic process; 

experiences with anaerobic treatment of dairy waste water; and costs. 

21 pp 

Culture media for detection & enumeration of bifidobacteria in fermented milk 

products 

by J. Lj. Rasic (Yugoslavia) 

Various culture media developed for detecting and enumerating bifidobacteria 

are examined. It is shown that the choice of culture medium is dependent on the 

type of product under investigation. 

11 pp 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 253/1990 - Role of milk protein in human nutrition 


This report covers the nitrogen balance in the human and effects of milk 

constituents; lipid metabolism; the hypercholesterolemic effect of casein and fish 

protein; the immunoenhancing effect of dietary whey protein concentrate; and 

effects of milk versus plant proteins on bioavailability of micronutrients. 



products: 1989 




Bulletin of the IDF No. 255/1991 - Cultured dairy products in human nutrition - 

Dietary calcium and health 

Cultured dairy products in human nutrition 

by IDF Group of Experts F20 “Role of cultures and culture-containing milk products in 

human nutrition (See also Bulletin N°159/1983) 

Effect of feeding cultured products on growth; effects of cultured products on 

metabolism; influence of feeding cultured products on the microbial ecology of 

the gut; antitumour properties of cultured products; interactions with immunocompetence; 

antimutagenic properties of cultured products; other beneficial 

effects of cultured products 

23 pp 

Dietary calcium and health 

by members of IDF Group of Experts F22 on the “Role of milk in human nutrition 

from the angle of calcium metabolism” and other authors

Extracellular calcium homeostasis; cellular calcium regulation; bio-availability of 

calcium; epidemiology of osteoporosis; calcium and osteoporosis - experimental 

research; calcium and blood pressure; calcium and colon cancer. 

36 pp 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 256/1991 - Methods for assessing the bacteriological 

quality of raw milk from the farm 

By an IDF Group of Experts 

Methods for estimating colony forming units; microscropic (or direct) methods 

for estimation of bacteria; methods for estimating bacterial activity; other 

methods. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 257/1991 - Special addresses and reports at IDF Annual 

Sessions - Toronto, Canada - October 1990 

• Dairy situation in Canada(*), D. Grieve (Canada) 

• Oxidized flavour in milk: a Canadian Perspective(*) - J.W.G. Nicholson & E. Charmley 

(Canada) 

• Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: a review of the UK Situation - M. Dawson ((UK) 

• CLA, a new cancer inhibitor in dairy products - M. W. Pariza (USA) 

• Genetic manipulation of dairy cultures, M.J. Gasson (UK) 

• Milk lipids in the diet and health - M.E. Gurr(UK) 

• Problems of dairying in India in the nineties - A.K. Banerjee (India) 

• The dairy situation in Central Europe, replies to an IDF questionnaire - compiled by H. 

Schelhaas (Netherlands) 

• Influence of perestroika on Eastern European countries - B. Schäffer (Hungary) 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 258/1991 - Detection and confirmation of inhibitors in 

milk and milk products 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 259/1991 - Application of computers in the dairy 

industry - Guidelines for solving in-plant materials handling systems in dairy 

plants 

Application of computers in the dairy industry 

by IDF Group of Experts F14 - Dairy Education (See also Bulletin No. 308/1995) 

Day-to-day operations in a commercial dairy company: computer usage from 

milk collection to marketing and distribution; computers in laboratory analysis

and information - quality assurance; the role of the computer in production and 

processing; teaching methods relating to industrial usage and objectives. 

26 pp 

Guidelines for solving in-plant materials handling systems in dairy plants 

by IDF Group of Experts B37 - New systems of material handling 

Approach to the problem; logistical concept; setting project requirements; 

materials handling analysis; selection of alternative techniques and designs; 

survey of modern systems. 

44 pp 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 260/1991 - Utilizations of milkfat 

By IDF Groups of Experts B41 

Milk lipids; physical & chemical modification of milkfat; uses of milkfat; 

conclusions. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 261/1991 - Chemical methods for evaluating 

proteolysis in cheese maturation - List of criteria for evaluation of accelerated 

ripening of cheese 

Chemical methods for evaluating proteolysis in cheese maturation 

by IDF Group of Experts F32 - Chemical indices of maturation in cheese 

Methods for crude fractionation (extraction and precipitation of nitrogen 

components in cheese); methods for direct measurements of peptide bond 

cleavage in cheese; electrophoresis of cheese; chromatographic methods. 

33 pp 

List of criteria for evaluation of accelerated ripening of cheese 

by IDF Group of Experts F16 - Accelerated ripening of cheese 

Description of the system; type of cheese to be treated; cheese analyses; sensory 

evaluation criteria; microbiological examination; shelf life assessment; legal 

status; cost of treatment. 

2 pp 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 262/1991 - Payment systems for ex-farm milk - Mastitis 

control - Alkaline phosphatase test as a measure of correct pasteurization 

Payment systems for ex-farm milk 

by IDF group of experts A8 - Payment systems for ex-farm milk

A survey of the existing approaches to payment systems in 19 IDF member 

countries covering payment on the basis of compositional quality and of hygienic 

quality, methodology of sampling and analysis, formula for milk payment. 

13 pp 

Mastitis control 

by IDF Group of Experts A2 - Bovine mastitis 

Results of a 1989 survey covering dairy cow population and control schemes, 

monitoring procedures in relation to milk samples, cell counting methods, 

clinical mastitis, subclinical mastitis, antibiotic sensitivity of staphylococcal 

isolates, monitoring procedures, mastitis control measures, milk payment, 

progress in mastitis control for clinical and subclinical mastitis, future plans. 

17 pp 

Alkaline phosphatase test as a measure of correct pasteurization 

by IDF Group of Experts E52 - Phosphatase activity 

History of the use of the alkaline phosphatase test, factors affecting the test, 

initial enzyme present, species variation, partitioning of phosphatase. Heat 

stability of phosphatase. Other suitable enzymes. 

4 pp 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 263/1991 - Practical phage control 

by IDF Group of Experts B40 - Practical phage control 

Monograph combining theoretical findings with practical information. Basic 

microbiology and molecular biology of bacteriophage of lactic acid bacteria, 

starter systems, control of phage in the dairy plant, phage monitoring, genetic 

manipulation and practical phage resistance. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 264/1991 - Significance of the indigenous antimicrobial 

agents of milk to the dairy industry - Importance of streptococci Group D in 

fermented dairy products as indicators of quality assurance in comparison 

with coliforms - A practical guide to the control of lipolysis in the manufacture 

of dairy products 

Significance of the indigenous antimicrobial agents of milk to the dairy 

industry 

by IDF Group of Experts F19 - Natural antibacterial systems in milk 

Milk provides the newborn with nutrients for optimal growth but also contains 

an array of antimicrobial factors which give protection during the neonate period 

before the individual’s own defence mechanisms are fully developed. 

This monograph summarizes the applied aspects of antimicrobial agents of 

bovine milk in relation to the dairy industry and covers:

• properties of the antimicrobial agents 

• detrimental effects for the dairy industry 

• beneficial effects 

• exploitation of natural antimicrobial systems. 

Importance of streptococci Group D in fermented dairy products as indicators 

of quality assurance in comparison with coliforms 

by V. Vanos (Switzerland) 

The author demonstrates the significance of Good Manufacturing Practice to 

ensure the hygienic quality of the finished product. The suitability of Streptococci 

Group as indicator organisms is explained in relation to sensitivity to antibiotic 

residues inhibiting the lactic acid bacteria used to ferment milk to yoghurt 

and the inhibition of coliforms by the acidic conditions in the product after 

fermentation has started. 

6 pp 

A practical guide to the control of lipolysis in the manufacture of dairy 

products 

by IDF Group of Experts B33 - Lypolysis 

Practical aid for the dairy processor, outlining action for the identification and 

elimination of lipase-related problems and covering: 

• What is lipolysis ? 

• What is its impact on the dairy industry ? 

• How can a problem be identified ? 

• What are the sources of the problem ? 

• How can lipolysis problems be kept under control ? 

• Where are the risks ? 

A list of further reading provides sources of reference (Bulletin of IDF N° 265). 

3 pp 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 265/1991 - Determination of free fatty acids in milk and 

milk products 

by IDF Group of Experts E39 - Free fatty acids 

Determination of free fatty acids (FFA) to measure the degree of lipolysis in milk 

and milk products and its relation to the development of lipolytic off flavours are 

the main subjects of this monograph. General aspects of FFA determination - 

isolation of the acids, their quantitative estimation, distinction between global 

and total acidity - are treated, together with considerations for selection of a 

method.

Routine methods (BDI, continuous flow analytical system («Auto-Analyzer»), 

copper soap method), determination of individual fatty acids («reference » 

method), determination of fat acidity in butter are also covered. 

In an appendix: extent, control, problems, precautions against lipolysis, 

relationship between flavour and FFA content. 


Bulletin 266/1991 - World dairy situation 1991 - Fat: Solids-not-fat price ratio - 

international comparisons - International dairy situation and outlook 

World dairy situation 1991 

Results of annual survey presented by the President of Commission C at the Annual 

Sessions (Tokyo) October 1991 

Summary of production, utilization, consumption demand, international trade 

and policy developments in 1990. 

Forecasts for 1991-92 for production, utilization, consumption demand, 

international trade, policy developments. 

World tables 1989-1990-1991 of cow numbers, total milk production, milk 

supplies, liquid milk, butter, cheese, skim milk powder, whole milk powder, 

condensed milk, world exports and world imports of dairy products (1989-1990), 

international prices. 

Dairy situation in 31 individual countries. 

34 pp 

Fat: Solids-not-fat price ratio - international comparisons 

by R.E. Williams (United Kingdom) & Ph. Jachnik (France) 

The ratio of price support for the butterfat and solids-not-fat constituents of milk 

affects the cost of support and overall size of the milk market. 

The subject is of particular importance when support mechanisms are under 

scrutiny, for example, in the GATT “Uruguay Round”. 

The report covers the current situation in fat: SNF ratios, historical changes in 

the ratio, implications of changing the ratio on producer prices and payment 

systems, of butterfat “ceilings” on the EC quota, of the ratio on budget costs of 

support, conclusions and examples in tabular form. 

7 pp - (En/Fr) 

International dairy situation and outlook 

by W. Krostitz (consultant to FAO, Rome) 

World milk production is likely to decrease in 1991 as supply continues to exceed 

demand.

The report covers recent developments in production, consumption and 

domestic prices, international trade and prices, short term and longer term 

outlook. With a list of references and statistical tables of butter and skim milk 

powder stocks, food aid shipments of dairy products, past and projected world 

dairy situation, milk production and population, developing countries and world 

total, exports, imports, producer prices, international prices of whole and skim 

milk powder. 

10 pp 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 267/1991 - IDF recommendations for the hygienic 

manufacture of spray-dried milk powders 

by IDF Group of Experts B39 - Spray drying of milk 

These recommendations specific to spray-dried milk powders exist alongside 

IDF’s General Code of hygienic practice for the dairy industry (Bulletin No. 

178/1984) and the Codex Alimentarius Recommended International Code of 

Hygienic Practice for Dried Milk (CAC/RCP31-1983). The recommendations 

cover definitions, design and facilities of the establishment, general hygiene 

requirements for the establishment, hygiene and health requirements for 

personnel, hygienic processing requirements for the establishment, and product 

specifications. 

Appendix: Mircroorganisms of significance to the hygienic manufacture of milk 

powders. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 268/1991 - Rheological and fracture properties of 

cheese 

By IDF Group of Experts F26 - Rheological fracture properties of cheese 

The study of rheological and fracture properties of cheese is intended to 

facilitate understanding of the eating characteristics, the suitability for various 

uses (grating, cutting, spreading, melting), the stand up properties and the 

development of slits and eyes. The task of the group of experts in this monograph 

was to identify the parameters to be preferred in assessing these properties and 

to collect information on the factors affecting them. 

The monograph covers general considerations, terminology to be used, an 

inventory of test methods, effects of sample size and preparation, relationship 

between instrumental and sensory evaluation of rheological and fracture 

properties, melting properties, consistency of ripened soft and semi-soft cheese, 

rheological and fracture properties of hard and semi-hard cheese, mechanical 

properties of pasta filata cheese, eye and slit formation. 

Date: 1991 - Pages: 67 - Withdrawn

Bulletin of the IDF No. 269/1992 - Fermentation-produced enzymes and 

accelerated ripening in cheesemaking 

Proceedings of Seminar on 15 May 1991 

The Seminar surveyed technical, legal and other aspects of fermentation 

produced enzymes and accelerated ripening in cheesemaking. 

• Chymogen” a chymosin rennet from Aspergillus niger - M.K. Harboe (Denmark) 

• Application and regulatory position of “Maxiren” - D.P. Praaning-van Dalen (Netherlands) 

• Technological aspects of the use of fermentation-produced chymosin in cheesemaking - G. 

van den Berg (Netherlands) 

• Future regulatory controls on food enzymes - D. Atkins, C.A. Lawrie and S. Wearne (United 

Kingdom) 

• Enzymes for the acceleration of cheese ripening - A.-M. Bech (Denmark) 

• Accelerated ripening of Cheddar cheese - J. Coulson, D. Pawlett & R. Wivell (United Kingdom) 

• Pregastric lipases - P. Birschbach (USA) 







Bulletin of the IDF No. 271/1992 - Pasteurization of cream 

Monograph by IDF Group of Expert B21 - Influence of technology on the quality of 

heat-treated milk 

This monograph complements those on pasteurized milk (Bulletin of IDF 

No. 200/1986) and thermization of milk (Bulletin of IDF No. 182/1984) and 

comprises the following: 

• General aspects - O. Cerf (France) 

• Microbiological aspects of pasteurized cream - F.M. Driessen & M.G. van den Berg 

(Netherlands) 

• Physico-chemical effects of pasteurization on cream properties - H.G. Kessler & R. Fink 

(Germany) 

• Lipase activity - H.B. Castberg (Norway) 

• Enzymatic activity other than lipase - A.V. Houlihan (Australia) 

• Sensory aspects - G.K. Jensen & H.H. Poulsen (Denmark) 

• Cream pasteurization - T. Bøgh Sørensen (Denmark) 

• Packaging requirements - M. Bull (United Kingdom) 

• Statutory aspects. Replies by IDF National Committees to a questionnaire


Bulletin of the IDF No. 272/1992 - Special addresses at IDF Annual Sessions, 

Tokyo, Japan, October 1991 - Volume I 

• Swedish animal welfare regulations and the impact on milk production - B. Everitt (Sweden) 

• Significant animal diseases in dairying in Japan - T. Ichikawa (Japan) 

• Current problems of chemical residues and contaminants in milk - W.H. Heeschen & A. 

Blüthgen (Germany) 

• Quality and hygiene systems on the farm in Japan - I. Sakai (Japan) 

• Some historical aspects of Estonian dairying - A. Kannike (Estonian Republic) 

• Developments in biotechnology of enzymes and proteins - S. Kaminogawa (Japan) 

• Standardization of the protein concentration of milk* - K.R. Marshall (New Zealand) 

• Modern methods and perspectives to assess the influence of nutritional factors, including 

live bacteria, on the gut microflora of man and farm animals - G.W. Tannock (New Zealand) 

• Recent progress in studies on lactic acid bacteria associated with the manufacture of 

fermented milks in Japan - T. Morichi (Japan) 

• Biologically functional proteins of milk and peptides derived from milk proteins - K. Yamauchi 

(Japan) 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 273/1992 - Special Addresses and reports at IDF 

Annual Sessions, Tokyo, Japan, October 1991 - Volume II 

• Planned production of milk in Japan - H. Shibata (Japan) 

• The history, present status and prospects of dairying and the dairy industry of Japan - T. Higaki 

(Japan) 

• Changes in the dairy policy in Sweden - G. André & S. Jahge (Sweden) 

• Developments in the world butter market - J. Brown (United Kingdom) 

• How to do business in Japan - L. Raun (Norway) 

• Market trends for preserved milk products - D. de Roon (Netherlands) 

• Prospects and bottlenecks for dairy developments in developing countries - J.A. Phelan (FAO, 

Rome) 

• Dairying in South-East Asia - J.A. Phelan (FAO, Rome), M.E. Uotila & M. Sasaki (RAPA, 

Thailand) 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 274/1992 - World dairy situation 1992 

Results of annual survey presented by the President of Commission C at the 

Annual Sessions (Munich) September 1992. 



Forecasts for 1992-93 for production, utilization, consumption, demand, 

international trade, policy developments.



condensed milk, world exports and world imports of dairy products (1989-1990), 

international prices. 



Bulletin of the IDF No. 275/1992 - Bacillus cereus in milk and milk products 


Bacillus cereus is an organism widely distributed in the environment and 

present in many food products. The organism not only contributes to the 

deterioration of certain foods but it can be involved in food-borne illness. 

Owing to improvements other spoilage organisms of milk and milk products 

have declined in importance and B. cereus now determines the spoilage rate. 

Fortunately, however, illness caused by B. cereus in milk or milk products is very 

unusual. 

This monograph deals with the following aspects: 

• taxonomy of B. cereus, 

• spore formation and germination, 

• enumeration of spores and vegetative cells, 

• contamination of milk on the farm and in the factory, 

• heat resistance of spores, 

• factors affecting growth, 

• toxicology, 

• occurrence in milk and milk products. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 276/1992 - Hygiene management in dairy plants 

Proceedings of Seminar on Hygiene Management in Dairy Plants, planned by IDF’s 

Hygiene Task Force, held in Munich in March 1992 

There exists an urgent need to protect the good reputation of our dairy industry 

worldwide for the production of wholesome, nutritious, safe and reliable quality 

dairy products. The microbiological safety of dairy products is not a single term 

but a complex and integrated system, a “philosophy” combining the rules of 

growth and death of microorganisms with the properties of the product, the 

mastering of the highly developed technologies and the application of this knowhow 

by properly trained and motivated personnel.

Problems facing the dairy industry and the implementation of good 

manufacturing practice 

• Microbiological problems facing the dairy industry - M. Teuber, Switzerland 

• An overview of good manufacturing practice (1) - J.H. Nelson, USA 

• An overview of good manufacturing practice (2) - K.J. Burgess, Great Britain 

• The hazard analysis critical control points concept and principles - A.C. Baird-Parker, Great 

Britain 

End-product criteria for milk and milk products 

• The European Community - W.H. Heeschen, Germany 

• Switzerland - M. Casella, Switzerland 

• North America - J.G. Nichols, USA 

• A manufacturer’s view on how to achieve microbiological end-product criteria - D.I. Jervis, 

Great Britain 

• Use of indicator organisms as a safety index - M.H. Brodsky, Canada 

Manufacture of soft cheese 

• Quality assurance - R. Chincholle, France 

• Equipment (ALPMA) - M. Wiedemann, Germany 

• Equipment (Alfa Laval) - T. Kivelä, Finland 

• Production management - H. Lund, Denmark 

• Inspection - M. Dumoulin, France 

Management system: ISO 9000 - D.J. Nicholson, Great Britain 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 277/1992 - New technologies for fermented milks 

Monograph developed by Group B45 – New technologies for fermented milks 

There is a clear trend towards incorporating bacteria into fermented milks which 

beneficially favour the intestinal microflora. Because the intestinal environment 

differs significantly from that in fermented milks, special measures have to 

be taken to realize this goal which means that new technologies have to be 

developed for the manufacture of these special products. 

Specific characteristics of microorganisms used for new fermented milks (F. 

Dellaglio, S. Torriani, G. Vlaeminck & R. Cornet) 

New technical aspects of the preparation of starter cultures (W. Hunger & N. 

Peitersen) 

Overview of current availability and technology of fermented milks in IDF 

member countries (Z. Puhan & A.V. Zambrini) 

Developments in the fermentation process (Liquid, stirred and set fermented 

milks) (F.M. Driessen & A. Loones) 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 278/1992 - Trace elements 

An update by Group E15 (Heavy metals and other elements in milk and milk 

products) Bulletins of IDF Nos. 105/1978 and 152/1982 based on literature, the 

Group’s experience and the results of a Questionnaire 2386/E 

The normal trace element content of milk and milk products is usually very low 

since the cow is known to function as a highly efficient filter. Reliable analytical 

measurements are essential in order to monitor influences from the environment 

on the levels of trace elements, to control possible secondary contamination 

during processing, packaging and storage of milk or milk products and to 

estimate the significance of trace element contents with regard to product quality 

or health risk. 

This bulletin contains a chapter on general recommendations on sampling and 

analysis of trace elements in milk and milk products. Detailed information on 

methods for a specific element - copper, iron, lead, cadmium, mercury, tin, zinc, 

iodine and selenium - is found in the chapter dealing with that element. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 279/1993 - Special addresses and reports presented at 

Annual Sessions, Munich, Germany, 30 August-4 September 1992 - Volume I 


• Milk recording and breeding value estimation in Germany according to international rules - 

K. Meyn (Germany) 

• Food safety - a worldwide public health issue - K.F. Käferstein, Y. Motarjemi, F. Quevedo & 

G. Moy (Switzerland) 

• Introducing information technology into Dutch dairy farming - J. Doeksen (the Netherlands) 

• Methane from ruminants - A. Moss (United Kingdom) 

• Developments in robotic milking - D. Ordolff (Germany) 

• Disposal & use of milk packaging waste - regulations & legislation - consequences for the 

dairy industry & measures to be taken 

• A - Germany - H.W. Ackermann (Germany) 

• B - France - J.F. Huttepain (France) 

• The hygienic design of dairy plants & the limits to continuous processing - G. Damerow 

(Germany) 

• Recombination of milk & milk products - Report of Subject B15 - D.F. Newstead (New Zealand) 

• Whey processing and utilization - Report of subject B31 - B.S. Horton (USA) 

• New utilizations of milkfat - Report of subject B41 - G. Behrens (USA) 

• Flowmeters & sampling equipment on milk collection tankers - Report of Subject B30 *- M. 

Beauséjour (Canada) 

• Production of foreign protein in the mammary glands of transgenic mammals - G.F. 

Stranzinger (Switzerland) 

• Vocational training in the plant & at school (the so-called dual system) in Germany - H. 

Rauschmayr (Germany) 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 280/1993 - Special addresses & reports presented 

at 76th Annual Sessions, Munich, Germany, 30 August-4 September 1992 - 

Volume II 


• Tomorrow is today: the future of world dairy markets - M. Guest (Germany) 

• Environmental issues in dairy packaging: how the German experience can be applied in other 

countries - E. Höbermann (Germany) 

• Developments in the world butter market - J.W. Brown (United Kingdom) 

• Substitutes & imitation products in the UK yellow fats market - J.W. Brown (United Kingdom) 

• The structure of the dairy industry in IDF member countries - D.E. de Roon (the Netherlands) 

• Dairying towards 2000 - H. Schelhaas (the Netherlands) 

• The liquid milk market - H.H. Sørensen (Denmark) 

• The GATT Uruguay Round & the dairy sector - R.E. Williams (United Kingdom) & P. Mikkelsen 

(Denmark) 

• The GATT Uruguay Round - The course of the agricultural negotiations 1986-1991 - P. 

Mikkelsen (Denmark) 

• The German experience with statutory provisions in the dairy sector - D. Goeman (Germany) 

• The GATT Uruguay Round agreements & their implications for Codex Alimentarius and the 

International Dairy Federation - G.H. Stanton (GATT, Switzerland) 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 281/1993 - Catalogue of tests for the detection of postpasteurization 

contamination of milk 


The control of recontamination by heat-labile bacteria after pasteurization of 

milk is of paramount importance in ensuring the quality of the product. As the 

level of recontamination varies between countries, it is not possible to establish 

a «standard method». In this bulletin the microbiology of pasteurized milk is 

described briefly. The claims and characteristics of the methods which can be 

used for the control of recontamination bacteria are examined in detail, thus 

enabling the choice of «best» method for a particular situation. 

23 pp 







Bulletin of the IDF No. 283/1993 - Inhibitory substances in milk - current 

analytical practice 


This publication is the result of a seminar related to inhibitory substances 

held in Lund in September 1991. The seminar covered a wide range of topics 

related to the control of antibiotics/sulfa drugs in ex-farm milk. The objectives 

were to exchange information, views, thoughts and experiences mainly from a 

Scandinavian-European point of view. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 284/1993 - General guidance on the acquisition of 

a laboratory robot system - Characterization of bovine rennets with regard 

to composition and strength (total milk-clotting activity) - Determination of 

residual activity of milk-clotting enzymes in cheese - specific identification of 

chymosin and its substitutes in cheese - Alternative methods for heating milk 

and milk products - Determination of indigenous antimicrobial proteins of 

milk 

General guidance on the acquisition of a laboratory robot system 

by A. Nieminen (Finland) 

This paper describes the factors which the user should consider when acquiring 

a laboratory robot system - structure of the robot system, planning of the 

acquisition, system acquisition, and bringing into operation. 

7 pp 

Characterization of bovine rennets with regard to composition and strength 

(total milk-clotting activity) 

by A. Andrén (Sweden) 

This is a guide on the use of the existing standards on characterization of 

bovine rennets with regard to composition and strength. Using these methods, 

bovine rennets are characterized in a comprehensive and sufficient way, and 

make it easier for producers and users of bovine rennets to compare different 

commercial products during trade both within and between countries. 

2 pp 

Determination of residual activity of milk-clotting enzymes in cheese - specific 

identification of chymosin and its substitutes in cheese 

by A. Baer (Switzerland) & J.C. Collin (France) 

This is a review of the methods published on the determination of residual 

milk-clotting activity in cheese. It also deals with the difficulties in extracting 

enzymes from the cheese mass. The various methods and their detection limits 

of chymosin per g of cheese are summarized. 

6 pp 

Alternative methods for heating milk and milk products

y P.U. Gallmann & P. Eberhard (Switzerland) 

This paper discusses the basic principles of processing methods for food 

sterilization techniques - microwaves, ohmic heating, infrared irradiation, 

ultraviolet irradiation, gamma irradiation, extrusion cooking, high-pressure 

homogenization, combined operations - along with their application in the dairy 

industry. 

5 pp 

Determination of indigenous antimicrobial proteins of milk 

by IDF Group of Experts F19 

This is a monograph summarizing existing methods for determining the 

concentration and antimicrobial activities of the major antimicrobial proteins in 

milk which the Group have found to be reliable and suitable. 

14 pp 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 285/1993 - Reference materials and Interlaboratory 

collaborative studies (third series) 

by various Groups of Experts (See also Bulletins Nos 207/1986, 235/1988) 

Reports on interlaboratory collaborative studies undertaken to establish 

the precision of standard methods of analysis giving the analytical data in 

full, together with the precision figures derived from them. Also includes a 

report on reference materials. Covers proprietary laboratory techniques - dry 

rehydratable film method, total solids in cheese and processed cheese, total 

solids content of cream powder, total solids in yoghurt, water content of caseins 

& caseinates, sucrose content (polarimetric method) of sweetened condensed 

milk, characterization of dried milk according to heat treatment & usage - HPLC 

method, vitamin A in milk powders, milkfat content in mixtures of milkfat with 

nonmilkfat, total milk-clotting activity of rennets containing chymosin and bovine 

pepsin, total milk-clotting activity at pH 6.5 and relative milkclotting activity test 

(REMCAT) of chymosin and pepsin in bovine rennets, lactulose in milk, lactose 

content in milk and milk products (Enzymatic methods). 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 286/1993 - Bulletin 286/1993 - Inventory of IDF/ISO/ 

AOAC adopted methods of analysis and sampling for milk and milk products 

(fourth edition) 

Replaced by 6th edition: Bulletin 350/2000 

Date: 1993 - Withdrawn

Bulletin of the IDF No. 287/1993 - Bacillus cereus in milk and milk products 

Proceedings of the seminar organized by IDF and NIZO, 13-14 October 1992, 

Ede, the Netherlands 

Edited by A.H. Weerkamp & J. Stadhouders 

(Also published in part in The Netherlands Milk and Dairy Journal) 

Factors determining the rate of contamination, the formation and germination 

of spores, and the growth of B. cereus in milk (products); the enterotoxin(s) 

produced by B. cereus, their formation and detection. An attempt is made to 

explain why poisoning by B. cereus after consumption of milk (products) occurs 

so rarely. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 288/1993 - Use of electrochemical criteria for 

predicting and preventing stainless steel corrosion in dairy engineering... 

Use of electrochemical criteria for predicting and preventing stainless steel 

corrosion in dairy engineering 

by G. Daufin & J. Pagetti (France) 

The paper illustrates the connection between the fundamental principles of 

electrochemical corrosion and the rule of the six main processing parameters - 

pH, chloride content, temperature, oxidizing power, time and electrochemical 

potentials. Basic recommendations for the prediction and prevention of the 

attack of stainless steels are presented. 

15 pp - (En/Fr) 

Environmental influence of chemicals used in the dairy industry which can 

enter dairy wastewater 

by IDF group of Experts B18/19 - Control of water and wastewater in the dairy industry 

A review of the type and quantity of the most common chemicals employed in 

the dairy industry, including detergents, disinfectants, surfactants and water 

treatment chemicals. Chemicals related to two specific technological processes 

- cheese brining and demineralization of whey - are included. Methods used to 

assess the environmental impacts of chemicals are described, and the most 

common chemicals are assessed on this basis. Practical methods to reduce the 

amount of environmental pollution caused by dairy chemicals are described. 

15 pp 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 289/1993 - Lactose hydrolysis 

Summary of discussions held by Group B42 at a 2-day workshop held in Munich, 3-4 

September 1992. 

Four main topics are covered: 

(1) Economic considerations 

(2) Processing 

(3) Product applications

(4) Physiological considerations 




Annual Sessions (Minneapolis), USA, October 1993 






supplies, liquid milk, butter, cheese, skimmilk powder, whole milk powder, 

condensed milk, world exports and world imports of dairy products, international 

prices. 



Bulletin of the IDF No. 291/1993 - Twenty five years of EC dairy policy 1968 - 

1993 

by E. Hetzner & Ph. Jachnik, assisted by J. de Jong, D. Kunas & S. Owens 

Part one: From the treaty of Rome to Regulation EC 804/68; prehistory: from the 

Treaty of Rome to Regulation EC 13/64; the beginning: 1964- 1968 

Part two: Development of the European milk industry following the coming into 

effect of the milk market organisation; development on the production level; 

development of supply and demand in the Community; development of the 

structure of the milk processing industry. 

Part three: Special measures - premiums for non-marketing and herd conversion; 

the co-responsibility levy; production control and the introduction of quotas. 

Part four: Reorientation of the agricultural policy. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 292/1994 - Recommendations for the hygienic 

manufacture of milk and milk based products 

By K. Burgess (United Kingdom), C. Heggum (Denmark), S. Walker (United 

Kingdom) & M. van Schothorst (Switzerland) 

Introduction on good hygienic practice and developments in quality; definition 

and implementation of the HACCP system; hygienic handling of raw milk; 

pasteurization and other heat treatment processes; prevention of microbial 

contamination and growth: premises, equipment and utensils, raw materials, 

personnel, controls; spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 293/1994 - Somatotropin (BST): International Dairy 

Federation technical report - Recent developments in automatic milking - 

Waste handling on the dairy farm 

Somatotropin (BST): International Dairy Federation technical report 

by D.E. Bauman (USA), B.W. McBride (Canada), J.L. Burton (Canada) & K. Sejrsen 

(Denmark) 

This report by Group A22 - Bovine Somatotropin – summarizes the technical 

and biological implications of somatotropin in the lactating dairy cow. Literature 

citations are predominantly review articles which provide a more extensive 

discussion of particular aspects of the biology of somatotropin. 

6 pp 

Recent developments in automatic milking 

by D. Ordolff (Germany) 

The technical requirements for automatic milking and the effects of automation 

on milk production (milking, recording of milk yield, cleaning and disinfection) 

are discussed. The paper ends with a look at the global consequences of 

automatic milking for the farm. 

2 pp 

Waste handling on the dairy farm 

by G. Carlson (Sweden) 

Developments leading to large and specialized dairy production units have led 

to the use of advanced products and techniques, resulting in the production 

of more waste and also more hazardous waste. Sweden’s awareness of 

environmental problems concerning nutrient leakage and ammonia emissions 

from animal production is obvious. The response to the situation by the farmer, 

farmers’ organizations, the agricultural extension service, manufacturers, and 

research institutions is presented. The paper ends with a discussion on future 

challenges and possibilities. 

7 pp 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 294/1994 - The use of lipases in cheesemaking 

By IDF Group of Experts B12 

This review deals with the use of lipases in cheesemaking. The sources and 

nature of different enzyme preparations as well as their application during the 

manufacture of various cheese types to affect the ripening process are treated. 

A short introduction is given about the action of lipases on milkfat, and the 

determination of their activity in cheese is also considered. Further, the regulatory 

status and use of lipases in many countries is reported according to the answers 

to a special IDF questionnaire. 

Date: 1994 - Pages: 20 - Paper: 24.79






Bulletin of the IDF No. 296/1994 - Medium term expectations for dairy 

trade - Cost of production surveys - Development of the dairy industry in the 

countries of Central and Eastern Europe - The structure of the dairy industry in 

IDF Member Countries 1991 

Medium term expectations for dairy trade 

by A. Krijger & M.P. Voorbergen (the Netherlands) 

The prospects of the world’s most important export markets, focusing mainly 

on the fast changing markets in South-East Asia, the Middle East and South 

America, are examined. 

17 pp - (En/Fr) 

Cost of production surveys 

by M. Morisset (Canada) 

Report on Questionnaire 993/C of the International Dairy Federation which was 

distributed to the National Committees. 

15 pp - (En/Fr) 

Development of the dairy industry in the countries of Central and Eastern 

Europe 

by H. Schelhaas & M.P. Voorbergen (the Netherlands) 

The economic situation in a large number of Central and Eastern European 

countries, with special reference to the situation in the dairy farming sector and 

the dairy industry, is described. The main features, the weaknesses and any 

strengths, the situation and the most recent developments are identified. 

35 pp - (En/Fr) 

The structure of the dairy industry in IDF Member Countries 1991 

by J. Gay (Germany) 

Information provided by a survey regarding the number of enterprises engaged 

in milk collection, milk processing, the production of liquid milk products, 

butter, cheese and milk powder by sizebands is presented. A comparison of the 

results with the 1988 survey shows a further concentration in nearly all Member 

Countries and in most commodities. 

20 pp 

Date: 1994 - Pages: 88 - Paper: 42.14

Bulletin of the IDF No. 297/1994 - Teat tissue reactions to machine milking 

and new infection risk 

Document prepared by the IDF Machine Milking and Mastitis Subgroup A2D working 

under the chairmanship of Prof. Dr J. Hamann (Germany) 

A description of the physiological status of the teat is used as a reference for 

the evaluation of the teat tissue reactions induced by machine milking and their 

impact on the new infection risk. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 298/1994 - Behaviour of pathogenic bacteria in cheese 

– A synopsis of experimental data - HPLC of furosine for evaluating Maillard 

reaction damage in skimmilk powders during processing and storage - 

Approach to near infrared spectroscopy 

Behaviour of pathogenic bacteria in cheese – A synopsis of experimental data 

by U. Spahr (Switzerland) & B. Url (Austria) 

Synopsis of experimental data presented during the 25th meeting of Commission 

F – Science, Nutrition and Education – during the IDF Annual Sessions in 

Minneapolis, MN (US), in October 1993, as part of the work of Group F40 – 

Microbiological safety of raw and unpasteurized milk and milk products. The 

behaviour of pathogenic bacteria exposed to physical, biochemical and biological 

conditions occurring during cheese manufacture is examined, along with actual 

experiments and observations. 

15 pp 

HPLC of furosine for evaluating Maillard reaction damage in skimmilk 

powders during processing and storage 

by P. Resmini & L. Pellegrino (Italy) 

An introduction to and explanation of the significance of furosine for a more 

comprehensive description of the effect of both processing and storage 

conditions on milk powder quality. 

6 pp 

Approach to near infrared spectroscopy 

by R. Giangiacomo (Italy) & R. Nzabonimpa (Switzerland) 

Increasing experimental evidence supports the use of infrared spectroscopy as 

a highly useful, rapid, versatile, and sufficiently accurate technique for industrial 

application. The instrumentation and factors affecting measurements are looked 

at, along with a review of the development of its growing application in the dairy 

sector. 

6 pp 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 299/1994 - World dairy situation 1994


Bulletin of the IDF No. 300/1995 - Technical guide for the packaging of milk 

and milk Products – Third edition 

by Group B4 – Technical aspects of the packaging of milk and milk products(See also 

Bulletins N°143/1982 & N°214/1987) 

This complete revision of the IDF Packaging Guide published in 1982 comprises 

20 chapters. The following topics are examined: 

1. Some of the relevant aspects for consideration when evaluating the packaging 

or the packaging system for milk and milk products. 

2. Requirements of packaging regulations. 

3. The significance of migration, legal regulations pertaining to it, factors affecting 

it and methods of analysis. 

4. Factors affecting flavour and prevention of flavour effects from the packaging 

material. 

5. Retail and bulk packages, and assessment of mechanical strength. 

6 Extrinsic and intrinsic factors influencing photooxidation and the effects of light 

on chemical components and physico-chemical parameters of milk and milk 

products. 

7. Single-use and multi-use containers. 

8. Hygienic design of packaging equipment. 

9. Aseptic packaging. 

10. Different aspects of high energy radiation for the sterilization of packaging 

materials and packages. 

11. Fibreboard, board, pulpboard, plastics and paper. 

12. The environmental impact of dairy packaging illustrated by some examples of 

Life Cycle Analysis studies. 

13. Material resources and energy resources, energy ratios for primary and 

secondary raw materials and disposal of waste. 

14. Control of contents of packages, EEC regulations. 

15. Tests on paperboard and blanks to assure perfect running conditions, 

durability and hygiene. 

16. Packaging of liquid milk. 

17. Packaging materials for fermented milk products. 

18. Packaging for butter. 

19. Bulk containers for milk powder. 

20. “3-ASanitary Standards” for the hygienic packaging of milk and milk products. 





Statistical information for 1993 on total and per caput consumption levels of 

milk, dairy foods and substitute products, per caput consumption of milkfat and 

proteins, population, promotional expenditures. Countries: Austria, Australia, 

Belgium, Canada, Switzerland, Germany, Denmark, Estonia, Spain, Finland, 

France, United Kingdom, Hungary, India, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, 

Norway, New Zealand, Sweden, United States of America, South Africa.



Bulletin of the IDF No. 302/1995 - The significance of potentially pathogenic 

species of sporeformers, other than Bacilluscereus, in milk and milk products 

- An example of HACCP application in an existing pasteurized milk plant, 

following the Codex Alimentarius model - IDF Recommendations for the 

hygienic storage, transport and distribution of milk and milk based products - 

Biofilms: implications for hygiene monitoring of dairy plant surfaces – Report 

of Subject F44 - Summaries of the papers presented during the Seminar 

on Matters of Hygiene in Dairying Held on 25 April 1995 in Brussels during 

the IDF Hygiene Week - Information from the First Session of the Codex 

Committee on Milk and Milk Products 

The significance of potentially pathogenic species of sporeformers, other than 

Bacilluscereus, in milk and milk products 

A progress report of IDF Group A19 

A short summary is given with regard to the present state of knowledge 

concerning the significance of the sporeformers Bacillus spp. and Clostridium 

butyricum in relation to human health. The pathogenic properties of B. 

licheniformis, B. subtilis, B. pumilis and B. brevis and their occurrence in milk 

products are described, along with two types of human diseases where C. 

butyricum may be involved and the occurrence of this organism in milk and milk 

products. 

9 pp 

An example of HACCP application in an existing pasteurized milk plant, 

following the Codex Alimentarius model 

by J.H. Dijkers, Th. Huurnink, P.P.L. Pennings & M.G. van den Berg (the 

Netherlands) 

Application of the Hazard Analytical Critical Control Point (HACCP) system 

at Campina Melkunie NL for the manufacture of pasteurized packaged milk 

is described, the focus being on health hazards only. Flow diagrams for the 

manufacture of pasteurized milk and cleaning and disinfection, along with 

explanatory notes, are provided. 

23 pp 

IDF Recommendations for the hygienic storage, transport and distribution of 

milk and milk based products 

by IDF Group of Experts D14/44 – Assurance of hygiene and microbiological criteria 

for milk and milk products) 

The recommendations given in this document cover the conditions to be 

followed during storage, transport and distribution of milk and milk based 

products, prepacked or not, after processing, up to the sale to the ultimate 

consumer, in order to maintain their hygienic quality. These recommendations 

focus on aspects adversely affecting the integrity of packaging and temperature

monitoring during storage, transport and distribution and causing deterioration, 

up to the sale to the ultimate consumer. The milk products should be 

protected against all contamination and atmospheric influences liable to cause 

deterioration, having regard for the duration and conditions of storage, transport 

and distribution. 

5 pp 

Biofilms: implications for hygiene monitoring of dairy plant surfaces – Report 

of Subject F44 

A.C.L. Wong (USA) & O. Cerf (France) 

The accuracy and reproducibility of methods available for sampling biofilms 

are investigated with a view to providing a basis for future improvements and 

standardization of a method. 

5 pp 

Summaries of the papers presented during the Seminar on Matters of 

Hygiene in Dairying Held on 25 April 1995 in Brussels during the IDF Hygiene 

Week 

by various authors 

Various papers concerned with matters of hygiene in dairying were presented 

at the Seminar. The summaries presented here include: Risk analysis - impact 

on the work of IDF; Biofilms - implications for hygiene and quality in the dairy 

industry; Raw milk and raw milk products; Escherichia coli 0157:h7 - an emerging 

pathogen ?; Pathogenicity testing of unknown mesophilic heat resistant bacilli 

from UHT-milk; Pathogenic microorganisms in raw milk - present situation and 

significance - Summary; Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE): the current 

situation and milk hygiene; Highly heat-resistant spores in UHT-milk. 

11 pp 

Information from the First Session of the Codex Committee on Milk and Milk 

Products 

by A. Oterholm (Norway) & E. Hopkin (IDF) 

This report, formed to be of interest to non-specialists, was prepared by 

IDF’s observers at the first session of the Codex Committee on Milk and Milk 

Products. The committee met with a programme of work to adopt international 

compositional standards for milk products to the needs of world trade following 

the GATT Uruguay Round Agreements. A brief summary is given of matters of 

special interest to IDF. 

3 pp 




Sessions (Vienna) September 1995.

Summary of production, utilization, consumption, international trade and policy 

developments in 1994. 





condensed milk, world exports and world imports of dairy products, international 

prices. 



Bulletin of the IDF No. 304/1995 - Implications of Genetic Polymorphism 

of Milk Proteins on Production and Processing of Milk - Protein 

Standardization of Milk and Milk Products – Report on Responses to Three 

IDF Questionnaires - Report on Food in the Year 2000 – Current Trends and 

Current Aspects of Goat and Ewe Dairy Products 

Implications of Genetic Polymorphism of Milk Proteins on Production and 

Processing of Milk 

32 short versions of the contributions to an IDF Seminar held at the Swiss 

Federal Institute of Technology, 28–29 March 1995, are presented. 

An introduction to the subject (6 summaries) is followed by discussions relating 

to its effect on the properties of milk (12 summaries), processing of milk (9 

summaries), and breeding and economic implications (5 summaries). 

23 pp 

Protein Standardization of Milk and Milk Products – Report on Responses to 

Three IDF Questionnaires 

by IDF Group of Experts D47 – Standardization of the protein content of milk (See 

also IDF Special Issue 9502) 

An analysis of replies to Questionnaire 493/D distributed by Group D47 to IDF 

NCs is presented. Questionnaire 694/D was intended to verify some of the data 

received from the first questionnaire, and Questionnaire 594/D (issued at the 

same time) sought to identify a preferred minimum protein content of preserved 

milk products, and sought comment on proposed changes in Codex standards 

to allow for the protein standardization of preserved milk products, labelling of 

protein-standardized products, and possible changes to Article 1.2 of the Codex 

Code of Principles Concerning Milk and Milk Products. 

Questionnaires 493/D, 594/D and 694/D provide valuable information on the 

subject of the protein standardization of milk products. 

24 pp 

Report on Food in the Year 2000 – Current Trends and Current Aspects of 

Goat and Ewe Dairy Products 

by J.C. Lejaouen (France) & J.A. Kurmann (Switzerland)

This report deals with food in the year 2000 – current trends and future aspects 

of goat and ewe dairy products in industrialized countries. The important criteria 

which such dairy products will have to meet in the year 2000 – quality, diversity, 

originality, attractiveness, quantity, variety, compatibility with the environment, 

supremacy – are examined. 

6 pp 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 305/1995 - Milk Payment Systems for Ex-farm Milk - 

Antibiotics testing - Mastitis Control 

Milk Payment Systems for Ex-farm Milk – Results of IDF Questionnaire 2893/ 

A 

by IDF Group of Experts A8 – Payment systems for ex-farm milk 

Replies to Questionnaire 2893/A and the factual situation in the different IDF 

countries for the period 1992/93. The questionnaire highlights the disparate 

nature of the payment systems and tackles the subject through surveying 

payments related to milk quality, hygienic quality, methodology of milk sampling 

and collection, and the various payment formulas. Some countries presented the 

data as was applicable during 1992 and others, which responded later, presented 

the situation as it was in 1993 and 1994. 

16 pp 

Antibiotics Testing: Results of IDF Intercomparisons 1989 and 1992 

by Group of Experts E503 – Antibiotics 

The results of intercomparison trials carried out in 1989/1992 are reported. The 

experimental studies, designed and organized by IDF Group E503 (former E47) 

– Antibiotics – aimed to obtain insight into the actual “state of proficiency” of 

routinely applied tests and/or laboratories. The information acquired from the 

study should be helpful in determining (1) which tests are routinely applied for 

the detection of antimicrobials; (2) to what extent the results of one test (group) 

among participating laboratories vary; (3) how the claims of detection limits 

agree with experimental data obtained; (4) by which methods fixed limits – like 

the MRLs of EU – regulations or “safe/tolerance levels” in the USA – can be 

detected. 

11 pp 

Mastitis Control - (Results of Questionnaire 1694/A) 

by IDF Group of Experts A2 – Bovine mastitis 

The replies of 24 member countries to IDF mastitis control questionnaire 1694/ 

A issued in February 1994 are tabulated. The survey shows a high degree of 

uniformity in recommended mastitis control measures and an increase in their 

application on-farm since the previous questionnaire 5 years before. There is little 

evidence of a reduction in infection levels, although cell counts are lower and

there has been a big increase in cell count payment schemes in the countries 

replying to the questionnaire. 

22 pp 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 306/1995 - Collaborative Study on Zinc in Milk and 

Milk Products - Canned Evaporated Milk: Determination of Tin Content - 

Fermented and Non-Fermented Milk Products: Detection and Enumeration 

of Lactobacillus acidophilus - IDF Guideline – Determination of Acidifying 

Activity of Dairy Cultures 

Collaborative Study on Zinc in Milk and Milk Products 

by M. Carl (Germany) 

An international standard method for the determination of zinc in milk and 

milk products was elaborated by IDF/ISO/AOAC Group E15 “Heavy metals and 

other elements in milk and milk products” and validated in an international 

collaborative study based on the requirements of the IDF Standard 135B:1991. In 

the meantime the method was accepted as Provisional IDF Standard 156:1992. 

The results are described and discussed in this report. 

18 pp 

Canned Evaporated Milk: Determination of Tin Content 

Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Method – Collaborative study 

Organization by G. Ellen (Netherlands) under the auspice of the joint IDF/ISO/ 

AOAC Group of Experts E15 – Heavy metals and other elements 

A flameless atomic absorption spectrometric method for the determination of the 

tin content in canned evaporated milk was studied collaboratively. 

For this purpose 5 samples of evaporated milk, spiked with a standard solution 

of tin to achieve levels from 8 to 144 mg tin/kg, were analysed as blind duplicates 

by 5 laboratories. After statistical evaluation of the results, values for the 

repeatability and reproducibility of the method have been calculated. 

Values of 7% relative and 19% relative are proposed for the repeatability and 

reproducibility, respectively. The results of the study are described and discussed 

in this report. 

3 pp 

Fermented and Non-Fermented Milk Products: Detection and Enumeration of 

Lactobacillus acidophilus 

Culture Media by Group (former E44) E104 – Lactic acid bacteria and starters 

Some studies have shown that Lactobacillus acidophilus included in the diet will 

colonize the intestinal tract of man and produce antagonistic actions towards 

undesirable bacteria that can produce various forms of gastroenteritis. Since 

L. acidophilus may be combined with several different lactic acid bacteria and 

bifidobacteria, a variety of fermented and non-fermented milk products have been

developed and are on the market today. This has resulted in a need to specify 

media in order to detect and enumerate L. acidophilus. 

11 pp 

IDF Guideline – Determination of Acidifying Activity of Dairy Cultures 

by Group E104 - Lactic acid bacteria and starters 

IDF Questionnaire 792/E – Preparation of a standard for determination of 

acidification activity in dairy cultures – prepared by IDF Group E104 (Lactic acid 

bacteria and starters) was circulated to all IDF National Committees for replies. 

The questions were: 

(1) Which method and medium do you use to test the acidification activity in 

mesophilic cultures ? 

(2) Which method and medium do you use to test the acidification activity in 

thermophilic cultures ? 

(3) Other comments. 

An abstract scheme of the 18 widely differing replies is presented. 

As the Group was unable to produce a uniform standard covering all 

methodologies given by the NCs, the general guideline presented here was 

prepared. 

3 pp 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 307/1995 - The World Market for Cheese (Third 

Edition) 

By H. Herlev Sørensen (Denmark) (IDF Commission C, Group C2) 

The report presented here is based mainly on replies received from 17 countries 

to IDF Questionnaire 2694/C, representing approximately 75% of total world 

cheese production. Data for the period 1985–1994 are included and provide 

an overview of the latest trends and structural changes in total world cheese 

production, trade and consumption. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 308/1995 - Whey Processing and Utilization - Recent 

Trends in food Aid in Dairy Products - Consequences of the GATT Agreement 

for the Dairy Industry in Various Regions of the World - Water supply, sources, 

quality and water treatment in the dairy industry - Application of Computers in 

the Dairy Industry 

Whey Processing and Utilization 

by B.S. Horton (USA) 

This report examines the status of whey processing and utilization, the emphasis 

being on utilization rather than processing in order to highlight the importance of 

being market driven rather than production driven in the whey business.

5 pp 

Recent Trends in Food Aid in Dairy Products 

by M. Griffin (Italy) 

Although the number of food-aid-sponsored dairy development projects has 

declined since the mid-1980s, there has been a resurgence in dairy products as 

food aid (DFA) due to an increase in donations to eastern Europe and the former 

USSR. However, this is viewed as short-term assistance. It is anticipated that 

DFA to developing countries will continue to fall, but the possible consequences 

of the Uruguay Round Agreement remain uncertain. 

2 pp 

Consequences of the GATT Agreement for the Dairy Industry in Various 

Regions of the World 

by P. Mikkelsen (Denmark) 

This paper collects the differing views on the consequences of the GATT 

agreement. The information presented is the result partly of questionnaires 

completed by a number of central persons in the regions, and partly of estimates 

made by dairy organizations in various countries. Together this covers most of 

the world. 

7 pp 

Water supply, sources, quality and water treatment in the dairy industry 

by J. Hiddink (the Netherlands) 

For a dairy factory water is a very important material. In this paper the problems 

concerning water supply, water sources, quality and water treatment are 

discussed. In the dairy industry water is used for various applications – a 

distinction is made between process water, cooling water and boiler feed water. 

In the second part of the paper the various sources of water supply (mains or 

tap water, ground water, surfacewater and condensate from evaporators) are 

treated. Further, the various water treatment processes in the dairy industry 

are considered – clarification of surface water, removal of iron and manganese, 

ammonia and nitrite, and various methods for the disinfection of water. 

Softening and de-aeration of boiler feed water are also given attention. Finally, 

chemical conditioning of cooling water and boiler feed water is mentioned. 

17 pp 

Application of Computers in the Dairy Industry 

by IDF Group of Experts F14 – Dairy Education This is a revision of IDF Bulletin N 

°259/1991 

Chapter 1 provides a brief introduction to the use of Electronic Data Processing 

(EDP) for simulation of the cheesemaking process, with an outline of the 

development of the Danish Cheese Simulator (DCS). 

The design of the DCS is based on existing knowledge and the interrelationships 

that determine the cheesemaking process. Application areas include possibilities

for education, research, optimization and product development. There are a lot 

of facilities for the user of the DCS system which has 40 different screens. Some 

of the most important screens are described and explained (in relation to the 

production of Cheddar cheese) in Chapter 2. Some of the mathematical models 

and their empirical basis with regard to the DCS are briefly described in Chapter 

3. Examples of screen copies, with input and output values, are given, along with 

some examples of how the DCS can be used in experiment planning. Chapter 

4 illustrates the use of I.T. in the daily routine of a Norwegian dairy company, 

combined with some important solutions of I.T. in the top organizations of 

Norwegian dairies – milk collection, planning production, labelling, distribution, 

EDI, data collection and optimization of the dairy structure. 

Chapter 5 discusses the development and implementation of a programme 

of computer studies in a dairy education syllabus. While the integration of 

computer-based applications into all aspects of a general dairy education 

programme is essential to the success of a computer proficiency course, such 

a course must be application based, that is, based on the new and potential 

applications within the dairy sector itself. Finally, in Chapter 6, an integrated 

computer aided quality assurance system, QUALIFAX, using processing and 

laboratory data of dairy plants is described. 

35 pp 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 309/1996 - Short-Term Outlook for Milk and Milk 

Products from an FAO Perspective(Group C2 – Medium-term perspectives) 

- Market Development for Dairy Quota – Report Presented to Commission 

C - Trends in Consumption, Production and Trade in Dairy Products in The 

Developing Countries of East and South East Asia - Milk Equivalents (Group 

C3 - Dairy economics & statistics) - The Status of Butter in IDF Member 

Countries 

Short-Term Outlook for Milk and Milk Products from an FAO 

Perspective(Group C2 – Medium-term perspectives) 

by M. Griffin (FAO, Italy) 

An FAO short-term outlook for milk and milk products is presented. Provisional 

FAO estimates suggest that world output of milk from cows, buffaloes, camels, 

sheep and goats will reach 526 million tons in 1995, a similar volume to the 

previous year. Production in the developed countries is anticipated to decline as 

a result of lower output in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and 

eastern Europe. However, output is expected to continue to rise in the developing 

countries, growing by 2%, from 180 million tons in 1994 to 184 million tons in 

1995, representing 35% of the world total. World prices for dairy products have 

risen substantially over the past 12 months. Price increases have been linked to 

stagnation in milk production in Europe and Oceania and to low stock levels. 

High prices are expected to be maintained during 1995 and this could limit 

import demand of some developing countries. 

3 pp 

Market Development for Dairy Quota – Report Presented to Commission C

collated by M. Morisset & D.-M. Gouin (Canada) 

This paper represents the work of several authors who have attempted to 

describe the quota transaction system in their respective countries - Canada, 

Denmark, Germany, Japan, Norway, United Kingdom. It seeks to give the reader 

a better understanding of the marketing of milk production quotas, used by some 

15 countries to manage their milk production sectors. 

17 pp 

Trends in Consumption, Production and Trade in Dairy Products in The 

Developing Countries of East and South East Asia 

Prepared for FAO/IDF Consultation on Dairy Economic Trends, Rome, 11 May 1995, 

by M. Griffin (FAO, Italy) 

Developments in consumption, production and trade in relation to the dairy 

sector are broadly outlined. It is seen that both domestic production and imports 

have been stimulated by a combination of factors – economic development, 

diffusion of eating habits from other regions of the world – which have led to a 

growth in the consumption of milk and milk products in the countries discussed. 

6 pp 

Milk Equivalents (Group C3 - Dairy economics & statistics) 

by E. Richarts (Germany) & P. Mikkelsen (Denmark) 

Milk equivalents are often used to describe international supply, demand, and 

external trade of dairy products in comprehensive figures. In most calculations, 

a wide range of dairy products is pooled into a few major groups. Within each 

group, one single figure (milk equivalent) is used to estimate the amount of 

milk used to produce the given amount of dairy products. Summation across 

groups then provides the total amount of milk used in the production of all dairy 

products. This, of course, is a simplification of the always far more complicated 

reality. 

Determining the “correct” milk equivalent figures has often been up for 

discussion. This paper aims at providing an overview of various commonly 

used milk equivalent figures, the rationale behind using these figures and the 

differences obtained by using different milk equivalents. The different methods of 

compiling milk equivalent figures can be based on: 

(1) The butterfat method 

(2) The solids content method 

(3) The non-fat solids content method 

(4) The combined butterfat and non-butterfat solids method. 

Examples of each method are provided. Each method provides different milk 

equivalent figures and, therefore, different estimates of the total amount of milk 

used. An explanation of each method is provided. 

6 pp

The Status of Butter in IDF Member Countries 

by A. Krijger, I. Smit & M. Voorbergen (Netherlands) 

An IDF Questionnaire, “Yellow Fats with Special Reference to the Consumption 

of Butter”, was sent to 25 National Committees of the IDF, 19 of whom 

responded. The results are divided into the following sections: consumption 

patterns; competing products and prices; distribution structure of butter and 

margarine; promotional expenditures on butter, margarine and blends; health 

concerns; various issues. It is concluded that consumption developments still 

give cause for concern, but the future looks brighter than before and, with the 

help of the marketeers ans sufficient financial support, butter can find its position 

as a successful natural quality product. 

9 pp 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 310/1996 - Codex Standards In the Context of World 

Trade Agreements - IDF General Recommandations for the Hygienic Design 

of Dairy Equipment 

Codex Standards In the Context of World Trade Agreements 

Proceedings of the IDF Seminar on Codex Standards in the Context of the Sanitary 

and Phytosanitary (SPS) and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Agreements, held as 

part of IDF Legislation Week in Brussels, November 1995. 

The IDF Seminar on Codex Standards in the Context of the SPS and TBT 

Agreements was held during Legislation Week in Brussels, November 1995. The 

event gathered 69 participants from 20 different countries. The programme 

comprised three papers: 

(1) Codex Standards in the Context of SPS and TBT – How it may be expected to 

work – G. Stanton (WTO, Switzerland) 

(2) Codex Standards in the Context of SPS and TBT – What may happen in 

practice – E. Kimbrell (USA) 

(3) What Industry Needs From Codex – I. du Bois (Switzerland) 

Summaries, and full-length versions of the papers are provided, along with the 

General Discussion which was chaired by A. Oterholm (NO), President of IDF 

Commission D. 

A summary of the reports of IDF Group D meetings held during Legislation Week 

and news on recent IDF involvement in Codex are given. 

22 pp 

IDF General Recommendations for the Hygienic Design of Dairy Equipment 

by Group B36 – Hygienic design of equipment used in dairy plants 

IDF recommendations for the hygienic design and construction of equipment 

in dairy plants are presented. All equipment for use in storage, processing, 

handling and packaging of dairy products, as well as the instrumentation to

permit the equipment to function in a hygienic manner to protect public health 

are considered. 

5 pp 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 311/1996 - Advances in Membrane Technology for 

Better Dairy Products 

Abstracts of papers presented at the IDF Symposium on Advances in Membrane 

Technology for Better Dairy Products, held in Budapest, 4-5 September 1995 

Twenty-six extended abstracts of papers presented at the IDF Symposium on 

Advances in Membrane Technology for Better Dairy Products, held in Budapest, 4 

– 5 September 1995, are presented. Information is presented which is valuable to 

basic researchers, membrane equipment manufacturers, supply industry, as well 

as dairy processes. It is demonstrated that membrane technology is becoming a 

universal tool for the dairy industry for the production of consumer products as 

well as ingredients with unique functional, physiological and nutritional products. 

The opportunities to develop integrated processes for complete utilization of 

milk, compatible with the need to minimize environmental impact, are presented 

by virtue of the flexibility of membrane technology. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 312/1996 - Inventory of IDF/ISO/AOAC International 

adopted methods of analysis and sampling for milk andmilk products (fifth 

edition) 

Replaced by 6th edition: Bulletin 350/2000 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 313/1996 - Effects of Whey Proteins on Cheese 

Characteristics - Oligosaccharides and Probiotic Bacteria 

Effects of Whey Proteins on Cheese Characteristics 

by G.W. Jameson (Australia) & J. Lelievre (Canada) 

Opinion varies as to whether technologies for increasing the level of whey 

proteins in cheese significantly alter the properties of traditional cheese varieties. 

The chemical, biochemical and biophysical effects of whey proteins in cheese are 

reviewed. It is concluded that such effects do occur, but their nature and severity 

vary widely, depending on the cheese variety and whether the whey proteins are 

in the native or denatured state. Some cheeses are not adversely affected by 

incorporation of native whey proteins through use of ultrafiltration-based cheese 

manufacturing technology. 

6 pp 

Oligosaccharides and Probiotic Bacteria 

by various authors – Group of Experts B42 – Lactose derivatives

The 8 papers comprising this monograph cover: the commercial availability of 

oligosaccharides; the metabolism of bifidogenic factors by gut flora; functional 

and nutritional foods containing bifidogenic factors; benefits of bifidobacteria 

to human health; lactulose as a growth promoting factor for Bifidobacterium 

and its physiological aspects; technical aspects related to the incorporation of 

bifidobacteria and bifidogenic factors in feed materials and dairy products; and 

finally, techniques for the production of transgalactosylated oligosaccharides. 

56 pp 




Sessions (Sandton) October 1996 

Summary of production, utilization, consumption, international trade and policy 

developments in 1995. 





condensed milk, fresh products, world exports and world imports of dairy 

products, international prices. 



Bulletin of the IDF No. 315/1996 - UHT cream - Analytical Methods for the 

Determination of the Urea Content in Milk - Transgenic Dairy Mammals - 

Oxidized Sterols 

UHT cream 

by various authors – Group of Experts B21 – Influence of technology on the quality of 

heated milk and fluid milk products (For Pasteurization of cream see Bulletin of IDF 

No. 271/1992) 

This monograph on UHT cream is introduced by a review of the information 

received from 15 National Committees on “Questionnaire 2193/B”. Regulatory 

aspects, UHT-cream market, quality, additives, and packaging are covered. The 

importance of raw milk quality in the manufacture of good UHT cream is looked 

at and the factors that may affect it investigated. The main steps involved in the 

production of UHT cream – separation and preheating, standardization, and 

UHT-heating including homogenization – are examined. 

Specific requirements for packaging of UHT cream, due to its high fat content, 

are discussed. Finally, suitable quality indices for UHT creams of different fat 

contents are considered, and the factors affecting cream quality are outlined. 

Because UHT dairy creams tend to have limits on their functionality and 

moderate stability during storage, modified creams are also considered.

32 pp 

Analytical Methods for the Determination of the Urea Content in Milk 

by D. Lefier (France) 

The unbalanced feeding of cows leads to a high urea content in milk, which in 

turn can affect milk production and fertility, leading to reduced profit margins for 

milk producers. A dependable and efficient method for the determination of the 

urea content in milk has yet to be adopted. 

This paper presents a comprehensive description of the methods currently in use 

for the determination of the urea content in milk, classified according to their 

principle: 

• direct methods, based on the measurement of a complex formed between urea and a reagent 

– essentially colorimetric methods; 

• indirect methods, based on the measurement of a byproduct from urea degradation, which 

reacts with a reagent – mainly enzymatic methods; 

• physical methods, which include infra-red measurement and combinations of enzymatic 

methods with the use of ammonium ion-selective electrodes. 

Both manual and (semi-)automated procedures for each of these methods 

are listed and compared according to recovery of added urea, linearity range, 

reproducibility and repeatability. 

For manual enzymatic determinations of urea contents, a preliminary protein 

precipitation is required, which is done according to several different procedures. 

The effect of the use of preservatives and of sample storage on the urea content 

in milk as discussed in different papers is also summarized, as is the influence of 

the original ammonia, uric acid and uracil contents. 

4 pp 

Transgenic Dairy Mammals 

by O.H. Postma (the Netherlands), G. Stranzinger (Switzerland), R. Strijker (the 

Netherlands) & D.F. Went (Switzerland) 

This Report examines potential applications of transgenic dairy mammals – 

especially dairy cattle – in the dairy industry. After a brief description of the 

technical state of the art, the Report identifies the potential use of transgenic 

cattle technology for product differentiation and improvement of cost price 

efficiency. The Report, however, also recognizes the importance of public 

acceptance of dairy products from transgenic cattle, and identifies the major 

issues in this field. In this vein, the Report also contains suggestions to deal with 

risk evaluation and social implications of this technology. The findings of the 

authors are summarized in the form of conclusions and recommendations. A 

glossary of technical terms as applied to transgenic organisms is provided. 

13 pp 

Oxidized Sterols 

by L.-Å. Appelqvist (Sweden)

The structures and names of those cholesterol oxides most commonly found in 

food are presented, together with a summary of the biomedical research from 

which concern for cholesterol oxides as a potential health hazard emanates. 

Literature data on the qualitative and quantitative composition of cholesterol 

oxides in fresh and moderately heated milk, in milk powders, in butter and ghee, 

as well as in different types of cheese, are presented. 

Results from a recent round robin, in which 17 different sets of data from the 

analysis of whole milk powders and skimmilk powders carried out in American, 

Asian and European laboratories are presented and discussed. It is demonstrated 

that it is still premature to establish “true” values for levels of cholesterol oxides 

in a certain food sample, but in this report an attempt is made to exclude some 

literature data as being rather unlikely, since methods were used which in the 

round robin gave results much higher than those from some very advanced 

laboratories. 

7 pp 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 316/1996 - The Dairy World – Twenty-Five Years Of 

Change, 1985–2010 - The Dairy Industry in Southern Africa and Specifically 

South Africa 

The Dairy World – Twenty-Five Years Of Change, 1985–2010 

Papers presented at the Conference of Commission C held in Sandton (South Africa), 

23 October 1996 

The world of international trade in dairy products has changed a great deal 

in recent years. With the liberalization of trade that is expected as a result of 

implementing the GATT Uruguay Round and establishing the World Trade 

Organization, further far-reaching changes can be foreseen. The papers 

presented here review aspects of dairy policy and dairy product markets in the 

global context, looking both to the immediate past and to the foreseeable future. 

80 pp 

The Dairy Industry in Southern Africa and Specifically South Africa 

by M.N. Hermann (South Africa) 

Southern Africa is a region which is very diverse in population and levels of 

wealth. The survey presented here shows there is plenty of potential for milk and 

milk products but there may be dangers if the market is completely uncontrolled. 

13 pp 

Date: 1996 - Pages: 97 - Paper: 37.18

Bulletin of the IDF No. 317/1996 - Fat Replacers - Ripening and Quality of 

Cheeses 

Fat Replacers 

by A. Huyghebaert, K. Dewettinck & W. de Greyt (Belgium) 

Increasingly, the term fat replacers is used to differentiate between fat substitutes 

and fat mimetics. Fat substitutes include fatty acid based products with ester 

bonds resistant to lipase catalysed hydrolysis. Fat mimetics are carbohydrate and 

protein based materials that mimetic the properties of natural fats and oils in 

foodstuffs. Different types of fat mimetics are discussed. Recent developments in 

the application of fat replacers in dairy products are described. 

6 pp 

Ripening and Quality of Cheeses 

Abstracts of presentations at the IDF Symposium on Ripening and Quality of Cheeses, 

held in Besançon, 26 – 28 February 1996 

Abstracts of 46 oral communications and 80 posters are presented covering the 

following topics: 

Session 1: Sensory analysis and characterization of flavour compounds 

Session 2: Characterization of proteolysis 

Session 3: Characterization and formation of texture 

Session 4: Formation of flavour and autolysis 

Session 5: Environmental factors, microbial ecology and activity 

Session 6: New aspects on cheese ripening and quality 

55 pp 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 318/1997 - Minimum Standards for Dairy Education 

By IDF Group of Experts F14 – Dairy Education 

The papers presented here examine current manpower needs of the modern 

dairy industry and the various educational alternatives available today to fulfil 

those needs. The programmes available for countries with a developing dairy 

industry, and strategies for recruitment of high-quality students to maintain 

the supply of educated professionals for the dairy industry are also covered. A 

‘List of literature sources used in dairy training’ is provided in the Appendix. 

This includes a selection of data about technical dairy literature published in 

the official IDF languages – English, French, German – organized under various 

headings describing the main focus of each publication. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 319/1997 - Bovine Somatotropin - The Influence 

of Codex Standards on International Trade in Dairy Products - Protein 

Standardization – The Case of Liquid Milks 

Bovine Somatotropin 

Extended abstracts of Commissions A & C Conference held in Sandton, South Africa, 

21 October 1996 

The 9 extended abstracts presented here cover the following aspects of BST: a 

survey of its use worldwide; an assessment of risk to human health; the opinion 

of the consumer; the US dairy industry's experience in adopting BST technology; 

problems linked to the use of BST and milk production worldwide. Three farmers 

from France, the US and New Zealand present their experiences with the use of 

BST technology on their farms. 

13 pp - (En/Fr) 

The Influence of Codex Standards on International Trade in Dairy Products 

Abstracts of the International Symposium held in Düsseldorf, Germany, 6–7 

September 1996 

This International Symposium was attended by representatives from all fields of 

the dairy industry, the intention being to provide an occasion where experts could 

meet the industry and discuss exactly what dairy people need to know, in relation 

to Codex, for their daily work. The following issues were examined: 

• International food legislation 

• The agreements on the application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) and 

Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) 

• Food safety regulation and control 

• Milk and milk products 

• Examples of practical use of Codex standards for milk products. 

13 pp 

Protein Standardization – The Case of Liquid Milks 

Abstracts of the IDF Symposium held in Sandton, South Africa, 19 October 1996 

Protein standardization of liquid milks for direct consumption is a complex 

issue. Although several economic benefits have been identified, there are also a 

number of risks, particularly at the macro-economic level in some countries. The 

10 abstracts presented here deal with: 

9 pp 

• the normal variations of the protein content of the milk 

• the micro- and macro-economic factors 

• consumer attitudes and expectations in France, Germany, the UK, Australia, and the USA 

• legalization of protein standardization of drinking milk. 

Date: 1997 - Pages: 40 - Paper: 29.75

Bulletin of the IDF No. 320/1997 - Implications of Microfiltration on Hygiene 

and Identity of Dairy Products - Genetic Manipulation of Dairy Cultures 

Implications of Microfiltration on Hygiene and Identity of Dairy Products 

Proceedings of the Conference held in Sandton, South Africa, 22 October 1996 

The five papers in this publication present the proceedings of a symposium 

organized during the 1996 IDF Annual Sessions to focus on the various aspects 

of current uses and future promises of microfiltration in the dairy industry. 

Attention is drawn to the various technical opportunities, possible regulatory 

hurdles and practical industrial experience with the use of microfiltration as 

a novel processing technique in the production of conventional consumer 

products. 

33 pp 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 321/1997 - Recommendations for Presentation of 

Mastitis-Related Data - Guidelines for Evaluation of the Milking Process 

Recommendations for Presentation of Mastitis-Related Data 

Part 1: Somatic Cell Count 

Part 2: Records of Clinical Mastitis 

by a sub-group of IDF Group A2 – Bovine Mastitis 

Historically, somatic cell count data have been presented in a variety of ways, 

making comparisons of data from different sources difficult, if not impossible. 

Milk somatic cell counts are increasingly used to compare milk quality within 

regions or states of a country as well as among countries. The final number 

used to indicate the status of a country/region/milk cooperative can vary 

greatly depending upon the method used for calculation. As the demand for 

such comparisons increases, so does the need for a standardized method 

of calculation. A subgroup of A2 was organized under the leadership of Olav 

Østerås (Norway) with the charge to produce a document recommending 

standardized methods for presentation of somatic cell count data. A section on 

presentation of clinical mastitis data is included as these data also suffer from a 

lack of consistent method of presentation, and comparisons among studies or 

reports are very difficult. 

The document is presented in the form of a condensed version for quick reading 

and introduction to the subject matter, and as the full text with complete detail. 

The document will be a useful reference for those publishing data involving 

somatic cell counts and/or incidence of clinical mastitis cases, and will help bring 

clarity to an area where it is needed. 

20 pp 

Guidelines for Evaluation of the Milking Process 

by J. Hamann (Germany) (in conjunction with the IDF Machine Milking and Mastitis 

Subgroup A2D of Group A2) 

The paper describes guidelines to evaluate the entire process of mechanical 

milking. Application of the guidelines will result in detailed information on 

interactions between machine, milker and dairy cows, and the related efficiency 

of milking, milk removal and any risk of new infection of the mammary gland. 

The guidelines are based mainly on evaluation of the following criteria: (1)

Operator action and behaviour; (2) Animal factors and behaviour; (3) Machine 

characteristics, and (4) General conditions of housing and management. 

5 pp - (En/Fr) 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 322/1997 - Dietary Calcium in Health 

By IDF Group of Experts F22 – Dietary calcium and health 

This is an update of a monograph on dietary calcium and health published by IDF 

in 1991. Seven major topics are reviewed: calcium and osteoporosis, calcium– 

iron interrelationships, calcium and colon cancer prevention, bioavailability of 

calcium, calcium and blood pressure, calcium and kidney stone formation, and 

sodium and calcium metabolism. The topics are reviewed critically and present a 

balanced and objective view of the calcium and health issue. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 323/1997 - World Dairy Situation 1997 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 324/1997 - IDF Guidelines for Hygienic Design and 

Maintenance of Dairy Buildings and Services 

By IDF Group of Experts B48 – Hygienic design and maintenance of dairy 

buildings and services 

This comprehensive manual provides guidelines for the hygienic design and 

maintenance of dairy buildings and services during construction, renovation 

or extensions. These guidelines focus on practical aspects to be applied by the 

dairy industry and any other persons directly or indirectly involved in hygienic 

management of dairy processing. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 325/1997 - Major Changes in the International Dairy 

Trade 

Papers presented at the Conference of Commission C held in Reykjavik (Iceland), 27 

August 1997 

This bulletin includes papers presented at the Conference Major Changes in the 

International Dairy Trade organized by Commission C at IDF's Annual Sessions 

in Reykjavik, Iceland, in August 1997. 

The new international trade regime for dairy products in general is discussed, 

but also with respect to the WTO and NAFTA in particular. The regional 

developments are described for North America, Western and Eastern Europe, 

Latin America, the Middle East and North Africa, and South East Asia and the 

Far East. The specific market trends are highlighted by the developments in the

global consumption of dairy products, in the cheese market and the expanding 

ingredients market in the USA. 

Finally, the strength of the dairy sector is related to the strength of the European 

retail chains. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 326/1997 - The World Market for Cheese (Fourth 

Edition) 

by H. Herlev Sørensen (Denmark) (IDF Commission C, Group C2) 

The report presented here is based mainly on a questionnaire, prepared by 

the Danish Dairy Board, and sent to the IDF member countries. Replies were 

received from 15 countries, representing approximately 75% of total world cheese 

production. The information given in the questionnaire has been supplemented 

by the usual statistical sources, such as FAO, OECD, ZMP, etc. Data for the 

period 1987–1996 are included and provide an overview of the latest trends and 

structural changes in total world cheese production, trade, and consumption. 

This report is an update of the results presented in Bulletin 307/1995. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 327/1997 - Removal of Fats, Oils and Grease in 

the Pretreatment of Dairy Wastewaters - Possible Implications of Milk 

Pasteurization on the Manufacture and Sensory Quality of Ripened Cheese: A 

Review 

Removal of Fats, Oils and Grease in the Pretreatment of Dairy Wastewaters 

by IDF Group of Experts B18 – Control of water & waste water in the dairy industry 

Liquid wastes, resulting from the utilization of milk in dairy manufacturing 

processes, require disposal. These wastes contain a certain percentage of the 

raw material product. The composition of whole milk contributes not only 

BOD load for treatment, but also has certain other constituents which become 

part of the waste. These principally are: Fats, Oils and Grease (FOG). It is 

necessary for these to be reduced in concentration if not eliminated altogether, 

thus enabling the biological treatment to proceed without any inhibitors to 

the biological reduction of the organic matter in the wastewater. A number of 

possible pretreatment systems are examined to see how FOG can be eliminated 

prior to the main treatment process itself which is generally of a biological nature. 

The answers to an IDF questionnaire on the pretreatment of dairy wastewaters 

are presented and general conclusions are drawn. The final section presents a 

case study on physico-chemical wastewater treatment from a liquid milk plant in 

Rotterdam, Holland. 

13 pp 

Possible Implications of Milk Pasteurization on the Manufacture and Sensory 

Quality of Ripened Cheese: A Review* 

by R. Grappin & E. Beuvier (France) 

* Comprehensive summary of a paper submitted to the International Dairy 

Journal

The review takes a look at the most significant changes in milk induced by 

pasteurization in relation to cheesemaking 

• elimination or stress of microorganisms 

• activation/inactivation of indigenous milk pro-enzymes and enzymes 

• denaturation of serum proteins 

• modification of milk renettability 

• consequences on growth and activity of starter and non-starter microorganisms 

It is clear that pasteurization of milk modifies the biochemistry and microbiology 

of ripening, and ultimately the flavour and texture of cheese. The indigenous milk 

flora, with its diversity of species and strains, appears to be responsible for the 

specific organoleptic quality of raw milk cheeses. 

4 pp 

Date: 1997 - Pages: 20 - Paper: 24.79 - Electronic: 24.79 

Bulletin of the IDF No. 328/1997 - Fouling and Cleaning of Heat Treatment 

Equipment 

By IDF Group of Experts B51 – Fouling and cleaning of heat treatment equipment 

This monograph summarizes the factors which play a role in the fouling and 

cleaning of heat treatment equipment used in the dairy industry, and on this 

basis gives recommendations for minimizing fouling and optimizing cleaning 

in order to reduce the overall costs. It aims to provide the reader with a better 

understanding of the mechanisms and processes which lead to fouling and 

underpin cleaning. As the process of cleaning at pasteurization temperatures and 

all behaviour, both fouling and cleaning, concerning UHT conditions are not yet 

understood, this monograph defines current knowledge, rather than offering clear 

solutions. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 329/1998 - The Use of Nisin in Cheesemaking - 

Overview of Iceland’s Dairy Industry - Terminology for Milk Protein Fractions 

- Biofilms on Dairy Plant surfaces: What's New? - IDF News Briefing on Diet 

and Health 1997: Milkfat and Coronary Heart Disease 

The Use of Nisin in Cheesemaking 

by IDF Group of Experts B12 – The use of enzyme preparations in cheese manufacture 

Nisin is an antibacterial substance produced by a number of lactic acid bacteria 

which can prevent the defect caused by some anaerobic sporeforming bacteria in 

cheese. This report contains a number of aspects of the use of nisin. Background 

information on bacteriocins is provided, followed by the history of nisin, a 

discussion of its properties, use, production and specification, and finally 

its legal status in various countries. The aim is to contribute to an adequate 

understanding and use of this component in the manufacture of good quality 

cheese. 

19 pp

Overview of Iceland’s Dairy Industry 

Presentation by G. Björgvinsson (Iceland) for Commission C at the 1997 Annual 

Sessions held in Reykjavik (Iceland) 

An overview of the unique character of Icelandic agriculture is presented in 

relation to the country’s Arctic climate and terrain, isolation, and the small 

number of inhabitants. 

6 pp 

Terminology for Milk Protein Fractions 

By F. Harding (United Kingdom) & K.R. Marshall (New Zealand) 

The terminology of the various N fractions in raw cow milk is clarified in order to 

establish internationally agreed “working definitions”. 

2 pp 

Biofilms on Dairy Plant Surfaces: What’s New ? 

By B. Carpentier (France), A.C.L. Wong (USA) & O. Cerf (France) 

The definition of biofilm, still a subject of debate, is discussed. Secondly, Listeria 

monocytogenes on open surfaces, and thermally resistant bacteria in dairy 

processing lines are documented. Thirdly, biofilm resistance and adaptation to 

environmental stresses are dealt with. Lastly, this report presents new strategies 

for controlling surface hygiene. 

4 pp 

IDF News Briefing on Diet and Health 1997: Milkfat and Coronary Heart 

Disease 

By M.I. Gurr (United Kingdom), Rapporteur of Subject F37 – Milk lipids in the diet 

and health 

This review for 1996/97 concentrates on publications describing associations 

between milk lipids and risk factors for coronary heart disease and some that 

deal with disease end points, either myocardial infarction or stroke. Included are 

some topics that may have more to do with milk components other than lipids 

but where there is still some doubt as to the involvement of milk lipids. 

4 pp 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 330/1998 - Mastitis Therapy Is Necessary for 

Animal Welfare - Secretory and Migratory Contamination of Cow Milk with 

Plasticizers, Especially Phthalic Acid Esters - Significance of Mycobacterium 

paratuberculosis in Milk - Mastitis Newsletter N°22 - Evaluation of the 

Bactoscan 8000 Method for the Determination of Total Bacterial Count in Raw 

Milk 

Mastitis Therapy Is Necessary for Animal Welfare

Presentation by J.E. Hillerton (UK) for Group A2 at the 1997 Annual Sessions held in 

Reykjavik (Iceland) 

Mastitis is a painful condition causing moderate to severe distress. The dairy 

industry has the dual concern of the wellbeing of its cows and the image of its 

products. The dairy cow has the right to be free of discomfort, pain, disease 

and distress. The treatment of mastitis has to be viewed within a broad political 

dimension composed of animal welfare, antibiotic resistance, residues, control of 

products, and epidemiology of the problem. 

2 pp 

Secretory and Migratory Contamination of Cow Milk with Plasticizers, 

Especially Phthalic Acid Esters 

Presentation by A. Blüthgen & W.H. Heeschen (Germany) for Group A4 at the 1997 

Annual Sessions held in Reykjavik (Iceland) 

The use of plasticizers in the environment of the dairy cow and milk is discussed. 

The results of a feeding assay to confirm the extension of the secretory route of 

contamination after oral supplementation are presented. 

6 pp 

Significance of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Milk 

Presentation by P. Hammer, K. Knappstein & G. Hahn (Germany) for Group A30 at 

the 1997 Annual Sessions held in Reykjavik (Iceland) 

In this review, data on the biological properties, habitat and economical impact 

of Mycobacterium (M.) paratuberculosis are presented. Its significance for 

Johne’s disease of dairy cattle and for Crohn’s disease of humans is explained 

and a possible linkage of both diseases is discussed. Data concerning the 

heat resistance of M. paratuberculosis in milk are reviewed, including trials in 

laboratory and commercial systems. A preliminary risk assessment according 

to Codex Alimentarius procedures is performed based upon the available 

information. 

5 pp 

Mastitis Newsletter N°22 

General 

Report of the IDF Group of Experts on Mastitis – K. L. Smith, Chairman (USA) 

Erratum Mastitis Newsletter No. 21. 

Research Communications 

Differential Somatic Cell Counts in Milk – A. Saran, G. Leitner & M. Chaffer 

(Israel) 

Effect of Undermilking and Overmilking on Teat Tissue Condition – E. 

O’Callaghan (Ireland), D. Gleeson (Ireland) & F. Neijenhuis (the Netherlands)

Effect of Various Milking Machine Systems on Free Fatty Acid Development in 

Milk – B. O’Brien, E. O’Callaghan & P. Dillon (Ireland) 

The Use of Lacticin 3147 in Mastitis Control – M. Ryan, W.J. Meaney, C. Hill & P. 

Ross (Ireland) 

Decision-Making in Clinical Mastitis Therapy Programmes – K. Leslie & G. Keefe 

(Canada) 

Vaccination against Coliform Mastitis: A Historical Perspective – K.L. Smith & J. 

Hogan (USA) 

Mastitis notes from member countries 

Italy: Staph. aureus: A Problem for Italian Dairy Herds – A. Zecconi & R. Piccinini 

New Zealand: Daily Somatic Cell Count Testing – R. Franks 

Spain: Milk Quality in Spain – E. Cifrian, J.A. Garcia, P. y. Casado & J.C. Marco 

Switzerland: Evolution of Somatic Cell Counts in Bulk Milk Samples: Switzerland 

1983–1996 – M. Schällibaum 

Events & Meetings 

Report of the Seminar “A half Centenary of Lactation Biology Research”, 

University of Gent, Belgium, 20–22 November 1996 (D. Hoeben) The Future Use 

of Antibiotics in Mastitis Therapy: A Report from a Nordic Seminar in January 

1997 (Ch. Hallén Sandgren) US National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting – 1997 

(K.L. Smith & A. Saeman) 

Subclinical Bovine Mastitis – Prevention and Therapy. Conference of the German 

Veterinary Association, Grub/Munich, 27–28 September 1996 (J. Hamann) 

IDF Publications on Mastitis 

20 pp 

Evaluation of the Bactoscan 8000 Method for the Determination of Total 

Bacterial Count in Raw Milk 

by G. Suhren (Germany) 

At the beginning of the 1980s the Bactoscan method was developed as a routine 

method for the determination of the bacteriological quality of raw ex-farm milk 

and is now applied – after further modifications of the methodology – in an 

increasing number of countries. One major aim of these modifications was to 

decrease the lower limit of detection due to the increasing bacteriological quality 

of raw milk, in view of the pressure under legal requirements for decreasing class 

limits. 

This paper gives a description of the Bactoscan method, its attributes, its uses 

as an estimate of the reference/official method, and discusses the rating of its 

elaborated attributes. 

15 pp 

Date: 1998 - Pages: 52 - Paper: 34.71

Bulletin of the IDF No. 331/1998 - Payment Systems for Ex-Farm Milk – 

Results of IDF Questionnaire 2296/A (Study Group A8) - Codex Procedures 

and their Importance – The New World for Dairy Products 

Payment Systems for Ex-Farm Milk – Results of IDF Questionnaire 2296/A 

(Study Group A8) 

by H. de Wet (South Africa) 

The replies to IDF Questionnaire 2296/A are reported. All the questionnaires 

were completed during the period September to December 1996, except one 

which was completed during January 1997, and all represented the situation with 

regard to cow milk (except Spain, which also completed a questionnaire for ewe 

milk). 

20 pp 

Codex Procedures and their Importance – The New World for Dairy Products 

International Symposium held in Chicago, Illinois (USA), 3–4 November 1997 

The proceedings presented in this bulletin comprise three full papers – IDF’s 

role and activities in food legislation, Codex milk product standards: Applications 

and implications, Application of Codex labelling requirements to milk and milk 

products – and the Abstracts of a further 19 presentations. The role of Codex; 

its relationship with the WTO; and its impact on standards, both international 

and national, for milk products are examined. Also covered are country specific 

perspectives, illustrating how national dairy interests and governments are either 

adapting to and/or adopting the Codex standards and guidelines. 

42 pp 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 332/1998 - The Use of Enzymes in Dairying - 

Application of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in Milk and 

Milk Product Analysis: A Literature Survey - Fourier Transform Infrared 

Spectrometry: A New Concept for Milk and Milk Product Analysis 

The Use of Enzymes in Dairying 

Proceedings of the Conference of Commission B on The use of enzymes in dairying at 

1997 Annual Sessions heldin Reykjavik (Iceland) 

This Bulletin contains 6 papers presented at a half-day conference on “The Use of 

Enzymes in Dairying”. Three are cheese related: 

• Milk-clotting activity of various rennets and coagulants: background and information 

regarding IDF standards 

• On the mechanism of rennet retention in cheese 

• Enzymatic breakdown of milk proteins during cheese ripening.

Three concern other issues: 

• Influence of heat treatment of milk on the activities of the indigenous milk enzymes alkaline 

phosphatase and adenosine deaminase 

• Inhibition of bacterial growth in whey by lactoperoxidase 

• Properties and potential fields of application of transglutaminase preparations in dairying. 

46 pp 

Application of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in Milk and Milk 

Product Analysis: A Literature Survey 

by D. Lefier (France) 

The development of the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer and the advent 

of statistical software offer a great potential for the quantitative analysis of milk, 

and not only for the major components. The studies published demonstrate 

the performance of FT-IR and point out the advantage of the full spectrum 

information in comparison with filter-based analysers. 

4 pp 

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry: A New Concept for Milk and Milk 

Product Analysis 

by Y. Agnet (France) 

The aim of this monograph is to give a summary of the knowledge required in 

the application of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry as a routine 

method in dairy laboratories. An attempt is made to show the advantages 

of FT-IR in the field of dairy analysis compared to more familiar, widely used 

techniques. A brief summary of the molecular and physical background of midinfrared 

vibrational spectroscopy is provided. FT-IR is then introduced with 

respect to its specific features and its connections with general spectroscopy. 

Both qualitative and quantitative examples of its application are provided. 

11 pp 




Sessions (Aarhus) September 1998 

This bulletin is the 1998 edition of the World Dairy Situation report presented to 

Commission C at IDF’s Annual Sessions. In addition to the collation of figures 

and comments from IDF National Committees and other sources where IDF has 

no National Committees, contributions from the ZMP have significantly added 

to the publication. Milk production, industrial milk processing, trade in dairy 

products, development of demand and consumption, and prices for 1997 are 

presented, along with forecasts for 1998/99. 

The dairy situation in 48 individual countries is summarized. 

Date: 1998 - Pages: 52 - Paper: 61.97

Bulletin of the IDF No. 334/1998 - Evaluation of the Electrical Conductivity of 

Milk as a Mastitis Indicator 

By J. Hamann (Germany) & A. Zecconi (Italy) 

Automated cow-side detection of mastitis in dairy cows has been of interest 

for several years and if successfully adapted to the milking process would have 

widespread application provided the technology was economically acceptable 

to dairy industry. Early research on electrical conductivity of milk raised the 

possibility that conductivity would serve as a marker system and provide the 

opportunity for automation by incorporating appropriate sensing devices into the 

milk machine. Two primary applications envisioned were detection of subclinical 

mastitis, and the early detection of clinical cases of mastitis. A large body of 

research on the use of electrical conductivity has accrued and while no one 

system has yet been successfully adapted, the number of research papers on the 

subject grows rapidly. 

This paper presents a survey of the literature and applies scientific principles to 

the assessment of that literature. The literature is reviewed with regard to those 

factors in milk, including mastitis, that influence the conductivity of milk, and 

evaluates electrical conductivity as an indicator of mastitis using meta-analysis. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 335/1998 - Half-Way Through WTO I – Count Down 

to WTO II – An IDF Situation Report, 1998 - Dairy Situation in Central and 

Eastern Europe – Development of Dairy Production in Prospective First Round 

Central and East European EU Member Countries and Impacts for the EU - 

Recent Developments in (European) Food Distribution 

Half-Way Through WTO I – Count Down to WTO II – An IDF Situation Report, 

1998 

by P. Mikkelsen (Denmark) to Commission C at the 1998 Annual Sessions held in 

Aarhus (Denmark) 

This report first examines the current developments within production, 

consumption, trade, prices and exchange rates to give a full perspective of 

the dairy market situation and shed some light on expected forecasts for the 

coming years. The predictions are based mainly on OECD figures. After having 

studied actual figures the focus turns to the political aspects and effects of 

the WTO Agreement. The report takes a closer look at the negotiation process 

within the WTO, where currently no resolution has been made as to the major 

question of whether there will be single issue negotiations on agriculture or a 

new global millennium round. Two further issues, the SPS Agreement and the 

accession process, have been singled out as other important aspects of the 

current international trade regime. 

12 pp 

Dairy Situation in Central and Eastern Europe – Development of Dairy 

Production in Prospective First Round Central and East European EU Member 

Countries and Impacts for the EU

Presentation by E. Hetzner & E. Richarts (Germany) to Commission C at the 1998 

Annual Sessions held in Aarhus (Denmark) 

The political changes at the end of the 1980s had a significant impact on the 

development of the dairy industry in the Central and East European countries 

(CEEC). The abolition of the widely spread subsidizing systems and the 

exposition to market prices without regard to the existing structure of input costs 

led to a severe crisis in nearly all industrial sectors, including the dairy industry. 

The process of recovery will be very important not only for these countries, but 

also for all participants in the respective markets. 

The aim of this study is to analyse the present situation and to assess the 

prospective development in the five countries which have recently commenced 

negotiations for entry into the European Union. 

7 pp 

Recent Developments in (European) Food Distribution 

Presentation by A. Krijger, A. Tuten & M.P. Voorbergen (the Netherlands) to 

Commission C at the 1998 Annual Sessions held in Aarhus (Denmark) 

Developments in the food retail sector are discussed, followed by a comparison 

of developments in concentration and internationalization for both the food retail 

and the dairy processing industry. Finally, an overview of important trends in 

retail is presented, and the accompanying threats and opportunities for the dairy 

industry are discussed. 

7 pp 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 336/1998 - Dairy Foods In Health 

Proceedings of the Symposium held during the Nutrition Week, Wellington, New 

Zealand, March 1998 

Significant scientific breakthroughs in biotechnology and medical sciences, along 

with the gravitation of consumers towards ‘healthy’ foods, will have a profound 

impact on the food supply in the next century.

The relationship between dairy foods and health and regulations concerning 

health claims are discussed in the 17 papers presented here: 

• Foods for the 21st century 

• Presence and possible physiological significance of hormonally active peptides in human and 

bovine milk 

• Nutritional and physiological role of milk protein components 

• ACE inhibitors and functional foods 

• Recent progress on prebiotics in Japan, including galactooligosaccharides 

• Diet and blood pressure in adults – The paradigm shift 

• Immunomodulatory properties of bovine milk 

• Colostrum immunoglobulins and the complement system – Potential ingredients of 

functional foods 

• Mineral bioavailability in dairy products 

• Non-protein roles of amino acids 

• Impact of amino acid availability on the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score 

• Natural enhancement of nutritionally significant amino acids in milk 

• The biological effects of soy and casein protein meals in interorgan amino acid metabolism 

in the pig as a model for man 

• Health messages in the food market place: scientific substantiation 

• Health claims of foods in Taiwan 

• Regulations for dairy products in Indonesia 

• Current law in Thailand related to health claims on food products. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 337/1998 - Chemical Methods for Evaluating 

Proteolysis in Cheese Maturation 

Proteolysis in cheese is confirmed as a major event during ripening, of 

significance for both texture and flavour of the final product. In this report the 

crude fractionation methods described previously have been grouped into 

schemes that should facilitate the laboratory work. Each scheme contains 

the necessary fractions to describe cheese proteolysis at different levels of 

significance for the main proteolytic and peptidolytic activities in cheese. The 

work done in the area of capillary electrophoresis is reviewed. The effective use 

of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in showing the characteristic 

profiles resulting from different activities in cheese is dealt with. Finally, the 

advantages and disadvantages of currently used methods to analyse amino acids 

in cheese are discussed. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 338/1999 - Suggested Interpretation of Mastitis 

Terminology - Instruments for Mechanical Tests of Milking Machines - 

Mastitis Newsletter n°23 

Suggested Interpretation of Mastitis Terminology 

K. Larry Smith (co-ordinator)

Much of the terminology used in the thousands of publications on mastitis and 

its control is unique to mastitis and many terms used in one English-speaking 

country are described by a different term in another country. 

Members of IDF Group A2 have recognised these differences and the lack of 

guidance when trying to determine the preferred terms. It is hoped that the 

present document, with contributions from all members of Group A2, will be of 

value to all of those interested in mastitis and the production of quality milk. 

24 pp 

Instruments for Mechanical Tests of Milking Machines 

IDF Group of Experts A32 

This document provides information about the various devices that can be used 

to test milking machine performance, which will help in the choice of convenient 

and appropriate test equipment as well as indicating the need for new and better 

instruments. 

A proposal for test terminology is presented. All the information on the 

instruments listed has been provided by manufacturers or distributors. 

11 pp 

Mastitis Newsletter n°23 

General 

Report of the IDF Group of Experts on Mastitis – K.L. Smith, Chairman (USA) 


State of proficiency in counting of somatic cells – Results of latest 

intercomparisons – E.-H. Ubben & J. Reichmuth (Germany) 

Dynamics of mastitis in Norway – O. Østerås (Norway) 

C-reactive protein as indicator for subclinical bovine mastitis – J. Hamann 

(Germany) 

Characteristics of bovine mastitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes and new 

ELISA method for diagnosis – B. Poutrel (France) 

The effect of automatic milking on bulk milk somatic cell count – H. Hogeveen, 

G.H. Klungel & B.A. Slaghuis (Netherlands) 

Investigation on hygienic important and potential pathogens of raw milk of sheep 

and goats during one lactation period – L. Podstatzky- Lichtenstein, P. Winter & 

W. Baumgartner (Austria) 

Effect of milking interval on milk yield and composition – B. O’Brien, J. O’Connell 

& W.Meaney (Ireland) 

Milk quality and automatic milking systems (AMS) – J. Hamann (Germany) 

Vaccination with ferric enterobactin receptor (FepA) to control coliform mastitis 

(summary of a recent PhD thesis) – J. Lin, J. Hogan & K.L. Smith (USA) 

Udder health on dairy farms. A longitudinal study (summary of a recent PhD 

thesis) – H.W. Barkema (Netherlands)

A study of dairy herds with constantly low or constantly high bulk milk somatic 

cell count, with special emphasis on management (summary of a recent PhD 

thesis) – T. Ekman (Sweden) 

Mastitis Notes from Member Countries 

Switzerland: Mastitis pathogens isolated in Switzerland, 1987–1996 – M. 

Schällibaum 

The Netherlands: The health planner: a new concept in mastitis control – H. 

Hogeveen, T.J.G.M. Lam, E.G. Grijsen & Y.H. Schukken Dutch mastitis platform 

– Y.H. Schukken 


US National Mastitis Council – Update 

British mastitis conference 1998 

The IDF-A2 meeting in Oslo 

Udder health at the International Conference on Production Diseases in Farm 

Animals 

Announcements 

Somatic cells in milk 

IDF symposium on udder defences and immunology 

24 pp 




Annual Sessions (Athens), September 1999 

This 1999 edition of the World Dairy Situation report includes the customary 

collation of figures and comments from IDF National Committees and other 

sources where such Committees do not exist. Contributions from the ZMP which, 

on behalf of IDF, continued its networking with other institutions working on the 

economy of the world dairy sector have significantly added to the publication. 

Milk production, industrial milk processing, trade in dairy products, development 

of demand and consumption, and prices for 1998 are presented, along with 

forecasts for 1999/2000. The dairy situation in 44 individual countries is 

summarized. This edition includes a new sector comprising: outlook on the 

international market for milk products; particular developments on the EU scene, 

and three comments from three leading figures (representing Denmark, Canada, 

Argentina) in the field of dairy economics. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 340/1999 - Determination of Fat in Butter - A review 

- Neutral Lactase Activity in Industrial Enzyme Preparations - Colorimetric 

Enzymatic Method - Guideline for the Enumeration of Bifidobacteria in 

Fermented Dairy Products - Guideline for the Standardized Description of 

Competitive Enzyme Immunoassays for the Determination of Aflatoxin M1 -

Milkfat, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer: Research Findings in 1997/98 - 

Consumer Perceptions of Modern Biotechnology - Energy Consumption 

Determination of Fat in Butter – A review 

by J. M. Evers (New Zealand) 

An overview is presented of both direct and indirect methods for the 

determination of fat in butter, irrespective of their intended use, so that these 

method principles could be contrasted and their respective advantages and 

disadvantages compared. 

13 pp 

Neutral Lactase Activity in Industrial Enzyme Preparations — Colorimetric 

Enzymatic Method 

by C. Repelius (the Netherlands) 

A colorimetric enzymatic method has been developed for the determination of 

neutral lactase activity in commercial enzyme preparations. The method is based 

on the hydrolysis of o-nitro-phenyl-ß-D-galactopyranoside. 

3 pp 

Guideline for the Enumeration of Bifidobacteria in Fermented Dairy Products 

by IDF Group 104 — Lactic acid bacteria and starters 

This IDF document specifies a method for the enumeration of bifidobacteria 

in fermented dairy products by means of a colony count technique at 37°C. The 

method is applicable to fermented dairy products and starter cultures where 

these microorganisms are present and viable. 

5 pp 

Guideline for the Standardized Description of Competitive Enzyme 

Immunoassays for the Determination of Aflatoxin M1 

by IDF Group E501 — Organic contaminants 

This document is intended to determine basic parameters required for 

evaluation/validation of competitive enzyme immunoassays for quantitative 

determination of aflaxtoxin M1 in milk and milk products. The parameters 

given in this document are specifically adapted to the test format of the 96-well 

micotiter plate assay, and may not necessarily apply in full to a different test 

format. 

3 pp 

Milkfat, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer: Research Findings in 1997/98 

by M. I. Gurr (Rapporteur for IDF Group F37) 

A report on research findings in the field of milk lipids in the diet and health. 

3 pp 

Consumer Perceptions of Modern Biotechnology 

by L. E. Pearce (Rapporteur) (New Zealand) 

Consumers will accept some risk if there are consumer benefits and no ethical 

doubts. Conversely, if there are ethical or moral doubts, then these will determine 

the response, regardless of the benefits or the absence of risks. Many surveys 

highlight the perception that international organizations such as IDF are more 

likely to be trusted for unbiased information than special interest groups or 

governments. 

4 pp

Energy Consumption 

by G. Kjaergaard-Jensen (Rapporteur) (Denmark) 

The main emphasis of the report is to present updated knowledge of creating 

energy and water conservation in connection with the different processes and 

installations employed in dairy enterprises. Energy management systems are 

reported on, and the results of a survey of future perspectives on energy efficiency 

are provided. 

8 pp 



Bulletin of the IDF No. 341/1999 - Papers presented at the Commission C 

Meeting & Conference "Milk Support Systems & WTO II" at the IDF Annual 

Sessions, Athens, Greece (14-18 September 1999) 

At the end of the IDF Annual Sessions in Athens (14 — 18 September 1999), the 

former Commission C (Dairy Marketing, Economics & Policies) held its final 

meeting and organized its last Conference, entitled "Milk Support Systems & 

WTO II". 

Three papers from the Commission C meeting are presented in this Bulletin: 

The challenge of dairying in Greece 

by C. Apostolopoulos 

Milk Prices and Pooling 

by A. MacDonald (Canada), J. Nuzum (United States), C. Phillips (Australia) 

School-Milk Programs Throughout the World 

by M. Griffin (FAO) 

Also included are texts of all presentations made at the Conference: 

World trade in dairy products before and during the WTO regime 

by A. Krijger, Netherlands 

The negotiating framework for WTO II with special reference to the dairy sector 

by P. Konandreas, FAO—WTO 

Agenda 2000 and WTO II 

by P. Mikkelsen, Denmark 

Australian dairy expectations for the next WTO Round 

by C. Phillips 

The Canadian position: a pragmatic approach to WTO II 

by J. Core Japanese 

Dairy policy and WTO II 

by H.O. Shimamori 

India: emerging countries and WTO II 

by B.M. Vyas 

Non-trade concerns and WTO II in a multifunctional agriculture: general aspects 

and the point of view of Norway and Switzerland

L. Sandstad (Norway) & B. Stierli (Switzerland) 



Bulletin of the IDF No. 342/1999 - Quality Assurance and Proficiency Testing 

Report of Group E203, Chairman: R.L. Bradley (US) 

The paper "International Harmonized Protocol for Proficiency Testing of 

(Chemical) Analytical Laboratories", prepared by M. Thompson & R. Wood, is 

reproduced as appeared in Journal of AOAC International, Vol. 76 (No. 4), 1993. 

Examples of application of the AOAC/ISO/IUPAC standard in the dairy industry 

are provided and show how existing proficiency testing programmes for 

laboratories analysing dairy products meet certain aspects in the IUPAC protocol. 

It is important to note that these programmes may not have been developed 

according to the standard. These examples are given to simplify the task of 

incorporation of the harmonized protocol. In each appendix the similarities and 

differences to the IUPAC protocol are given. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 343/1999 - International Prospects for Dairying in the 

New WTO Context 

The International Symposium, jointly organized by FAO, FEPALE and IDF on the 

prospects for dairying in the new WTO Round of negotiations (The ''Millennium'' 

Round) was intended to provide a platform for the presentation of the views of 

the major players in international trade in dairy products. The papers presented 

here deal mainly with aspects of trade policy and its consequences, but refer 

nevertheless to the legislation and product standards of the WTO's Agreement 

on Agriculture in the Uruguay Round (Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement and 

Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement). 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 344/1999 - Laboratory Accreditation and Proficiency 

Testing 

Papers presented at a symposium held during the IDF/ISO/AOAC Analytical week, 19 

—24 April (1999), Ottawa, Canada 

In a relatively short time Laboratory Accreditation has become essential for every 

laboratory involved in enforcement and an invaluable asset for any laboratory 

selling its services to other clients. Proficiency Testing is a recognized tool for 

maintaining accreditation. 

In the papers presented, special emphasis is given to the following items: 

• importance of Laboratory Accreditation on a more international basis 

• compliance with international standards for Laboratory Accreditation 

• impact of international requirements 

• international guidelines for Proficiency Testing 

• equivalency determination

The objectives of the symposium were to consider the mechanisms, pitfalls and 

advantages of Laboratory Accreditation, the documentation available to guide the 

accreditee and the essential requirements for Proficiency Testing to be useful in 

Laboratory Accreditation. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 345/1999 - Quality and Safety of Raw Milk and its 

Impact on Milk and Milk Products 

Ten papers are included in this Bulletin – six from the Conference on Quality and 

Safety of Raw Milk: 

• Redefining Mastitus Based on Somatic Cell Count 

• A World Standard for Milk Somatic Cell Count: Is it Justified? 

• Residues of Antimicrobial Agents in Milk and Their Significance to Public Health and Milk 

Processing 

• Contaminants in Milk: Dioxins and Mycotoxins – Their Occurrence and Risk Assessment 

• Staphyloccus aureus in Raw Milk and Human Health Risk 

• Mycobacterium paratubercolosis in Cattle and Food Hygiene 

And four from the Meeting of IDF Commission A: 

• Automatic Milking Systems 

• Hygiene Management System on the Farm 

• Milk Inspection and Mastitis Detection in Automated Milking 

• The Ruminant Mammary Gland Immune Defences 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 346/2000 - Packaging of Milk Products 

A special conference on packaging of milk products was organized within the 

scope of the IDF Annual sessions in Athens in September 1999. The objective 

was to review publicly available information on current developments and identify 

possible areas of activity by IDF. 

The following topics are discussed in this Bulletin: 

• Light-induced changes in dairy products 

• Edible films and coatings – biodegradable packing 

• Mathematical modelling of interactions between product and packaging 

• Advances in modified atmosphere and active packaging with applications in the dairy industry 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 347/2000 - Organic Dairy Products 

International Seminar held in Athens, Greece, September 1999 

The papers examine what "going organic" means — how "organic" is achieved 

and systems of certification, approval and labelling. The implications for dairy

farm operation and agricultural practice are considered, as well as the cost 

involved in going organic, the effects on productivity and veterinary practice 

and the transition from conventional to organic production. Milk producers’ 

objectives in going organic and their practical experience are presented. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 348/2000 - Automatic Milking - Payment Systems 

for Ex-Farm Milk - Dairy Farmers and the Millennium Round. World Dairy 

Producers Round Table 

Automatic milking 

Automatic milking is a topic of increasing interest, with new developments 

almost weekly. The benefits of this technique include reduced labour demand and 

thus a better social life for dairy producers, along with the potential for improved 

milk quality, animal health and welfare, and increased milk yields. This paper 

examines these factors in relation to cow traffic management, milking, milk 

hygiene, milk handling and herd management. Particular attention is given to the 

milking process and the effects on milk quality and udder health. 

12 pp 

Payment Systems for Ex-Farm Milk 

The replies of a new questionnaire, designed to cover not only features covered 

in the survey of 1998 but also new questions about organic or biological milk 

production, residues and environmental aspects, are presented. Twenty-six 

out of a total membership of 36 IDF countries participated in the survey. The 

following aspects are covered: Price expressions, Component criteria for price 

determination, Hygienic criteria, Production practices, MRLs, Frequency and 

method of payment, Contracts for national and international markets, Seasonal 

changes in the composition of milk. 

28 pp 

Dairy Farmers and the Millennium Round. World Dairy Producers Round 

Table 

26–28 November 2000, Vancouver, Canada 

The first IFAP-IDF World Dairy producers Round Table took place in Vancouver, 

BC, Canada, on 26-28 November 1999, with 67 participants representing 26 

countries. The objectives were to promote discussion among the dairy producers 

with the aim of progressing towards a greater mutual understanding and 

awareness of the impact of the trade negotiations could have on the dairy sector, 

bearing in mind the way in which these topics are dealt with differs greatly from 

country to country. The topics included the following - aspirations of farmers for 

the next WTO negotiations, world dairy situation 1999, farmers’ market power, 

expectations of developing countries, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, 

environmental issues, export subsidies, market access, domestic support. 

6 pp 

Date: 2000 - Pages: 48 - Paper: 34.71

Bulletin of the IDF No. 349/2000 - Overcoming Barriers to World Trade in 

Foods and Dairy Products 

Symposium held in Frankfurt, Germany, 7–8 November 1999 

The papers presented in this Bulletin cover the following topics: 

• the provisions of the TBT Agreement 

• how the TBT Agreement influences national legislation 

• the main differences between the TBT and SPS Agreements 

• how these two Agreements affect manufacturers and traders of food 

• how WTO/TBT procedures apply in international food trade 

• how to gain access to TBT notifications 

the status and influence of international organizations, such as IDF, ISO or 

AOAC in the context of TBT and in legislation on an international level for 

example in the Codex Alimentarius system. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 350/2000 - Inventory of IDF/ISO/AOAC International 

adopted methods of analysis and sampling for milk and milk products (sixth 

edition) 

by G. Webber (IDF), M. Lauwaars (AOAC International) & M. van Schaik (ISO) 

This inventory is intended to provide a complete catalogue of adopted methods 

of analysis and sampling for milk and milk products prepared by IDF, ISO, and 

AOAC International. Standards or adopted methods issued separately by the 

three organizations, along with methods under development, are also included. 

In order to accommodate the different requirements of different users, two tables 

are included – one classified on the basis of the products to which the methods 

apply, and the other classified according to the property or component being 

sampled, examined or analysed, both in alphabetic order. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 351/2000 - Safety in Dairy Products 

The papers presented at the Symposium in Ljubljana, Slovenia, 4 April 2000, 

dealt with the subject of safety in dairy products, with special emphasis on safety 

and hazards in Europe. Today, safety in food products is very much in focus, due 

to calamities with microbiological outbreaks, dioxin contamination, and other 

threats to human health. 

The consumer needs to be assured of the safety of the products consumed and 

of no threat to health. The papers focus on various aspects that are the major 

food safety criteria for milk and milk products, for which international standards 

exist through FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Food Standards Programme or 

other. These criteria involve potential microbiological pathogens, residues of 

veterinary drugs, residues of pesticides, PCBs and dioxins, and toxins that may 

contaminate the final products through cattle feed.

The latest developments in these fields and new techniques and protocols for 

contamination are discussed, along with their limits of detection and application 

of recombinant DNA technology for dairy production. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 352/2000 - Culture-Containing Dairy Products - Effect 

on Intestinal Microflora, Human Nutrition and Health - Current Knowledge 

and Future Perspectives 

By R. Fondén, G. Mogensen, R. Tanaka & S. Salminen 

This Bulletin updates and summarizes the reported current status of the role of 

cultured milk foods containing selected probiotic microorganisms for human 

nutrition and health benefits. Focusing beyond the nutritional health features 

and benefits of fermented milks, important criteria for selecting probiotic 

microorganisms and their safety aspects are reviewed. Some trends that review 

selected global consumption patterns of fermented milks containing probiotic 

microorganisms are included. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 353/2000 - Dairy Foods and Cardiovascular Health 

The programme of IDF’s Nutrition Week 1999 focused on Dairy Foods and 

Cardiovascular Health. It was particularly significant as new information is 

emerging about the important role of dairy foods in a heart healthy diet, in 

addition to the general nutritional benefits of dairy products. 

The papers and posters presented address such topics as "Epidemiology of 

Hypertension", "Dietary Calcium and Blood Pressure Control", and "Individual 

Fatty Acids and Esterification Effects on Blood Lipids". The scientific information 

provided can be used in educational efforts with policy makers, health 

professionals, and consumers who often do not fully appreciate the nutritional 

package provided by dairy foods. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 354/2000 - Development Strategy for Sheep and Goat 

Dairy Sector 

International Symposium, 13–14 April, 2000, Nicosia, Cyprus 

The idea of this International Symposium was to relate to the production and 

utilization of sheep and goat milk. The common denominator of the participants 

was the aim to achieve a commonly acceptable policy to ensure the survival 

and development of the sheep and goat milk sector in today’s reality in which 

globalization and liberalization of trade are starting to dominate the world. 

Distinguished scientists and professionals from 20 countries, working in the 

fields of production, processing and marketing of sheep and goat milk and its 

products, participated in this symposium. 

Numerous common questions, including consumers’ demands and promotion 

innovation, as well as competitiveness and development of local diversity 

development, are examined.



Results of annual survey presented by the President of Commission C at the IDF World 

Dairy Summit (Dresden), September 2000 

The 2000 edition of the World Dairy Situation report includes the customary 


sources where such Committees do not exist. Contributions from the ZMPwhich, 




of demand and consumption, prices for 1999 are presented, along with forecasts 

for 2000/2001. The dairy situation in 48 individual countries is summarized. The 

WDS Forum section comprises two papers: WTO and Non-Trade Concerns – 

Multifunctionality; Developments in School Milk. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 356/2000 - Disposal and Utilization of Dairy Sludge - 

Contamination of Milk 

Disposal and Utilization of Dairy Sludge 

A survey of the composition, treatment and disposal of sludge from dairy effluent 

treatment plants IDF Group of experts BI8 — Control of water and waste waters 

in dairy industry 

The importance of safe and economic sludge disposal has grown over the years. 

In some countries the cost of sludge disposal can be greater than the running 

costs for the effluent treatment system. This paper indicates how analytical 

data on dairy sludges show a considerable difference between dairy and sewage 

sludges. The results of a 1995 questionnaire answered by representatives from 

selected countries are presented in an Appendix. Information was requested on 

the different types of sludge from treatment of dairy effluents, the types of sludge 

treatment and disposal, and the regulations existing in the different countries for 

the disposal of sludge on land. 

Contamination of Milk 

Digested sludge (sewage sludge) 

A. Blüthgen 

This paper is an attempt at a scientific approach to the description of possible 

hazards and risks arising from the land spread of sludge from municipal sewers 

— collecting household and industrial waste waters — and comparable waste 

water treatment plants. The thoughts presented here are no final solution to 

the problem as this is evaluated according to whether fertilizing properties or 

possible environmental damage are put in the foreground. Only when the gaps 

of further information needed are closed will a final evaluation and appropriate 

recommendations for the use or not use of sludge in agriculture/dairying be 

possible. 

Organic migration agents into milk at farm level 

A. Blüthgen 

One of the most important groups of compounds capable of migrating are 

plasticizers in polymers and synthetic rubbers which come into contact with the

milk during milking and further processing, including packaging. The phthalic 

acid esters of medium chain alcohols, especially the diethylhexylphthalate 

(DEHP), are the most widely used. This chemical was chosen to illustrate the 

more generic approach to the final risk management and risk communication. As 

DEHP belongs to the endocrine mimics with high awareness in human medicine, 

including the recommendation to abandon PVC articles in transfusion medicine, 

this widespread technical and environmental chemical appears to justify this 

model illustration. 

Contamination of milk from feed 

A. Blüthgen 

The assessment of food safety and consumers’ protection depend on the 

quantification of the transfer from environmental xenobiotics into the milk, 

regardless of their nature as residues or contaminants in the early links of the 

food chain, focusing on feedstuffs for dairy cows. Within the frame of this paper 

only examples for individual chemicals or families of chemicals are outlined 

to elucidate an approach to the whole problem. The figures describe the order 

of magnitude of the carry-over rates observed. They fluctuate considerably 

for reasons of enhanced or reduced bioavailability of the substance due to 

environmental influences, and show in practically all cases a strong dependency 

of individual metabolic parameters of the cow, including different types of breed. 

The principles, limitations and importance of the carry-over of either residues or 

contaminants from feed into the milk of lactating cows are outlined. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 357/2000 - Bacillus sporothermodurans - A Bacillus 

forming highly heat-resistant spores - New developments in detection and 

identification of spore-forming bacteria in milk and milk products - Escherichia 

coli 0157: H7: aspects of concern to the dairy industry 

Bacillus sporothermodurans - A Bacillus forming highly heat-resistant spores 

by IDF Group A19 - Spores in raw milk and in milk products 

Today we have answers to most of our questions related to this organism. This 

monograph is intended to present an overview of research conducted in this area. 

New developments in detection and identification of spore-forming bacteria in 


by IDF Group A19 - Spores in raw milk and in milk products 

Recent methods for detection and typing of microorganisms have enabled 

investigators to go into deeper detail into various problems. This monograph 

presents the recent advances in this field. 

Escherichia coli 0157: H7: aspects of concern to the dairy industry 

by S.N. Bastian (France) and S.K. Sivelä (Finland) 

This paper presents an update on aspects of importance to the dairy industry. 

Date: 2000 - Pages: 62 - Paper: 37.18

Bulletin of the IDF No. 358/2000 - Functional Requirements for Milking 

Machines Referring to the ISO Standards 3918, 5707 and 6690 - Guide to 

the Use of ISO Standards for Milking Machine Installations and Additional 

Definitions - Minimum Competency Standards in Dairy Curricula - Variability 

of the Influence of ß-Lactoglobulin Phenotypes on Milk Compostion - 

Chemical-Physical Confirmation tests ("Higher" Validation Level) for the 

Detection of Residues of Antimicrobials in Milk - First Experiences with 

Automatic Flow Cytometric Determination of Total Bacterial Count in Raw 

Milk - Recommandations for the Hygienic Design of Storage Tanks for milk & 

milk products 

Functional Requirements for Milking Machines Referring to the ISO Standards 

3918, 5707 and 6690 

Proper functioning of the milking machine is essential in achieving proper 

milking performance and maintaining udder health and milk quality. The 1996 

version of ISO Standards 3918, 5707 and 6690 contains various performance 

requirements that should be followed in order to milk cows adequately. This 

paper aims to help the field personnel to interpret the results of milking 

machine testing. For each functional requirement, this paper helps to explain 

the consequences when a performance requirement is not fulfilled. It is 

also of assistance in determining the causes and solutions for a particular 

problem. Although the functional requirements come from ISO Standards, the 

interpretation is that of the IDF Group of Experts A32. 

Guide to the Use of ISO Standards for Milking Machine Installations and 

Additional Definitions 

The expert members of the IDF Group A32 — Milking machines — have found a 

number of errors and in some cases unclear formulations in the ISO Standards 

for milking machines installations: ISO 3918 Vocabulary; ISO 5707 Construction 

and performance, and ISO 6690 Mechanical tests. This paper aims to assist the 

users of the three ISO Standards in interpreting them for practical application. 

The first part presents the existing formulation of the errors and the proposed 

changes are described. The second part introduces some "Additional definitions 

to ISO 3918". 

Minimum Competency Standards in Dairy Curricula 

Originally intended as a basis for the establishment of a list of dairy education 

institutions in IDF member countries, the minimum competency standards 

published here have been developed to satisfy a need for criteria for use in 

industry and educational bodies. These minima suggest areas of study relevant 

to the particular roles appropriate to the required level of employment and 

recognize that course structure will vary depending on the expertise and the 

philosophy of the establishment providing the educational/training programme 

and in concert with local industry requirements. Two main categories of dairy 

personnel are encompassed in these guidelines: the Dairy Operator (considered 

to be engaged mainly in direct dairy product manufacture or in basic laboratory 

analytical work), and the Dairy Specialist (expected to fulfil various supervisory, 

technical or managerial positions).

Variability of the Influence of ß-Lactoglobulin Phenotypes on Milk Compostion 

IDF work on genetic variants of milk proteins was initiated in 1992. This gave rise 

to two seminars and a paper on milk protein variant genes. The items covered 

were: Implications of genetic polymorphism of milk proteins on production and 

processing of milk; Milk protein polymorphism; Differential expression of milk 

protein variant genes in heterozygous animals. The brief review presented here is 

a technical update of the above topics. 

Chemical-Physical Confirmation tests ("Higher" Validation Level) for the 

Detection of Residues of Antimicrobials in Milk 

by M. Pedersen & G. Suhren 

Numerous methods have been developed for the detection of residues of antiinfectives 

in milk, which are more or less often used in the national food control 

programmes. It became obvious that compared to the substances for which 

MRLs or comparable values are fixed, methods with a "higher" validation level are 

still missing, as for many ß-lactam antibiotics, macrolides, aminoglycosides, the 

quinolones and, with the exception of chloramphenicol, for all substances of the 

group "various". 

First Experiences with Automatic Flow Cytometric Determination of Total 

Bacterial Count in Raw Milk 

by G. Suhren & H.-G. Walte 

The use in everyday practice in dairy laboratories of automatic flow cytometric 

determination of total bacterial count in raw milk has grown dramatically. This 

report examines the principle and the practice of the method and the comparison 

with the traditional plate count method for total bacterial count. 

The report has already appeared in Kieler Milchuirtschaftliche Forschungsberichte 

50(3):249-274(1998). 

Recommandations for the Hygienic Design of Storage Tanks for milk & milk 

products 

IDF Group B36 - Hygienic design of equipment used in dairy plants - was set 

the objective of producing IDF recommendations on hygienic design and 

construction equipment for use in storage; processing, handling and packaging 

of dairy products, as well as the instrumentation to permit the equipment to 

function in a hygienic manner to protect public health. 

This paper includes: 

(a) Scope of work and definitions 

(b) Materials used in dairy processing equipment 

(c) Fabrication and design criteria for dairy processing equipment, to deal with 

design details of, for example, seals and gaskets, depth of packets, radiuses in 

corners, etc... 

Date: 2000 - Pages: 53 - Paper: 37.18

Bulletin of the IDF No. 359/2001 - The World Market for Cheese (Fifth Edition) 

By H. Herlev Sørensen (Denmark) 

This report is intended to provide the reader with an overview of the latest trends 

and structural changes in total world cheese production, trade and consumption. 

It is based mainly on a questionnaire, prepared by the Danish Dairy Board, and 

sent to the IDF member countries. Replies were received from 26 countries, 

representing approximately 80% of total world cheese production from cow milk. 

The information given in the questionnaire has been supplemented by the usual 

statistical sources, such as FAO, OECD, ZMP, etc. 

A further three countries answered the questionnaire but cheese production by 

types as well as consumption by types were not possible. A supplement includes 

the market description in these countries. 

This report is an update of the results presented in Bulletin 326/1997. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 360/2001 - Structural Change in the Dairy Sector 

One of the most prominent effects of GATT and WTO negotiations is the 

globalization of the dairy industry all over the world. However, it is not only 

the movement of goods across the borders that has increased in recent years, 

but also the activity of dairy companies outside their home country. Whether 

this takes the form of transfer of know-how, joint venture or direct financial 

involvement in a foreign country, the dairy industry shows itself increasingly 

venturesome in its expansion. These activities beyond national borders are 

stimulated partly by existing cross-border barriers and partly by the desire to 

join forces with regionally based companies and their staff to manufacture 

dairy products that may meet wider acceptance. Not to forget the fact that dairy 

products with a limited shelf life can only be distributed at short distance. A 

company wishing to make its trade name known in far-away countries will have to 

get involved there. 

This IDF Bulletin describes the efforts for internationalisation on the basis of 

several milk-producing regions. In this context, dairy industries in the following 

countries should be mentioned: United States of America, Germany, France, the 

Netherlands, Canada, Ireland and Poland. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 361/2001 - The Global Dairy Industry Today 

By P. Mikkelsen (Denmark) 

This report examines some of the characteristics of the world’s dairy industry 

today. Although the EU, the USA, Australia, New Zealand and Canada play a 

significant role in the global dairy industry, representing 80% of world cheese 

exports and producing 47% of the world’s cow milk, there are still many countries 

of great interest in terms of consumption as well as production and exporting 

potential. Several of these countries around the world are the focus of this report, 

providing us with a good impression of the situation and trends within the dairy 

industry world-wide. 

Date: 2001 - Pages: 49 - Paper: 40.00

Bulletin of the IDF No. 362/2001 - Mycobacterium paratuberculosis 

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (also called Mycobacterium avium subspecies 

paratuberculosis) is a significant cause of morbidity in dairy cattle in many 

countries, and infected animals may shed high levels of the organism in their 

faeces and low levels in milk. The IDF M. paratuberculosis Task Force comprised 

of 33 experts from 18 countries and diverse fields of specialization. Its objective 

was to compile information on the current practices, knowledge and research 

related to M. paratuberculosis and to assess available strategies for controlling 

M. paratuberculosis and where significant gaps in knowledge about this 

organism exist. 

The report presented in this Bulletin contains five chapters, each addressing a 

specific objective assigned to the Task Force: 

1. Diagnostic tests for paratuberculosis in cattle. 

2. On-farm paratuberculosis control methods. 

3. Ecological characteristics of M. paratuberculosis (factors affecting survival 

outside the host). 

4. Methods for enumeration of viable M. paratuberculosis in milk and milk 

products. 

5. Destruction of M. paratuberculosis in milk and milk products by heat. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 363/2001 - Dairy Nutrition for a Healthy Future - 

Sphingolipids: Metabolism and Implications for Health 

Dairy Nutrition for a Healthy Future 

IDF Nutrition Week 2000 

The objective of IDF’s Nutrition Week held on 29-30 May in Dublin, Ireland, was 

to share current nutrition information, while increasing the scientific knowledge 

on the ways in which dairy products can enhance well-being at all stages of 

life and contribute to optimum nutrition. The three major themes covered and 

reflected in the 6 papers presented in this Bulletin included: 

• Role of Dairy Nutrition at Different Life Stages 

• Health Effects of Milk and Other Food Components 

• Dairy Products with Nutritional Benefits 

Sphingolipids: Metabolism and Implications for Health 

M. Pfeuffer & J Schrezenmeir 

There is strong evidence that sphingolipids play an important role for various 

metabolic physiological functions with potentially important implications for 

health. Dietary sphingolipids may directly exert beneficial effects in the intestinal 

tract, protecting against cancer and bacteria infection. 

This paper examines how dietary measures affect the endogenous sphingolipid 

metabolism, and the close association between cholesterol and sphingomyelin 

(SM) regulatory mechanisms suggests that cholesterol may to some extent affect 

CHD risk via modification of the SM metabolism.


Bulletin of the IDF No. 364/2001 - On-Farm Control and Diagnosis of 

Paratuberculosis 

Paratuberculosis is an infectious disease that has emerged to become one of the 

leading causes of economic loss to the dairy cattle and small ruminant industries. 

In recognition of this, the International Dairy Federation created a Task Force 

to compile the latest information concerning the diagnosis and control of the 

disease, the biology of the agent Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, and issues 

related to manufacturing of dairy products from infected animals. 

Two products result from the Task Force’s work: IDF Bulletin No. 362/2001 and 

an International Symposium on Diagnosis and Control of Paratuberculosis held 

in Brussels, 27 January 2001. These proceedings summarize material presented 

at the Symposium. 

There were over 170 people representing 27 countries attending the meeting. 

In addition to the four international speakers on diagnosis and control of 

paratuberculosis, presentation of short reports on research, diagnosis and 

control activities going on in 13 countries (Australia, USA, Netherlands, Czech 

Republic, Denmark, France, Greece, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Italy, Iceland, 

Israel) are presented. 

Date: 2001 - Pages: 85.0000 

Bulletin of the IDF No. 365/2001 - Quality Management for Small & Medium- 

Sized Dairy Processors 

A total of 50 persons attended the workshop in Zimbabwe. Session 1 is devoted 

to milk production. Information is provided as to how good quality raw milk 

can be provided at farm level to ensure the manufacture of good quality dairy 

products. Session 2 targets milk reception, milk handling and transport, storage 

and processing. Session 3 provides interesting perspectives on Quality Control 

and Laboratory Analysis; giving interesting insights on what takes place in 

different countries as well as detailed information on how to achieve excellence in 

this area. Session 4 deals with Quality Management Systems. Emphasis is placed 

on the vital need for self-regulation in producing safe food, and the benefits of 

organised systems of achieving quality management. Session 5 is devoted to 

the educational needs of establishing quality management systems. Session 

6 addresses Product Safety. Session 7 concentrates on Sensory Education, 

providing new insight into how products can be evaluated more objectively by 

sensory evaluation techniques. Session 8 concentrates on reaping the benefits of 

quality management in the fields of laboratory services, marketing, and achieving 

customer satisfaction, and managing change in a dairy enterprise. 

Date: 2001 - Pages: 67 - Paper: 55.00

Bulletin of the IDF No. 366/2001 - Influence of Feed on Major Components of 

Milk - Nutrient Removal Practices in the Dairy Industry 

Influence of Feed on Major Components of Milk 

P. M. Toppino, L. Degano, H. Itabashi, L. Baevre, S. Tamminga, J.J. Kennelly, L.J. 

Erasmus, J.E.Hermansen, H. Rulquin 

This monograph, originally intended as an up-date of Bulletin of IDF No. 125 

- Factors affecting the yields & contents of milk constituents of commercial 

importance - serves as a modest survey of currently available information. The 

chapters cover Trends in Milk Composition (results of an IDF survey), Effects of 

Feed on Fat Content and Fatty Acid Composition in Milk, Influence of Feeding 

Oilseeds on the Fatty Acid Composition of Milkfat, Producing Milk with 2.5% 

Fat & the Biology and Health Implications for Dairy Cows, Nutritional and 

Management Factors Affecting Milk Protein Content and Composition. 

59 pp 

Nutrient Removal Practices in the Dairy Industry 

J. Barnett 

This report provides guidance to the dairy sector on nutrient removal in 

wastewater treatment. 

16 pp 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 367/2001 - Mastitis Newsletter No. 24 

General 

Report of the IDF Standing Committee on Animal health — K.L. Smith, Chairman 

Note from the Editor — H. Hogeveen 


Mastitis in certified organic dairy herds in Sweden — C. Hamilton, U. 

Emanuelson & T. Ekman 

Studies on bovine Escherichia coli mastitis in Finland — T. Kaipainen 

Recovery of cow teats after milking: ultrasonic scanning — F. Neienhuis, H. 

Hogeveen & G. Klungel 

Changes in milk somatic cell count with regard to the milking process and the 

milking frequency – preliminary report — J. Hamann 

Milking three times a day and its effect on milk production and udder health — 

H. Hogeveen, J.D. Miltenburg, S. den Hollander & K. Frankena 


Denmark 

The integrated cattle health and milk quality project of the Danish Dairy Board — 

H. J. Andersen 

The Netherlands 

Implications of the introduction of automatic milking on dairy farms — A. 

Meijering & H. Hogeveen 

Mastitis Control in Member Countries 

Introduction — K.L. Smith, Chairman 

Denmark — K. Aagaard

Finland — H. Saloniemi & L. Kulkas 

Germany — J. Hamann 

Ireland — W. Meaney 

Italy — A. Zecconi 

The Netherlands — H. Hogeveen 

New Zealand — M. W. Woolford 

Norway — O Osteras 

Sweden — T. Ekman 

Switzerland — M. Schallibaum 

United Kingdom — E. J. Hillerton 

United States of America — K.L. Smith 


US National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting – 2001 

Somatic cells in milk of dairy cows 

The British Mastitis Conference 2000 

Symposium on robotic milking 

World EXPO 2000 




Results of annual survey presented by the chair of the Standing Committee "Dairy 

Policies and Economics" at the IDF World Dairy Summit (New Zealand), October 

2001. 







of demand and consumption, prices for 2000 are presented, along with some 

dairy product information and forecasts for 2001. Country reports provided by 

experts from Member States, describing developments and sometimes subjective 

prognosis, are presented. The WDS Forum section comprises three papers: The 

WTO Agreement and the Indian Dairy Industry: What Can We Learn From the 

First 5 Years?; Impacts of Liberalizing World Trade in Dairy Products; Prospects 

for World Dairy Markets. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 369/2001 - Cheeses in all their Aspects - Detection of 

antibiotic residues in liquid whey and demineralized whey powders - Safety 

performance criteria for a microbiocidal step (treatment) 

Cheeses in all their Aspects 

An eclectic assembly of topics formed the programme of the IDF Analytical Week 

symposium in San Pellegrino (Italy) in 2001.

Traditional local cheese production (Giangiacomo and Pagani) illustrates the 

link between the cheese and geography and climate, race of animal etc in local 

production. 

Cheese ripening 

General mechanisms and specific cheese varieties (Ardö). Analysis of casein 

components, peptides and amino-acids characterizes the ripening. Unique 

criteria can be established for specific cheese varieties. 

Casein in relation to cheese (Boutrou and Gagnaire). Different cheesemaking 

processes, coagulants and starter strains produce different casein matrices. 

Different cheeses result from different forms of proteolysis and from differences 

in interaction between the components of the casein matrix. 

Factors associated with hygienic control and quality of cheese prepared from 

raw milk (Donnelly) summarizes earlier reviews of epidemiological literature on 

human illness outbreaks involving such cheeses and considers what is known 

about the technological background to the cheeses in question. Stress adaptation 

of raw milk pathogens in the cheesemaking environment is considered. 

Environmental contamination appears to be a greater threat. 

Sampling of cheese (Lamprecht). Cheese is an inhomogeneous product. 

Furthermore there is a requirement to provide a sample of cheese "as it is usually 

consumed" but this requirement cannot be achieved in practice. It is proposed to 

report on how the sampling has been accomplished in a transparent fashion. 

Tasting the cheese and sensory analysis (Giorno) introduces the concepts of 

brain function in relation to sensory perception and an approach to the process 

of purchase choice. Communicating the characteristics determined for a cheese 

is considered, as well as the transfer from one language (and culture) to another. 

32 pp 

Detection of antibiotic residues in liquid whey and demineralized whey 

powders 

J-M Diserens, A Beck, M-C Savoy-Perroud, W Heeschen & G Suhren 

While tests exist for the detection of antimicrobial agents in milk and milk 

derivatives, in practice the interpretation of the results frequently presents 

a difficulty because the history of the process from raw material to product 

cannot be traced and the performance criteria of the analytical procedure are 

insufficiently well-known. The study of several methods described here indicates 

that before methods are applied their performance characteristics must be 

established. 

10 pp 

Safety performance criteria for a microbiocidal step (treatment) 

IDF Task Force on Alternatives to traditional heat treatments 

The Task Force’s report establishes safety performance criteria for treatments 

for producing safe drinking milk and dairy products, in comparison with 

pasteurization. A 9-step process is described to achieve the establishment of 

adequate process criteria for a microbiocidal step. 

3 pp 

Date: 2001 - Pages: 47 - Paper: 40.00

Bulletin of the IDF No. 370/2002 - Quantitative Recommendations for Milking 

Machine Install. for Small Ruminants - Guidelines: test of the flow Capacity of 

the Milking Unit - Nutrition Week 2000 

Quantitative Recommendations for Milking Machine Installations for Small 

Ruminants 

P. Billon, N. Fernandez Martinez, O. Ronningen, F. Sangiorgi & E. Schuiling 

This paper proposes quantitative recommendations which take into account their 

own physiology, special milking routines used in the different countries, and the 

need for producing high quality milk. An attempt is made to provide the most 

accurate guidelines for construction and performance for milking machines for 

small ruminants in general. 

17 pp 

Guidelines for Test of the Flow Capacity of the Milking Unit 

IDF Standing Committee on Farm management 

ISO standards for performance requirements and tests of milking machines have 

to cover the function and test of milking machines as well as for all member 

countries. Paragraph 1 of clause 16 of the ISO standard 5707 was meant as 

a measurement of the flow capacity of a milking cluster but turned out to be 

problematic and inconsistent. The document presented in this bulletin, prepared 

by an Action Team, describes the shortcomings of the current standard and 

proposes a new test method. 

2 pp 

Nutrition Week 2000 

Dairy Nutrition for a Healthy Future: Abstracts & Posters 

The objective of the IDF Nutrition Week 2000 was to share current nutrition 

information, while increasing the scientific knowledge on the ways in which dairy 

products can enhance well-being at all stages of life and contribute to optimum 

nutrition. The three major themes covered were: 

• Role of Dairy Nutrition at Different Life Stages 

• Health Effects of Milk and Other Food Components 

• Dairy Products with Nutritional Benefits 

The available papers of the IDF Nutrition Week 2000 were published in the 

Bulletin of IDF No. 363/2001. However, it was agreed to publish the abstracts 

at a later stage as more were available. Posters on related topics were presented 

during the meeting, the abstracts of which are presented in this Bulletin. 

17 pp 

Date: 2002 - Pages: 38 - Paper: 42.00

Bulletin of the IDF No. 371/2002 - Use of enzyme preparations in 

cheesemaking - Detection of vegetable proteins in milk products 

Use of enzyme preparations in cheesemaking (Other than rennet) 

This paper discusses the wide use of enzymes, other than rennet, in the cheeseripening 

process. It examines, in particular, the effect of certain enzymes on the 

flavour, texture and consistency of natural cheese. Furthermore, it covers the area 

of enzyme-modified cheese and its application as a food ingredient. Finally, it 

outlines the legislative framework for the incorporation of these enzymes into 

food products. 

20 pp 

Detection of vegetable proteins in milk products 

M.A. Manso, T. M. Cattaneo, S. Barzaghi, M.D. Pérez, L. Sánchez, M. Calvo, C. 

Olieman, G. Brett & R. López-Fandiño 

International food law and consumer attitudes require that the protein content 

of milk products be derived exclusively from milk. Historically, the methods 

for detecting non-milk protein in dairy products have been unreliable. For this 

reason, the European Commission appointed experts to conduct a comparative 

study of the various testing methods currently available. 

26 pp 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 372/2002 - A fresh perspective for managing milkborne 

diseases 

Proceedings of the Animal Health Conference 

IDF World Dairy Summit 2001 Auckland, New Zealand 

The Animal Health Conference in Auckland focused on the threat of milkborne 

diseases. Particular attention was given to Foot and Mouth Disease Virus 

(FMDV), Escherichia coli (e. coli), paratuberculosis and mastitis. The aspects 

examined were the causes of diseases in milk, IT solutions for their surveillance, 

ways of reducing their prevalence, the EU legislative framework for somatic cell 

counts and import risk analysis. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 373/2002 - Farming for profit from fresh pasture 

Proceedings of the Farming Conference 


The Farming Conference in Auckland examined farming in the context of profit, 

efficiency and lifestyle. It compared and contrasted seasonal, pasture-based and 

high-input dairy farming and their impact on profit, milk output and quality of life. 

Date: 2002 - Pages: 37 - Paper: 40.00

Bulletin of the IDF No. 374/2002 - New processing technologies for the future 

Proceedings of the Emerging Technologies Conference 


The Emerging Technologies Conference in Auckland examined new processing 

technologies for dairy products. The benefits to be derived from the technologies 

covered were in the areas of product flavour, texture, nutritional and health value, 

convenience, safety and consumer confidence. A wide range of new technologies 

was presented at this conference. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 375/2002 - Fresh perspectives on bioactive dairy 

products 

Proceedings of the Nutrition Conference 


The Nutrition Conference in Auckland provided a detailed overview of 

developments in bioscience in the dairy sector. It examined the challenges to be 

met in terms of technology, health and nutritional properties, safety and efficacy, 

consumer perception, the regulatory framework and marketing strategies. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 376/2002 - The implications of policy changes for the 

world dairy industry 

Proceedings of the Policy, Economics and Marketing Conference 


The Policy, Economics and Marketing Conference in Auckland highlighted current 

and future developments in the main milk-producing regions of the world. It 

summarized the market situation for dairy products, examined national and 

international policies in the areas of farm income, the environment, food safety 

and trade and how changes to these policies may impact on the world dairy 

industry. Finally, it covered progress in marketing and communications with 

consumers of dairy products. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 377/2002 - Health benefits and safety evaluation of 

certain food components - Inventory of Microorganisms with a documented 

history of use in food - Trans Fatty Acids - Milk lipids in diet and health – 

Medium Chain Fatty Acids (MCFA) 

Health benefits and safety evaluation of certain food components 

Food microorganisms - health benefits, safety evaluation and strains with 

documented history of use in foods 

G. Mogensen, S. Salminen, J. O’Brien, A. Ouwehand, W. Holzapfel, C. Shortt, R. 

Fondén,G.D. Miller, D. Donohue, M. Playne, R. Crittenden & B. Bianchi Salvadori

This scientific summary reviews the latest research related to health benefits and 

safety evaluation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and introduces an inventory of food 

microorganism species with a history of safe use in foods. 

6 pp 

Inventory of Microorganisms with a documented history of use in food 

J. Seifert & G. Mogensen 

In order to classify traditionally used microorganisms (starter cultures) as safe 

food ingredients, the IDF in collaboration with EFFCA (European Food and 

Fed Cultures Association) has compiled an inventory of microorganisms with 

a documented history of use in food. The inventory is contained in full in this 

paper. 

10 pp 

Trans Fatty Acids 

Y. Soustre, B. Laurent, J. Schrezenmeir, M. Pfeuffer, G. Miller & P. Parodi 

The expression ‘trans fatty acids’ encompasses a large number of substances 

having highly heterogeneous roles. Several experimental and epidemiological 

studies suggest that trans fatty acids (mainly elaidic acid) would seem to have 

negative effects on plasma cholesterol levels and the incidence of cardiovascular 

disease, as described in this paper. 

12pp 

Milk lipids in diet and health – Medium Chain Fatty Acids (MCFA) 

M. Pfeuffer & J. Schrezenmeir 

Due to its unique absorption and metabolism characteristics, medium chain 

triglyceride (MCT) preparations have been used therapeutically since the 1950s, 

mostly for parenteral nutrition and in the treatment of long-chain triglyceride 

(LCT) malabsorption, or as concentrated source of energy for preterm infants. 

This paper looks at the potential role of MCFA/MCT on health and performance 

in an everyday setting and in modulating Western life style health risks. 

11 pp 



Results of annual survey presented by the chair of the Standing Committee "Dairy 

Policies and Economics" at the IDF World Dairy Summit , October 2002. 







of demand and consumption, prices for 2001 are presented, along with some 


experts from Member States, describing developments and sometimes subjective

prognosis, are presented. The WDS Forum section comprises three papers: 

Prospects for world markets, critical analysis of the concept of producer subsidy 

equivalent, school milk: recent developments and emerging issues. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 379/2002 - Payment Systems for Ex-Farm Milk 

M. Beauséjour (CA) 

This report brings together the replies to IDF Questionnaire 1701/FM of 19 of 

the 35 full Member Countries of the IDF. It provides a useful comparison of the 

pricing mechanisms used in different countries, examining the role played by 

compositional and hygienic quality, along with other factors such as regulation, 

organic production, environmental measures, enduse of milk and seasonality of 

production, in the final milk price. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 380/2003 - Health Effects of Probiotics and Culture- 

Containing Dairy Products in Humans - Detection of Fermentation-Produced 

Chymosin (FPC) in Rennet - Laboratories in Transition 

Health Effects of Probiotics and Culture-Containing Dairy Products in 

Humans 

A.C. Ouwehand, B. Bianchi Salvadori, R. Fondén, G. Mogensen, S. Salminen, R. 

Sellars 

This scientific summary reviews the latest research related to the wide array of 

health benefits attributed to probiotics and culture-containing dairy products. 

17 pp 

Detection of Fermentation-Produced Chymosin (FPC) in Rennet 

J.-C. Collin, C. Repelius, M.K. Harboe 

This study deals with the use of enzymes in cheese-making. It describes the 

methodology for determining the presence of certain milk-clotting enzymes in 

cheese. 

5 pp 

Laboratories in Transition 

S. Coates, R. López-Fandiño, G. Wilson, H. van den Bijgaart, S. Holroyd 

A symposium session organized during the IDF/ISO/AOAC International 

Analytical Week 2002 (Toledo, Spain, April 2002) dealt with the accreditation 

of laboratories, notably the validation of methods, the new ISO Standard on 

accreditation and the application of modern information technology to the 

handling and communication of analytical data. 

32 pp 

Date: 2003 - Pages: 57 - Paper: 60.00

Bulletin of the IDF No. 381/2003 - Review of Practices for Cleaning and 

Sanitation of Milking Machines - Measuring Vacuum in Milking Machines 

Review of Practices for Cleaning and Sanitation of Milking Machines 

D.J. Reinemann, G.M.V.H. Wolters, P. Billon, O. Lind and M.D. Rasmussen 

This paper gives an overview of cleaning and sanitation practices for milking 

machines with an update of recent research. Moreover, the paper provides a 

very practical section for trouble-shooting cleaning problems and guidance on 

strategic sampling. 

18 pp 

Measuring Vacuum in Milking Machines 

M.D. Rasmussen, D.J. Reinemann and G.A. Mein 

The technical condition of milking equipment may have a direct or indirect 

influence on udder health and milk quality. This document explains how 

measurements carried out in the milking unit can be interpreted and why faults 

are likely to affect the outcome of the milking. 

14 pp 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 382/2003 - Guide for Dairy Managers on Wastage 

Prevention 

Increasingly stringent environmental requirements demand a new revised 

approach to dairy wastage management. This guide covers process description, 

types of waste, sources of loss, and waste reduction practices, together with 

advice on minimizing environmental impact and cost. Technical aspects and 

systematic wastage management make up an overall environmental management 

system. Methods of measuring flow, sampling and methods of analysis are also 

covered. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 383/2003 - New Applications of Mid-infra-red 

Spectrometry for the Analysis of Milk and Milk Products - Proceedings of IDF 

Symposium on Advancement in Analytical Techniques 

New Applications of Mid-infra-red Spectrometry for the Analysis of Milk and 

Milk Products 

H. van den Bijgaart, J.M. Van Crombrugge, C. Baumgartner, A.Landgraf, J. 

Buermeyer and A.B. Bendtsen 

Mid-infra-red spectrometry has long been used successfully for the compositional 

analysis of milk and its fat, protein and lactose components. This paper looks at 

new applications of the technology to cover analysis of urea, freezing point, pH, 

specific sugars, lactic acid, casein, free fatty acids and citric acid. 

32 pp

Proceedings of IDF Symposium on Advancement in Analytical Techniques, 

Holstebro, 21 May 2003 

J. Tønder, E. Wolthers, J.C. Jennings, A.J. Whetsell, N.R. Nicholas, B.M. Sweeney, 

M.B. Klaften, S.B. Kays, G.F. Hartnell, R.P. Lirette & K.C. Glenn, C. Sidi, D.K. 

Pedersen, P. Gowik, B. Juul, M. Tomaska and G. Suhren 

In today’s climate of technological advances in food production, it is important 

to consumers and companies alike that reliable methods of compositional 

analysis exist. This paper looks at some of the technologies available to provide 

confidence in biotechnological developments and at the public and private 

control measures in operation. 

28 pp 



Results of annual survey presented by the chair of the Standing Committee “Dairy 

Policies and Economics” at the IDF World Dairy Summit, September 2003. 







of demand and consumption and prices for 2002 are presented, along with some 


experts from member states, describing developments and sometimes subjective 

prognosis, are presented. The WDS Forum section comprises four papers: OECD 

and EU projections on agricultural markets, EU enlargement and dairy markets, 

EU dairy reform decisions and beyond butter, cheese and powder: non-traditional 

dairy products: facts, implications and challenges. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 385/2003 - Proceedings of the IDF 2nd World 

Symposium, Melbourne, August 2003 

The 27 papers and 44 posters presented here discuss and review the science 

and technology of the nutritional and physiologically-functional characteristics 

of milk and dairy products, and their industrial implications. The impact of 

consumption of dairy products on human health and nutrition at various stages 

of life, the role for dairy in the functional foods revolution, and the application of 

new technologies for preparation of novel dairy products, is also featured. 

Date: 2003 - Pages: 176 - Paper: 60.00

Bulletin of the IDF No. 386/2004 - Bruges 2003 - Quality Management at 

Farm Level - Code of Good Hygienic Practices for Milking with Automatic 

Milking Systems 

Quality Management at Farm Level 

Proceedings of the Farming Conference, IDF World Dairy Summit 2003, Bruges, 

Belgium 

For consumers, animal health, animal welfare and care for the environment 

are becoming increasingly important. The Quality Management at Farm Level 

Conference in Bruges examined the question of how to manage (recognize, 

judge, decide and prevent) chemical and microbiological contaminants in milk at 

farm level. 

40 pp 

Code of Good Hygienic Practices for Milking with Automatic Milking Systems 

This Code of Good Hygienic Practices (GHP) has been developed with the aim of 

assisting milk producers in producing safe and suitable milk using an Automatic 

Milking System (AMS) and provides recommendations that are intended to 

supplement general good hygienic milking practices as stipulated by legislation 

and/or sector guides on good hygienic milking. 

6 pp 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 387/2004 - Bruges 2003 - Centenary of IDF - The Dairy 

(R)evolution - 100 Years Change 

Centenary of IDF 

Proceedings of the Centenary Session – 9 September 2003 

Three speakers were asked to look into the future for the celebration of IDF’s 

100th Birthday and dealt respectively with farm policy in Europe, dairy technology 

and dairy business. 

15 pp 

The Dairy (R)evolution – 100 Years of Change 

Proceeding of the Policy, Economics and Marketing Conference 

The Policy, Economics and Marketing Conference in Bruges highlighted current 

and the future developments in the main milk-producing regions of the world. 

It provided a comprehensive history of the production and consumption of the 

dairy products from their origins to the present day and pinpointed the role 

of IDF in this process. It went on to summarize the technical and business 

challenges in world dairying today and to examine future strategies at the 

producer, processor and retailer level. Finally, it put the world dairy industry into 

its current and the regulatory context.

37 pp 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 388/2004 - Bruges 2003 - 100 Years with Liners and 

Pulsators in Machine Milking 

The Bruges Conference on Liners and Pulsators in Machine Milking examined the 

history, technological developments, yield factors and health and hygiene aspects 

of machine milking over the last 100 years. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 389/2004 - Bruges 2003 - Advances in Fractionation 

and Separation: Processes for Novel Dairy Applications 

The Bruges Conference on Advances in Fractionation and Separation - Processes 

for Novel Dairy Applications examined technological developments, health and 

hygiene aspects and economic elements of fractionation and separation of milk. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 390/2004 - Methods for Calculating Milk Equivalents 

- Characteristics of Sheep and Goat Milks - Test Kits for Milk from Species 

Other than Cows 

Methods for Calculating Milk Equivalents 

The methods for calculating "milk equivalents" have been on IDF’s agenda on a 

number of occasions. Finding a solution that satisfies all demands has remained 

elusive. This report gives examples of the application of the methods to illustrate 

the differences that can arise when the different methods are used and underline 

the need for care in interpretation. 

15 pp 

Characteristics of Sheep and Goat Milks: Quality and Hygienic Factors for the 

Sheep and Goat Dairy Sectors 

This text aims to give the IDF Standing Committee on Microbiological Hygiene 

elements for application of hygienic regulations in the sheep and goat dairy 

sectors and to help the Codex Alimentarius to take into consideration the 

specified situation of the "sheep and goat" sector. This is an area where reliable 

figures have rarely been brought together before. 

13 pp 

Suitability and Application of Available Test Kits for the Detection of Residues 

of Antimicrobials in Milk from Species Other than the Cow – a Review 

The production of milk, cheese and other dairy products from species other than 

the cow (that is, sheep, goat, buffalo, camel and less often the mare, reindeer and 

yak) has been very important in many countries around the world for millennia.

This report deals with the application of test kit methods for antimicrobials, 

originally developed for use on cows’ milk, in the case of commercial milks of 

other species. 

12 pp 

Use of Routine Analytical Methods for Controlling Compliance of Milk and 

Milk Products with Compositional Requirements 

Official reference methods are often slow, expensive and unsuitable for highthroughput 

analysis. More rapid and cheaper alternative methods may improve 

the process and product control because the sampling frequency can be 

increased with fewer resources. This report deals with the sometimes difficult 

question of the application of routine methods for enforcement purposes. 

9 pp 



Results of annual survey presented by the Chair of the Standing Committee 

"Dairy Policies and Economics" at the IDF World Dairy Summit, November 2004. 





economy of the world dairy sector, have significantly added to the publication. 


of demand and consumption and prices for 2003 are presented, along with some 


experts from member states, describing developments and sometimes subjective 

prognosis, are presented. The WDS Forum section comprises four papers: 

recent dairy policy developments; OECD and EU projections on dairy markets; 

international investment in dairy processing; and, the importance of sheep and 

goat milk around the world. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 392/2004 - Food Safety Objective (FSO) & 

Performance Objective (PO) - Heat Resistance of Pathogenic Organisms 

Food Safety Objective (FSO) & Performance Objective (PO) 

Concept paper on future development of food-safety management 

This paper was developed within the IDF Standing Committee on Microbiological 

Hygiene. It is based on earlier work conducted by the ICMSF, discussions during 

the development of the Codex Code of Hygienic Practice for Milk and Milk 

Products, and ongoing discussions and work within the Codex Committee for 

Food Hygiene (CCFH), primarily in relation to the development of principles and

guidelines for microbiological risk management. It aims at explaining the nature 

of the new risk-management concept based on FSOs and at visualizing how it 

may be practically implemented and could impact the planning and design of 

food-safety management systems. 

9 pp 

Heat Resistance of Pathogenic Organisms 

(Kiel Workshop) 

The capacity of micro-organisms to resist heat treatment is of major practical 

importance to the dairy industry, in which such treatments are universally applied 

to ensure that products for human consumption are safe and wholesome. 

The objective of the workshop organized jointly by the German Federal Dairy 

Research Institute in Kiel and the IDF, as described in this paper, was to review 

and discuss latest findings as well as long-established data to provide a sound 

basis for determining technological practices in the future. 

115 pp 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 393/2005 - Trans Fatty Acids: Scientific Progress And 

Labelling 

Trans fatty acids (TFA) have been the subject of much discussion since IDF 

published a review of current knowledge in Bulletin No 377/2002. This new issue 

reviews the development in legal provisions for TFA in foods in the few countries 

that have done this, examines the scientific basis for such requirements, 

and explains the facts concerning the differing physiological effects on lipid 

metabolism, cardiovascular dis-ease (CHD), diabetes etc of TFA from different 

sources. It also consid-ers the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on lipid 

metabolism, diabetes, cancer and immune function, with a mention of the 

analyti-cal methods available. (84 references) 

Keywords: acid, analysis, biomarker, cancer, cardiovascular, chain, chil-dren, 

cholesterol, diabetes, fatty, health, hypertension, immune, le-gal, lipid, long, lymph, 

medium, metabolism, saturated, triglyceride, unsaturated, vaccenic 

Date: 2005 - Pages: 19 - Free of charge 

Bulletin of the IDF No. 394/2005 - Economic Consequences Of Mastitis 

Control of mastitis is undertaken to improve animal welfare and economic 

performance. However, calculating the cost of mastitis and its control as well as 

the benefit of control is complex. A number of factors is involved and it is difficult 

to make reliable estimates of the cost effect of some of these factors. This report 

presents an approach to these problems and considers the limitations of the 

solutions available with calculated examples and comment on these calculations. 

23 references.

Keywords: animal welfare, antibiotic use, clinical mastitis, control, cost/benefit, cow 

replacement, culling, economic performance, emerging countries, farm economics, 

herd health, labour costs, losses, mastitis, milk yield, preventive medicine, quality 

payment, quota system, replacement, somatic cell counts, sub-clinical mastitis, 

sustainable, therapy, udder health, veterinarians 

Based on the 4th IDF International Mastitis Conference recently held in 

Maastricht, The Netherlands, a complete overview of the current knowledge in 

the field of mastitis is now available. 

Date: 2005 - Pages: 25 - Paper: 23.00 - Electronic: 20.00 

Bulletin of the IDF No. 395/2005 - Method Standardization In The Third 

Millennium 

Proceedings of symposium held in IDF/ISO/AOAC International Analytical 

Week, Parma (Italy), 21 April 2004 

Demands by users of methods of analysis, and by users of the results, for 

precision and reliability are greater year by year. The analytical community is 

constantly considering how to improve performance and how to communicate 

the improvements. The papers at this symposium presented the latest thinking 

in the organizations responsible for standardizing methods, alternatives to 

standard methods, routine methods for official purposes, analytical methods 

in product quality management and process risk analysis, harmonization of 

precision in microbiological methods, taking advantage of advances in analytical 

methodology. 

Keywords: analysis of dairy products, antibiotics testing, autocontrol, criteria 

approach, interlaboratory studies, laboratory practice, official control, quality 

management, reliability of analytical results, risk analysis, routine methods, somatic 

cell count, standardization of methods, statistics of analytical results 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 396/2005 - Evaluating Milking Performance 

Overview of commonly-encountered problems in machine milking of cows and 

guidelines for methods for evaluating the milking installation, its operation and 

the interaction between equipment, cow and operator based on recent experience 

of dairy advisers, udder health specialists and milking machine technicians. 

Suggests meas-urements to quantify aspects of milking performance with a view 

to recommendations concerning the milking process and determining whether 

measures introduced have had an effect (102 references) 

Keywords: ACR, automatic cluster removal, bovine, cow behavior, cow cleanliness, 

cow handling, cow preparation, liner, mastitis, milking equipment, milking routine, 

over-milking, pulsation, pulsators, SCC, somatic cell count, Streptococcus, sub-clinical 

mastitis, teat cleaning, teat condition, teat end,teatcup, udder cleaning, vacuum level

Based on the 4th IDF International Mastitis Conference recently held in 

Maastricht, The Netherlands, a complete overview of the current knowledge in 

the field of mastitis is now available. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 397/2005 - The Codex General Standard for the Use of 

Dairy Terms - Its nature, intent and implications 

Nutritional value, functional properties and sensory characteristics of dairy 

products contribute to the good market position they enjoy. But cheaper 

imitations can also be lucrative and it is important that the consumer is not 

misled by misuse of dairy names. The objective of the Codex General Standard 

on the Use of Dairy Terms is to deter-mine where, when and how dairy terms 

may be used and where they may not. This issue of the Bulletin of IDF provides 

information on the nature, intent and possible implications of the GSUDT in 

the context of national, regional and international trade, including its status in 

relation to the WTO Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement (TBT). 

The principles of the application of dairy terms are discussed, with examples, 

in relation to milk products, composite milk products and other foods. Their 

application to milk products with modi?ed com-position (for example, fat 

reduced, protein enriched, etc) is also cov-ered, with examples. The text of the 

Codex GSUDT is included as an appendix. Throughout the text reference is also 

made to the relevant provisions of the Codex General Standard for Labelling 

Prepackaged Foods (GSLPF). 

This report is intended for legislators working on labelling matters in the national 

context, the regional context and the international context as well as for legal 

specialists in food companies and in trade associations concerned with these 

issues. 

Keywords: advertising, butter, cheese, Codex, coffee whiteners, con-densed milk, 

cream, dairy, dried milk, evaporated milk, food legisla-tion, GSLPF, labelling, low-fat, 

milk, milk powder, milk products, TBT, WTO, yoghurt 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 398/2005 - Guide on Life Cycle Assessment towards 

Sustainability in the Dairy Chain 

Life cycle analysis is a method of environmental analysis that assesses the 

impact a product has on the environment throughout its entire life cycle. This 

Guide, prepared jointly by IDF and the United Nations Environment Programme, 

introduces and defines the concepts involved in life cycle analysis and life cycle 

assessment in the dairy context and their relevance to sustainable development. 

It describes a methodology for life cycle assessment applied to the dairy chain 

and illustrates it with the results of LCA on packaging systems, on dairy farming 

systems and on milk products. It presents the environmental impacts of energy 

consumption and the effect of the Kyoto Agreement on the dairy industry, 

together with a series of case studies of the use of LCA in the dairy in Australia,

France, North America and Scandinavia and reports on discussion the future of 

LCA as a tool to promote sustainability in the dairy industry. 

Keywords: Agenda 21, Best available technology, Climate change, Earth Summit 

(Rio,) Effluents, Environment, Environmental impact, Global warming, ISO 14 040, 

Kyoto, Life cycle analysis, Life cycle assessment, Life cycle management, Ozone layer 

(Montreal), Sustainability, Sustainable agriculture, United nations Environment 

programme (UNEP), Waste handling, World Summit on Sustainable Development 

(Johannesburg) 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 399/2005 - The World Dairy Situation 2005 

Results of annual survey presented by the Chair of the Standing Committee 

«Dairy Policies and Economics» at the IDF World Dairy Summit, Vancouver, 

September 2005. The 2005 edition of the World Dairy Situation report includes 

the customary collation of figures and comments from IDF National Committees 

and other sources. Data are also available from countries which are not IDF 

members. Contributions from the ZMP which, on behalf of IDF, has continued 

its networking with other institutions working on the economy of the world 

dairy sector, have significantly added to the publication. Milk production, 

industrial milk processing, trade in dairy products, development of demand and 

consumption and prices for 2004 are presented, along with some dairy product 

information and forecasts for 2005. Country reports provided by experts from 

member states, describing developments and sometimes subjective prognosis, 

are presented. The WDS Forum section comprises three papers: OECD review 

of the potential effects of liberalization of world dairy trade; Comparison of the 

world dairy trade projections produced by various authoritative bodies; effects of 

accession to the EU of the dairy sector of the new member states. 

Keywords: consumption trends, dairy situation, dairy markets, world trade, 

liberalization of dairy trade, dairy trade projections, EU enlargement 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 400/2005 - Membrane technologies for the 

fractionation of dairy components 

Overview of promising applications of membrane processing of milk, whey 

etc: micro?ltration for separating somatic cells, milkfat globules, bacteria and 

micellar casein, and combined membrane processes for preparing milk proteins 

or peptides of nutritional or nutraceutical interest, such as beta-lactoglobulin and 

beta-casein bioactive peptides. 

26 references. 

This is the first paper presented at the IDF World Dairy Summit and Centenary 

Conference (Bruges, 2003) on Advances in Fractionation and Separation: 

Processes for Novel Dairy Applications. The other papers were published in 

Bulletin of IDF No 389/2004.

Keywords: bacterial separation, bioactive, casein, fat globule, beta-lactoglobulin, 

membrane, micelles, peptide, protein, micro?ltration, separation, somatic, 

technology, whey 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 401/2005 - Energy use in Dairy Processing 

Review of several aspects of minimizing energy use and the environmental effects 

of energy use in dairy processing. 

World Standard Energy Practice and Best Available Technology in the context of 

dairy processing, energy sources and production for both heating and cooling, 

combined heat and power systems, heat recovery systems, savings in energy and 

cost for heating and refrigeration, monitoring and targeting energy usage, meters 

and measuring points, data collection and use, energy conservation, achieving 

Kyoto targets, environmental effects and emissions, effects on human health. 

Keywords: BAT, Best Available Technology, butter, carbon dioxide emission, cheese, 

CHP, CIP, cleaning-in-place, climate change, Combined Heat and Power, compressed 

air, cream, economics of energy saving, electricity generation, emissions trading, 

energy audit, energy conservation, energy consumption, energy costs, environmental 

emissions, evaporators, greenhouse effect, health effects, heat exchangers, heat 

recovery, Kyoto targets, milk, nitrogen oxides, pasteurization, refrigeration, spray driers, 

steam generation, sulphur dioxide, technology, World Standard Energy Practice 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 402/2005 - The World Market for Cheese 1995-2004, 

Sixth Edition 

This report is intended to provide the reader with an overview of the latest trends 

and structural changes in total world cheese production, trade and consumption. 

It is based mainly on a questionnaire, prepared by the Danish Dairy Board, 

and sent to IDF member countries. Replies were received from 30 countries 

representing approximately 80 per cent of total world cheese production from 

cow’s milk. The information given in the questionnaire has been supplemented 

by the usual statistical sources, such as FAO, OECD, ZMP, etc. A supplement 

includes the market description in these countries. 

This report is an update of Bulletin 359/2001. 

Keywords: cheese markets, world market 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 403/2006 - Payment Systems for Ex-Farm Milk 

Compilation of information on the pricing systems used in 29 IDF member 

countries to allow comparison of the systems used, based on the results of a 

questionnaire relating to payment systems in use in the year 2003. Data relate to 

the milk of cows but also buffaloes, sheep and goats for those countries where 

milk from these animals is produced in commercial quantities. Replies concern 

the basis for payment, the form of regulation of the market, compositional 

criteria, hygiene criteria, production practices, dairy farm assurance programmes

(including environmental issues and animal welfare), maximum residue levels, 

frequency and mechanisms of payment, cooling, transport and seasonality. 

Keywords: buffalo milk, component prices, cows milk, ex-farm milk, farm assurance, 

goats milk, hygiene criteria, milk prices, organic milk, quality payment, sheep milk 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 404/2006 - Continuous monitoring of machine milking 

This paper provides a survey of possible checks to be included in a continuous 

monitoring system and an evaluation of the importance of each point, as a guide 

to manufacturers, and helps to supply the dairy industry with appropriate tools. 

Keywords: air, cleaning, cooling, machine, manual, mechanical, milking, milkline, 

monitoring, vacuum. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 405/2006 - Comprehensive review of scientific 

literature pertaining to nitrogen protein conversion factors 

This IDF review of scientific literature shows that there is substantial scientific 

evidence to support a specific nitrogen protein conversion factor for specific 

sources of protein, rather than to introduce a single inaccurate nitrogen protein 

conversion factor, as has been envisaged in the revision of the Codex Standard 

for Infant Formula. 

Date: 2006 - Pages: 11 - Free of charge 

Bulletin of the IDF No. 406/2006 - New Applications of Mid-infra-red 

Spectrometry for the Analysis of Milk and Milk Products 

Mid-infra-red spectrometry has long been used successfully for the compositional 

analysis of milk and its fat, protein and lactose components. This paper looks at 

new applications of the technology to cover the analysis of casein and free fatty 

acids. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 407/2006 - Determination of Water Content of Butter 

Oil By Karl Fischer Titration 

Water content of butter oil has hitherto been determined using an international 

standard method (ISO 5536 | IDF 23:2002) for the Karl Fischer titration using 

chloroform (trichloromethane) as additional solvent to methanol in the working 

medium. However, it has been shown that 1-octanol can replace toxic chloroform. 

The results of an international interlaboratory test of this method are described, 

showing that the new method using 1-octanol is equivalent to, or even better 

than, that using chloroform in terms of accuracy and precision of the results and 

the use of chemicals and titrators from different manufacturers has no significant 

influence on the results. 

Date: 2006 - Pages: 5 - Paper: 10.00 - Electronic: 7.00

Bulletin of the IDF No. 408/2006 - Staphylococcus Aureus Intramammary 

Infections 

Report summarizing current knowledge on Staph. Aureas mastitis, describing the 

major epidemiological features of the micro-organism and the currently applied 

methods to diagnose and control intramammary infections. 

Keywords: animal health, hygiene, lactation, mastitis, milk production, 

staphylococcus aureus 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 409/2006 - The World Dairy Situation 2006 

Annual survey presented at IDF World Dairy Summit and Congress in Shanghai 

in October 2006. Production, consumption, trade and price figures from dairy 

sector and other sources, comments and prognoses on the situation in different 

countries and analysis of the whole, covering IDF member countries and a 

number of non-member countries. WDS Forum section covers international farm 

comparisons (IFCN) and worldwide market prospects. 

Keywords: milk production, consumption trends, dairy situation, dairy markets, world 

trade, dairy trade projections 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 410/2007 - Proceedings of the 1st ParaTB Forum 

Paratuberculosis is an infectious disease that has emerged to become one of the 

leading causes of economic loss to the dairy cattle and small ruminant industries. 

The first IDF ParaTB Forum held in Shanghai, China, in October 2006, provided 

a platform for - presentations of national /regional control or eradication 

programs on paratuberculosis in dairy herds (goals, type of program, methods 

and mechanisms involved); - feed-back on programs that are established or 

under establishment; - analyses on how well the program is pursuing the goals 

set. The programme of the meeting included presentations of programs in 6 

countries, a contribution of a review of communication and training programs, 

and the view of a dairy processing company. Representatives of 14 countries and 

a multinational dairy food processor participated in the meeting. 

analysis, cell, dairy herds, e. coli, import, Johne’s disease, mastitis, mycobacterium 

paratuberculosis, paratuberculosis, pasteurization, risk, somatic 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 411/2007 - Selective enumeration of bifidobacteria in 

dairy products: Development of a standard method 

Bifidobacteria play an important role as probiotic microorganisms in fermented 

dairy products. Usually, culture methods are used for routine examination of 

these products. As far as bifidobacterial enumeration is considered, several 

methodologies have been proposed during the last two decades, however, with 

limited applicability due to laborious procedures and/or lacking selectivity. 

According to experience, the accompanying microflora often negatively influences

the discrimination among the different groups of bacteria contained in a 

product. On this account, a project team within the IDF “Lactic acid bacteria” 

group elaborated a procedure for bifidobacterial enumeration and a draft 

standard method. This report describes in detail, how the method was developed 

and assessed for its performance based on selectivity, reproducibility and 

repeatability. It can be used as a roadmap for developing a microbiological 

standard method. 

Keywords: Bifidobacteria, probiotics, dairy products, colony count technique, 

collaborative trials, standardization 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 412/2007 - IDF guiding principles for traceability/ 

product tracing 

Thirteen guiding principles as a consensus of the worldwide dairy sector on how 

to apply traceability / product tracing in the dairy production chain. 

Keywords: certification, food safety, inspection, product tracing, safety, traceability, 

tracing 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 413/2007 - Health-enhancing milk components: 

Technological advances and health benefits 

Proceedings of the conference on Health-enhancing Milk Components: 

Technological Advances and Health Benefits, at the IDF World Dairy Congress 

in Shanghai, China, October 2006. The publication provides insights into the 

latest and emerging scientific knowledge about the characteristics of major and 

minor bioactive component groups occurring naturally in milk, focusing on 

components with positive health attributes. The conference papers presented 

novel technologies for extraction of bioactive components from milk and product 

innovations based on these components. Examples on documented health 

benefits delivered through such value-added products are also given. 

Keywords: health, nutrition, bioactive, proteins, peptides, lactoferrin, phospholipids 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 414/2007 - World dairy production and trade : Trade 

policy and development for Asia 

Proceedings of the conference on World Dairy production and trade : trade policy 

and development for Asia, at the IDF World Dairy Congress in Shanghai, China, 

October 2006. The publication provides insights into the status and prospects of 

the dairy sectors in China, India, Japan and Mongolia, as well as on the status of 

trade negotiations and agreements, and national or regional policies. An analysis 

of the world trade in dairy products from 1995 to 2005 is also presented. 

Keywords: economics, trade, policy, statistics 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 415/2007 - Asian Indigenous Dairy Products 

Presentations made at the "Seminar on Asian Indigenous Dairy Products and 

Their Basic Manufacturing Technologies or Mechanisms of Structure Formation” 

at the IDF World Dairy Summit and 27th IDF World Dairy Congress in Shanghai, 

China, in October 2007 covering indigenous products of China, India Indonesia 

and Iran. 

Keywords: Aarchi, Airagin los, Bamboo, Buffalo, Burfi, Butter, Chakka, Cheese, 

Chhana, Condensed shallot yoghurt, Culture, Curd, Dahi, Dessicated, Doogh, 

Fermented, Ghareghrout, Gulabjamun, Heat-acid coagulated, Indigenous, Iranian 

white cheese, Kalakand, Kashk, Khoa, Koumiss, Milk fan, Milk lump, Milk tea, 

Milkcake, Mishti Doi, Paneer, Peda, Rasogolla, Sandesh, Set yoghurt, Shrikhand, 

Stirred, Tofu, Traditional, Wurum, Yak, Yoghurt, Zhouhei. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 416/2007 - Animal Health: Management And Control 

Of Infectious And Production Diseases 

Bulletin of IDF containing extended abstracts and full papers of the Animal 

Health Conference: Management and Control of Infectious and Production 

Diseases at the IDF World Dairy Congress in Shanghai, China, October 2006. 

A first series of papers cover different aspects of mastitis: cost to farmers and 

impact on milk quality and safety, diagnosis, risk factors at farm level, hygiene, 

control, therapy, prevention. A second series cover claw diseases (lameness) and 

bovine tuberculosis (control and surveillance, management of wildlife reservoirs, 

diagnosis, vaccines). 

Keywords: Animal disease, Animal health, Antimicrobial resistance, Bacteria, 

Bovine tuberculosis, Cattle, Claw, Contagious, Control, Cow, Diagnosis, Herbs, Herd 

management, Hygiene, Intramammary, Lameness, Lysozyme, Mastitis, Milk quality, 

Milking, Nisin, Pathogen, Prevention, Somatic cell count, Teat, Vaccines, Welfare, 

Wildlife, Zoonosis. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 417/2007 - The Health Benefits Of Milk And Dairy 

Products 

Proceedings of the conference on the Health Benefits of Milk and Dairy Products, 

at the IDF World Dairy Congress in Shanghai, China, October 2006. Papers cover 

chemical and nutritional aspects of human milk and infant formula formulation 

and processing, beneficial effects of fermented milk, structural and bioactivity 

determinants of the nutritional 

value of lactoferrin, nutritional and physiological effects of peptides from whey, 

overall issues of diet and health from the perspective of knowledge needed for 

designing diet, cow’s milk allergy, bone metabolism, metabolic syndrome and 

cardiovascular disease. 

Keywords: allergy, bacteria, bioactive proteins, bioactivity, bone density, bone 

metabolism, breastfeeding, CMA (Cow’s milk allergy), defence, diet, fermented, gene, 

health, hypoallergenic, infant formula, ingredients, intolerance, LAB, lactic acid ,

lactoferrin, lactose, metabolic syndrome, milk, mineral accretion, nutrients, nutrition, 

peptides, probiotics, supplementation, whey, whey proteins, cardiovascular disease 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 418/2007 - Good Dairy Farming Practices Related To 

Primary Production Of Milk And Farm Management 

Proceedings of the conference on Good Dairy Farming Practices related to 

Primary Production of Milk and Farm Management , at the IDF World Dairy 

Congress in Shanghai, China, October 2006. Papers cover the importance of 

Good Farming Practice, milk production methods and animal feed in China, 

the Codex Alimentarius Code of Practice on Good Animal Feeding, dairy herd 

management, nutritional approaches to dairy animals in India, hygiene on the 

farm, and the use and maintenance of milking machines. 

Keywords: animal health, Codex, dairy farming, dairy development, farm, farm 

management, feed, feeding, GDFP, genetics, GFP, good practice, herd, hygiene, 

machine milking, milking, production 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 419/2007 - Collaborative studies organized to include 

sheep and goat milk in the scope of joint standard ISO 5764|IDF 108: 2002 

milk – Determination of freezing point – Thermistor cryoscope method 

(Reference method) 

Bulletin presenting the collaborative studies organized to include sheep and goat 

milk in the scope of joint standard ISO 5764|IDF 108: 2002 Milk – Determination 

of freezing point – Thermistor cryoscope method (Reference method). 

Keywords: analysis, ewe, freezing point, goat, milk, precision, repeatability, 

reproducibility, sampling, sheep, standard, thermistor cryoscope 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 420/2007 - Coagulation Of Milk: Processes And 

Characteristics 

Review of the milk coagulation reaction as encountered in the manufacture of 

dairy products, covering definitions, traditional and non-traditional processes of 

coagulation, characteristics of coagulated milk proteins, changes in coagulated 

dairy products during processing and storage (including ripening), methods of 

analysis to verify coagulation, and references. 

Keywords: acid, casein, cheese, CLSM, coagulation, covalent, cross-linking, dairy, 

enzymes, ethanol, flocculation, gelation, hydrophobic, ionic, methods, micelle, milk, 

plastein, polysaccharides, precipitation, protein, proteolysis, proteolytic, rennet, 

rheological, ripening, SEM, TEM, Van der Waals 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 421/2007 - Foot And Mouth Disease And The Dairy 

Industry: Problems And Prevention 

Bulletin of the IDF containing the papers presented at the seminar on "Foot and 

Mouth Disease and the Dairy Industry: Problems and Prevention" at the IDF 

World Dairy Summit and 27th World Dairy Congress in Shanghai, China, October 

2006. 

The papers identify important areas for the dairy industry to consider in case of 

an outbreak of Foot and Mouth disease (FMD) and focus on potential risks of 

consuming products from diseased or vaccinated animals. 

Keywords: animal health, cloven-hoofed, contingency, control, disease, FMD, 

livestock, outbreak, prevention, regulation, safety, vaccination, vaccine, virus, zoonosis 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 422/2007 - Reduction Of Greenhouse Gas Emissions 

At Farm And Manufacturing Levels 

Proceedings of the workshop on the Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions at 

farm and manufacturing levels, held on 23 October 2006 at the IDF World Dairy 

Summit and World Dairy Congress, Shanghai, China. The proceedings contain 

a review of the Kyoto protocol, the generation and sources of greenhouse gas 

emissions in the dairy industry, and some of the strategies to mitigate emissions 

either at farm level or at manufacturing level in different parts of the world. 

Keywords: carbon disoxide, climate change, emissions, energy consumption, enteric 

fermentation, fossil fuels, ghg, greenhouse gas, hydrofluocarbons, life-cycle analysis, 

manure, methane, mitigation, nitrous oxide, perfluocarbons, reduction, refrigerants, 

sulphur hexafluoride 



Annual survey presented at IDF World Dairy Summit Dublin in September 2007. 

Production, consumption, trade and price figures from dairy sector and other 

sources. Comments and prognoses on the situation in different countries and 

analysis of the whole, covering all major producing and consuming countries. 

Review of various forecasts of dairy trade to 2015, Impact of biofuels on dairying, 

International farm comparisons (IFCN). 

Keywords: milk production, consumption trends, dairy situation, dairy markets, world 

trade, dairy prices, dairy trade projections, biofuels 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 424/2008 - Advances in Analytical Technologies 

Papers presented at the International Symposium on Advances in Analytical 

Technologies, held on 23 May 2007 in Munich, Germany, in the framework of 

the IDF/ISO Analytical Week 2007 : Rapid methods for microbiological testing of 

milk and milk products; Innovation in classic microbiology for the enumeration

of quality indicators in food; Use of microbiological, immunological and receptor 

tests for monitoring residues of antimicrobials in milk. 

Keywords: analysis, antimicrobials, microbiology, quality, residues, standard, testing 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 425/2008 - How to use Sampling Plans for Inspection 

by Variables in the Case of Measurement Error 

Guidance on using sampling plans for inspection by variables in the case of 

measurement error. 

Keywords: analysis, inspection, measurement, sampling, standard, variables 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 426/2008 - Milking Management Of Dairy Buffaloes 

Monograph on milking management and machine milking of buffaloes. Chapters 

cover buffalo milk production, milk composition and quality, anatomy of 

the buffalo udder, physiology of milk ejection, milkability of buffaloes (milk 

flow curves), udder health, milking machines, milking routines, housing and 

management, storage of milk and milk recording. 

Keywords: anatomy, breeding, buffalo, composition, cooling, cortisol, ejection, 

environment, fat, flow, hand-milking, housing, hygiene, lactation, machine-milking, 

mastitis, milk, milking, oxytocin, production, prolactin, protein, quality, recording, 

SCC, storage, tanks, teat, udder 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 427/2008 - Towards A Reference System For Somatic 

Cell Counting In Milk 

Somatic cell count is a main indicator of udder health in lactating animals. 

The direct microscopic method (DMSCC) is the reference method, and 

offically recognized as such for the calibration of automated somatic cell 

counting equipment. The first paper, the interlaboratory collaborative study, has 

established the precision (repeatability, r, and reproducibility, R) of the reference 

method. The values of r and R are independent of the level of somatic cell counts. 

The second paper describes the architecture of reference systems, the status 

quo of somatic cell counting (SCC) and the concept for the implementation of a 

reference system for SCC. 

Keywords: analytical strategy, calibration, mastitis, method, reference system, somatic 

cell, standard, udder 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 428/2008 - Determination of omega-3 and omega-6 

fatty acid content by gas-liquid chromatography in milk fat from Enriched 

products - Interlaboratory collaborative studies 

Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids have been shown to lower the risk of coronary 

heart disease. As a result, milk and different dairy products, including infant 

formula, supplemented with or naturally enriched in omega-3 fatty acids, are 

now available on the market. A reliable method to evaluate the real content of 

these nutrients has been standardized. A pilot study was conducted to identify 

and resolve problems connected with the determination of omega-3 fatty acids in 

milk enriched with marine oil. A full international collaborative study, including 

both omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, was carried out establishing the precision 

(repeatability, r, and reproducibility, R) of the methods. In this paper, the results 

of the pilot study as well as those of the full international collaborative study are 

reported. 

Keywords: analysis, enriched, fat, fatty acid, gas-liquid chromatography, international 

collaborative study, milk, milk fat, omega-3, omega-6, pilot, precision, repeatability, 

standard 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 429/2008 - Physiological and Functional Properties of 

Probiotics 

Summary and conclusions of the work of an IDF project group to establish a list 

of physiological and functions properties required of probiotic bacteria and to 

establish methods to assess these functions. 

Keywords: bacteria, functional properties, health, probiotic 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 430/2008 - Hygiene and Food Safety of Dairy products 

and Food Standards for International Trade 

Proceedings of the Conference on Hygiene and Food Safety of Dairy Products 

and Food Standards for International Trade, at the IDF World Dairy Congress 

in Shanghai (CN), October 2006. 

The publication contains the conference papers covering : Recent Developments 

in Risk Management, introducing the new approach to quantitative risk 

management; Practical Food Safety Management, providing examples of 

developments in food safety management in various geographical regions; 

Predictive Modelling in Decision Making, providing an update on new tools and 

models; Emerging Food Safety Issues, addressing specific food safety issues 

under debate on the international scene. 

Keywords: hygiene, milk, milk products, predictive modelling, risk management, safety 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 431/2008 - Dioxin and PCB levels in milk 

A document based on replies to IDF questionnaire 3002/SCRCC – Dioxin/PCB 

levels in milk. Since the health concerns peaks of the late 90’s, the dioxin and 

related compounds issue has evolved in most of the developed countries. Due to 

its rapid transfer to the food chain, the key to reduce human exposure to PCDDs/ 

PCDFs is to reduce the releases into the environment. Through regulation and 

voluntary efforts, releases of dioxin to the environment, and particularly where 

milk is concerned, have been dramatically reduced. 

Keywords: Dibenzo-Furans (PCDFs), dioxin, dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs), environment, 

furan, lipophilic, PolyChlorinated Dibenzo-Dioxins (PCDDs), safety 



Annual survey presented at IDF World Dairy Summit, Mexico City (MX), in 

November 2008. Production, consumption, trade and price figures from dairy 

sector and other sources. Comments and prognoses on the situation in different 

countries and analysis of the whole, covering all major producing and consuming 

countries. Review of various forecasts of dairy trade; impact of biofuels on 

dairying. 

Keywords: dairy economics, milk production, consumption trends, dairy situation, 

dairy markets, world trade, dairy prices, dairy trade projections, biofuels 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 433/2009 - A Revolution in Food Safety Management 

Proceedings of the IDF/FAO Symposium “A Revolution in Food Safety 

Management – Practical implementation in the dairy product chain”, Bali (ID), 

13-15 February 2008. Papers are related to charting a new course in food safety 

with the development and implementation of risk-based metrics; incorporating 

risk-based metrics in HACCP plans; getting to grips with pathogens; practices, 

perception and role of risk management & risk communication. 

Keywords: Contamination, Food safety, HACCP, Hygiene, Microbiology, Mycotoxins, 

Pasteurisation, Pathogens, PCBs, Risk assessment, Risk management, Safety, 

Standards, Tracing 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 434/2009 - International Collaborative Study on the 

Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Milk Fat Purity 

in Milk and Milk Products by Analysis of Triglycerides - Draft international 

standard ISO 17678|IDF 202 

International Collaborative Study 

Adulteration with cheaper fats of milkfat naturally present in pure milk products 

is not a new problem but the methods of analysis available to detect adulteration 

and determine its extent have only been sufficiently sensitive to carry out

the task satisfactorily relatively recently. A new draft International standard 

has been produced by IDF and ISO (ISO 17678|IDF 202) based on the gas 

chromatographic analysis of triglycerides (TG), separated by carbon number, 

and the derivation of TG equations from the data using multivariate statistics. A 

combination of the results of TG contents is used for the detection of different 

kinds of foreign fat in pure milk products. The new method also covers recent 

improvements in the analytical technique. 

The international collaborative study conducted to determine figures for the 

repeatability (r) and reproducibility (R) applicable to milkfat in products from 

a wide range of geographical origins is described and the newly-determined 

precision figures are given for fire TG equations being differently sensitive for a 

wide range of adulterant fats. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 435/2009 - Standardization of a Chemiluminescent 

Method to Detect Alkaline Phosphatase in Liquid Dairy Products 

Collaborative studies for the IDF/ISO standard: ISO 22160|IDF 209:2007 - 

Milk and milk-based drinks - Determination of alkaline phosphatase activity - 

Enzymatic photo-activated system (EPAS) method. 

Keywords: Alkaline phosphatase, Enzyme, EPAS, Milk, Milk drinks, Precision, 

Standard 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 436/2009 - Environmental/Ecological Impact of the 

Dairy Sector: Literature review on dairy products for an inventory of key issues 

List of environmental initiativess and influences on the dairy sector 

Survey commissioned by the IDF with the aims of highlighting the key issues for 

the dairy sector based on a literature review focused on Life Cycle Assessment 

(LCA) studies and of giving an overview of initiatives and labels that play a role 

for the dairy sector and what they imply for the various industry sectors. 

Keywords: Carbon, Ecology, Emissions, Environment, Footprint, Gas, GHG, 

Greenhouse, LCA, Sustainability, Sustainable, Warming 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 437/2009 - Effects of Foot-and-Mouth Disease on the 

Dairy Industry 

Position paper outlining the effects that an outbreak of Foot-and-Mouth 

Disease, a highly infectious viral disease of cloven hoofed livestock, can have 

on the dairy industry in any country in the world. In some countries the dairy 

industries are complex and integrated, as most of the milk or milk products 

produced are destined for international trade, whereas in other countries most 

of the milk and milk products produced are for local consumption. There are 

three key issues: FMD is highly infectious and spreads very rapidly through 

a population of susceptible dairy animals. An outbreak will result in severe

economic consequences to dairy producers and processors and the country as a 

whole; Control measures are aimed at preventing spread to livestock as FMD is 

not a public health issue for human consumers of milk and milk products. 

Keywords: Animal, Breeding, Contagion, Disease, FMD, Foot-and-Mouth, Infection, 

Infectious, Livestock, Outbreak, Prevention, Vaccination 



Annual survey presented at IDF World Dairy Summit, Berlin (DE), in September 

2009. Production, consumption, trade and price figures from dairy sector 

and other sources. Largest dairy companies by turnover and by milk intake. 

Comments and prognoses on the situation in different countries and analysis 

of the whole, covering all major producing and consuming countries. Review of 

various forecasts of dairy trade. 

Keywords: dairy economics, milk production, consumption trends, dairy situation, 

dairy markets, world trade, dairy prices, dairy trade projections 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 439/2009 - Interlaboratory Collaborative Studies on 

Reference Method ISO 1211|IDF 1 for the Determination of the Fat Content in 

Cow Milk, Sheep Milk and Goat Milk 

The gravimetric reference method for determination of fat in milk (International 

Standard ISO 1211| IDF 1) was subjected to new international interlaboratory 

studies to establish its precision characteristics (reproducibility, R, and 

repeatability, r). In these new studies the method was applied to cow whole milk, 

cow reduced fat milk and cow skimmed milk and to milk from sheep and goats. 

This paper is the report of the interlaboratory studies. 

Keywords: cow milk, sheep milk, goat milk, fat determination, Roese-Gottlieb, 

precision, interlaboratory study 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 440/2009 - Interlaboratory Collaborative Study on the 

Kjeldahl Reference Method for Nitrogen Determination in Sheep and Goat 

Milk according to ISO 8968-1/2|IDF 20-1/2 

The reference method for determination of nitrogen in milk (International 

Standard ISO 8968-1/2|IDF 20-1/2) was subjected to an international 

interlaboratory study to establish its precision characteristics (reproduci-bility, 

R, and repeatability, r) when the method is applied to sheep milk and goat milk. 

This paper is the report of the interlaboratory studies. 

Keywords: sheep milk, goat milk, nitrogen determination, Kjeldahl, precision, 

interlaboratory study 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 441/2009 - Monitoring success of paratuberculosis 

programs Proceedings of 2nd Paratuberculosis Forum, Minneapolis, August 

2009 

Paratuberculosis is an infectious disease that is one of the leading causes 

of economic loss to the cattle and small ruminant industries. The dairy 

sector (and the beef sector) have studied how to control and reduce the 

prevalence and spread of this disease for many years. The 2nd ParaTB 

Forum, held in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA on 8 August 2009 provided 

the opportunity to consider national and regional control and eradication 

programs on paratuberculosis in dairy herds with the emphasis on monitoring 

the effectiveness ot these programs and analysing the factors affecting their 

degree of success.The programs developed in four different countries, covering a 

wide variety of dairy regimes, were reviewed and discussed. 

Paratuberculosis specialists and farmers’representatives of nine countries 

participated in the forum. 

Keywords: dairy herds, ELISA, farmer communication, Johne’s disease, mastitis, 

Mycobacterium, paratuberculosis, risk analysis 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 442/2010 - Current situation and compilation of 

commercially available screening methods for the detection of inhibitors/ 

antibiotic residues in milk 

The presence or absence of residues of antibiotics and microbial growth 

inhibitors in milk is checked routinely and systematically in all dairy countries. A 

wide range of screening test kits is available to the dairy sector for this purpose. 

This compilation brings together recent information on what is available 

commercially, the analytical principle of the tests, their limits of detection and 

their use in practice (e g, on-farm, in the dairy plant and the control laboratory), 

together the background of the regulatory requirements concerning the minimum 

levels permitted for the residues in milk. 

Keywords: antibiotics, detection, inhibitors, intramammary injectors, lactating cow 

treatments, mastitis, residues screening tests 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 443/2010 - Environmental issues at dairy farm level 

The dairy sector worldwide is confronted with a triple challenge – how to feed 

an increasingly large human population, how to control the impact of dairy 

production on the global environment and, at the same time, to discover new 

ways of managing animal and milk production to achieve these aims. The papers 

in this IDF Bulletin provide an overall review of the interaction between milk 

production and the environment and possible measures to minimize the impact 

of each on the other, and illustrate the practical steps that can be and are being 

taken by the dairy sector in a variety of countries and in relation to specific

environmental issues: air quality, soil quality, water quality, energy use, pesticide 

residues. 

Keywords: Animal production, air quality, biodiversity, climate change, energy use, 

environment, environmental management, environmental policies, land use, nitrogen, 

nutrient losses, nutrient management, pesticide residues, phosphorus, regulations, soil 

quality, water quality, water resources 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 444/2010 - Feed-associated Mycotoxins in the Dairy 

Chain: Occurrence and Control 

Review of current scientific knowledge about the major mycotoxins of concern 

to dairy cattle and dairy products, their occurrence in feedstuffs, conditions 

under which they are formed, their metabolism in cattle and carry-over into milk: 

information on the risks of mycotoxins in relation to human food safety and 

animal health, current status with respect to legislation and limits in feed and 

dairy products including Codex Alimentarius standards, measures to control 

mycotoxin contamination of animal feedstuffs and exposure of animals, analysis 

and sampling: extensive bibliography. 

Keywords: Mycotoxins, milk, dairy products, cattle feed, carry-over, legislation, Codex 

Alimentarius, analytical methods, sampling 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 445/2010 - A common carbon footprint approach for 

dairy - The IDF guide to standard lifecycle assessment methodology for the 

dairy sector 

Creating consistency and a clear message on the quantification of carbon 

footprint is important for the reputation of the world dairy sector to highlight the 

high level of engagement that is already taking place in relation to this issue, and 

to identify practices that will further reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 

The IDF guide is the first international consensus document describing a 

common carbon footprint approach for dairy products including addressing 

the common LCA challenges of allocation to co-products and land use change. 

The document identifies the key areas in which there is currently ambiguity or 

differing views on approach while it recommends a science-based approach 

that can also be inserted into existing or developing methodologies for practical 

application in developing and developed dairy industries across the world. 

The IDF guide has been developed in close collaboration and with the active 

involvement of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 

(FAO) and the Sustainable Agriculture Initiative Platform (SAI Platform). 

Keywords: carbon footprint, climate change, emissions, environment, environmental 

management, environmental policies, greenhouse gas, land use, LCA, milk production, 

sustainability 

Date: 2010 - Pages: 40 - Free of charge


Annual survey presented at IDF World Dairy Summit, Auckland (NZ), in 

November 2010. Production, consumption, trade and price figures from dairy 

sector and other sources. Largest dairy companies by turnover and/or milk 

intake. Comments and prognoses on the situation in different countries and 

analysis of the whole, covering all major producing and consuming countries. 

Review of various forecasts of dairy trade. 

Keywords: dairy economics, milk production, consumption trends, dairy situation, dairy 

markets, world trade, dairy prices, dairy trade projections 

Date: 2010 - Pages: 206 - Electronic: 125.00 

Bulletin of the IDF No. 447/2010 - New Applications of Mid Infra-Red 

Spectrometry for the Analysis of Milk and Milk Products 

Products with an higher content of unsaturated fatty acids interest the dairy 

sector. Modern analytical and statistical techniques provide accurate results on 

the contents of saturated, unsaturated, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids in 

products from cow, goat and ewe milk. Mid infra-red spectroscopy with Fourier 

Transform Infra-Red technology (FTIR) can be applied as screening method, as 

milk payment parameter and as a tool for optimizing dairy cattle feeding. 

Keywords: Mid infra-red spectroscopy (MIR), Fourier Transform Infra-Red technology 

(FTIR), saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, cows milk, goats milk, ewes milk 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 448/2011 - Suggested Interpretation of Mastitis 

Terminology (revision of Bulletin of IDF N° 338/1999) 

Guide to unambiguous usage of mastitis terms intended to minimize 

differences in usage in different English-speaking countries and thereby facilitate 

communication between mastitis specialists and users of mastitis data, bearing 

in mind the importance of mastitis in animal welfare and economics of milk 

production. Recent mastitis and other literature (IDF, Codex and other) has been 

reviewed to incorporate terms resulting from improvements in knowledge in the 

past 12 years. 

Keywords: mastitis, somatic cell count (scc), milk production, mastitis control, mastitis 

treatment, animal health 

Date: 2011 - Pages: 35 - Paper: 45.00 - Electronic: 40.00 

Bulletin of the IDF No. 449/2011 - Integrated supply chain management 

I - INTEGRATED CHAIN MANAGEMENT (ICM) FOR FOOD SAFETY 

IDF principles of Integrated Chain Management applied to food safety and the 

Codex and ISO standards defining their application to foods are outlined in the 

context of milk and milk products in the first chapter. 

The second chapter provides the guidelines on integrity of suppliers’ milk and 

examples of approaches and means that can be used alone or in combination

to counteract systematic and/or large scale adulteration of suppliers´ milk. This 

chapter is based on the IDF principles of Integrated Chain Management. 

II – FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRA-RED (FTIR) TECHNOLOGY FOR ROUTINE 

MILK SCREENING 

The principles of Fourier transform infra-red (FTFTIR) spectroscopy as an 

analytical tool for the rapid quantification of the composition of complex matrices 

including liquid milk is described. The application to use as a rapid technique 

for screening milk for the purpose of detecting economic adulteration and also 

quantitative analysis of adulterants in milk is explained. 

Keywords: mastitis, somatic cell count (scc), milk production, mastitis control, mastitis 

treatment, animal health 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 450/2011 - Determination of Water Content in Lactose 

by Karl Fischer Titration – Interlaboratory collaborative study 

The traditional gravimetric oven drying method for determining water content in 

dried dairy products does not give reliable results when applied to lactose. A Karl 

Fischer Titration method that determines molecular water has been developed 

and tested in an international collaborative study to establish its precision 

(repeatability and reproducibility) for its adoption as an international standard by 

IDF and ISO (ISO 12 779 | IDF 227). 

Keywords: lactose, Karl Fischer, water determination, interlaboratory study, 

collaborative study, precision. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 451/2011 - The World Dairy Situation 2011 

Annual survey presented at IDF World Dairy Summit, Parma (Italy), in October 

2011. Production, consumption, trade and price figures from dairy sector 

and other sources. Largest dairy companies by turnover and/or milk intake. 

Comments and prognoses on the situation in different countries and analysis 

of the whole, covering all major producing and consuming countries. Review of 

various forecasts of dairy trade. 

Keywords: dairy economics, milk production, consumption trends, dairy situation, dairy 

markets, world trade, dairy prices, dairy trade projections 

Date: 2011 - Pages: 225 - Electronic: 125.00 

Standards

ISO 1211|IDF 001:2010 - Milk - Determination of fat content - Gravimetric 

method (Reference method) 

This standard specifies the reference method for the determination of the fat 

content of milk of good physicochemical quality. 

The method is applicable to raw cow milk, raw sheep milk, raw goat milk, 

reduced fat milk, skimmed milk, chemically preserved milk, and processed liquid 

milk. 

It is not applicable when greater accuracy is required for skimmed milk, e.g. to 

establish the operating efficiency of cream separators. 


IDF 002:1958 - Selection & number of samples for milk & milkproducts 

Replaced by ISO 707|IDF 050:2008 and ISO 5538|IDF 113:2004 


IDF 003:1958 - Colony count of liquid milk & dried milk 

Previously superseded by the standard IDF 100B which is now replaced by the 

horizontal standard ISO 4833:2003 


ISO 5534|IDF 004:2004 - Cheese and processed cheese - Determination of the 

total solids content (Reference Method) 

This standard specifies the reference method for the determination of the total 

solids content of cheese and processed cheese 


ISO 1735|IDF 005:2004 - Cheese and processed cheese products - 

Determination of fat content - Gravimetric method (Reference method) 


content of all types of cheese and processed cheese products having lactose 

contents of below 5 % (mass fraction) of non-fat solids. 


ISO 1740|IDF 006:2004 - Milkfat products and butter - Determination of fat 

acidity (Reference method) 

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the acidity of the fat 

contained in milkfat products and in butter. 


ISO 1739|IDF 007:2006 - Butter - Determination of the refractive index of the 

fat (Reference method) 

This standard specifies a reference method for the determination of the refractive 

index of the fat obtained by melting butter. 


IDF 008:1959 - Determination of the iodine value of butterfat 

Withdrawn in 2003 because outdated - The members of our Federation 

(National Committees) decided to withdraw this standard via a questionnaire (ref 

3202). 


ISO 1736|IDF 009:2008 - Dried milk and dried milk products - Determination 

of fat content - Gravimetric method (Reference method) 


content of dried milk and dried milk products. The method is applicable to dried 

milk with a fat content of 40 % mass fraction or more, dried whole, dried partially 

skimmed, and dried skimmed milk, dried whey, dried buttermilk and dried butter 

serum. 

The method is not applicable when the powder contains hard lumps which do 

not dissolve in ammonia solution or free fatty acids in significant quantities. 


IDF 010:1960 - Determination of the moisture content of butter 

Previously superseded by Standard 137, now replaced by ISO 8851-1|IDF 

191-1:2004 


IDF 011A:1986 - Butter - Determination of solids-non-fat content 

Replaced by ISO 8851-2|IDF 191-2:2004 


ISO 1738|IDF 012:2004 - Butter - Determination of the salt content 

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the salt content of 

butter. The method is applicable to all types of butter containing more than 0,1 % 

(mass fraction) of salt 


ISO 1737|IDF 013:2008 - Evaporated milk and sweetened condensed milk - 

Determination of fat content - Gravimetric method (Reference method) 


content of all types of evaporated milk and sweetened condensed milk (liquid 

sweetened and unsweetened concentrated milk). 


IDF 014:1960 - Milk pipes and fittings 

Withdrawn because outdated. 


ISO 6734|IDF 015:2010 - Sweetened condensed milk - Determination of total 

solids content (Reference method) 


solids content of sweetened condensed milk. 


ISO 2450|IDF 016:2008 - Cream - Determination of fat content - Gravimetric 

method (Reference method) 


content of raw, processed and sour cream in which no appreciable separation or 

breakdown of fat, due to lipolysis, has occurred. 

The method is not applicable to sour creams with starch or other thickening 

agents. 


content of raw, processed and sour cream in which no appreciable separation or 

breakdown of fat, due to lipolysis, has occurred. 

The method is not applicable to sour creams with starch or other thickening 

agents. 


IDF 017A:1972 - Determination of the salt content of cheese 

Replaced by ISO 5943|IDF 088:2006 


IDF 018:1962 - Standard capacity test for the evaluation of the disinfectant 

activity of dairy disinfectants 



IDF 019:1962 - Standard suspension test for the evaluation of the disinfectant 

activity of dairy disinfectants



ISO 8968-1|IDF 020-1:2001 - Milk - Determination of nitrogen content - Part 1: 

Kjeldahl method 

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the nitrogen content of 

liquid milk, whole or skimmed, by the Kjeldahl principle. 



Block-digestion method (Macro method) 


liquid milk, whole or skimmed, by the block-digestion principle. 



Block-digestion method (Semi-micro rapid routine method) 


liquid, whole or skimmed milk. 

It concerns a semi-micro rapid routine method following the block-digestion 

principle. 


ISO 8968-4|IDF 020-4:2001 - Milk - Determination of nitrogen content - Part 

4: Determination of non-protein-nitrogen content 

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the non-protein 

nitrogen content of liquid milk, whole or skimmed. 



Determination of protein-nitrogen content 

This standard specifies a method for the direct determination of the proteinnitrogen 

content of liquid milk, whole or skimmed. 

An alternative indirect method using calculations is also described. 


ISO 6731|IDF 021:2010 - Milk, cream and evaporated milk - Determination of 

total solids content (Reference method) 


solids content of milk, cream and evaporated milk. 


ISO 7208|IDF 022:2008 - Skimmed milk, whey and buttermilk - Determination 

of fat content - Gravimetric method (Reference method) 


content of liquid skimmed milk, whey and buttermilk. It is a particularly accurate 

gravimetric method especially for the purpose of establishing the operating 

efficiency of cream separators. 

This standard also specifies the reference method for establishing correction 

tables for procedures with skimmed milk butyrometers. 


ISO 5536|IDF 023:2009 - Milkfat products - Determination of Water content - 

Karl Fischer method 

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the water content of 

milk fat products by the Karl Fischer method. 

The method is applicable to butteroil (anhydrous butteroil, anhydrous butterfat, 

anhydrous milk fat) with a water content not exceeding 1,0 % mass fraction. 

This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition, which has been 

technically revised. 


IDF 024:1964 - Determination of the fat content of butteroil 



ISO/TS 17837|IDF/RM 025:2008 - Processed cheese products - Determination 

of nitrogen content and crude protein calculation - Kjeldahl method 

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the nitrogen content 

and crude protein content by calculation in processed cheese products by using 

the Kjeldahl principle, both traditional and block digestion methods. 

This standard is only available in English. 


ISO 5537|IDF 026:2004 - Dried milk - Determination of moisture content 


This standard specifies a method for the determination of the moisture content 

of all types of dried milk. 


IDF 027:1964 - Determination of the ash content of processed cheese 

products 

Description/principle: titrimetric, with chloramine T & KI 

Withdrawn in 2010 because outdated


IDF 028A:1974 - Determination of the lactose content of milk 



ISO 17997-1|IDF 029-1:2004 - Milk - Determination of the casein-nitrogen 

content - Part 1: Indirect method (Reference method) 

This standard specifies a reference method for the indirect determination of the 

casein-nitrogen content of bovine milk. 

It can be modified for milk from other species or liquid dairy products. 

Standard only available in English. 


ISO 17997-2|IDF 029-2:2004 - Milk - Determination of the casein-nitrogen 

content - Part 2: Direct method 

This standard specifies a routine method for the direct determination of the 

casein-nitrogen content of bovine milk. 

The method can be modified for milk from other species or liquid dairy products. 



IDF 030:1964 - Count of contaminating organisms in butter 

Replaced by ISO13559|IDF 153:2002 


IDF 031:1964 - Count of yeasts and moulds in butter 



IDF 032:1965 - Detection of vegetable fat in milkfat by the phytosteryl acetate 

test 

Description/principle: phytosteryl acetate test 

Withdrawn because outdated 


ISO 2962|IDF 033:2010 - Cheese and processed cheese products - 

Determination of total phosphorus content - Molecular absorption 

spectrometric method

This standard specifies a molecular absorption spectrometric method for 

the determination of the total phosphorus content of cheese. The method is 

applicable to all kinds of cheese and to processed cheese products. 


ISO/TS 2963|IDF/RM 034:2006 - Cheese and processed cheese products - 

Determination of citric acid content - Enzymatic method 

This standard specifies an enzymatic method for the determination of the citric 

acid content of cheese and processed cheese products. 


ISO 2911|IDF 035:2004 - Sweetened condensed milk - Determination of 

sucrose content - Polarimetric method 

This standard specifies a polarimetric method for the determination of sucrose in 

sweetened condensed milk. 

The method is applicable to sweetened condensed milk of normal composition 

prepared from whole, partially skimmed or skimmed milk and sucrose only and 

containing no altered sucrose. 


ISO 12081|IDF 036:2010 - Milk - Determination of calcium content - Titrimetric 

method 

This standard specifies a titrimetric method for the determination of the calcium 

content of milk and of milk reconstituted from evaporated, condensed or dried 

milk. 


IDF 037:1966 - Determination of soluble & insoluble volatile fatty acid values 

of milkfat 



IDF 038:1966 - Detection of vegetable fat in milkfat by thin 

layerchromatography of steryl acetates 

The members of our Federation (National Committees) decided to withdraw this 

standard via a questionnaire. 


IDF 039:1966 - Standard routine method for the count of coliform bacteria in 

raw milk 

Previously superseded by Standard 73B, now replaced by ISO 4831 and ISO 4832


IDF 040:1966 - Standard routine method for the count of coliform bacteria in 

pasteurized milk 

Previously superseded by Standard 73B, now replaced by ISO 4831 and ISO 4832 


IDF 041:1966 - Standard method for the count of lipolytic organisms 

Description/principle: colony count at 30°C 


ISO 9874|IDF 042:2006 - Milk - Determination of total phosphorus content - 

Method using molecular absorption spectrometry 

This standard specifies a molecular absorption spectrometric method for the 

determination of the total phosphorus content of milk. 


IDF 043:1967 - Determination of the lactose content of cheese and processed 

cheese products 

Replaced by ISO 5765-1|IDF 079-1:2002 and ISO 5765-2|IDF 079-2:2002 


IDF 044:1967 - Tube test for the evaluation of detergent-disinfectant for dairy 

equipment 



IDF 045:1969 - Compositional standards for casein (edible and industrial) 

Replaced by a Codex Standard 


IDF 046:1969 - Compositional standard for ice-cream and milk ices (edible 

ices) produced from milk and milk products 



IDF 047:1969 - Compositional standard for fermented milk 

Previously superseded by Standard 163, now replaced by a Codex Standard 


IDF 048:1969 - Control methods for sterilized milk 




IDF 049:1970 - Colony count of dried milk and whey powder 




ISO 707|IDF 050:2008 - Milk and milk products - Guidance on sampling 

This standard gives guidance on methods of sampling milk and milk products 

for microbiological, chemical, physical and sensory analysis, except for 

(semi)automated sampling. 


IDF 051B:1991 - Processed cheese products - Calculation of content of added 

phosphate expressed as phosphorus 

Description/principle: calculation 


ISO 12082|IDF 052:2006 - Processed cheese and processed cheese products 

- Calculation of the content of added citrate emulsifying agents and acidifiers/ 

pH-controlling agents, expressed as citric acid 

This standard specifies a method for the calculation of the approximate content 

of added citrate emulsifying agents and acidifiers/pH-controlling agents, 

expressed as citric acid, in processed cheese and processed cheese products. The 

method is applicable to those processed cheeses and processed cheese products 

that contain no major ingredients with an appreciable content of citric acid, other 

than milk powder and/or whey powder. 


IDF 053:1969 - Determination of the phosphatase activity in pasteurized 

stabilized cheese 

Replaced by ISO11816-2|IDF 155-2:2003 


IDF 054:1970 - Detection of vegetable fat in milkfat by gas-liquid 

chromatography of sterols 

Withdrawn because outdated.


IDF 055:1970 - Refrigerated farm milk tanks 



IDF 056B:1978 - Milking machine installations – Vocabulary 

Replaced by a TC23 ISO Standard 


IDF 057:1970 - Detection of penicillin in milk by a disk assay technique 




ISO 2920|IDF 058:2004 - Whey Cheese - Determination of dry matter 


This standard specifies a reference method for the determination of the dry 

matter of whey cheese. 


ISO 1854|IDF 059:2008 - Whey cheese - Determination of fat content - 

Gravimetric method (Reference method) 

This standard specifies the reference method for the determination of fat content 

of whey cheese. 

The method is not applicable to products which do not dissolve completely in 

ammonia solution or which contain free fatty acids in significant quantities. 


ISO 5944|IDF 060:2001 - Milk and milk-based products - Detection of 

coagulase-positive staphylococci - Most probable number technique 

Replaced by the horizontal standard ISO 6888-3:2003 


IDF 061:1971 - Ice cream and milk ices - Colony count 




IDF 062:1971 - Ice cream and milk ices - Count of coliform bacteria



ISO 3356|IDF 063:2009 - Milk - Determination of alkaline phosphatase 

This standard specifies a method for the determination of alkaline phosphatase 

activity in milk. 

The method applies to alkaline phosphatase activities not less than 1 µg of 

phenol per millilitre. 

The method is also suitable for the determination of alkaline phosphatase activity 

in milk powder, buttermilk and buttermilk powder, whey and whey powder. 


IDF 064:1971 - Dried milk and dried whey - Count of coliforms 



IDF 065:1971 - Fermented milks - Count of coliforms 



IDF 066:1971 - Fermented milks - Count of microbial contaminants 



IDF 067:1971 - Fermented milks - Count of yeasts and moulds 



IDF 068A:1977 - Anhydrous milkfat, anhydrous butteroil or anhydrous 

butterfat, butteroil or butterfat, ghee 



ISO 8069|IDF 069:2005 - Dried milk - Determination of lactic acid and 

lactates 

This standard specifies an enzymatic method for the determination of the lactic 

acid and lactates content of all types of dried milk. 


Date: 2005 - Pages: 13 - Paper: 62.96 - Electronic: 62.96

ISO 3728|IDF 070:2004 - Ice-cream and milk ice - Determination of total solids 


This standard specifies a reference method for the determination of the total 

solids content of ice-cream, milk ices and similar products. 


IDF 071:1973 - Dried milk borers 

Text incorporated into ISO 707|IDF 050:2008 


IDF 072:1974 - Edible caseinate 



IDF 073B:1998 - Milk and milk products - Enumeration of coliforms 

Replaced by ISO 4831 and ISO 4832 


ISO 3976|IDF 074:2006 - Milk fat - Determination of peroxide value 

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the peroxide value of 

anhydrous milk fat. 

The method is suitable for anhydrous milk fat having a peroxide value up to 1,3 

mmol of oxygen per kilogram. 


ISO 3890-1|IDF 075-1:2009 - Milk and milk products - Determination 

of residues of organochlorine compounds (pesticides) - Part 1: General 

considerations and extraction methods 

This standard describes general considerations and specifies extraction methods 

for the determination of residues of organochlorine pesticides in milk and milk 

products. 

A method for high-fat products is specified in an annex. 

Guidance is given on the conduct of analyses in the presence of polychlorinated 

biphenyls (PCBs) in another annex. 

The methods are applicable to: alpha-HCH; beta-HCH; gamma-HCH; aldrin/ 

dieldrin; heptachlor and heptachlorepoxide; isomers of DDT, DDE, TDE; 

chlordane and oxychlordane; and endrin. Certain methods are applicable to deltaketoendrin 

and HCB. 


ISO 3890-2|IDF 075-2:2009 - Milk and milk products - Determination of 

residues of organochlorine compounds (pesticides) - Part 2: Test methods for 

crude extract purification and confirmation 

This standard specifies test methods for the purification of the crude extracts 

obtained by the general methods given in ISO 3890-1|IDF 75-1. It also gives 

recommended methods for the determination of the residues of organochlorine 

compounds in milk and milk products, together with confirmatory tests and 

clean-up procedures. 


ISO 5738|IDF 076:2004 - Milk and milk products - Determination of copper 

content - Photometric method (Reference Method) 

This standard specifies a reference method for the determination of the copper 

content of milk and milk products. 

The method is applicable to: milk, skimmed milk and buttermilk; evaporated milk 

and sweetened condensed milk; whole and skimmed milk powder; cream and 

butter; butterfat; ice-cream; hard, semi-hard and soft cheeses of various ages, and 

processed cheese; and caseins, caseinates and coprecipitates. 

The method is suitable for determining copper contents as low as 0,05 mg/kg in 

test samples of butter and butterfat. 


IDF 077:1977 - Standard procedure for testing the corrosiveness of detergents 

and/or sterilants on metals & alloys intended for use in contact with milk and 

milk products 

Description/principle: corrosion assessed by loss of mass & microscopic 

examination 


ISO 5550|IDF 078:2006 - Caseins and caseinates - Determination of moisture 

content (Reference method) 

This standard specifies the reference method for the determination of the 

moisture content of all types of caseins and caseinates. 


ISO 5765-1|IDF 079-1:2002 - Dried milk, dried ice-mixes and processed cheese 

- Determination of lactose content - Part 1: Enzymatic method utilizing the 

glucose moiety of the lactose. 

This standard specifies an enzymatic method for the determination of the lactose 

content of all types of dried milk, of ice-mixes in dry form in the presence of other 

carbohydrates and reducing substances, and of processed cheese. 


ISO 5765-2|IDF 079-2:2002 - Dried milk, dried ice-mixes and processed cheese 

- Determination of lactose content - Part 2: Enzymatic method utilizing the 

galactose moiety of the lactose. 


content of all types of dried milk, of ice-mixes in dry form in the presence of other 

carbohydrates and reducing substances, and of processed cheese. 


ISO 3727-1|IDF 080-1:2001 - Butter - Determination of moisture, non-fat 

solids and fat contents - Part 1: Determination of moisture content (Reference 

method) 


ISO 3727-2|IDF 080-2:2001 - Butter - Determination of moisture, non-fat solids 

and fat contents - Part 2: Determination of non-fat solids content (Reference 

method) 



and fat contents - Part 3: Calculation of fat content 

This standard specifies a method for the calculation of the fat content of butter. 


IDF 081:1981 - Dried milk - Determination of titratable acidity (Routine 

method) 

Description/principle: titrimetric 


ISO/TS 6090|IDF/RM 082:2004 - Milk and dried milk, buttermilk and 

buttermilk powder, whey and whey powder - Detection of phosphatase activity 

This standard specifies a screening method for the detection of the phosphatase 

activity in cow's milk and dried milk, buttermilk and buttermilk powder, and whey 

and whey powder. 

Two alternative procedures (A and B) are given. Procedure A is the simpler as 

it does not include a clarification treatment and is especially suited for milk. 

Procedure B includes a clarification step which allows a more sensitive detection 

through which better quantitative results can be obtained, if desired. 

If either method is used for checking the proper pasteurization of these products 

or their raw materials, then further tests are necessary to ensure that the 

phosphatase activity is not due to either heat-stable microbial phosphatase or 

reactivated phosphatase.


ISO 8870|IDF 083:2006 - Milk and milk-based products - Detection of 

thermonuclease produced by coagulase-positive staphylococci 

This standard specifies a method for the detection of heat-stable DNase 

(thermonuclease) produced by coagulase-positive staphylococci in milk and milkbased 

products. The enzyme can be used as an indicator that staphylococcal 

growth has reached hazardous levels and reveal the potential presence of 

staphylococcal enterotoxins. 


IDF 084A:1984 - Cheese - Determination of nitrate and nitrite contents 



IDF 085:1978 - Standard procedure involving alternate immersion and 

emersion for testing the corrosiveness of detergents and/or sterilants on 

metals alloys intended for use in contact with milk and milk products 



ISO 6091|IDF 086:2010 - Dried milk - Determination of titratable acidity 


This standard specifies a reference method for the determination of the titratable 

acidity of all types of dried milk. 


IDF 087:1979 - Instant dried milk - Determination of the dispersibility and 

wettability 

Description/principle: dissolution, determination of solids dissolved, wetting 

time 


ISO 5943|IDF 088:2006 - Cheese and processed cheese products - 

Determination of chloride content - Potentiometric titration method 

This standard specifies a potentiometric titration method for the determination of 

the chloride content of cheese and processed cheese products. 

The method is applicable to all cheeses and processed cheese products 

containing more than 0,2 % (mass fraction) of chloride ion. 


ISO 5544|IDF 089:2008 - Caseins - Determination of "fixed ash" (Reference 

method) 

This standard specifies a reference method for the determination of the "fixed 

ash" of caseins, as a percentage by mass, obtained by acid precipitation or lactic 

fermentation, of ammonium caseinates, of their mixtures with rennet casein and 

with caseinates, and of caseins of unknown type. 


ISO 5545|IDF 090:2008 - Rennet caseins and caseinates - Determination of 

ash (Reference method) 

This standard specifies a reference method for the determination of the ash of 

caseins obtained by rennet precipitation and of caseinates, with the exception of 

ammonium caseinate. 


ISO 5547|IDF 091:2008 - Caseins - Determination of free acidity (Reference 

method) 

This standard specifies a reference method for the determination of the free 

acidity of caseins obtained by acid precipitation or lactic fermentation and of 

rennet caseins. 


IDF 092:1979 - Caseins and caseinates - Determination of protein content 


Description/principle: titrimetric, Kjeldahl 


ISO 6785|IDF 093:2001 - Milk and Milk products - Detection of Salmonella 

This standard specifies a method for the detection of Salmonella spp. in milk and 

milk products. 



ISO 6611|IDF 094:2004 - Milk and milk products - Enumeration of colonyforming 

units of yeasts and/or moulds 

Colony-count technique at 25°C 


IDF 095A:1984 - Dried milk - Determination of nitrate and nitrite contents 



IDF 096A:1987 - Whey cheese - Determination of nitrate & nitrite contents 



IDF 097A:1984 - Whey powder - Determination of nitrate & nitrite contents 



IDF 098A:1985 - Milk - Determination of protein content 

Amido Black dye-binding method (routine method) 

Withdrawn in 2010 because outdated 


ISO 22935-1|IDF 099-1:2009 - Milk and milk products - Sensory analysis - Part 

1: General guidance for the recruitment, selection, training and monitoring of 

assessors 

This standard gives general guidance for the recruitment, selection, training, and 

monitoring of assessors for sensory analysis of milk and milk products. 

It specifies criteria for the selection, and procedures for the training and 

monitoring, of selected assessors and expert sensory assessors for milk and milk 

products. It supplements the information given in ISO 8586-1 and parts of ISO 

8586-2 that deal with expert sensory assessors. 


ISO 22935-2|IDF 099-2:2009 - Milk and milk products - Sensory analysis - Part 

2: Recommended methods for sensory evaluation 

This standard specifies recommended methods for the sensory evaluation 

of specific milk and milk products. It specifies criteria for the sampling and 

preparation of samples and the assessment of the samples. 

It is suitable for application in conjunction with the sensory methodologies 

outlined in ISO 22935-1|IDF 099-1 and other ISO or IDF sensory methodologies 

for specific situations and products. 


ISO 22935-3|IDF 099-3:2009 - Milk and milk products - Sensory analysis - 

Part 3: Guidance on a method for evaluation of compliance with product 

specifications for sensory properties by scoring 

This standard gives guidance on a general method for evaluation of compliance 

with product specifications for sensory properties based on sensory scoring and 

the use of a common nomenclature of terms.

The method is especially applicable in process and quality control performed 

regularly on a larger number of samples and/or with some time pressure and/or 

with a limited number of expert assessors available. 

The results from the method may be part of product classification systems for 

domestic and international trade. Classification systems are not covered by this 

standard. 


IDF 100B:1991 - Milk and milk products - Enumeration of microorganisms 

Replaced by the horizontal standard ISO 4833:2003 


ISO 6730|IDF 101:2005 - Milk - Enumeration of colony-forming units of 

psychrotrophic micro-organisms (Colony count technique at 6.5°C) 

This standard specifies a method for the enumeration of colony-forming units 

of psychrotrophic microorganisms in raw and heat-treated milk by means of the 

colony-count technique at 6,5 degrees Celsius. 


IDF 102A:1989 - Dried milk - Guideline for the detection of neutralizers 

Description/principle: relationship lactic acid/lactates content and titratable 

acidity 



ISO 6732|IDF 103:2010 - Milk and milk products - Determination of iron 

content - Spectrometric method (Reference method) 

This standard specifies a spectrometric reference method for the determination 

of the iron content of milk and milk products. 

This method is applicable to: milk, skimmed milk, whey and buttermilk; plain 

yogurt and skimmed yogurt; evaporated milk and sweetened condensed milk; 

dried whole and skimmed milk, dried whey and dried buttermilk; cream and 

butter; anhydrous butterfat, butteroil, butterfat and ghee; ice-cream; cheese of 

various ages, and processed cheese; caseins, caseinates and coprecipitates. 


ISO 7238|IDF 104:2004 - Butter - Determination of the pH of the serum - 

Potentiometric method 

This standard specifies a potentiometric method for the determination of the pH 

of the serum from all types of butter. 


ISO 488|IDF 105:2008 - Milk - Determination of fat content - Gerber 

butyrometers 

This standard specifies the characteristics of seven types of butyrometer for use 

in the determination of the fat content of whole milk, partly skimmed milk and 

skimmed milk by the Gerber method specified in ISO 2446. 


ISO 5548|IDF 106:2004 - Caseins and caseinates - Determination of lactose 

content - Photometric method 

This standard specifies a photometric method for the determination of the 

content of lactose and other soluble carbohydrates in caseins and caseinates 

containing less than 2,0 % of total soluble carbohydrates. 


ISO 5739|IDF 107:2003 - Caseins and caseinates - Determination of contents 

of scorched particles and of extraneous matter 

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the contents of 

scorched particles and of extraneous matter in caseins and caseinates. 


ISO 5764|IDF 108:2009 - Milk - Determination of freezing point - Thermistor 

cryoscope method (Reference method) 

This standard specifies a reference method for the determination of the freezing 

point of raw bovine milk, heat-treated whole, reduced fat and skimmed bovine 

milk, as well as raw ovine and caprine milk, by using a thermistor cryoscope. 

The freezing point can be used to estimate the proportion of extraneous water 

in milk. Calculation of the amount of extraneous water is subject to daily and 

seasonal variations, and is not within the scope of this standard. 

Results obtained from samples with a titratable acidity exceeding 20 ml of 0,1 

mol/l sodium hydroxide solution per 10 g of non-fat solids are not representative 

of the original milk. 


IDF 109:1982 - Dried milk, dried whey & lactose - Enumeration of 

microorganisms 




IDF 110B:1997 - Calf rennet and adult bovine rennet - Determination of 

chymosin and bovine pepsin contents - Chromatographic method 

Description/principle: clotting time, after chromatographic separation


IDF 111A:1990 - Milk and dried milk - Determination of aflatoxin M1 content 

Withdrawn in 1996 


IDF 112A:1989 - Butter - Determination of water dispersion value 

Description/principle: indicator paper comparison 



ISO 5538|IDF 113:2004 - Milk and milk products - Sampling - Inspection by 

attributes 

This standard specifies sampling plans for the inspection by attributes of milk 

and milk products. It is intended to be used to choose a sample size for any 

situation where it is required to measure the conformity to a specification of a lot 

of a dairy product by examination of a representative sample. 

It is applicable to the sampling of all milk products submitted in discrete lots, 

irrespective of whether the lots are from the sample production. The acceptance 

or otherwise of any lot is a matter for the parties to a contract and is outside the 

scope of the standard. 

It is intended to be used in all cases where attribute sampling plans are required 

for a dairy product, except that if specific compositional standards, specifications 

or contracts include different sampling. 

The standard is not applicable to sampling for microbiological defects, unless 

otherwise agreed by the interested parties. 


IDF 114:1982 - Dried milk - Assessment of heat class - Heat-number reference 

method 

Description/principle: calculation, from Kjeldahl N of precipitated casein plus 

some denatured serum protein 



ISO 5546|IDF 115:2010 - Caseins and caseinates - Determination of pH 


This standard specifies a reference method for the determination of the pH of all 

types of casein (acid caseins and rennet caseins) and of caseinates. 


ISO 7328|IDF 116:2008 - Milk-based edible ices and ice mixes - Determination 

of fat content - Gravimetric method (Reference method)


content of most milk-based edible ices and ice mixes. 

The method is also applicable to concentrated and dried ice mixes. 

The method is not applicable to some milk-based edible ices and ice mixes, in 

which the level of emulsifier, stabilizer or thickening agent or of egg yolk or of 

fruits, or of combinations of these constituents makes the Roese-Gottlieb method 

unsuitable. 


ISO 7889|IDF 117:2003 - Yoghurt - Enumeration of characteristic 

microorganisms - Colony-count technique at 37° C 

This standard specifies a method for the enumeration of characteristic 

microorganisms in yogurt by means of the colony-count technique at 37 degrees 

Celsius. 

The method is applicable to yogurts in which both characteristic microorganisms 

(Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus) are 

present and viable. 



IDF 118:1984 - Dried milk - Determination of nitrate content 



ISO 8070|IDF 119:2007 - Milk and milk products - Determination of 

calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium contents - Atomic absorption 

spectrometric method 

This standard specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method for 

the determination of calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium contents in 

milk and milk products. The method is applicable for milk and whey, buttermilk, 

yogurt, cream, dried milk, butter, cheese, casein and caseinate. 


IDF 120:1984 - Caseins and caseinates - Determination of nitrate and nitrite 

contents 



ISO 8086|IDF 121:2004 - Dairy plant - Hygienic conditions – General guidance 

on inspection and sampling procedures 

This standard gives general guidelines for inspection and sampling procedures to 

be used to check the effectiveness of cleaning and disinfection methods used in 

dairy plants and receiving stations, including milk-collection tankers.

It deals with visual inspection, sampling from plant surfaces (product line, bottle 

washing equipment, containers, etc.), re-usable product containers, air, sampling 

of water and aqueous solutions other than those added to the product, and 

sampling of raw materials and products. 

It does not cover equipment normally installed in farms (e.g. milking machinery 

or refrigerated bulk milk tanks), nor does it deal with the equally important areas 

of health and hygiene of personnel, factory environment, internal arrangement 

of the factory, methods of cleaning, packaging materials brought in new from 

outside (paper, cardboard, plastic, new bottles, etc.), food ingredients and 

additives, selection of number of units and treatment of the sample in the 

laboratory. 


ISO 8261|IDF 122:2001 - Milk and milk products - Preparation of samples and 

dilutions for microbiological examination 

This standard is withdrawn and replaced by the ISO standard 6887-5 availaible 

from www.iso.org 


ISO 8381|IDF 123:2008 - Milk-based infant foods - Determination of fat content 

- Gravimetric method (Reference method) 


content of milk-based infant foods. 

The method is applicable to liquid, concentrated and dried milk-based infant 

foods with no, or not more than a mass fraction of 5 % (dry matter) of such 

added matter as starch, dextrin, vegetables, fruit and meat. 

The method is not applicable to products which do not dissolve completely in 

ammonia owing to the presence of starch or dextrin at mass fractions of more 

than a few percent, or to the presence of hard lumps. The method is also not 

applicable to products which contain free fatty acids in significant quantities. The 

results obtained for these products will be too low. 


ISO 8262-1|IDF 124-1:2005 - Milk products and milk-based foods - 

Determination of fat content by the Weibull-Berntrop gravimetric method 

(Reference method) - Part 1: Infant Foods 


content of infant foods to which the Röse-Gottlieb method is not applicable, 

i.e. those milk-based and other types of infant food that contain more than 5 % 

(mass fraction) (dry matter) of starch or dextrin, or vegetable, fruit, meat, etc. 

The method is also applicable if the product contains free fatty acids in significant 

quantities or if hard lumps that do not dissolve completely in ammonia are 

present in the product. 




(Reference method) - Part 2: Edible Ices and ice-mixes 


content of edible ices and ice-mixes to which the Röse-Gottlieb method is not 

applicable (i.e. those products containing high levels of stabilizer or thickening 

agent, or of egg yolk or of fruit, or of combinations of these constituents). 




(Reference method) - Part 3: Special cases 

This standard specifies the reference method for the determination of the 

fat content of milk-based and of liquid, concentrated or dried milk products 

to which the Röse-Gottllieb method is not applicable; i.e. those containing 

distinct quantities of free fatty acids or those which are not completely soluble 

in ammonia owing to the presence of lumps or non-milk ingredients, such as 

custards, porridges or certain milk-based products for bakery purposes. 

The method is also applicable to fresh cheese types, such as cottage cheese 

and quarg, as well as to fresh cheeses with added fruit, syrup, muesli, etc. for 

which the Schmid-Bondzynski-Ratzlaff method is not suitable owing to the higher 

carbohydrate contents and/or extreme inhomogeneity. 


IDF 125A:1988 - Edible ices & ice mixes - Determination of fat content 

Replaced by ISO 8262-2|IDF 124-2:2005 


IDF 126A:1988 - Milk products & milk-based foods (special cases) - 

Determination of fat content 

Replaced by ISO 8262-3|IDF 124-3:2005 


ISO 5543|IDF 127:2004 - Caseins and caseinates - Determination of fat content 

- Gravimetric method - (Reference method) 


content of all types of caseins and caseinates. 


ISO 8196-1|IDF 128-1:2009 - Milk - Definition and evaluation of the overall 

accuracy of alternative methods of milk analysis - Part 1: Analytical attributes 

of alternative methods

This standard specifies various performance characteristics that constitute and 

serve to characterize the overall accuracy of an analytical method. It furthermore 

establishes general principles for the design of experiments and gives guidelines 

for the procedures to be used to evaluate these characteristics quantitatively. 



accuracy of alternative methods of milk analysis - Part 2: Calibration and 

quality control in the dairy laboratory 

This standard gives guidelines for the calibration of instruments and quality 

control procedures for milk analysis in dairy laboratories. 



accuracy of alternative methods of milk analysis - Part 3: Protocol for the 

evaluation and validation of alternative quantitative methods of milk analysis 

This standard specifies a protocol for the evaluation and validation of alternative 

quantitative methods of milk analysis. 

The protocol is applicable to all milk components including somatic cells. For 

microbiological parameters other standards, such as ISO 16140, apply. This 

standard is also applicable to the validation of new alternative methods where a 

limited number of analysts does not allow the organization of an interlaboratory 

study and ISO 8196-1IDF 128-1, therefore, does not apply. 

This standard also establishes general principles of a procedure for granting 

international approvals of these alternative methods. These principles are based 

on the validation protocol defined in this standard. 


ISO 8156|IDF 129:2005 - Dried milk and dried milk products - Determination 

of insolubility index 

This standard specifies a method of determining the insolubility index, as a 

means of assessing the solubility, of dried whole milk, dried partly skimmed milk 

and dried skimmed milk, whether non-instant or instant. 

The method is also applicable to dried whey, dried buttermilk and dried milkbased 

baby food, as well as to any of the dried products listed in which milk fat 

has been replaced by another fat, or which has been roller-dried instead of spraydried. 



organochlorine pesticides and polychlorobiphenyls 

Method using capillary gas-liquid chromatography with electron-capture 

detection 

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the contents of 

individual organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls

(PCBs) in milk, evaporated milk, sweetened condensed milk, powdered milk 

products, butter and butterfat, cheese and other milk products. 

The method is capable of determining low levels of specific OCPs down to 5 µg 

of OCP per kilogram of fat and levels of specific PCBs down to 2,5 µg of PCB per 

kilogram of fat, using capillary gas-liquid chromatography with electron-capture 

detection (GLC-ECD). 


ISO 8553|IDF 131:2004 - Milk - Enumeration of microorganisms - Plate loop 

technique at 30°C 

This standard specifies a method for the enumeration of microorganisms in raw 

milk by using the plate loop technique at 30 °C 


ISO 8552|IDF 132:2004 - Milk - Estimation of psychrotrophic microorganisms - 

Colony-count technique at 21°C 

This standard specifies a rapid method for estimating the number of 

psychrotrophic microorganisms by means of the colony-count technique at 21 °C. 

The method is applicable to raw and pasteurized milk. 


ISO/TS 6733|IDF/RM 133:2006 - Milk and milk products - Determination of 

lead content - Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric method 

This standard describes a method for the quantitative determination of the total 

lead content in milk and milk products. 




of bulk density 

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the bulk density of 

dried whole milk, dried partly skimmed milk and dried skimmed milk, whether 

non-instant or instant. 

The method is also applicable to dried whey, dried buttermilk and dried milkbased 

infant food, as well as to any of the dried products indicated above in 

which fat has been replaced by another fat, or which has been roller-dried instead 

of spray-dried. 


IDF 135B:1991 - Milk and milk products - Precision characteristics of analytical 

methods 

Outline of collaborative study procedure

Description/principle: design and statistics of interlab. studies of chemical/ 

physical methods 


IDF 136A:1992 - Milk and milk products - Sampling - Inspection by variables 

Description/principle: variables sampling schemes 


IDF 137:1986 - Butter - Determination of water content 



IDF 138:1986 - Dried milk - Enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus 

Previously superseded by Standard 145A, now replaced horizontally by ISO 6888-1 

and ISO 6888-2 


ISO 9231|IDF 139:2008 - Milk and milk products - Determination of the 

benzoic and sorbic acid contents 

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the benzoic and sorbic 

acid contents in milk and milk products. 

The method is applicable to milk, dried milk, yogurt and other fermented milks, 

and cheese and processed cheese, and is suitable for measuring the contents of 

both compounds at levels of more than 5 mg/kg. 


ISO 9233-1|IDF 140-1:2007 - Cheese, cheese rind and processed cheese 

- Determination of natamycin content - Part 1: Molecular absorption 

spectrometric method for cheese rind 

This standard specifies a method for the determination in cheese rind of 

natamycin mass fraction of above 0,5 mg/kg and surface-area-related natamycin 

mass of above 0,03 mg/dm2. 


ISO 9233-2|IDF 140-2:2007 - Cheese, cheese rind and processed cheese 

- Determination of natamycin content - Part 2: High-performance liquid 

chromatographic method for cheese, cheese rind and processed cheese 

This standard specifies a method for the determination of natamycin mass 

fraction in cheese, cheese rind and processed cheese of above 0,5 mg/kg and of 

the surface-area-related natamycin mass in cheese rind of above 0,03 mg/dm2. 


IDF 141C:2000 - Whole milk - Determination of milkfat, protein & lactose 

content — Guide for the operation of mid-infra-red instruments 

Description/principle: IR spectrometric 


ISO 12080-1|IDF 142-1:2009 - Dried skimmed milk - Determination of vitamin 

A content - Part 1: Colorimetric method 

This standard specifies a colorimetric method for the determination of vitamin A 

in dried skimmed milk containing at least 10 IU (International Units) of vitamin A 

per gram. 


ISO 12080-2|IDF 142-2:2009 - Dried skimmed milk - Determination of vitamin 

A content - Part 2: Method using high-performance liquid chromatography 

This standard specifies a method using high-performance liquid chromatography 

(HPLC) for the determination of vitamin A in dried skimmed milk containing at 

least 10 IU (International Units) of vitamin A per gram. 


IDF 143A:1995 - Milk and milk products - Detection of Listeria monocytogenes 

Replaced by ISO 11290-1 and ISO 11290-1 AMD 1 


IDF 144:1990 - Milk and milk products - Determination of contents of 

organophosphorus compounds 

Withdrawn following questionnaire to IDF National Committees in 2000 


IDF 145A:1997 - Milk and milk-based products - Enumeration of 

Staphylococcus aureus 

Replaced by the horizontal standards ISO 6888-1, ISO 6888-1 AMD 1, ISO 6888-2 

and ISO 6888-2 AMD 1 


ISO 9232|IDF 146:2003 - Yoghurt - Identification of characteristic 


(Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bul - garicus and Streptococcus thermophilus) 

This standard specifies tests for the identification of the characteristic 

microorganisms in yogurt on the basis of their morphological, cultural and 

physiological properties.

It is applicable to strains isolated from yogurts in which both characteristic 

microorganisms are present and viable. 



ISO 11868|IDF 147:2007 - Heat-treated milk - Determination of lactulose 

content - Method using high-performance liquid chromatography 

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the lactulose content 

of heated milk, skimmed, partially skimmed or whole milk, by high-performance 

liquid chromatography, in order to distinguish milk sterilized by ultra-heat 

treatment (UHT) from in-bottle sterilized milk. 

The method has been tested over a lactulose content range of 200 mg/l to 1 500 

mg/l and is applicable to all heat-treated milks. 

The method described is to be used in cases of dispute. 


ISO 13366-1|IDF 148-1:2008 - Milk - Enumeration of somatic cells - Part 1: 

Microscopic method (Reference method) + Technical Corrigendum 1 (2009) 

This standard specifies a microscopic method (reference method) for the 

counting of somatic cells in both raw and chemically preserved milk. 

This standard is applicable for the counting of somatic cells in cows' milk, 

provided that the eventually mentioned prerequisites are met. 

This method is suitable for preparing standard test samples and determining 

reference method values that are required for calibrating mechanized and 

automated cell-counting methods. 


ISO 13366-2|IDF 148-2:2006 - Milk - Enumeration of somatic cells - Part 2: 

Guidance on the operation of fluoro-opto-electronic counters 

This standard gives guidance on the operating conditions for counting somatic 

cells, in both raw and chemically preserved milk, using fluoro-opto-electronic 

somatic cell counters in which either a rotating disc technique or flow cytometry 

is applied in the counting section. 

The guidance is applicable to the counting of somatic cells in raw cow milk. The 

guidance is also applicable to raw milk of other species, such as goat, sheep and 

buffalo, if the specified prerequisites are met. 


ISO 27205|IDF 149:2010 - Fermented milk products - Bacterial starter cultures 

- Standard of identity 

This standard specifies characteristics of industrial bacterial starter cultures, 

which are principally lactic acid bacteria (LAB), but which also include 

bifidobacteria and propionibacteria used for the manufacture of fermented milk 

products such as yoghurt, sour cream, cultured butter and cheese.

This standard does not apply to bacterial cultures which are added as an 

ingredient to foods only because of their probiotic properties. 



IDF 150:1991 - Yogurt - Determination of titratable acidity - Potentiometric 

method 

Description/principle: potentiometric 


ISO 13580|IDF 151:2005 - Yogurt - Determination of total solids content 


This standard specifies a reference method for the determination of the total 

solids content of plain, flavoured, sweetened and fruit yogurts. 



ISO 11870|IDF 152:2009 - Milk and milk products - Determination of fat 

content - General guidance on the use of butyrometric methods 

This standard gives guidance on: a) existing standardized methods (both 

reference and butyrometric) for the determination of fat in various milk products; 

b) the principles underlying any acid-butyrometric analysis and the main 

operating requirements; c) a validation procedure for a butyrometric method in 

relation to the relevant reference method. 


ISO 13559|IDF 153:2002 - Butter, fermented milks and fresh cheese - 

Enumeration of contaminating microorganisms - Colony count technique at 

30°C 

This standard specifies a method for the enumeration of contaminating 

microorganisms by means of the colony-count technique at 30 °C. The method is 

applicable to butter, fermented milks and fresh cheese. 



IDF 154:1992 - Milk and dried milk - Determination of calcium content 




alkaline phosphatase activity - Part 1: Fluorimetric method for milk and milkbased 

drinks 

This standard specifies a fluorimetric method for the determination of alkaline 

phosphatase (ALP, EC 3.1.3.1) activity in pasteurised whole milk, semi-skimmed 

milk, skimmed milk and flavoured milks. The method is applicable for milk from 

cows, sheep and goats, and milk-based drinks. The method is also suitable for 

the determination of high alkaline phosphatase activity in raw milk and heattreated 

milk with activities of more than 2 000 mU/l after dilution of the sample 

as specified. 



alkaline phosphatase activity - Part 2: Fluorometric method for cheese 

This standard specifies a fluorometric method for the determination of alkaline 

phosphatase activity in cheese. 

This method is also applicable to soft cheeses and semi-hard cheeses for 

distinguishing raw milk cheeses from cheese produced with pasteurized milk, 

provided that the mould is only on the surface and not also in the inner part 

(e.g. blue-veined cheeses). This method can also be used to check the proper 

pasteurization of cheese or its raw material. 

In large hard cheeses where the whey curd mixture is scalded at temperatures 

above 50 degrees Celsius, high temperatures remain for a relatively long time. 

This is especially the case in the centre of these cheeses, thus promoting 

phosphatase inactivation. To distinguish, therefore, between hard cheeses from 

raw milk and hard cheeses from pasteurized milk is difficult and often even 

impossible by this method. 


ISO 11813|IDF 156:2010 - Milk and milk products - Determination of zinc 

content - Flame atomic absorption spectrometric method 

This standard specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method for the 

determination of the zinc content of milk and milk products. The method has 

been validated for zinc contents of between 25 mg/kg and 70 mg/kg (dry mass) 

in milk and milk products. 


ISO 11815|IDF 157:2007 - Milk - Determination of total milk-clotting activity of 

bovine rennets 

This standard describes a method for the determination of the total milk-clotting 

activity of bovine rennet containing only chymosin and bovine pepsin as the 

active coagulating enzymes on a standard milk substrate at pH 6,5. 

To produce accurate results with this method, check test samples of unknown 

origin for the absence of main milk-clotting enzymes of non-bovine origin by 

using an appropriate method.

This standard can also be applied to determine the total milk-clotting activity of 

fermentation-produced chymosin. 



IDF 158:1992 - Guidelines for the preparation and use of export certificates for 


Withdrawn because outdated. Superseded by a Codex Standard 


ISO 12078|IDF 159:2006 - Anhydrous milk fat - Determination of sterol 

composition by gas liquid chromatography (Reference method) 

This standard specifies a gas liquid chromatographic reference method for the 

determination of the sterol composition of anhydrous milk fat extracted from 

dairy products. 



ISO/TS 9941|IDF/RM 160:2005 - Milk and canned evaporated milk - 

Determination of tin content - Spectrometric method - Second Edition 

This standard specifies a spectrometric method for the determination of the tin 

content of whole milk and canned evaporated milk. The detection limit of the 

method is 5 mg/kg. 



IDF 161A:1995 - Milk - Quantitative determination of bacteriological quality 

Guidance on evaluation of routine methods 

Description/principle: guidance on evaluation of routine methods 


ISO 11814|IDF 162:2002 - Dried milk - Assessment of heat treatment intensity 

- Method using high-performance liquid chromatography 

This standard specifies a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) 

method for an assessment of the heat treatment intensity to be applied during 

the processing of milk powder, in order to differentiate extra-low-heat skim milk 

powder from low-heat skim milk powder. 


IDF 163:1992 - General standard of identity for fermented milks 



IDF 164:1992 - General standard of identity for milk products obtained from 

fermented milks heat-treated after fermentation 



IDF 165:1993 - Butteroil - Determination of contents of antioxidants - Method 

by liquid chromatography 

Description/principle: LC 


IDF 166:1993 - Guidelines for fat spreads 



ISO 14378|IDF 167:2009 - Milk and dried milk - Determination of iodide 

content - Method using high-performance liquid chromatography 

This standard specifies a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) 

method for the determination of the iodide content of pasteurized whole milk 

and dried skimmed milk, when present at levels from 0,03 µg/g to 1 µg/g and 0,3 

µg/g to 10,0 µg/g, respectively. 


ISO 14377|IDF 168:2002 - Canned evaporated milk - Determination of tin 

content - Method using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 

This standard specifies a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric 

method for the determination of the tin content of (sterilized) canned evaporated 

milk. It is applicable to samples with tin contents of more than 5 mg/kg. 



ISO 14461-1|IDF 169-1:2005 - Milk and milk products - Quality control in 

microbiological laboratories - Part 1: Analyst performance assessment for 

colony counts 

This standard describes a procedure for testing the performance of the colonycount 

technique within a laboratory by establishing the within-laboratory 

variability of its technique and identifying those steps that are associated with 

excessive variability. 

The procedure is also suitable for checking the proper observance of Good 

Laboratory Practice (GLP), which may be a prerequisite for participation in 

interlaboratory tests of colony-count methods. 

Standard only available in English.


ISO 14461-2|IDF 169-2:2005 - Quality control in microbiological laboratories - 

Part 2: Determination of the reliability of colony counts of parallel plates and 

subsequent dilution steps 

This standard describes a routine procedure for the evaluation of results of the 

enumeration of microorganisms using colony-count methods with subsequent 

10-fold dilution steps and one plate or two parallel plates within each dilution 

step. 

This routine procedure is applied regularly in each laboratory performing colony 

counts. It provides criteria for the acceptability of differences between the results 

from parallel plates and subsequent dilution steps, as follows. 

The results (colony counts) obtained from parallel plates are compared with 

tabulated limits for given colony counts. If these limits are exceeded, a technical 

problem when performing the parallel determinations may be indicated. 

The results (sums of colony counts) of two parallel plates of two subsequent 10- 

fold dilution steps are compared with tabulated limits for given sums of colony 

counts. If these limits are exceeded, a technical problem when performing the 

dilutions may be indicated. 

If the limits mentioned above are exceeded in more cases than expected, this 

indicates that the test procedure lacks reliability. 



ISO 11866-1|IDF 170-1:2005 - Milk and milk products - Enumeration of 

presumptive Escherichia coli - Part 1: Most probable number technique using 

4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide (MUG) 

This standard specifies a combined method for the enumeration of presumptive 

Escherichia coli and of presumptive coliforms by means of a culture technique 

involving a liquid medium with MUG, and calculation of the number of 

presumptive Escherichia coli and/or coliforms per gram or per millilitre by the 

most probable number (MPN) technique after incubation at 30 °C. 

The method is applicable to milk, liquid milk products, dried milk, dried sweet 

whey, dried buttermilk, lactose, acid casein, lactic casein and rennet casein, 

caseinate and dried acid whey, cheese and processed cheese, butter, frozen milk 

products (including edible ices), and custard, desserts and cream. 

The method specified in this standard is preferred for samples in which 

comparatively low numbers of presumptive Escherichia coli and/or other 

presumptive coliforms (less than 100 per gram or 10 per millilitre) are suspected. 


ISO 11866-2|IDF 170-2:2005 - Milk and milk products - Enumeration of 

presumptive Escherichia coli - Part 2: Colony-count technique at 44 degrees C 

using membranes 

This standard specifies a method for the enumeration of presumptive Escherichia 

coli by means of a colony-count technique at 44 °C.

The method is applicable to milk, liquid milk products, dried milk, dried sweet 

whey, dried buttermilk, lactose, acid casein, lactic casein and rennet casein, 

caseinate and dried acid whey, cheese and processed cheese, butter, frozen milk 

products (including edible ices), and custard, desserts and cream. 

The method specified in this standard is the preferred method for samples in 

which comparatively large numbers of presumptive Escherichia coli (more than 

100 per gram or 10 per millilitre) are suspected. 


ISO 14501|IDF 171:2007 - Milk and milk powder - Determination of aflatoxin 

M1 content - Clean-up by immunoaffinity chromatography and determination 

by high-performance liquid 

This standard specifies a method for the determination of aflatoxin M1 content 

in milk and milk powder. The limit of detection is 0,08 µg/kg for whole milk 

powder, i.e. 0,008 µg/l for reconstituted liquid milk. The method is also 

applicable to low fat milk, skimmed milk, low fat milk powder, and skimmed milk 

powder. 


ISO 14156|IDF 172:2001 - Milk and Milk products - Extraction methods for 

lipids and liposoluble compounds 

This standard specifies methods for the extraction or separation of a 

representative part of the fat, containing lipids and liposoluble compounds, from 

milk and milk products. 

The method is applicable to pretreatment of samples for the methods described 

in ISO 15884 and ISO 15885. 

It should be noted that free fatty acids are not part of extracted fat as described in 

methods for the fat determination in milk, condensed milk, dried milk products, 

cream and fermented milk. 

When purchasing this standard, you also receive the ISO 14156|IDF 172 

AMENDMENT 1 published in 2007 free of charge. 


ISO 15323|IDF173:2002 - Dried milk protein products - Determination of 

nitrogen solubility index 

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the nitrogen solubility 

index (NSI) of dried milk protein products. This determination is a means of 

assessing the solubility of nitrogen-containing compounds. 


ISO 11865|IDF 174:2009 - Instant whole milk powder - Determination of white 

flecks number 

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the white flecks 

number (WFN) in instant whole milk powder.


ISO 11285|IDF 175:2004 - Milk - Determination of lactulose content - 

Enzymatic method 

This standard specifies an enzymatic method for the determination of the 

lactulose content of milk. 



ISO 15174|IDF 176:2002 - Milk and Milk products - Microbial coagulants - 

Determination of total milk-clotting activity 

This standard describes a method to compare the total milk-clotting activity of 

a microbial coagulant sample with the milk-clotting activity of an international 

microbial coagulant reference standard on a standard milk substrate prepared 

with a calcium chloride solution containing 0,5 g/l of calcium chloride (pH 

approximately 6,5). 


ISO 14892|IDF 177:2002 - Dried skimmed milk - Determination of vitamin D 

content using high-performance liquid chromatography 

This standard specifies a method for the determination of vitamin D in a test 

sample containing at least 10 micrograms of vitamin D per 100 g [equal to 400 

International Units (IU) of vitamin D per 100 g] by using high-performance liquid 

chromatography (HPLC). 

The results of the determination are only reliable if, in the case of determination 

of vitamin D3, the test sample contains only vitamin D3, and no vitamin D2 

(which will be added as an internal standard) and, in the case of determination of 

vitamin D2, the test sample contains only vitamin D2 and no vitamin D3 (which 

will be added as an internal standard). This is to be verified by the procedure 

carried out without the addition of the internal standard (vitamin D2). 



ISO 13875|IDF 178:2005 - Liquid milk - Determination of acid-soluble betalactoglobulin 

content - Reverse-phase HPLC method 

This standard specifies a method for the quantitative determination of the betalactoglobulin 

content, soluble at pH 4,6, in liquid milk. The method has been 

tested over a range between 0 mg and 3 500 mg of beta-lactoglobulin per litre 

of milk. It is suitable for distinguishing different categories of heat-treated liquid 

milk. 



ISO 15648|IDF 179:2004 - Butter - Determination of salt content - 

Potentiometric method 

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the salt content of all 

types of butter containing more than 0,1 % (mass fraction) salt. 


ISO 17792|IDF 180:2006 - Milk, milk products and mesophilic starter cultures 

- Enumeration of citrate-fermenting lactic acid bacteria - Colony-count 

technique at 25 degrees 

This standard specifies methods for the enumeration of citrate-fermenting lactic 

acid bacteria using a colony-count technique at 25 °C. 

The methods are applicable to dairy starter cultures and dairy products where 

these characteristic microorganisms are present. 


IDF 181:1998 - Dried Milk Products - Enumeration of bacillus cereus 

Replaced by the horizontal Standard: ISO 21871 


ISO 15884|IDF 182:2002 - Milkfat - Preparation of fatty acid methylesters 

This standard specifies a method for the preparation of fatty acid methyl esters 

from milk fat and fat obtained from dairy products. 

The method is not suitable for the analysis of partially lipolysed milk fat (fat 

acidity > 1 mmol of free fatty acids per 100 g of fat). In such a case, the alternative 

method described in Annex A can be used. 



ISO 13969|IDF 183:2003 - Milk and milk products - Guidelines for a 

standardized description of microbial inhibitor tests 

This standard gives guidance for a standardized description of microbial inhibitor 

tests for milk and milk products. It is intended to give a framework and basis for 

the evaluation/validation of microbial inhibitor tests, allowing the comparison of 

data obtained from different tests and experimental studies. 


ISO 15885|IDF 184:2002 - Milkfat - Determination of the fatty acid composition 

by gas-liquid chromatography 

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the fatty acid 

composition of milk fat and fat obtained from dairy products. 



ISO 14891|IDF 185:2002 - Milk and milk products - Determination of nitrogen 

content - Routine method using combustion according to the Dumas principle 

This International Standard specifies a routine method for the determination of 

the total nitrogen content of milk and milk products. 


ISO 14675|IDF 186:2003 - Milk and milk products - Guidelines for 

a standardized description of competitive enzyme immunoassays - 

Determination of aflatoxin M1 content 

This standard give guidelines on the use of screening methods used for the 

determination of aflatoxin M1 content in milk and milk products, based upon 

competitive enzyme immuno-assays. 

For legal purposes, positive enzyme immunoassay results require confirmation 

by an accepted reference method. However, depending on whether the test 

complies with the specifications given hereafter, enzyme immunoassays can 

be used for routine quality control, especially when the absence of aflatoxin M1 

above the regulatory limit needs to be documented. 


ISO 16305|IDF 187:2005 - Butter - Determination of firmness 

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the firmness of butter. 

The method is also applicable to butter prepared by recombination of milk 

components, aerated butter, and butter to which vegetable fat, spices or other 

foods have been added. Any changes with regard to the preparation of the butter, 

however, will influence its firmness characteristics. Therefore, for the purposes of 

this standard these products are not included. 


ISO 18330|IDF 188:2003 - Milk and milk products - Guidelines for the 

standardized description of immunoassays or receptor assays for the 

detection of antimicrobial residues 

This standard gives guidelines for the standardized description of immunoassays 

or receptor assays for the detection of antimicrobial residues in milk and milk 

products. 

It is intended to provide a framework and basis for the evaluation/validation of 

tests based on the binding of an antimicrobial compound to its specific antibody 

or to other types of detecting molecules. 

In addition to immunoassays [e.g. enzyme-immunoassay (EIA) and radioimmunoassay 

(RIA)], there are several quantitative, semi-quantitative and 

qualitative test formats based on the binding of antimicrobial compounds to 

microbial receptors or to receptor proteins. Enzymatic assays and particle-based 

assays based on receptor proteins are referred to as receptor assays in ISO 

18330:2003. 

Standard only available in English.



nitrate and nitrite - Part 1: Method using cadmium reduction and spectrometry 

- Second Edition 

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the nitrate and nitrite 

contents of milk and milk products by cadmium reduction and spectrometry. 

The method is applicable to: whole and partly skimmed and skimmed dried milk; 

hard, semi-hard and soft cheeses; processed cheese; whey cheese, caseins and 

caseinates and dried whey. 

The method may be performed using automatic equipment, in particular by 

segmented flow analysis (SFA) or flow injection analysis (FIA), thus reducing 

cadmium contamination in laboratory work places and waste water. 



nitrate and nitrite - Part 2: Method using segmented flow analysis (Routine 

method) - Second Edition 

This standard specifies a routine method for the determination of the nitrate 

and nitrite contents of milk and milk products by segmented flow analysis. The 

method is applicable to milk, cheese, and liquid and dried milk products and 

infant foods. 



nitrate and nitrite - Part 3: Method using cadmium reduction and flow 

injection analysis with in-line dialysis (Routine method) - Second Edition 

This standard specifies a routine method for the determination of the nitrate 

and nitrite contents of milk and milk products by cadmium reduction and flow 

injection analysis (FIA). The method is applicable to hard, semi-hard and soft 

cheeses of various ages, and processed cheese. The detection limits of the 

method are 0,5 mg of nitrate ions per kilogram and 1,0 mg of nitrite ions per 

kilogram, respectively. 

The method is also applicable to whey powder, milk powder and milk-based 

infant food. 


ISO 14674|IDF 190:2005 - Milk and milk powder - Determin. of aflatoxin M1 

content - Clean-up by immunoaffinity chromatography and determination by 

thin-layer chromatography 

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the aflatoxin M1 

(AFM1) content of milk and milk powder by a method including a clean-up step 

using immunoaffinity chromatography followed by a thin-layer chromatography 

(IAC-TLC).

The method is applicable to raw milk, low fat or skimmed liquid milk and milk 

powder.The lowest quantity of AFM1 that can commonly be determined is 2 ng, 

which corresponds to a limit of quantification close to 0,10 micrograms per litre 

for liquid milk or dissolved milk powder (for a spot of 20 microlitres). 



ISO 8851-1|IDF 191-1:2004 - Butter - Determination of moisture, non-fat 

solids and fat contents (Routine methods) - Part 1: Determination of moisture 

content. 

This standard specifies the routine method for the determination of the moisture 

content of butter. 



and fat contents (Routine methods) - Part 2: Determination of non-fat solids 

content. 

This standard specifies the routine method for the determination of the non-fat 

solids content of butter. 



and fat contents (Routine methods) - Part 3: Calculation of fat content. 

This standard specifies a procedure for the calculation of the fat content of butter. 


ISO 20128|IDF 192:2006 - Milk products - Enumeration of presumptive 

Lactobacillus acidophilus on a selective medium - Colony-count technique at 

37 °C 

This standard specifies a method for the enumeration of presumptive 

Lactobacillus acidophilus in milk products on a selective medium by using a 

colony-count technique at 37 °C. 

The method is applicable to fermented and non-fermented milks, milk powders 

and infant formulae where presumptive L. acidophilus is present and in 

combination with other lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. 

The method is not applicable when the number of presumptive L. acidophilus is 

less than 104 CFU/g and the numbers of Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus 

reuteri and Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei are greater than 106 CFU/g. 



ISO 18329|IDF 193:2004 - Milk and milk products - Determination of furosine 

content Ion-pair-reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography 

method 

This standard specifies a method for the quantitative determination of furosine 

in milk and milk products. The method is particularly applicable to raw or heattreated 

milk and to cheese. 



ISO 17189|IDF 194:2003 - Butter, edible oil emulsions and spreadable fats - 

Determination of fat content (Reference Method) 

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the fat content of 

butter, edible oil emulsions and spreadable fats (margarine, vegetable oil 

spreads, dairy spreads and blended spreads). 


ISO 14637|IDF 195:2004 - Milk - Determination of urea content - Enzymatic 

method using difference in pH (Reference method) 

This standard specifies an enzymatic method for the determination of the urea 

content of milk by measurement of the difference in pH. 


ISO 21187|IDF 196:2004 - Quantitative determination of bacteriological quality 

Guidance for establishing and verifying a conversion relationship between routine 

method results and anchor method results. 

This standard gives guidelines for the establishment of a conversion relationship 

between the results of a routine method and an anchor method, and its 

verification for the quantitative determination of the bacteriological quality of 

milk. 


ISO 20541|IDF 197:2008 - Milk and milk products - Determination of 

nitrate content - Method by enzymatic reduction and molecular-absorption 

spectrometry after Griess reaction 

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the nitrate content 

of milk and milk products by molecular-absorption spectrometry after Griess 

reaction (preceded by enzymatic reduction). 

The method is, in particular, applicable to whole, partly skimmed, skimmed and 

dried milk, hard, semi-hard and soft cheeses, processed cheese, whey cheese, 

caseins, caseinates, dried whey and milk protein concentrates. 

The method can be used at contents corresponding to a measured concentration 

in the sample solution (with blank subtracted) of more than 0,2 mg/l. 


ISO 22662|IDF 198:2007 - Milk and milk products - Determination of lactose 

content by high-performance liquid chromatography (Reference method) 

This standard specifies the reference method for the determination of lactose 

content of raw milk, heat-treated milks, dried milk and raw and pasteurized 

cream. The method is not applicable to fermented milks and milks to which 

oligosaccharides have been added. 


ISO 23058|IDF 199:2006 - Milk and milk products - Ovine and caprine rennets 

- Determination of total milk-clotting activity 

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the total milk-clotting 

activity of an ovine or caprine rennet, including rennet paste, containing only 

chymosin and pepsin as the active coagulating enzymes on a standard milk 

substrate prepared using a calcium chloride solution of 0,5 g per litre (pH approx. 

6,5). 


ISO 18252|IDF 200:2006 - Anhydrous milk fat - Determination of sterol 

composition by gas liquid chromatography (Routine method) 

This standard specifies a routine gas liquid chromatographic method for the 

determination of the sterol composition in anhydrous milk fat extracted from 

dairy products directly on the unsaponifiable matter, without purification and 

derivatization. 



ISO 21543|IDF 201:2006 - Milk products - Guidelines for the application of 

near infrared spectrometry 

This standard provides guidance on use of near infrared spectrometry in the 

determination of 

- the total solids, fat and protein contents in cheese, 

- the moisture, fat, protein and lactose contents in dried milk, dried whey and 

dried butter milk, and 

- the moisture, fat, non-fat solids and salt contents in butter. 


ISO 17678|IDF 202:2010 - Milk and milk products - Determination of milk fat 

purity by gas chromatographic analysis of triglycerides (Reference method) 

This standard specifies a reference method for the determination of milk fat 

purity using gas chromatographic analysis of triglycerides. Both vegetable fats 

and animal fats such as beef tallow and lard can be detected. By using defined 

triglyceride equations, the integrity of milk fat is determined. 

Basically, the method applies to bulk milk, or products made thereof, irrespective 

of feeding, breed or lactation conditions. In particular, the method is applicable

to fat extracted from milk products purporting to contain pure milk fat with 

unchanged composition, such as butter, cream, milk, and milk powder. 

However, under the circumstances listed hereafter, a false positive result can 

be obtained. Hence, the method is not applicable to milk fat: a) obtained from 

bovine milk other than cow's milk; b) obtained from single cows; c) obtained 

from cows which received an exceptionally high feeding of pure vegetable oils 

such as rapeseed oil; d) obtained from colostrum; e) subjected to technological 

treatment such as removal of cholesterol or fractionation; f) obtained from 

skim milk or buttermilk; g) extracted by using the Gerber, Weibull–Berntrop 

or Schmid–Bondzynski–Ratzlaff methods, or that has been isolated using 

detergents (e.g. the Bureau of Dairy Industries method). 

With the extraction methods specified in g), substantial quantities of partial 

glycerides or phospholipids can pass into the fat phase. Consequently, the 

scope of this standard excludes certain products and particularly cheese, whose 

ripening process can also affect the fat composition to such a degree that a false 

positive result is obtained. 



of their behaviour in hot coffee (Coffee test) 

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the behaviour in hot 

coffee of dried milk and dried milk products, either instant or non-instant. 


ISO 17996|IDF 205:2006 - Cheese - Determination of rheological properties by 

uniaxial compression at constant displacement rate 

This standard describes a method for the determination of rheological properties 

by uniaxial compression at constant displacement rate in hard and semi-hard 

cheeses. 

The method provides standard conditions for sampling and testing, for data 

representation and general principles of calculation. 



ISO 17129|IDF 206:2006 - Milk powder - Determination of soy and pea 

proteins using capillary electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl 

sulfate (SDS-CE) - Screening method 

This standard describes a method for the determination of the soy and pea 

protein isolates in low-heat milk powder, using capillary electrophoresis in the 

presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS-CE). 

The method is not suitable for detecting the presence of hydrolysed plant 

proteins in milk powder. 


ISO 22160|IDF 209:2007 - Milk and milk-based drinks - Determination of 

alkaline phosphatase activity - Enzymatic photo-activated system (EPAS) 

method 

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the alkaline 

phosphatase activity in pasteurized whole milk, semi-skimmed milk, skimmed 

milk, cream and flavoured milks using a chemiluminescent (EPAS) method. 

The method is applicable to milk and milk-based drinks from cows, sheep, 

buffalo and goats. 

The method is also suitable for any liquid-based sample if diluted in such a way 

that the diluted alkaline phosphatase activity has less than 7 000 milliunits per 

litre. 


ISO/TS 22964|IDF/RM 210:2006 - Milk and milk products - Detection of 

Enterobacter sakazakii 

This standard specifies a method for the detection of Enterobacter sakazakii 

in milk powder and powdered infant formula. The method is also applicable to 

environmental samples collected from milk powder or infant formula factories. 



ISO 23065|IDF 211:2009 - Milk fat from enriched dairy products - 

Determination of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid content by gas-liquid 

chromatography 

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the omega-3 and 

omega-6 fatty acid content in anhydrous milk fat extracted from dairy products 

supplemented or naturally enriched with these constituents. 

The specified procedure allows the evaluation of the most important omega-3 

and omega-6 fatty acids. 


ISO 26323|IDF 213:2009 - Milk products - Determination of the acidification 

activity of dairy cultures by continuous pH measurement (CpH) 

This standard specifies a method for the measurement of the acidification activity 

of lactic acid bacteria by continuous measurement of pH. 

The method is applicable to dairy starter cultures where these characteristic 

microorganisms are present. 

Two types of standardized milk are specified in the procedure: boiled milk with 

9,5 % mass fraction dry matter (B-milk 9,5); and autoclaved milk with 9,5 % mass 

fraction dry matter (A-milk 9,5). It is possible that heat treatment of B-milk 9,5 

does not inactivate all enzymes that are present, which can affect the activity 

of some cultures. In that case, cultures are tested with A-milk 9,5 in which all 

enzymes have been inactivated. 



ISO 26462|IDF 214:2010 - Milk - Determination of lactose content - Enzymatic 

method using difference in pH 


content of milk and reconstituted milk by measurement of the difference in pH 

(differential pH measurement). 


ISO/TS 26844|IDF/RM 215:2006 - Milk and milk products - Determination of 

antimicrobial residues - Tube diffusion test 

This standard specifies a microbiological inhibitor test for the detection of 

a broad variety of antimicrobials in milk and milk products. The method is 

applicable to raw milk, heat-treated milk and reconstituted dried milk. 


ISO/TS 27105|IDF/RM 216:2009 - Milk and milk products - Determination of 

hen's egg white lysozyme by HPLC 

This standard specifies a method for the quantitative determination of hen's egg 

white lysozyme in milk and milk products. 

The method is suitable for measuring low levels of hen's egg white lysozyme with 

a quantification limit of 5 mg/kg. 


ISO/TS 27106|IDF/RM 217:2009 - Cheese - Determination of nisin A content 

by LC-MS and LC-MS-MS 

This standard specifies a method for the quantitative determination of the nisin A 

content in cheese. 

The method is suitable for measuring low levels of nisin A with a quantification 

limit of 1 mg/kg. 



ISO 13082|IDF 218:2011 - Milk and milk products - Determination of the lipase 

activity of pregastric lipase preparation 

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the lipase activity. It is 

intended for the preparation of pregastric lipase and rennet paste, both of animal 

origin. 



ISO 3889|IDF 219:2006 - Milk and milk products - Specification of Mojonniertype 

fat extraction flasks

This standard specifies the characteristics of Mojonnier-type fat extraction flasks 

for use in gravimetric methods for the determination of fat in milk and milk 

products. The flasks are designed to enable a supernatant solvent layer to be 

decanted almost completely from an underlying aqueous layer. 


ISO 29981|IDF 220:2010 - Milk products - Enumeration of presumptive 

bifidobacteria - Colony count technique at 37 degrees C 

This standard specifies a method for the selective enumeration of presumptive 

bifidobacteria in milk products by using a colony count technique at 37 °C under 

anaerobic conditions. 

The method is applicable to milk products such as fermented and nonfermented 

milks, milk powders, infant formulae, and starter cultures where these 

microorganisms are present and viable, and in combination with other lactic acid 

bacteria. 

Bifidobacteria used in milk products usually belong to the species: 

Bifidobacterium adolescentis; B. animalis subsp. animalis; B. animalis subsp. 

lactis; B. bifidum; B. breve; B. infantis; B. longum. 



ISO 3432|IDF 221:2008 - Cheese - Determination of fat content - Butyrometer 

for Van Gulik method 

This standard specifies the characteristics of a butyrometer (including stoppers) 

for the determination of the fat content, in the range 0 % mass fraction to 40 % 

mass fraction, of cheese by the Van Gulik method and illustrates suitable devices 

for weighing and introducing the cheese test portion. 


ISO 3433|IDF 222:2008 - Cheese - Determination of fat content - Van Gulik 

method 

This standard specifies the Van Gulik method for the determination of the fat 

content, as a mass fraction, of cheese. 

This method is applicable to all types of cheese. However, it may not give 

completely satisfactory results when applied to cheeses with an internal mould 

(blue-veined cheeses). 



the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics applicable to 

bifidobacteria and non-enterococcal lactic acid bacteria (LAB) 

This standard specifies a method for determining the minimal inhibitory 

concentration (MIC) of a series of antibiotics applicable to bifidobacteria and 

non-enterococcal lactic acid bacteria (LAB).

This standard recommends the broth microdilution method as the standard 

method. 



ISO 27871|IDF 224:2011 - Cheese and processed cheese - Determination of the 

nitrogenous fractions 

This standard specifies a method for determining the nitrogenous fractions in 

cheeses and processed cheese from cow milk. 


ISO/TS 11059|IDF/RM 225:2009 - Milk and milk products - Method for the 

enumeration of Pseudomonas spp. 

This standard describes a method for the enumeration of Pseudomonas spp. in 

milk and milk products. The method allows the isolation of all pigmented and 

non-pigmented psychrophilic Pseudomonas spp. 

The standard is also applicable to dairy samples. 


ISO 2446|IDF 226:2008 - Milk - Determination of fat content 

This standard specifies a routine method (the Gerber method) for the 

determination of the fat content of milk and includes guidance on the 

determination of the appropriate capacity of the milk pipette and on the 

determination of the corrections to apply to the results if the milk is not of 

average fat content. The procedure for checking the capacity of the milk pipette is 

specified in an annex. 

The method is applicable to liquid milk, whole or partially skimmed, raw or 

pasteurized. With modifications, details of which are given, it is also applicable 

to: milk containing certain preservatives; milk that has undergone the process of 

homogenization, in particular sterilized milk and ultra heat-treated (UHT) milk; 

and skimmed milk. 


ISO 12779|IDF 227:2011 - Lactose - Determination of water content - Karl 

Fischer method 

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the water content of 

lactose by Karl Fischer (KF) titration. 


ISO/TS 27265|IDF/RM 228:2009 - Dried milk - Enumeration of the specially 

thermoresistant spores of thermophilic bacteria 

This standard specifies a method for the enumeration of colony-forming units 

(CFU) of specially thermoresistant spores of thermophilic bacteria in dried milk

products by using a colony-count technique at 55 °C after heating the sample at 

106 °C. 

The applicability of this standard is limited to dried whole milk, skim milk, 

and buttermilk products that are destined to be recombined and used in the 

manufacture of sterilized (e.g. UHT or retort-treated) milk products. 



ISO/TS 15495|IDF/RM 230:2010 - Milk, milk products and infant formulae - 

Guidelines for the quantitative determination of melamine and cyanuric acid 

by LC-MS/MS 

This standard gives guidance for the quantitative determination of melamine and 

cyanuric acid content in milk, powdered milk products, and infant formulae by 

electrospray ionization liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC- 

MS/MS). 


Special Issues 

Special Issue 8901 - Modern microbiological methods for dairy products 

Proceedings of a Seminar in Santander (Spain), 22-24 May 1989 

12 invited papers and 37 poster presentations in four sections: 

1) Essentials of safety and quality assurance and their application 

2) Analytical techniques applied to determine hygiene and quality on the farm 

and in the dairy plant 

3) Analytical techniques applied to determine pathogens 

4) General discussion 


Special Issue 8902 - Dairy research - The winds of change 

Proceedings of a Seminar (Glasgow, United Kingdom) in August 1989 

Papers by 14 authors concerning dairy research in a wide range of countries, a 

survey of the situation in IDF member countries and a glimpse at the future. 


Special Issue 9001 - Recombination of milk and milk products 

Proceedings of a Seminar held in Alexandria (Egypt) 12-16 November 1988 

1) Country Reports 

2) Raw Materials and Recombination Systems 

3) Products processing

4) Conclusions and Recommendations of Seminar 


Special Issue 9002 - Handbook on milk collection in warm developing 

countries 



Special Issue 9101 - Monograph on Residues and Contaminants in milk and 

milk products 

Proceedings of a Seminar in Santander (Spain) , 22-24 May 1989 

Chemical residues and contaminants have become more and more important in 

almost all parts of the world in the past ten years. This is besides others due to 

the following facts : 

• as a result of the increasingly strict standards concerning both the quality and the quantity of 

foods of animal origin and in particular of milk, a great number of chemical compounds are 

used either directly or indirectly in the production. As the milk industry operates in a more 

or less contaminated environment, conflicts of goals between producers and consumers are 

frequently difficult to overcome and often only by compromises. 

• today consumers have become particularly sensitive as regards adverse changes in food. 

• as sources of feed for dairy cattle have become more diversified, the range and probability of 

carry-over contamination appears to have increased. 

• the knowledge on the toxicological significance of many residues and contaminants has 

grown during recent years. 

This book covers basic terminology and principles of toxicological evaluation, 

and then systematically deals with the chemistry, toxicology, sources of 

contamination, metabolism, analysis, significance levels and recommendations 

concerning : 

• veterinary drugs and pharmacologically active compounds - heavy metals and trace elements 

• nitrate, nitrite, and nitrosamines 

• mycotoxins 

• polychlorinated biphenyls 

• polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans 

• detergents and disinfectants 


Special Issue 9201 - New applications of membrane processes 

Monograph by an IDF Group of Experts

Membrane processes have been introduced for a number of applications over 

the years and new applications have given rise to new products. This monograph 

highlights the new applications in the following chapters: 

• Introduction - R. de Boer (Netherlands) 

• Pressure-driven membrane processes: principles and definitions - P. Jelen (Canada) 

• Milk protein fractionation - J.L. Maubois and G. Olivier (France) 

• Standardization of milk protein content by membrane processes for product manufacture - 

Z. Puhan (Switzerland) 

• Microfiltration for the reduction of bacteria in milk and brine - P.J. Pedersen (Denmark) 

• Milk protein concentrate - A. Novák (Hungary) 

• Manufacture of fresh cheese by ultrafiltration - P.J. Pedersen and N. Ottosen (Denmark) 

• Functional properties of whey protein concentrates and their relationship to ultrafiltration - 

W.J. Harper (New Zealand) 

• Incorporation of liquid ultrafiltration - Whey retentates in dairy desserts and yoghurts - R. de 

Boer and J.P.J.M. Koenraads (Netherlands) 

• Reduction of lipids in whey protein concentrates by microfiltration - effect on functional 

properties - R.J. Pearce, S.C. Marshall and J.A. Dunkerley (Australia) 

• Partial demineralization of whey by nanofiltration - P.M. Kelly (Ireland), B.S. Horton (USA) 

and H. Burling (Sweden) 

• Membranes in microbial fermentations - U. Kulozik (Germany) 


Special Issue 9202 - Econometric measurement of generic advertising 

Results of a survey conducted and compiled by Prof. Olan D. Forker, Cornell 

University, USA, and a Task Force comprising Yves Boutonnat (France), David 

Jones (United Kingdom), Henry W. Kinnucan (USA) and Archie MacDonald 

(Canada) 

Producers’ expenditures on generic advertising in agricultural commodities 

have grown dramatically in the last three decades and even greater efforts 

can be expected in the future if more precise answers can be found as to the 

contribution of promotion to product sales. This report illustrates what is known 

and what can be done by way of economic analysis to help organizations make 

better decisions about promotional expenditures. 

The book comprises the following: 

• Introduction (task, attitudes to generic advertising, current levels of expenditure) 

• Theoretical concepts and measurement issues 

• Review of econometric studies 

• Structural and policy issues 

• Conclusions and recommendations 

• References 

• List of selected studies on the economics of dairy product generic advertising 



Special Issue 9203 - Central and Eastern European dairying: transfer from 

centrally-planned to market-orientated economy 

Proceedings of an IDF Consultation in Vienna - 24-26 February 1992 

The objective of the consultation was to present an overview of the present 

structure of the dairy sector in countries with a market-orientated economy 

to a limited number of dairy experts/officials from countries previously with a 

centrally-planned economy. 

Also to brief participants on the implications for their national dairy policy of 

international developments in dairy markets and, in particular, the role played by 

the EEC. 

Current dairy situation in Central and Eastern Europe, free market, planning 

groups, economics and ecology in dairying, restructuring in the former DDR, 

European Common Market, experiences in Scandinavian markets, international 

dairy scene and developments in Central and Eastern Europe, EEC PHARE 

programme, trade prospects and opportunities for Eastern and Central European 

dairy industries, responses to participants’ questionnaire, recommendations, 

participants list are all included. 


Special Issue 9301 - Factors affecting the yield of cheese 

A Monograph compiled by a Group of Experts (F35) charged to formulate 

guidelines for the expression of cheese yield data and an internationally 

accepted protocol for the determination of cheese yield 

This monograph is about the control of cheese yield from two aspects: the 

control and improvement of yield by the cheesemaker; and the design, conduct 

and presentation of results of cheesemaking experiments by researchers for 

cheesemakers. Protocols are given for expressing cheese yield and for design, 

statistical analysis and interpretation of cheese yield experiments. Some parts of 

the monograph are therefore directed at researchers and those evaluating results 

of experiments, whereas the other parts have broader interest. 


Special Issue 9302 - Analytical Quality Assurance and Good laboratory 

Practice in dairy laboratories 

Proceedings of an International Seminar (Sonthofen, Germany) 18-20 May 

1992 

Analytical Quality Assurance and Good Laboratory Practice in dairy laboratories 

are topics that are constantly growing in importance. At first glance, such general 

topics may seem like a small part of the increasingly sophisticated world of 

laboratory research. But experience in many interlaboratory studies at national 

and international level in the past has demonstrated that besides standardized 

and validated methods (which cannot alone guarantee the comparability of 

measurements), analytical quality assurance plays a key role for the reliability 

of laboratory results. Introduction of systematic quality assurance (and/or - 

in special cases - good laboratory practice) procedures for the analytical work 

itself is now expected to become a requirement for (worldwide) confidence in

laboratories and for the acceptance of results. In future, laboratory accreditation 

as an important instrument for the dairy industry to strengthen confidence in 

laboratory results, will only be possible on the basis of such quality assurance 

principles. 

The object of this work is to encourage a decisive improvement in the reliability 

of laboratory analysis by implementing quality assurance in laboratories and 

thereby strengthen the confidence in results of analysis especially in international 

trade, and to have an impact on international standardization and validation of 

analytical methods. 

The role of quality assurance in the comparability and reliability of dairy 

laboratory measurements is examined in sections on basic needs and concepts 

(3 chapters), general requirements (4 chapters), intralaboratory (8 chapters) and 

interlaboratory aspects (8 chapters) for dairy institutes, aspects for central testing 

laboratories (7 chapters) and aspects for dairy factory laboratories (8 chapters), 

together with 14 briefer contributions, making 53 chapters in all. 



Special Issue 9303 - Protein and fat globule modifications by heat treatment, 

homogenization and other technological means for high quality dairy products 

Proceedings of the IDF Seminar held in Munich (DE) from 25-28 August 1992 

The Proceedings are divided into six sections. 

Section 1 deals with the basic knowledge of milk components with regard to 

specific functional properties. The 10 papers in this section range from a study 

of the effect of heat on the membranes of natural and synthetic fat globules in 

whole and homogenized milks, to a characterization study of peptides derived 

from casein proteolysis. 

Section 2 consists of 12 papers dealing with testing methods for the 

characterization of products. A colorimetric study of fat globule structural 

modifications in milk handling starts the section, finishing with a method for 

obtaining information on the extent of the early Maillard-reaction between 

individual protein-bound lysine residues of ß-casein A and reducing sugars. 

Section 3 deals with the effect of heat treatment on milk protein. A number of 

physical and chemical changes occur in milk proteins during heating which 

ultimately affect their functionalities in milk products. The eight papers in this 

section examine the effect of heat treatment on properties such as gel forming 

characteristics, viscosity and rheology of whey protein. 

Section 4 consists of eight papers which examine the effect of heat treatment on 

milk and milk products. One paper presents a strategy for an optimal process 

design of heat treatment equipment. Other papers cover heat gelation of whey 

proteins, effects of processing on the photosensitivity of milk, and whey protein 

gels with sugar substitutes. 

Section 5 deals with homogenization – emulsification – effects with heat 

treatment. The 10 papers range from the effects of homogenization and heat 

treatment of skim milk and starter bacteria agglutination and defects in cottage 

cheese, to a study of the influence of lipase-catalysed interesterification of milkfat 

on the free fatty acid profile. One paper reviews practical solutions to the effect of

homogenization on heat stability and age-gelation in sterilized, concentrated milk 

and discusses the underlying mechanisms. 

Section 6 the largest section, comprising 16 papers, looks at combined 

processes – new technologies. A new alternative to present fat substitutes 

by microparticulation of milk proteins by high pressure homogenization 

is presented, along with an examination of combined ultrafiltration – 

homogenization for improving the spreadability of butter. The influence of the fat 

globule on whey exudation from Feta cheese during storage is investigated, and a 

comparison of different UHT-systems for the production of whipping cream with 

and without additives is made. 

The final paper deals with the in situ build-up, breakdown and rebodying of acid 

casein gel. 

In short the Proceedings provide a summary of the knowledge on the 

behaviour of milk compounds during processing to produce defined structural 

characteristics, and present the state of the corresponding technologies and 

applications, along with discussion for new possibilities. 


Special Issue 9401 - Dairying in Central and Eastern Europe: The roads to 

privatization 

Proceedings of the Second IDF Consultation on Dairying in Central and 

Eastern Europe, held in Munich (DE), on 4 September 1992 

The aims, necessary conditions and implementation of privatization in the former 

GDR’s dairy industry are discussed. The participation of the Treuhand-Anstalt 

(Trustee Institution for the former GDR) in the creation of the organizational 

framework in the new federal states is explained, with comments covering 

agriculture as a whole. The measures taken to implement privatization of Czech 

dairies by the non-standard method of coupon privatization are outlined. Finally, 

the European Commission’s efforts in providing Central and Eastern Europe with 

support in their agricultural reforms by means of the PHARE programme are 

explained. 


Special Issue 9402 - Cheese yield and factors affecting its control 

Proceedings of the IDF Seminar held in Cork (Ireland), in April 1993 

The Proceedings start with an overview of the Irish cheese industry. The 

programme of the Seminar was divided into 11 topics. 

Topic 1: Transfer of milk components to cheese: scientific considerations 

The first paper in this section discusses mainly the transfer of protein (casein) 

to cheese. Some attention is given to the problem of correctly calculating the 

protein or casein content in milk and cheese. The relation between casein content 

and paracasein content is then discussed. The second paper investigates the 

impact of whey pH at draining on the transfer of calcium to Mozzarella cheese. 

Topic 2: Definition and expression of cheese yield 

The transformation of casein in milk into the paracasein structure of cheese and 

its relation to non-casein milk components is investigated. A model to calculate 

the amount and composition of the cheese from processing parameters and 

related to 1 kg casein is developed for Gouda cheese.

Topic 3: Factors that affect yield over which the milk producer has control 

This section covers factors affecting cheese yield such as: the influence of 

mastitis; the importance and effects on technology of physical, chemical and 

microbiological properties of vat milk in the Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese zone; 

regional and seasonal variations of nitrogen fractions in cheese milk in Quebec; 

genetic and environmental factors affecting milk composition; effects of low 

temperature storage of milk; the effect of seasonal and regional variation in 

milk compositions. Finally, an evaluation of an automated, rapid method for 

measurement of rennet coagulation time with a view to controlling processing 

quality of herd milks during late lactation is presented. 

Topic 4: Genetic variants of milk proteins and cheese yield 

The effect of genetic polymorphisms of milk proteins on milk properties 

relevant to cheesemaking, for example, protein content, casein number, rennet 

coagulation properties and cheese yielding capacity of milk, is demonstrated. 

This is followed by the results of an extensive study on properties related to the 

genetic variants of k-casein and ß-lactoglobulin in relation to milk composition 

and cheesemaking properties; the effect of k- casein genotype on the composition 

of whole casein and rennet coagulation of bovine milk; chemical composition 

and coagulation properties of milk from Reggiana breed dairy cows with different 

casein ß- and k- genotypes; genetic variants of milk proteins and cheese yield; 

influence of milk protein polymorphism on cheese producing ability in the milk of 

Manchega ewes breed; effect of genetic variants of casein on the recovery of milk 

proteins in fresh and soft cheeses obtained by ultra- or microfiltration from goat’s 

milk; effect of genetic variants of milk proteins on the yield of Cheddar cheese; 

genetic variants of milk proteins in the Moorepark research herds. 

Topic 5: Measurement of casein and other analytical methods 

Six papers covering: reference and routine methods for the measurement of 

nitrogen fractions in milk and whey; a rapid determination of casein in milk 

and factors affecting casein proportion in milk protein; analysis of cheese and 

cheese products for moisture; on-line analysis of dairy products by near-infrared 

spectroscopy; near-infrared spectroscopic analysis of bovine milk for fat, protein 

and lactose; does the addition of components of cheese equal 100% ? 

Topic 6: Factors that affect yield over which the cheese plant has control 

Twelve papers covering: factors that affect yield over which the cheese plant has 

control; cheese yield performance of various coagulants; a nearinfrared system 

that may enhance cheese yield and process control; coagulation properties, 

proteolytic activities of milk-clotting enzymes and their effect on cheese yield; 

effects of compositional modifications and addition of microbial protease on the 

qualities of experimental cheese; influence of milk microfluidization on Cheddar 

cheese composition, quality and yields; variability of moisture content in Cheddar 

cheese; the effect of carbonation of milk on the yield and quality of Cheddar 

cheese; rennet-clotting properties, starter activity and cheese yield of milk 

acidified with carbon dioxide; effects of losses to whey and effluent on Cheddar 

cheese yield; low concentration factor ultrafiltration for the standardization of 

milk for Cheddar cheese production; assessment of the Amelung-Coagulometer, 

Formagraph and hot wire technique for measurement of rennet clotting time. 

Topic 7: Systems in cheese plants for control of yield 

Four papers covering: a spreadsheet system for evaluation and improvement of 

cheese yield performance; the concept of double-loop standardization; the use 

of statistical methods to optimize yield in Cheddar cheese plants; control the

standardization of the cheese milk - the key to future improvement of cheese 

quality and profit in cheese production. 

Topic 8: Inclusion of whey proteins in cheese, as the process influences yield 

Nine papers covering: the inclusion of whey proteins in cheese - an overview; 

incorporation of whey proteins into Dutch-type cheese; measuring cheese yield 

increases obtained by ultrafiltration; on-farm thermalization of milk to improve 

cheese yield; consistency and yield of fresh cheeses obtained by ultrafiltration 

of coagulated milk; yield of cheese-base material produced by application of 

continuous Ricotta processing technology; composition of Cheddar cheese made 

from high-heat treated milk; effect of Simplesse® 100 on the manufacture of low 

fat Cheddar cheese; methods for improving the rennet coagulation properties of 

heated milk. 

Topic 9: Conduct, design and execution of experiments 

Four papers covering: methodology in pilot-scale cheese yield measurement; the 

use of a pilot plant to study milk processing techniques for cooked body cheese; 

critical factors in pilot-scale cheese yield studies; experimental design, milkclotting 

enzymes and cheese yield. 

Topic 10: Other topics 

Five papers including: effect of homogenization on the properties of low-fat 

Mozzarella cheese; analysis of proteolysis in cheese using ionexchange and 

reverse phase chromatography; dynamic mechanical spectroscopy of Cheddar 

cheese; development of processed cheese spread from cow’s milk using enzymes 

and additives; approaches to detecting mislabelled cheeses. 

Topic 11: Maximize yield, quality or profit ? 

One paper considering the factors influencing yield, quality and profitability. 


Special Issue 9403 - Protein definition 

Proceedings of the First IDF Symposium, held in Minneapolis, USA, October 

1993 

Topics covering: 

a) nature and variability of the N fractions and factors affecting them 

b) reference and routine methods for the measurement of N fractions 

c) nutritional value and significance of N fractions for humans and animals 


Special Issue 9404 - Indigenous antimicrobial agents of milk - Recent 

developments 

Proceedings of the IDF Seminar held in Uppsala, Sweden, 31 August & 1 


The Seminar was divided into four parts. 

Part I: Antimicrobial mechanisms. The antimicrobial properties of peptides 

produced upon enzymatic digestion of lactoferrin are investigated in an 

attempt to identify useful new bioactive materials derived from milk proteins. 

Paper 2 traces the history of discovery in the field of passive immunity to the 

offspring, emphasizing the central role played by the mammary gland and its 

physioimmunological machinery. Paper 3 looks at the molecular construction 

of secretory lgA from the lgA dimer and two secretory components of bovine

milk. In paper 4 details of animal experiments used to define the biochemical 

properties of hyperimmune milk anti-inflammatory factor (HIMF) and its 

mechanism of action are presented and discussed. 

Part II: Isolation & assay procedures. The first paper summarizes the methods 

available for analysis of the system components, giving examples of applications 

of mathematical models to bacterial growth and survival data. Paper 2 describes 

the purification of active immunoglobulin from whey using iso-sieving filtration, 

and finally, paper 3 shows how ion exchangers can be used as a rapid method for 

the extraction of LP and LF from whey and are potentially useful as alternatives to 

traditional particle matrices for processing of non-microfiltered cheese whey. 

Part III: Medical/nutritional aspect. Paper 1 discusses the physiological role 

of lactoferrin. This is followed by a summary of information published on 

more than 800 patients who were treated with various bovine immunoglobulin 

(antibodies) products targeting Helicobacter pylori, Cryptosporidium parvum, 

Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Clostridium difficile, Vibrio cholerae, and 

rotavirus. Paper 3 describes how the fragments of lactoferrin were obtained 

by mild tryptic hydrolysis in order to locate the site of the lactoferrin molecule 

responsible for some biological functions. The binding activity of intact lactoferrin 

and its fragments to Trypanosoma cruzi was compared. Paper 4 reports the 

results of a treatment study in a germ-free piglet model, designed to evaluate 

the ability of bovine antibodies against Helicobacter pylori to reduce or eliminate 

the colonization of the stomach mucosa by this bacterium. Paper 5 examines 

the effects of heat treatment on the structure and iron-binding capacity of 

bovine lactoferrin. In paper 6 the results of a double-blind randomized trial of 

hyperimmune cow colostrum in infants and children aged 6-24 months are 

reported. Paper 7 compares the Helicobacter pylori – specific antibodies and 

bactericidal activity in the serum, colostrum and milk of immunized and nonimmunized 

cows. Session 4 was concluded with a study of possible antagonism 

of the activated LP-system with cell-wall destabilizing antibiotics in whey samples 

prepared from normal and inflamed milk samples. 

Part IV: Applications in milk for product manufacture. The first paper discusses 

the actual and potential applications of the natural antimicrobial agents of milk 

in the dairy industry. Paper 2 describes two experiments to determine the efficacy 

of a whey protein concentrate, used as a colostrum substitute or supplement, 

when administered as a single feed, in preventing bovine neonatal morbidity 

and mortality, when compared with pooled colostrum from unvaccinated 

cows. Finally, the legal situation with regard to preservation of raw milk by the 

lactoperoxidase system is looked at. 

Four posters from the seminar are included: 

• Thermal behaviour of bovine lactoferrin in relation to bacterial interaction and antibacterial 

activity 

• Determination of colostral immunoglobulins by gel filtration chromatography 

• Relationship between antibacterial activity and porin binding of lactoferrin in Escherichia 

coli and Salmonella typhimurium 

• Titers of specific antibodies in immunized and non-immunized cow colostrum; implications 

for their use in the treatment of patients with gastro-intestinal infections 

Date: 1994 - Pages: 228 - Paper: 66.93

Special Issue 9405 - Monograph on the significance of pathogenic 

microorganisms in raw milk 

by IDF Group of Experts A10/11 – Bacteriological quality of raw milk 

It is increasingly recognized that the hygienic quality of milk has an important 

effect on the health of consumers and the quality of the product, and is therefore 

of great commercial importance. The greatest foodborne disease hazard now 

appears to be pathogenic microorganisms. This monograph covers the most 

important microorganisms (bacteria, yeasts and moulds, and viruses), and 

discusses the characteristics, procedures for isolation and identification, the 

mechanisms of contamination, incidence, significance for man, and aspects of 

control and prevention. 



Special Issue 9501 - Heat-induced changes in milk 

Second edition (Revision of Bulletin 238/1989) 

Edited by P.F. Fox (Ireland) - Twenty chapters compiled by Group F17 of IDF 

Chapter 1: Heating methods have been developed which retain as many as 

possible of the good organoleptic and nutritive properties of raw milk during heat 

treatment. Heating processes – pasteurization, thermization, sterilization – and 

equipment – systems for milk pasteurization, UHT-heating systems, sterilization 

in the package – are examined. 

Chapter 2: A general survey on the thermodynamics and kinetics of reactions, 

and how to make practical use of such information is presented. The effect of 

temperature is discussed using the Arrhenius equation and the Eyring equation; 

it is stressed that the Eyring equation should be used for protein denaturation. 

Examples of reactions that occur in milk are given as illustration. 

Chapter 3: This chapter first discusses heat-induced chemical changes, which are 

mainly due to reactions of fatty acid residues. The physical changes considered 

are coalescence, creaming, disruption and aggregation. 

Chapter 4: Although protein denaturation of whey protein can be induced by 

a variety of agents, thermal denaturation is of greatest industrial significance. 

Methods used to evaluate the thermal denaturation of whey protein and the 

thermodynamics and kinetics of such a reaction are examined. The effects of 

industrial heat treatments on whey proteins in dairy systems and alternative 

treatments to avoid whey protein denaturation are discussed. 

Chapter 5: A review is given of current knowledge of the principal changes 

induced in casein on heating over the temperature range 0-150°C. The 

interactions of casein and whey protein on heating mixtures of purified proteins 

or skim milk are described. The significance of these interactions in the heat 

coagulation of milk, particularly the occurrence of a maximum and a minimum in 

the heat coagulation time-pH profile, is discussed briefly. 

Chapter 6: The basic physical chemistry of the milk salt system, as presently 

understood, is considered, particularly in relation to phase separation of calcium 

phosphate and the interaction with casein. Application of the phase rule to milk 

allows the phases and phase boundaries to be more clearly defined. Theories 

of crystal nucleation, growth and inhibition are used to explain the strong 

interaction of casein with calcium phosphate and the very marked, but almost

totally reversible dependence of the partition of milk salts on temperature. The 

possible importance of an open and flexible (rheomorphic) conformation for the 

caseins in initiating and limiting phase separation of calcium phosphate from 

milk during heat treatments is discussed. 

Chapter 7: The heat-induced changes in lactose – isomerization, degradation, 

Maillard browning – are discussed. Milk products are among the most sensitive 

of foods to the effects of thermally induced non-enzymatic sugar degradation 

reactions. Maillard browning reactions involving lactose and milk proteins are 

particularly favoured because of the high concentrations of lactose and lysine-rich 

proteins in many dairy products. Products of the heat-induced changes in lactose 

are useful indicators of thermal history. 

Chapter 8: The effect of severe heat treatment on rennet coagulation and 

treatments such as pH adjustment, addition of CaCl2 and acidification and 

reneutralization, for improving the coagulability of heated milks are discussed. 

Implications of severe heat treatments of milk for cheesemaking are looked at. 

Chapter 9: An overview is given of the effect of thermal processing on the 

coagulability of milk by acid. It is shown that thermal treatment of the milk mix 

is an essential part of the processing in the production of products such as 

yoghurts, fresh cheeses and other milk gels that involve coagulation of milk 

protein by acid. 

Chapter 10: The compositional factors which affect the heat stability of milk – 

pH, minerals, lactose, urea, proteins, lipids – are examined.Processing factors 

affecting heat stability – forewarming, addition of mineral salt, homogenization - 

are considered. 

Chapter 11: The stability during storage of sterilized milk, concentrated milk, 

and other long-life liquid dairy products that deteriorate by physical and/or 

chemical changes is covered. Changes during storage are discussed after a 

short discussion about the products immediately after manufacture. Attention is 

given to changes in the partition of calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and citrate 

between serum and colloidal particles, association and dissociation of proteins 

from the casein micelles, covalent cross-linking of proteins, proteolysis, and 

lipolysis. Finally, physical stability – sedimentation, creaming, and gelation – is 

considered. Models for age-gelation in various products are given. 

Chapter 12: This chapter provides a general survey of the heat stability of 

concentrated milk, with emphasis on developments that have occurred during 

the last two decades. The main topics covered are: factors affecting heat 

stability, heat-induced changes during sterilization, possible mechanisms of heat 

coagulation in concentrated milk. 

Chapter 13: This review reports on studies on the nutrient content of pasteurized 

and UHT-treated milk both after processing and during storage. 

Chapter 14: The concept of flavour is defined, followed by an outline of the 

mechanisms by which it is perceived and of the methods of research available 

for determining the substances responsible. The origins of these substances 

are briefly considered. The effects produced by UHT processing are described in 

detail. 

Chapter 15: The different flavours which appear in UHT-treated milk through 

processing and during storage, as well as the contributing compounds and their 

origins, are summarized.

Chapter 16: This review focuses on the influence of various heat treatments 

of milk on the activities of some indigenous milk enzymes. The technological 

significance of thermal denaturation of the enzymes is also discussed. 

Chapter 17: A review is given of the general factors affecting the heat stability of 

bacterial enzymes, possibility for inactivation of proteinases and lipases from 

pseudomonads by low temperature treatment, heat stability of phosphatases 

from psychrotrophs, proteinases and aminopeptidases from lactic acid bacteria, 

and heat stability of microbial ß-galactosidases. 

Chapter 18: The problem of fouling associated with milk processing is discussed, 

including factors which affect fouling, composition of the milk fouling deposit, 

protein thermal stability and fouling, initial stages of fouling and the interaction 

between fluid mechanics and chemistry in fouling. The cleaning of deposits is 

examined, and approaches to reduce or eliminate fouling are suggested. 

Chapter 19: Ribonucleosides as minor milk constituents are examined. The heatinduced 

formation of N6-methyladenosine in milk by Dimrothrearrangement 

of N1-methyladenosine and related kinetic data are discussed. A pilot plant for 

indirect milk heating is described. 

Chapter 20: This chapter discusses the general principles of available indices 

and describes available indices related to two types of chemical reactions used 

to assess heat treatments in the dairy field: (1) the degradation, denaturation 

and inactivation of heat-labile components, and (2) the formation of “new” 

substances which are not present, or only at trace levels, in the unprocessed 

product. Examples are given of combinations of indices, which can be helpful 

when characterization of different products or of different heat-classes of the 

same product cannot be achieved by one index alone. 



Special Issue 9502 - Milk protein definition - Milk protein standardization 

Milk protein definition 

Proceedings of the 2nd IDF Symposium held in Aarhus, Denmark, 22 June 

1994 

Milk protein is internationally defined as Total Nitrogen x 6.38. Proposals have 

been made to discount either the fraction called ‘non protein nitrogen’, or the 

urea fraction. This would reduce the declared protein for milk and many milk 

products by 5 or 2.5%. Such a change could have significant implications with 

respect to payment to producers, animal breeding records, nutrition labelling 

and the position of dairy products against competitive products such as soya. 

These key issues and the question of whether they give sufficiently strong reason 

to change the current international definition of milk protein are discussed. 

Milk protein standardization 

Proceedings of the IDF Symposium held in Aarhus, Denmark, 23-24 June 1994 

Fair competition and economic pressure have encouraged consideration of 

means of adjusting, both to increase and decrease, the protein content of 

milk products. Reliable technologies are now available to achieve the goal of 

protein standardization. IDF is considering draft standards which will permit the 

standardization of the protein content of milk products (within limits imposed 

by practical constraints and a minimum protein content in the solids-non-fat) 

by the addition and/or withdrawal of milk constituents in such a way as not to

alter the whey protein to casein ratio. The papers presented here address the 

practical aspects of protein standardization and its legislative and economic 

consequences. 


Special Issue 9503 - Dairying in Central and Eastern Europe – Problems and 

perspectives 

Proceedings of the 3rd IDF Consultation held in Warsaw, Poland, 24-26 

October 1994 

Opening: 

• Pilarczyk (Poland) 

• M. Strzelecki (Poland) 

Opening Session: 

• E. Hopkin (IDF) 

Challenges for the dairy industry throughout the world 

1. Trends in world dairying – M. Griffin (Italy) 

2. Challenges and opportunities for dairying in the light of the tasks of the 

transformation process of the economy and trends on the world milk market – B. 

Imbs (Poland) 

3. Developments in the dairy sectors of Central and Eastern European countries – 

H. Schelhaas (the Netherlands) 

Future prospects for the dairy industries in Central & Eastern Europe 

4. European Union and CEE countries' approaches on agriculture – some 

conclusions – H. Nallet (European Commission, Brussels, Belgium) 

5. Prospects of the dairy industry in Central and Eastern Europe - summary and 

main theses – K. Krajewski & J. Zegar (Poland) 

6. The state of the dairy complex in Russia and outlook for its development in 

1994-1996 – V.D. Haritonov (Russia) 

7. Present situation and perspectives of Slovak dairying – K. Herian (Slovak 

Republic) 

Present situation & perspectives in Central & Eastern European countries 

8. Questionnaire – Central European dairying 1994 

9. Present situation and strategy of Polish dairying – M. Strzelecki, K. Krajewski & 

R. Bolesta (Poland) 

10. The Lithuanian dairying situation in the transfer period – V. Vaitkus 

(Lithuania) 

11. The Czech Republic – O. Obermaier (The Czech Republic) 

12. Brief summary (Ukraine) – I. Borodai (Ukraine) 

13. Romania – C. Moraru (Romania) 

14. Estonia – H. Janson (Estonia 

15. An assessment of the likely positive effects resulting from the introduction of 

UHT milk processing into the Central and East European dairy industry – M.P. 

Sudnik (Poland) 

Construction of a market-orientated industry

16. Current results of the reconstruction process in the dairy industry of the 

former GDR – J. Fuchs (Germany) 

17. Agriculture and the free market from the farmers’ point of view – D. King 

(France) 

18. Conclusions of the consultation 

Participants 


Special Issue 9504 - Fouling and Cleaning in Pressure Driven Membrane 

Processes 

By Group B47 – Membrane processing 

The four main pressure driven membrane processes now in use in the dairy 

industry are ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, microfiltration and nanofiltration. 

This monograph focuses on performance, which is a key issue in the use of 

membrane processes by the industry. The title reflects the two major subjects 

involved in the performance. An attempt is made to narrow the gap between 

factory practice and scientific work. Practice requires mostly a quick solution 

of a performance problem, which often means a trial-and-error approach. The 

scientific work is sometimes published in specific membrane journals unknown 

to the dairy industry. 

This monograph is made up of three main parts: 

Part 1 – Physico-chemical aspects of fouling – deals with the build-up of a fouling 

layer by dairy liquids. 

Part 2 – Minimization of fouling – focuses on the minimization of the fouling by 

application of pretreatment of the feed, specific process conditions, selection of 

equipment, etc. 

Part 3 – Cleaning of membrane systems – highlights the cleaning aspects, 

including also recycling of cleaning solutions of typical dairy operations. 

This monograph aims to provide a better understanding of the fouling and 

cleaning phenomena in industrial membrane installations. These phenomena 

can contribute greatly to the success or failure of industrial membrane processes, 

together with the production aspects such as level and quality of the final 

product, total operating costs, pollution aspects and life time of membranes. 


Special Issue 9505 - Residues of antimicrobial drugs and other inhibitors in 

milk 

Proceedings of the Symposium on Residues of Antimicrobial Drugs and Other 

Inhibitors in Milk, held in Kiel, Germany, 28-31 August 1995 

The 67 papers presented here cover seven main areas. 

(1) Antimicrobials and their use in dairy cows – which antimicrobials are used 

and the quantities sold for all kinds of applications. 

(2) The pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic and excretion of antimicrobials 

into milk – how the scientific basis for establishing withholding times is formed. 

(3) Treatment of mastitis – the importance of improving hygienic management 

of cows and the limited use and expansion of new antibiotics.

(4) Safety evaluation/legal situation – the various approaches of Codex, the EU 

and the US on assessments of residues of veterinary drugs and the legislation 

needed to control the risks of such residues. 

(5) Technological significance of residues – antibiotic resistant bacteria in 

fermented dairy products and the recovery of penicillin and sulfamethazine from 

contaminated milk after spray drying. 

(6) Testing and detection of antimicrobials – microbiological inhibitor tests, 

immuno-/receptor tests and chemical/physical methods. 

(7) IDF integrated detection system for antimicrobials – practical experiences in 

Germany; and the National Drug Residue Milk Monitoring Program (NDRMMP). 


Special Issue 9601 - Bacteriological Quality of Raw Milk 

International Dairy Federation Symposium held in association with the 

Federal Institute for Dairy Research of Austria, in Wolfpassing (Austria), 13–15 

March 1996 (see also Bulletin No. 256/1991) 

Problems in the field of bacteriological quality of raw milk from the farm are 

changing and are under continuous development regarding, for example 

legislation, knowledge about metabolism and pathogenicity of microorganisms 

and, primarily, methods to detect undesired bacteria and substances. This 

Symposium was held with the aim of discussing: 

• new aspects regarding legislation and consumers' views 

• better knowledge of the metabolism and pathogenicity the contamination paths of 


• infection routes of microorganisms 

• improved methods to detect undesired bacteria and substances 

In general, for all these topics goat and sheep milk should also be taken into 

consideration along with the products made from raw milk. Twenty-one papers 

and 6 posters are presented which provide the opportunity to find and perhaps 

solve common problems throughout the world. 


Special Issue 9602 - Heat Treatments and Alternative Methods 

Proceedings of the IDF Symposium Heat Treatments and Alternative 

Methods, held in Vienna (Austria), 6–8 September 1995 

These proceedings include 32 papers and 20 posters presented at the 

Symposium, and cover the following topics. 

I. Heating processes/equipment 

– Control and keeping quality 

– New developments 

II. Alternative methods 

III. Heat treatments and their effects on milk products 

IV. Analytical methods for the evaluation of heat-treated milk and legal aspects. 

Date: 1996 - Pages: 464 - Paper: 99.16

Special Issue 9603 - Production and Utilization of Ewe and Goat Milk 

Proceedings of the IDF/Greek National Committee of IDF/CIRVAL Seminar on 

Production and Utilization of Ewe and Goat Milk, held in Crete (Greece), 19–21 

October 1995 

Over 400 participants from 20 countries attended the second IDF Seminar on 

the production and utilization of ewe and goat milk. The 36 papers and 81 posters 

presented in this publication – covering commercialization, physicochemical and 

organoleptic aspects, microbiological and hygienic quality, etc. – are evidence 

of the major importance of ewe and goat milk as a commodity in countries 

bordering the Mediterranean. 


Special Issue 9701 - Monograph on Residues and Contaminants in Milk and 

Milk Products 

by IDF Group of Experts A4 – Residues and contaminants in milk and milk 

products 

The current monograph is the 4th issue of a series of IDF publications on 

chemical residues in milk and milk products, which commenced as early as 1968. 

The need for more food for human consumption for a growing population, and 

higher standards for both quantity and quality of the commodities including food 

of animal origin have led to an increased – but principally safe – use of chemicals 

in agriculture. 

An influence of such production aids on milk and milk products cannot be 

denied, but must, under all circumstances, be kept within the frame of unaffected 

food safety. The consumer's increased awareness of a growing “chemicalization” 

of his/her daily food from media information presents a challenge to the dairy 

industry to ensure the unimpaired confidence of the consumer regarding the 

unconditional wholesomeness and safety of milk and milk products. 

The recent implementation of both the World Trade Organization and the 

incorporated Agreement of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures which came into 

force on 1 January 1995 concerns the application of food safety and animal and 

plant health regulations. The new scientific approaches to almost unnegotiable 

food safety contain the Hazard Analysis and Critical Point (HACCP) system, 

which is expected to relieve, or at least complete, the endproduct testing executed 

so far but with only a few redundancies to the food-producing ecosystem. 

These and some other related criteria form the background for this 1997 update. 

This publication is not a scientific paper. Its scientifically based content is 

addressed to the dairy industry and the interested public and all those who take 

part in the production and preservation of safe milk and milk products. Food 

additives and feed additives are not covered in this monograph. 


Special Issue 9702 - Milk Polymorphism 

Papers presented at the IDF Seminar “Milk Protein Polymorphism II”, held in 

Palmerston North, New Zealand, February 1997

This volume contains the full versions of the papers and posters presented at the 

Seminar. The following topics are covered: 

• Milk protein polymorphism and yield/composition 

• Physicochemical properties 

• Milk protein polymorphism in species other than the cow 

• New methods/new variants 

• Manufacture and functionality of dairy products 

• Nutrition and health 

• Impact on breeding schemes and the manufacturing industry 


Special Issue 9801 - Yeasts in the Dairy Industry: Positive and Negative 

Aspects 

Proceedings of the Symposium organized by Group F47, held in Copenhagen 

(Denmark), 2–3 September 1996 

Edited by M. Jakobsen (Denmark), J. Narvhus (Norway) & B.C. Viljoen (South Africa) 

Positive as well as negative roles played by yeasts in dairy products are described 

in the papers of the present Proceedings, with emphasis on the potential 

advantages of the presence or deliberate use of yeasts as starter cultures 

for fermentation and maturation of dairy products, particularly cheeses. The 

important technological properties described are aroma formation, lipolytic 

and proteolytic activities, desirable interactions with starter cultures, and 

modification of the microenvironment in cheeses by assimilation of compounds 

such as lactose and citrate, important not only for cheese maturation but also 

for undesired microbial activity leading to quality defects. Other key areas 

described are the ecology and taxonomy of yeasts in dairies and the use of 

advanced methods, including molecular techniques, for the characterization and 

identification of yeasts. With the potential use of yeasts as starter cultures in 

the dairy industry in mind, a paper on brewer’s yeast is included to describe an 

example of the highly controlled use of yeasts in industrial fermentations. 


Special Issue 9802 - Texture of Fermented Milk Products and Dairy Desserts 

Proceedings of the IDF Symposium held in Vicenza, Italy, 5–6 May 1997 

The texture of fermented milk products and dairy desserts is a very complex 

issue based on very complicated science. However the 22 papers and 9 posters 

presented here clearly demonstrate that much research knowledge on the subject 

of structure, texture and rheology of fermented milk foods is available and/or is in 

the process of being generated. Four distinct areas of investigation are identified: 

(a) basic physics/chemistry of milk and milk systems 

(b) processing approaches, especially regarding sequences and process 

conditions of traditional unit operations (heating, homogenization, fermentation) 

(c) microbiological aspects, including characteristics of special cultures, 

production and properties of exopolysaccharides and interrelationships of 

microbiology with the chemistry and physics of milk

(d) ingredient and formulation technology, including the subject of non-dairy 

ingredients such as starches. 

The final two papers, unrelated to the topic of the Symposium, were by invited 

speakers in order to give voice to the status of the hygienic quality of milk and 

milk products in Sarajevo during the war and post-war period. 

• Listeria monocytogenes in milk and milk products on the Sarajevan market 

• Microbiological status of milk and milk products on the Sarajevan market during the war 

1992–1995. 


Special Issue 9803 - Ice Cream 

Proceedings of the International Symposium held in Athens, Greece, 18–19 


Edited by W. Buchheim (Germany) 

The 18 papers, 3 abstracts and 20 posters which make up this publication – 

covering Emulsion and foam stabilization, Ingredient functionality, Additives, 

Colours, Flavours, Processing, Market trends, Legislation – were presented 

by both academics and business executives. This combination of scientific 

knowledge and analysis, combined with experience and practice, provides a 

strong base for the future development of the ice cream industry. 


Special Issue 9804 - Whey 

Proceedings of the second International Whey Conference, held in Chicago, 

USA, 27–29 October 1997 

The second International Whey Conference, co-sponsored by the American Dairy 

Products Institute, the US National Committee of IDF, and the International 

Dairy Federation, brought together manufacturers and users of whey products, 

firms manufacturing equipment used in whey processing, industry business 

leaders, and university, government and industry researchers form throughout 

the world to discuss current topics of interest relating to research, production, 

marketing and utilization of whey products. 

Significant program emphasis was placed on the use of whey products in 

functional foods and nutraceuticals. For the dairy industry, functional foods and 

nutraceuticals represent products of added value that provide health benefits 

beyond basic nutrition, and, as such, offer the potential of increased economic 

returns. 


Special Issue 9901 - Future of Dairy Education 

Papers and posters presented at a seminar held at the Dalum Technical 

College – The Dairy Training Centre of Denmark – 18–19 September 1998 

The papers presented highlight the educational needs of the modern dairy 

industry as it enters the next millennium.

Emphasis is on: 

• the competencies required of the dairy industry employees and methods of delivery satisfying 

industry requirements; 

• the recruitment strategies for attraction and retention of highly qualified and motivated 

personnel; 

• the educational needs of countries with developing dairy industry and mechanisms for 

optimal utilization of available programmes. 

Six posters are included as examples to provide more specific information about 

various training programmes. Five extensive question and answer discussion 

sessions, which followed the oral presentations, are included. 


Special Issue 9902 - 3rd International Symposium on Recombined Milk and 

Milk Products 

The 30 papers and 12 posters presented here discuss and review the problems 

facing the recombination industry and the need for the industry to keep pace with 

the challenges of the future, responding to product development opportunities 

presented by the introduction of new technologies and emerging markets 

– in the interests of the milk producer, recombiners and consumers. The 

technical programme of the symposium consisted of 30 speakers including 6 

Keynote Addresses, presenting the papers which were discussed during seven 

main technical sessions : International perspective, Products and processing, 

Ingredients for Recombination, Nutritional ingredients, Alternative formulations, 

Safety, Packaging & engineering. The issues discussed are of enormous interest 

to dairy technologists, scientists, engineers, industry managers, students and 

educators in the fields of food science and dairy technology. 


Special Issue 0001 - Practical Guide for Control of Cheese Yield 

IDF Group B52 (Factors affecting the yield of cheese), comprising some of the 

world’s leading experts on cheese yield, launched the idea for a consolidated 

work on the subject. The result is the Practical Guide for Control of Cheese Yield 

in Manufacturing Plants. The book examines all the factors affecting cheese 

yield, from milk composition, hygienic quality, and heat treatment, through 

cheese processing, refining and sampling, to the management, forecasting and 

optimisation of yield. The result is the definitive work for cheese manufacturers 

who wish to maximise profits in producing high-quality cheese. 


Special Issue 0002 - Cheese Ripening and Technology 

Abstracts of IDF Symposium held in Banff, Canada, March 2000 

At the third IDF symposium on cheese ripening in Banff in March 2000 an 

attempt was made to relate the science of cheese ripening more directly to 

technology. The latest scientific findings about microbiological and enzymatic

activities of significance to the ripening process and flavour development, as well 

as the consequences of new technology for these activities were presented. 

This book is a compilation of the ABSTRACTS of the 50 papers and 80 posters. 


Special Issue 0003 - Crisis Management 

International Symposium, Sydney, Australia, March 2000 

This international symposium was the first time that industry specialists and 

crisis management experts were brought together to answer the questions 

affecting the dairy and food industries with regard to food-related crises and their 

far-reaching consequences. The areas covered include: issue management in a 

rapidly evolving marketplace, globalization, emerging areas of concern for the 

food industry, sabotage, stakeholder relations, and dealing with the media. 

In addition, a number of local and international case studies are presented, 

including: the Sydney water crisis, BSE, Garibaldi Mettwurst and an anthrax case 

study which integrates local, global and scientific themes. 


Special Issue 0301 - Fermented Milk 

Symposium proceedings, Kolding, Denmark, June 2002 

Latest scientific information and technological status on aroma and texture of 

fermented milk, with a focus on cultures, processing and product evaluation. 

Use of fermentation technology for compounds that can be used as natural 

food preservatives, natural nutraceutical products such as bioactive peptides 

or as natural flavour ingredients, or as a source of specific enzymes or enzyme 

cocktails. 

Sections devoted to: 

• Cultures, traditional and novel, and their properties; 

• Processing techniques and monitoring; effects on the product; 

• Product evaluation in relation to physical (rheological etc) and nutritional properties and 

sensory testing. 


Special Issue 0302 - Ruminant Mammary Gland Immunity 

This paper summarizes the current knowledge of bovine mammary gland 

immunity, describes the major factors affecting the immune system and 

shows potential approaches currently available to modulate immune defences 

of the udder. Its point of depart is the IDF’s amended classification of the 

immunological components of the mammary gland. It is the combination of the 

position papers presented at the IDF Seminar on Mammary Gland Immune 

Defences in Stresa on 11-14 June 2000 together with the contributions of the 

participants. 

Date: 2003 - Pages: 128 - Paper: 39.00

Special Issue 0401 - Ice Cream II 

Proceedings of the Second IDF International Symposium on Ice Cream held in 

Thessaloniki, Greece, 14-16 May 2003 

Edited by D. Goff (Canada) and B. Tharp (USA) 

The 32 papers and 10 posters which make up this publication, covering Major/ 

minor ingredients and product design, New technologies, Microstructure and 

texture, Nutritional aspects, Quality and consumer perception and Business 

and marketing were presented by both academics and business executives. This 

combination of scientific knowledge and analysis, combined with experience and 

practice, provides a comprehensive insight into the past, present and future of 

the ice cream industry. 


Special Issue 0501 - Part 1: Panorama of the sheep and goat dairy sectors 

Future Of The Sheep And Goats Dairy Sector 

Proceedings of an International Symposium, 28-30 October 2004, Zaragoza, 

Spain - Published in five separate parts 

Situation of sheep dairy sector and goat dairy sector in different parts of the world 

(EU, Central and Eastern Europe, Mediterranean West Asia, North Africa, North 

America, South America, Asia) with data on production, types and volumes 

of products and sectoral structure, numbers and breeds of animals. Recent 

changes, prices, payment systems, competition, profitability, multifunctionality, 

future scenarios. 

Keywords: America, Asia, Breeds, Dairy sector, Europe, Goat, Milk, North Africa, 

Payment system, Prices, Prospective forecast, Sheep 

64 pages, in English 


Special Issue 0501 - Part 2: Marketing of traditional and new products 




Origins and development of products of sheep 

and goats milk, cheese production and varieties, traditional and industrial 

scale products, protected denominations of origin, product quality, sensory 

characteristics, commercial prospects, marketing strategies, trends and 

objectives. 

Specific varieties: Carra, La Gomera, Halloumi, Idiazabal, Pecorino Romano, 

Tuzlu. 

Keywords: Cheese, Denomination of origin, development of products, Goat, Industrial 

products, Marketing, Milk, Sheep, Traditional products 



Special Issue 0501 - Part 3: Production and quality of sheep and goat milk. 

Prospects for their improvement 




Composition of sheep milk and goat milk, proteins and cheesemaking properties, 

polymorphism, genetic determination and differences between breeds, genetic 

improvement, micelles, alkaline phosphatase and its determination, fats and 

taste of cheese, cheese yield, lipolysis, triglycerides, branched chain and trans 

fatty acids, CLA and vaccenic acid, antimicrobials indigenous and residual, 

hygienic condition, somatic cell counting, mastitis control, machine milking, 

animal feed effects, sensory effects, identification of animals 

Keywords: Alkaline phosphatase methods, Animal identification, Antimicrobials, 

Cheese, Composition of milk, Fatty acid, Feeds, Genetics, Goat, Hygiene, 

Lipolysis, Mastitis control, Milk, Milking characteristics, Nutrition, Pasteurization, 

Polymorphism, Protein, Sheep, Somatic cell count 



Special Issue 0501 - Part 4: Features and technological aptitudes of sheep and 

goat milks; new technologies 




Physical and chemical characteristics of milk and effects of freezing, 

pasteurization and high pressure, stability of milk proteins and fats in storage, 

rennet coagulation, glycolysis, proteolysis and lipolysis, effects of storage on 

processing characteristics for yoghurt and cheese and cheese yield, heat stability, 

application of membrane technology, optical monitoring of milk and cheese 

making processes, measurement of syneresis, PCR and NIRS detection of cows 

milk, plsmin activity 

Keywords: Cheese yield, Coagulation, Freezing milk, Milk, Glycolysis, Goat, Heat 

stability, Hygienic quality, Lactoperoxidase, Lamb rennet, Lipolysis, Membrane 

technology, Optical monitoring, NIRS, PCR, Processing characteristics, Proteolysis, 

Sheep, Stability in storage 



Special Issue 0501 - Part 5: Nutritional and health properties 




Nutritional differences between cows and sheep and goats milk, claims 

concerning allergenicity, protein differences and similarities, fatty acid 

composition and fat globule size, micronutrient bioavailability, effects of feed 

supplements on milk composition and sensory quality, effect on iron and copper 

in malabsorption syndrome, bioactive peptides

Keywords: Allergenicity, Bioactive peptides, CLA, Digestion, Fatty acid composition, 

Fat globule size, Goat, Linoleic, Linolenic, Malabsorption syndrome, Micronutrients, 

Milk, PUFA, Sheep, Trans fatty acids 



Special Issue 0501 - Future Of The Sheep And Goats Dairy Sector - All five 

parts 


Spain - Published in five separate parts: 

Part 1: Panorama of the sheep and goat dairy sectors 

Situation of sheep dairy sector and goat dairy sector in different parts of the world 

(EU, Central and Eastern Europe, Mediterranean West Asia, North Africa, North 

America, South America, Asia) with data on production, types and volumes 

of products and sectoral structure, numbers and breeds of animals. Recent 

changes, prices, payment systems, competition, profitability, multifunctionality, 

future scenarios. 

Keywords: America, Asia, Breeds, Dairy sector, Europe, Goat, Milk, North Africa, 

Payment system, Prices, Prospective forecast, Sheep 


Part 2: Marketing of traditional and new products 

Origins and development of products of sheep 

and goats milk, cheese production and varieties, traditional and industrial 

scale products, protected denominations of origin, product quality, sensory 

characteristics, commercial prospects, marketing strategies, trends and 

objectives. 

Specific varieties: Carra, La Gomera, Halloumi, Idiazabal, Pecorino Romano, 

Tuzlu. 

Keywords: Cheese, Denomination of origin, development of products, Goat, Industrial 

products, Marketing, Milk, Sheep, Traditional products 


Part 3: Production and quality of sheep and goat milk. Prospects for their 

improvement 

Composition of sheep milk and goat milk, proteins and cheesemaking properties, 

polymorphism, genetic determination and differences between breeds, genetic 

improvement, micelles, alkaline phosphatase and its determination, fats and 

taste of cheese, cheese yield, lipolysis, triglycerides, branched chain and trans 

fatty acids, CLA and vaccenic acid, antimicrobials indigenous and residual, 

hygienic condition, somatic cell counting, mastitis control, machine milking, 

animal feed effects, sensory effects, identification of animals 

Keywords: Alkaline phosphatase methods, Animal identification, Antimicrobials, 

Cheese, Composition of milk, Fatty acid, Feeds, Genetics, Goat, Hygiene, 

Lipolysis, Mastitis control, Milk, Milking characteristics, Nutrition, Pasteurization, 

Polymorphism, Protein, Sheep, Somatic cell count 


Part 4: Features and technological aptitudes of sheep and goat milks; new 

technologies 

Physical and chemical characteristics of milk and effects of freezing, 

pasteurization and high pressure, stability of milk proteins and fats in storage,

ennet coagulation, glycolysis, proteolysis and lipolysis, effects of storage on 

processing characteristics for yoghurt and cheese and cheese yield, heat stability, 

application of membrane technology, optical monitoring of milk and cheese 

making processes, measurement of syneresis, PCR and NIRS detection of cows 

milk, plsmin activity 

Keywords: Cheese yield, Coagulation, Freezing milk, Milk, Glycolysis, Goat, Heat 

stability, Hygienic quality, Lactoperoxidase, Lamb rennet, Lipolysis, Membrane 

technology, Optical monitoring, NIRS, PCR, Processing characteristics, Proteolysis, 

Sheep, Stability in storage 


Part 5: Nutritional and health properties 

Nutritional differences between cows and sheep and goats milk, claims 

concerning allergenicity, protein differences and similarities, fatty acid 

composition and fat globule size, micronutrient bioavailability, effects of feed 

supplements on milk composition and sensory quality, effect on iron and copper 

in malabsorption syndrome, bioactive peptides 

Keywords: Allergenicity, Bioactive peptides, CLA, Digestion, Fatty acid composition, 

Fat globule size, Goat, Linoleic, Linolenic, Malabsorption syndrome, Micronutrients, 

Milk, PUFA, Sheep, Trans fatty acids 


- Pages: 332 - Paper: 180.00 - Electronic: 150.00 

Special Issue 0801 - The Challenge to Sheep and Goats Milk Sectors 

Posters of an International Symposium, April 18-20, 2007, Alghero - Sardinia, 

Italy 

Published in four separate parts 

Scientific posters presented at the IDF 5th International Symposium on the 

Challenge to Sheep and Goats Milk Sectors, 18-20 April 2007, Alghero, Italy. 

Presented in 4 sessions related to (1) raw milk, (2) processing and product, 

(3) characteristics of ewe’s and goat’s milk products and (4) market and 

perspectives. 

Keywords: acids, artisanal, breeding, casein, cheese, CLA, ewe, fat, functional, goat, 

lactation, lamb, livestock, market, marketing, milk, non-bovine, nutrition, processing, 

production, protein, quality, raw, rennet, separation, sheep, technology, udder, 

vitamin, Yield 

Dowload Part 1 - Part 2 - Part 3 - Part 4 


Newsletters 

Newsletter 102 - Mastitis Newsletter N°13 

Questionnaire on National Herd Milk Mastitis Cell Counts - Mastitis Notes from 

Member Countries. 


Newsletter 117 - Nutrition Week, Kiel Germany, 1990 

Summaries of presentations and discussions, including: Research on human 

nutrition: how will it affect dairy industry – Report on PAN-European nutrition 

project – Role of cultured & culture-containing milks in human nutrition – 

Calcium absorption & retention from dairy products – Dietary calcium, peak bone 

density & postmenopausal osteoporosis – Dietary calcium as a possible antipromoter 

of colon carcinogenesis – IDF Group F24 (Milk & non-milk proteins 

in human nutrition) & Group F37 (Milk lipids in the diet & health) – IDF Group 

F38 (Education in nutrition) – national reports from England & Wales, Ireland, 

France, the Netherlands. 



Antibiotics and sulfonamides in milk-risk evaluation of residues (Prof. W.H. 

Heeschen, Germany), Teat dipping before milking - summary of UK field trials 

(S.A. Langridge, UK), What future for conductivity ? (A. Zecconi, Italy), Mastitis 

pathogens in Switzerland (M. Schällibaum, Switzerland), Mastitis events, 

Mastitis publications. 


Newsletter 132 - Nutrition Newsletter N°1 

Summaries of IDF Nutrition Week presentations in May 1992 

Legislation on the use of health promotion in marketing of food items 

• Health claims in the marketing of food products - Swedish experiences (Prof. N.-G. Asp, Lund, 

Sweden) 

• Present situation regarding legislation on the use of health promotion in marketing of food 

items - USA (Dr E.Alcantara, Westmont, Il., USA) 

• Use of health promotion in marketing - Finland (Prof. U.-M. Urho, Helsinki, Finland) 

• The present situation regarding legislation on the use of health promotion in the marketing 

of food items in Australia (Ms L. Shuttleworth, Glen Iris, Vic., Australia) 

The fat dilemma 

• The relationship between dairy products and cardiovascular disease (Prof. D.J. McNamara, 

Tucson, Az., USA) 

• Animal fat and health, some recent Norwegian experiences (Prof. J.I. Pedersen, Oslo, Norway) 

• Assessment of trans fatty acid intake in European countries: is it required ? (Dr G.-J. 

Schaafsma, Zeist, The Netherlands)

The calcium and osteoporosis problem 

• Importance of peak bone mass for skeletal status in old age and calcium requirement during 

growth (Dr G.-J. Schaafsma, Zeist & Dr E.J.H. van Beresteijn, Ede, The Netherlands) 

• Perimenopausal bone loss and calcium supplementation (Prof. P.J.M. Elders, Amsterdam, 

The Netherlands) 

• Calcium intake at a young age and incidence of osteoporosis (Prof. E. Renner, Dr E. Knie & 

Dr H. Stracke, Giessen, Germany) 

• Importance of calcium intake and bioavailability for bone development and bone structure in 

rats (Dr K.E. Shulz-Ahrens, Dr W. Jaeger, Dr G. Delling & Prof. Dr A. Barth, Kiel, Germany) 

• Calcium balance in adolescent girls, relative importance of genetic and nutritional factors 

(Prof. V. Matkovic, Columbus, Oh., USA) 

• General practitioners and prevention of osteoporosis: attitudes, knowledge and behaviour 

(the Dutch situation) (Dr G.-J. Hiddink, Marssen, The Netherlands) 



• Annual report of the IDF Group of Experts on Mastitis (1992) (J.M. Booth, Chairman, UK) 

• Mastitis cell count data (J.M. Booth, Chairman, UK) 

• Somatic cells in milk - aspects of quality, hygiene & mastitis control (Prof. Dr W.H. Heeschen, 

Germany) 

• Homoeopathic treatment of bovine mastitis (J. Hamann, Germany) 

• Cell count interpretation (D.P. Ryan, Australia) 

Research communications 

• A strategy to increase resistance in dairy cows: expression of human lactoferrin in the milk 

of transgenic cows (J.H. Nuijens, M. Geerts, R. Strijker, F. Pieper & H.A. de Boer, the 

Netherlands) 

• Systemic dry cow therapy - an update (Dr A. Saran, Dr G. Ziv & Dr S. Soback, Israel) 


• the prevention of mastitis in Italy (G. Ruffo & A. Zecconi, Italy) 

• Mastitis pathogens in Switzerland, 1988-1991 (Prof. Dr M. Schällibaum, Switzerland) 





International conference on nutrition (Rome, 5/11 December 1992) - Europe and 

nutrition: the Pan European nutrition programme / L’Europe de la Nutrition : 

“The Pan European Nutrition Programme” - Milk lipids in the diet and health 

- Role of cultures and culture- containing dairy products in health (brief review 

of literature 1992) - Lactose intolerance and consumption of cultured dairy 

products: a review - Salty foods increase calcium requirements and are a potential

isk factor for osteoporosis - UK activities (past and current/future) concerning 

the calcium and health issue - Nutrition guidelines for the dairy industry in 

Australia - Nutrition recommendations concerning dairy products in Finland - 

The interaction between scientists and marketing people on nutrition matters - 

IDF Nutrition Coordination Group report 1993 



Editorial – Prof. L. Hambraeus (Sweden) 

Arguments for a budget to attract experts from outside the dairy industry on 

nutrition matters - Prof. Dr. Chr. Barth (Germany) 

Nutrition Task Force for IDF - Mr E. Hopkin (IDF) 

The protein issue 

• Protein quality and evaluation: Summary - Prof. L. Hambraeus (Sweden) & Prof. Chr. Barth 

(Germany) 

• Impact of analytical methods on quantitative determination of proteins in milk and milk 

products - Mr R. Grappin (France) 

• Cow milk proteins and type 1 diabetes - Prof. H.K. Åkerblom (Finland) 

• The impact of recent FAO/WHO recommendations for the nutritive value of milk protein as 

compared to vegetable proteins: Summary of round table discussion - Prof. L. Hambraeus 

(Sweden) & Prof. Chr. Barth (Germany) 

• Differential intestinal effects of casein and soybean protein - Dr R. van der Meer (Netherlands) 

Fermented dairy products, intestinal microflora and health 

• Introduction - Prof. S. Salminen (Finland) 

• Lactic acid bacteria and the immune response - Prof. E. Isolauri (Finland) 

• Bioactive compounds in fermented milks - Prof. H. Korhonen (Finland) 

• Fermented dairy products and colon-cancer-related enzymes - Prof. H. Mykkänen (Finland) 

• Lactobacillar probiotics and intestinal microecology - Prof. M. Mikelsaar (Estonia) 

• Role of cultured and culture-containing dairy products in health - Prof. S. Salminen (Finland) 

& Dr R. Tanaka (Japan) 

Milk lipids in the diet and health - Prof. M. Gurr (UK) 

Consumer response and knowledge 

• Problems with the recommendation to consume diets with less than 30% of calories from fat 

- Mrs H. Bishop MacDonald (Canada) 

• Food and health - What do Finns think ? - Mrs U.-M. Urho & T. Luova (Finland) 


Newsletter 142 - Mastitis Newsletter N°20

General 

• Report of the IDF Group of Experts on Mastitis - J.M. Booth (United Kingdom) 

• Hygienic Requirements in International Trade and the Role of Codex Alimentarius and the 

International Dairy Federation - W.H. Heeschen (Germany) 


• Treatment of Mastitis with Homoeopathic Remedies - W.J. Meaney (Ireland) 

• Mastitis Cell Count Data - J.M. Booth (United Kingdom) 

• Counting Somatic Cells in Milk: International IDF Standard 148:1991 Approved as a Final 

Standard (1994) - W.H. Heeschen & E.-H. Ubben (Germany) 

• Counting Somatic Cells in Milk: Reference Material (“Kiel Standards”) - W.H. Heeschen & 

E.-H. Ubben (Germany) 

• The Importance of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci - K.L. Smith & J.S. Hogan (USA) 

• Somatic Cell Counts in Milk of Goats - B. Poutrel (France) 


• Finland: The Bovine Udder and Mastitis - M. Sandhol, T. Honkanen-Buzalsik, L. Kaartinen & 

S. Pyörälä (Editors) 

• Germany: New German Guidelines for Mastitis Control - J. Hamann 

• Switzerland: Mastitis Pathogens 1988 - 1993 - M. Schällibaum 


• The 3rd International Mastitis Seminar 

• British Mastitis Conference 

• US National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting - 1995 

• Symposium “Udder Health” in the Netherlands 




IDF’s Nutrition Week 1995 produced a demand for further consideration of 

the Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score published in FAO Food 

and Nutrition Studies No. 51 Evaluation of the nutritional quality of proteins 

(FAO, Rome 1993). The scientific aspects are under review by Prof. Chr. Barth 

(Germany) and Dr G.-J. Schaafsma (Netherlands). IDF Secretariat has been asked 

to determine with FAO how to introduce a further round of thinking into the 

debate.

Impact of technology on nutritional value of dairy products 

• Effects of light exposure, storage and packaging on the nutrient content of milk – G. 

Schaafsma (the Netherlands) 

• Impact of UHT-treatment on nutritional value of milk proteins – H.F. Erbersdobler (Germany) 

• Influence of processing on the nutritional value of milk proteins – D. Tomé (France) 

• Heat treatment of infant formula: physiological and clinical effects on protein nutrition in 

infancy – N.C.R. Räiha (Sweden) 

• Technological treatment of infant formula: processing and mineral changes – T. Desrosiers 

(Canada) 

• Influence of irradiation on nutritional and organoleptic value of dairy products – D. Bouglé 

(France) 

• Effects of microwave heat treatment on milk – R. Sieber (Switzerland) 

• The impact of chromatographic lactose separation – M. Harju (Finland) 

Dairy products: is there a future for nutrition as a marketing tool ? 

• Des allégations nutritionnelles aux allégations “santé”* – M.-O. Gailing (France) 

• Nutrition labeling and health claims in the US: implications for marketing dairy products – 

A. O’Donnell & L.A. Berner (USA) 

• The nutritional message on a new product for infants – Ch. Bouley (France) 

• Le marketing alimentaire et la santé* – 1985–1995 – Y. Boutonnat (France) 

• Marketing nutrition messages in New Zealand – M. Williams (New Zealand) 

Nutrition 94/95: what is new for the dairy sector ? 

• The recombinant taste of cheese – E. Maguin & A. Gruss (France) 

• Dairy bacterial strains with probiotic properties: criteria for selection – D. Brassart 

(Switzerland), A. Donnet-Hughes (Switzerland), J.-R. Neeser (Switzerland), H. Link-Amster 

(Switzerland), F. Rochat (Switzerland), A. Servin (France), P. Michetti (Switzerland) & E. 

Schiffrin (Switzerland) 

• Fermented milks and health benefits – G. Denariaz (France) 

• Health aspects of BST milk – T.B. Mepham & P.N. Schofield (UK) 

• Protein quality measurement by the PDCAAS technique – R.M. Fenwick, D.R. Knighton & P.J. 

Moughan (New Zealand) 

• Position and actions of EDA on PDCAAS – T. van Hooydonk (Belgium) 

• A casein-based protein meal induces a higher gut protein synthesis rate than a soy-based 

protein meal – N.E.P. Deutz & P.B. Soeters (the Netherlands) 

• A critical assessment of the PDCAAS, a protein evaluation system issued by FAO/WHO/UNU 

in 1990/1991 – C.A. Barth (Germany) & G. Schaafsma (the Netherlands). 

Coronary heart disease and the french paradox -P. Sachet (France) 

Annual review on cultured milks and probiotics - S. Salminen (Finland) & R. 

Tanaka (Japan) 

Bioavailability of calcium - G.Schaafsma (The Netherlands) 



General 

• Report of the IDF Group of Experts on Mastitis – K.L. Smith, Chairman (USA) 

• Integrated Detection Systems for Antimicrobials in Milk: The IDF Approach – W.H. Heeschen 

(Germany) 


• Standards for Somatic Cells in Milk: Physiological and Regulatory – K.L. Smith (USA) 

• Somatic Cells: Factors of Influence and Practical Measures to Keep a Physiological Level – 

J. Hamann (Germany) 

• Somatic Cells and their Significance for Milk Processing (Technology)* – A. Zecconi (Italy) 

• Milk Quality Payment: Quality Assurance (QA) in Somatic Cell Counting – M. Schällibaum 

(Switzerland) 

• Mastitis: The Disease under Aspects of Milk Quality and Hygiene* – W.H. Heeschen 

(Germany) 

• New Systems for Somatic Cell Counts – J. Reichmuth (Germany) 


• Finland: Mastitis Prevention has Succeeded in Finland – T. Honkanen-Buzalski & V. Myllys 

• Italy: Mastitis Control Programme and Breeders Association – A. Zecconi & M. Nocetti 

• Norway: Bulk Milk Somatic Cell Count in Goat Milk (A presentation according to new 

standard) – O. Østerås & T. Lunder 

• Sweden, Norway, Denmark & Finland: Antimicrobial Drug Policy in Four Nordic Countries – 

K. Plym Forshell, O. Østerås, K.Aagaard & L. Kulkas 

• Ireland: Antibiotic Resistance Testing of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Cases of Bovine 

Mastitis in Ireland – W.J. Meany & J. Flynn 

• Ireland and USA: Analysis of diversity of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bovine mastitis 

using DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA genes – J.R. Fitzgerald, C.J. 

Smyth, P.J. Hartigan, W.J. Meany & V. Kapur 

• Switzerland: Mastitis Pathogens in Switzerland 1988–1994 – M. Schällibaum 


British Mastitis Conference 





Aspects of nutrition 

Food marketing strategies for the concerned consumer in Europe – A. Nienhaus 

(Germany) 

Calcium in nutrition 

Nutritional possibilities to prevent osteoporosis – G. Schaafsma (the 

Netherlands)

The position of dairy products in the prevention of osteoporosis – K.E. Scholz- 

Ahrens (Germany) 

Coronary heart disease 

The oxidation hypothesis of coronary heart disease (CHD) – Convenor: M.I. Gurr 

(United Kingdom) 

Dairy Microorganisms as Probiotics 

Basic aspects 

• The role of the intestinal microflora in health and disease and novel methods to study it – 

M. Blaut (Germany) 

• Lactic acid bacteria in dairy products – G. Mogensen (Denmark) 

• Uniqueness of probiotic strains – S. Salminen (Finland) 

• Selection of probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on the basis of some physiological activities 

– B. Bianchi-Salvadori (Italy) 

• State of the art concerning probiotic strains in milk products – G. Schaafsma (the 

Netherlands) 

Physiological and safety considerations 

• Safefy properties of lactic acid bacteria: set-up of an experimental model – C. Pelletier, C. 

Bouley, P. Bourlioux & C. Carbon (France) 

• Immune system stimulation by lactobacilli – G. Perdigón & S.Alvarez (Argentina) 

• Adhesion and proliferation of probiotic strains in the intestine and their importance for the 

probiotic effect – S.Hudault, M.F. Bernet- Camard, M.H. Coconnier, V. Liévin & A.L. Servin 

(France) 

• Safety considerations regarding probiotic strains – Conclusions of two specialist workshops 

– J.W. van der Kamp (the Netherlands)

Probiotic strains and health 

• Probiotics for farm animals – R. Fuller (United Kingdom) 

• Potential of probiotic strains in stabilizing intestinal microflora to prevent gastrointestinal 

infection – M. Tvede (Denmark) 

• Lactobacilli in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in children – E. Isolauri (Finland) 

• Role of cultured and culture-containing dairy products and probiotic bacteria in health and 

disease – S. Salminen (Finland) & R. Tanaka (Japan) 

• Lactobacillus GG – Products with clinical documentation – M. Saxelin & R. Korpela (Finland) 

• Analysis of the bifidobacterial and lactobacillus populations of human faeces using genetic 

fingerprinting of bacterial isolates – G.W. Tannock, A.L. McCartney, K. Kimura & M.A. 

McConnell (New Zealand) 

• Practical criteria for selection and judgement of lactic acid bacteria as probiotics – P. Haberer, 

M. du Toit, B. Warlies, F. Ahrens & W.H. Holzapfel (Germany) 

• Bifidobacterium longum and lactulose suppress azoxymethane-induced preneoplastic 

lesions in rat colon – D. Ramkishan Rao & Anjana Challa (USA) 

• Lactic acid bacteria – A new approach to detoxify aflatoxins – H. El-Nezami (Australia), S. 

Salminen (Finland) & J. Ahokas (Australia) 

• Colonization of Lactococcus lactis L1A on human intestinal tract and effect on the bacterial 

flora – E. Grahn Håkansson, P. Tidehag, S. Holm, G. Hallmans, A.-S. Sandberg & K. Sellgren 

(Sweden) 

• Lactoccocus lactis L1A reduces antibiotic associated diarrhoea – E. Grahn, M. Eklund & K. 

Sellgren (Sweden) VERUM HÄLSOFIL® – A.-K. Karlsson (Sweden) 

• Are viable microorganisms essential for the enhancement of intestinal hydrolysis of lactose 

by the b-galactosidase of fermented milk products ? – C. Kuhn, A. Titze, A. Lorenz, C.A. Barth 

& M. de Vrese (Germany) 

• IDF Nutrition Week – Potsdam, Germany, May 1996 – Summary reports of meetings of 

groups of experts 



General 

Report of the IDF Group of Experts on Mastitis - K. L. Smith, Chairman (USA) 


• Differential Somatic Cell Counts in Milk - A Saran, G, Leitner & M. Chaffer (Israel) 

• Effect of Undermilking and Overmilking on Teat Tissue Condition - E. O'Callaghan (Ireland), 

D. Gleeson (lreland) & F. Neijenhuis (the Netherlands) 

• Effect of Various Milking Machine Systems on Free Fatty Acid Development in Milk - B. 

O'Brien, E. O'Callaghan & P. Dillon (Ireland) 

• The Use of Lacticin 3147 in Mastitis Control - M. Ryan, WJ Meaney, C. Hill & P. Ross (Ireland) 

• Decision-Making in Clinical Mastitis Therapy Programmes - K Leslie & G. Keefe (Canada) 

• Vaccination Against Coliform Mastitis: A Historical Perspective - K.L. Smith & J Hogan (USA)


• Italy: Staph. aureus: A Problem for Italian Dairy Herds - A Zecconi & R. Piccinini 

• New Zealand:Daily Somatic Cell Count Testing - R. Franks 

• Spain: Milk Quality in Spain - E. Cifrian, J.A. Garcia, P. y. Casado & J.C. Marco 

• Switzerland: Evolution of Somatic Cell Counts in Bulk Milk Samples: Switzerland 1983-1996 

- M. Schällibaum 


• Report of the Seminar "A half Centenary of Lactation Biology Research", University of Gent, 

Belgium, 20-22 November 1996 (D. Hoeben) 

• The Future Use of Antibiotics in Mastitis Therapy: A Report from a Nordic Seminar in January 

1997 (Ch. Hallén Sandgren) 

• US National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting - 1997 (K.L. Smith & A Saeman) 

• Subclinical Bovine Mastitis - Prevention and Therapy. Conference of the German Veterinary 

Association, Grub/Munich, 27-28 September 1996 (J Hamann) 




General 

Report of the IDF Group of Experts on Mastitis - K.L. Smith, Chairman (USA) 


• State of proficiency in counting of somatic cells – Results of latest intercomparisons - E.-H. 

Ubben & J. Reichmuth (Germany) 

• Dynamics of mastitis in Norway - O. Østerås (Norway) 

• C-reactive protein as indicator for subclinical bovine mastitis - J. Hamann (Germany) 

• Characteristics of bovine mastitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes and new ELISA method 

for diagnosis - B. Poutrel (France) 

• The effect of automatic milking on bulk milk somatic cell count - H. Hogeveen, G.H. Klungel 

& B.A. Slaghuis (Netherlands) 

• Investigation on hygienic important and potential pathogens of raw milk of sheep and 

goats during one lactation period - L. Podstatzky-Lichtenstein, P. Winter & W. Baumgartner 

(Austria) 

• Effect of milking interval on milk yield and composition - B. O’Brien, J. O’Connell & W.Meaney 

(Ireland) 

• Milk quality and automatic milking systems (AMS) - J. Hamann (Germany) 

• Vaccination with ferric enterobactin receptor (FepA) to control coliform mastitis (summary 

of a recent PhD thesis) - J. Lin, J. Hogan & K.L. Smith (USA) 

• Udder health on dairy farms. A longitudinal study (summary of a recent PhD thesis) - H.W. 

Barkema (Netherlands) 

• A study of dairy herds with constantly low or constantly high bulk milk somatic cell count, with 

special emphasis on management (summary of a recent PhD thesis) - T. Ekman (Sweden)


• Switzerland: Mastitis pathogens isolated in Switzerland, 1987–1996 - M. Schällibaum 

• The Netherlands: The health planner: a new concept in mastitis control - H. Hogeveen, 

T.J.G.M. Lam, E.G. Grijsen & Y.H. Schukken 

• Dutch mastitis platform - Y.H. Schukken 


- US National Mastitis Council – Update 

- British mastitis conference 1998 

- The IDF-A2 meeting in Oslo 

- Udder health at the International Conference on Production Diseases in Farm 

Animals 

Announcements 






General 

- Report of the IDF Standing Committee on Animal health - K.L. Smith, Chairman 

(USA) 

- Note from the Editor - H. Hogeveen (Netherlands) 


• Mastitis in certified organic dairy herds in Sweden - C. Hamilton, U. Emanuelson & T. Ekman 

(Sweden) 

• Studies on bovine Escherichia coli mastitis in Finland - T. Kaipainen (Finland) 

• Recovery of cow teats after milking: Ultrasonic scanning - F. Neijenhuis, H. Hogeveen & G. 

Klungel (Netherlands) 

• Changes in milk somatic cell count with regard to the milking process and the milking 

frequency - Preliminary report - J. Hamann (Germany) 

• Milking three times a day and its effect on milk production and udder health - H. Hogeveen, 

J.D. Miltenburg, S. den Hollander & K. Frankena (Netherlands) 


- Denmark: The integrated cattle health and milk quality project of the Danish 

Dairy Board - H.J. Andersen 

- The Netherlands: Implications of the introduction of automatic milking on dairy 

farms - A large integrated EU project is started - A. Meijering & H. Hogeveen


• Introduction: K.L. Smith (USA), Chairman 

• Denmark: K. Aagaard 

• Finland: H. Saloniemi & L. Kulkas 

• Germany: J. Hamann 

• Ireland: W. Meaney 

• Italy: A. Zecconi 

• The Netherlands: H. Hogeveen 

• New Zealand: M.W. Woolford 

• Norway: O. Østerås 

• Sweden: T. Ekman 

• Switzerland: M. Schallibaum 

• United Kingdom: E.J. Hillerton 

• United States of America: K.L. Smith 


- US National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting - 2001 

- Somatic cells in milk of dairy cows 

- The British Mastitis Conference 2000 

- Symposium on robotic milking 

- World Expo 2000 




General 


(USA) 

- Note from the Editor- H. Hogeveen (Netherlands) 

In Memorium Frank H. Dodd 

- The community of Mastitis research workers and educators has lost a great 

colleague- K.L. Smith, Chairman (USA) 

- Bovine Mastitis – The significance of levels of exposure to pathogens- F.H. 

Dodd (GB) 


- Effect of milking frequency on yield, composition and processing quality of milk- 

B. O’Brien, G. Ryan, W.J. Meany, D McDonagh & A. Kelly (Ireland) 

- Implications of the introduction of automatic milking on dairy farms progress 

during the first 12 months- Y. van der Vorst & A. Meijering (Netherlands) 

- Definition of physiological cell count threshold based on changes in milk 

composition - J. Hamman (Germany) 

- Relationship between somatic cell neutrophils in milk - B. O’Brien, C. 

Fitzpatrick, W.J. Meany & P. Joyce (Ireland) 

PhD Thesis 

- Effects of bovine antibodies directed against ferric citrate receptor of Escherichia 

coli, feca, on bacterial iron acquisition, bacterial growth, and severity of

experimentally induced bovine mastitis- K. Takemura, J.S. Hogan & K.L. Smith 

(USA) 

- Contagious and environmental pathogens: from dichotomy to sliding scale- 

R.N. Zadoks (USA) 


• International conference on the ‘Biology of the mammary gland’ 

• IDF symposium on ‘Immunology of the mammary gland’ 

• British Mastitis Conference 2001 

• World dairy summit conference on animal health 

• International collaboration on teat end condition 

• Annual US National Mastitis Council meeting draws crowd to Orlando, Florida 

• Multidisciplinary joint meeting 

• Symposium on automatic milking to be held on March 24-26 2004 

• 4th IDF Mastitis Conference will be held in 2005 in the Netherlands 




IDF work on Animal health: 

Mastitis remains a major preoccupation for IDF but attention is now being given 

to other infec-tious diseases (BSE, TB, FMD) and production diseases, starting 

with lameness. IDF’s contacts with the World Organisation for Animal Health 

(OIE) have developed strongly, OIE participating in IDF work and events and IDF 

in OIE’s. 

L Kulkas, Chair 

Somatic cell counts 

The International standard methods for somatic cell counting (IDF 148/ISO 

13 366) is being revised. The Draft International Standard text is circulated for 

comment in 2005. 

H van den Bijgaard et al 

Research communications and university theses 

Impact of changing dry cow strategies E A Berry 

Mastitis control in organic herds L Echevarria et al (English/français) 

Escherichia coli mastitis – bacterial factors and host response T Lehtolainen 

Diagnostic potential of the CMT to detect sub-clinical mastitis J Hamann et al 

Role of lactoferrin in treatment of bovine mastitis T Kutila 

Monitoring bovine mastitis in Finland – 1988-2001 A Pitkälä et al 

Ten years of inter-comparisons on counting somatic cells in raw milk E-H Ubben 

& K Knappstein 

Microscopic counting of somatic cells in milk E-H Ubben et al 

Influence of storage conditions of antibiotics on excretion time in milk K 

Knappstein et al 

Five year project to reduce mastitis in the Netherlands T Lam 

Teat condition in dairy cows F Neijenhuis 

International symposia 

Automatic milking – a better understanding, Lelystad (NL), 2004

4th IDF International Mastitis Conference, Maastricht (NL), June 2005 – All there 

is to learn about mastitis! 

Continuity of science, communication and wisdom – an appreciation of Woody 

Pankey M W Woolford 

Publications on mastitis 

“Mastitis in dairy production: Current knowledge and future solutions” Ed: H 

Hoogeveen In English (un article également en français) 

- Pages: 37 - Free of charge 

Newsletter 151 - IDF Animal Health Newsletter no. 1 

The IDF Animal Health Newsletter was created upon initiative of the IDF 

Standing Committee on Animal Health. Its main purpose is to enable the world 

dairy sector to get an insight into the current activities of IDF and its international 

partner organizations in regard to animal health. In addition, the newsletter 

provides research notes and summaries of PhD theses on a broad range of 

interesting animal disease subjects covering. The first edition comprises articles 

on the following subjects: collaboration between IDF and the International 

Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), OIE/(FAO) Guide to Good Farming 

Practices for Animal Production Food Safety, OIE Permanent Animal Welfare 

Working Group, IDF Dairy Farming Summit, Edinburgh/Scotland (UK), 24-26 

June 2008, proceedings of the first Paratuberculosis forum, position paper 

on foot-and-mouth disease, antimicrobial resistance monitoring, claw health 

of Norwegian dairy cattle, occurrence, impact and monitoring of Neospora 

caninum infection in Dutch dairy herds, a study of the occurrence, phenotypic 

and genotypic diversity of Enterococcus species isolated from bovine origin, 

Biofilms: implications for the therapy of bovine Staphylococcus aureus mastitis, 

quarter milk sampling for somatic cell count measurement in udder health 

control, review of cost calculations for mastitis since 1990 and the farmers cost 

of mastitis. 



One year ago the first issue of the IDF Animal Health Newsletter was created and 

distributed atthe IDF World Dairy Summit held in Dublin, and shortly afterwards. 

Now the World’s dairy leaders are gathered in Mexico and a new issue of the 

Animal Health Newsletter has been prepared. As members of the IDF Standing 

Committee on Animal Health and editors of the Animal Health Newsletter, we 

are happy to provide you with this issue. The primary goal of the Animal Health 

Newsletter is to provide the IDF community with knowledge on the activities of 

IDF in the field of animal health. It also provides a platform for exchanging news, 

meetings and short descriptions of newly available research results. The latter are 

mostly provided through members of the IDF Standing Committee on Animal 

Health.. However, other contributions are also welcomed. We hope this issue of 

the Animal Health Newsletter will give you insight into activities in and around 

the IDF Standing Committee on Animal Health 



The IDF Standing Committee on Animal Health has produced the IDF Animal 

Health Newsletter for a third successive year. The Newsletter is available 

electronically and in paper copy. The primary aim of the publication is to provide 

the IDF community with knowledge of current activities in the field of animal 

health. However, it also offers a forum in which short descriptions of recent 

research, including PhD abstracts are made available to all members. The forum 

also informs members about recent work by the committee and forthcoming 

meetings. The majority of contributions are from members of the IDF Standing 

Committee on Animal Health although contributions from others are always 

welcome. We hope that this issue of the Animal Health Newsletter will give you 

a valuable insight into the activities surrounding the IDF Standing Committee on 

Animal Health. 


Not Referenced 

Other Publication 01 - Antimicrobial systems in milk 

Part 2 of Proceedings of IDF, SAB, BSPP, FEMS Symposium, Bath (United 

Kingdom), 10-13 September 1985 

Antibacterial systems, immunoglobulins, lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin, lysozyme, 

neonatal feeding, biological significance of antibacterial factors, lactoperoxidase 

to save milk from spoilage plus 4 posters by world wide experts. 


Other Publication 02 - New dairy products via new technology 

Proceedings of an IDF Seminar held in Atlanta (USA), 8-9 October 1985 

In farm ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, low sodium cheese, immobilized 

enzymes, whey proteins, feed from whey, etc. 


Other Publication 03 - Dairying throughout the world - 1986 


The structure of the dairy industry in 27 countries. 


Other Publication 04 - Dictionary of Dairy Terminology (Second Revised 

Edition) 

by International Dairy Federation 

This revised edition of the Dictionary of Dairy Terminology gives the equivalents 

in English, French, German and Spanish of up-to-date terms currently used in 

the dairy industry world-wide. It includes explanations of important key terms

prepared by world-recognized specialists. Each language may be used as a 

source as well as a target language. The dictionary will be an invaluable tool for 

those in international trade, in legislation, and for professional translators and 

interpreters. 

Published for IDF by Elsevier 

© 1996 - 386 pages, 4044 terms 

Out of stock until further notice 


Other Publication 05 - Cheese ripening 

Proceedings of IDF Seminar in Lund, Sweden, April 1992 

12 original papers covering: Quailty factors and appellations d’origine, 

characterizing ripening in cheese of different types, volatile flavour compounds, 

non-volatile flavour compounds, cheese flavour and chemical composition, 

starter cultures in ripening, non-starters in ripening, technological parameters in 

ripening, enzymes in cheese technology, accelerated maturation. 

30 posters. 

Published in 

INTERNATIONAL DAIRY JOURNAL Vol 3 Nos 4-6, 1993 pp 297-577 

ISSN 0958-6946 

For ordering see the IDJ website: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/idairyj 

Date: 1992 - Pages: 280 

Other Publication 06 - Immunology of ruminant mammary gland 

Proceedings of IDF Symposium in Stresa, Italy, June 2000 

Edited by Dr A Zecconi (Italy) 

106 Oral presentations and posters in five sections, concerning cow factors, 

physical factors, soluble factors, interactions between bacteria, immunity and 

therapy, modulation of mammary gland immunity 

Published at the time of the symposium 


Date: 2000 - Pages: 472 

Other Publication 07 - Ruminant mammary gland immunity 

IDF Position Paper for Symposium in Stresa, Italy, June 2000 

Edited by A Zecconi (Italy) and K L Smith (USA) 

Contributions from 12 authors on mammary gland immunological components, 

factors affecting immunity, interaction between bactria, therapy and immunity, 

modulation of mammary gland immunity. 

Published at the time of the symposium 


Date: 2000 - Pages: 120 

Other Publication 08 - Ripening and quality of cheese 

Proceedings of IDF Symposium, Besançon, France, February 1996

In two volumes 

27 papers on sensory, chemical, physical and microbiological aspects of cheese 

ripening. 

719 pages 

15 reviews and original articles on sensory, chemical, physical and microbiological 

aspects of cheese ripening. 

209 pages 

Published in Le Lait. LAITAG 77 (1) 1-216 1997 and LAITAG 77 (HS) 1997 

ISSN 0023-7302 

For ordering contact: subscribers@edpsciences.org 

Date: 1997 - Pages: 928 

Other Publication 09 - New applications of membrane technology in the dairy 

industry 

Proceedings of IDF Seminar in St Malo, France, June 2000 

19 original articles on membranes, characteristics of membrane-processed milk 

components, effects of further treatment, separation of specific components. 

Published in Le Lait 80 1-208, 2000 

ISSN 0023-7302 

For ordering contact: subscribers@edpsciences.org 

Date: 2000 - Pages: 208 

Other Publication 10 - Beneficial Natural Bioactive Substances in Milk and 

Colostrum 

Occurrence, biochemical and technological characteristics of bioactive 

substances 

Physiological effects and potential health benefits 

This collection of review papers summarises and synthesis the state of 

knowledge with respect to the bioactivity of bovine milk and its molecular 

components. In the first section, an overview is presented of those bioactive 

substances that have been identified in bovine milk and colostrum, including 

their purported bioactivity and physiological levels of biologically active 

components. In the second section, discussions of biological activity are 

expanded to draw in those areas where milk-borne bio-active substances have 

been shown to have an influence on physiological processes, paying particular 

attention to short-falls in the existing knowledge base, and the potential for 

development of milk-based foods that can utilise bioactivity to improve human 

health. 

Published in British Journal of Nutrition Number 1 November 2000 

ISSN 0007-1145 

For ordering contact: orders@cabi.org 

Date: 2000 - Pages: 166

Other Publication 11 - Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium On 

Recombined Milk and Milk Products held May 9-12, 2004 in Cancun (Mexico), 

2004 

The fourth International symposium on Recombined Milk and Milk Products was 

organized under the auspices of IDF by the U.S. Dairy Export Council in Cancun, 

Mexico following those organized in Singapore in 1980, Alexandria in 1988 and 

Penang in 1999. More than 335 people from almost 40 countries covering all 

aspects of the industry from improters and distributors to end-users, ingredient 

and equipment suppliers, academia and government participated at the Cancun 

symposium, the largest attendance ever. 

The proceedings are a compilation of the oral presentations and abstracts of the 

poster presentations. 

For ordering contact: 

U.S. Dairy Export Council 

2101 Wilson Blvd., Suite 400 

Arlington, VA 22201-3061 - U.S.A. 

E-mail: recombine@usdec.org 

Website: www.usdec.org or www.milkrecombine04.com 

Date: 2004 - Pages: 244 

Other Publication 12 - Mastitis in dairy production - Current knowledge and 

future solutions 

Edited by H. Hogeveen 

Worldwide, mastitis is still one of the most significant diseases for the dairy 

sector. Furthermore, controlling mastitis is difficult because so many factors and 

so many different pathogens can be involved. Mastitis not only affects the health 

of milk-producing animals, having consequences for the profitability of dairy 

farms, it also affects the welfare of the animals. Mastitis has a negative influence 

on milk quality and this has consequences for further processing of the milk. In 

other words: mastitis can affect a large part of the dairy production chain. 

Thanks to ongoing scientific effort, insight into mastitis is improving and this 

is especially important in the context of increasingly complex farming systems. 

This insight leads to better methods to control mastitis, either by prevention 

or by adequate measures, such as therapy, when a cow (or goat or sheep) gets 

mastitis. 

This comprehensive volume reflects current knowledge from all over the world 

on all aspects of mastitis as presented during the 4th IDF International Mastitis 

Conference, held in June 2005 in Maastricht, the Netherlands. 

The book covers: 

- pathogenesis and immunity 

- economics of mastitis and its management 

- therapy and immunization 

- milking technology and mastitis 

- diagnosis and milk quality factors 

- mastitis in small ruminants 

- animal welfare issues 

- mastitis control 

- environmental factors and their control 

- food safety issues

- potential of genetic improvement in mastitis control 

- mastitis control in emerging dairy countries 

The 115 oral presentations and the 13 keynote presentations reflect current 

knowledge of mastitis control and give ideas for future solutions for control 

measures. 

The publication can be purchased from the Wageningen Academic Publishers' 

website at the price of 110 or US$ 165. These prices are excluding VAT (6%). 

Transport costs are 5 euro for the Netherlands and 15 euro for all other countries. 

For customers outside the Netherlands prepayment is required. A pro forma 

invoice will be sent. 

To consult the table of contents and order your copy please visit: http:// 

www.WageningenAcademic.com/mastitis 

Date: 2005 - Pages: 744 

Other Publication 13 - Dairy Food Consumption and Health: State of the 

Science on Current Topics - Supplement to Journal of the American College of 

Nutrition 

Supplement to Journal of the American College of Nutrition Volume 24 - 

Number 6(S) - Dairy Food Consumption and Health: State of the Science on 

Current Topics 

Seven independent scientific review papers recording the views of some top 

nutrition scientists on milk and its role on the diet have been published as a 

supplement to the December issue of the Journal of the American College of 

Nutrition. 

These review papers address key health topics such as dairy and breast cancer, 

weight, osteoporosis, asthma, allergy and lactose intolerance. This information 

will help health professionals respond to questions and confront misinformation 

about the role of milk and milk products in a healthy diet. 

For ordering please contact: 

The Journal of the American College of Nutrition 

P.O. Box 3000 

Denville, NJ 07834 - U.S.A. 

Telephone: +1 973 627 2427 

email: office@amcollnutr.org 

Date: 2006 - Pages: 67 

Other Publication 14 - Technological and health aspects of bioactive 

components of milk 

Special Issue of the International Dairy Journal Volume 16 Issue 11 November 

2006 ISSN 0958-6946 

Guest Editor Hannu Korhonen 

Current challenges in the exploitation of bioactive components are their recovery 

from milk, whey and colostrum, their stability in different food matrices and their 

optimal bioavailability in the body in order to deliver expected health effects. 

Development of appropriate technologies and product concepts as well as 

verification of efficacy in vivo are essential. These aspects are addressed in the 

compilation of the 21 articles of this Special Issue. 

Available online at www.ScienceDirect.com

Keywords: Bioactive components, milk, colostrums, nutraceuticals, functional foods, 

health, nutrition, ingredients 

Date: 2006 - Pages: 200 

Other Publication 15 - First IDF Symposium on Indigenous Enzymes in Milk 

Special Issue of the International Dairy Journal Volume 16 Issue 6 June 2006 

ISSN 0958-6946 

Principal Guest Editor Alan Kelly 

Guest Editors Paul McSweeney, Nana Earkye, Rolf Jost, Hilton Deeth 

The indigenous enzymes in milk have been the subject of research since 

1881 when the first report on an indigenous enzyme (lactoperoxidase (LPO)) 

appeared. These enzymes originate from an animal’s blood plasma, leucocytes 

(somatic cells) and the apical membrane or cytoplasm of the secretory cells. 

By the early 20th century, seven indigenous enzymes had been identified in 

milk: LPO, catalase, xanthine oxidane, proteinase, lipase, salolase (arylesterase) 

and amylase. These were probably the most widely recognised enzymes at 

that time and, in addition, some of them were relatively easily assayed or were 

technologically important. The progress of research on these enzymes to the 

present date will be reviewed in this article. 

Available online at www.ScienceDirect.com 

Keywords: Enzymes, milk, lactoperoxidase, catalase, Xanthine oxidase, Plasmin, 

Lipase, Amylase 

Date: 2006 - Pages: 216 

Other Publication 16 - Rheology and Structure of Fermented Milk 

Special Issue of the International Dairy Journal Volume 17 Issue 11 November 

2007 ISSN 0958-6946 

Principal Guest Editor Nagendra P. Shah 

Guest Editors Harald Rohm, Todor Vasiljevic 

This special issue of the International Dairy Journal focuses on the rheology and 

structure of fermented milk and health benefits of probiotic functional cultures, 

and contains contributions submitted at the International Dairy Federation (IDF) 

symposium on ‘Rheology and Structure of Fermented Milk’, in Sirmione, Italy, 

May 17–19, 2006. 

Over recent years there have been major advances in the area of rheology and 

structure of fermented milk, functionality of cultures and health benefits of 

probiotic microorganisms. Texture is an important aspect of fermented milk 

products. A lot of information has become available about how texture is created 

both on the micro and the macro scale and about how texture is influenced by 

different process parameters. How gel firmness is influenced and how syneresis 

is avoided when manufacturing low fat products are especially important 

subjects, and parameters such as mechanical treatment and cross-linking of 

proteins in fermented products could play an important role. A great deal of 

work has been carried out on the health benefits of probiotic bacteria and their 

role in production of ACE-inhibitory peptides. Survival of probiotic bacteria in 

dairy foods during processing and storage is also of utmost importance for these 

organisms to provide health benefits. 

Available online at www.ScienceDirect.com

Date: 2007 - Pages: 112 

Other Publication 17 - New opportunities and challenges in production and 

bioactivity of functional dairy foods 

Proceedings of the IDF/DIAA Symposium on Functional Dairy Foods 2009, 

Melbourne, Australia, February 24/25, 2009 

Supplement to The Australian Journal of Dairy Technology Volume 64 - 

Number 1 

Functional Dairy Foods 2009 focused on new opportunities and challenges in 

the production and bioactivity of functional dairy foods. The proceedings include 

papers of all keynote and short presentations on functional dairy ingredients 

and their impact on health, technologies for the production of functional dairy 

products, personalised dietary intervention approaches (nutrigenomics) and 

effects of dairy ingredients on metabolic health. Furthermore, it addressing 

issues related to the rapidly evolving regulatory landscape and the scientific 

substantiation of health claims. 

For ordering please contact: 

Dairy Industry Association of Australia (DIAA) 

Kristine Manser 

PO Box 351, North Melbourne 

Victoria 3051, Australia 

e-mail: info@diaa.asn.au 

Publications Order Form 

www.diaa.asn.au/publications/australian-journal-of-dairy-technology/33/ 

default.aspx 

Date: 2009 - Pages: 156 

Free Publications 

Bulletin of the IDF No. 393/2005 - Trans Fatty Acids: Scientific Progress And 

Labelling 

Trans fatty acids (TFA) have been the subject of much discussion since IDF 

published a review of current knowledge in Bulletin No 377/2002. This new issue 

reviews the development in legal provisions for TFA in foods in the few countries 

that have done this, examines the scientific basis for such requirements, 

and explains the facts concerning the differing physiological effects on lipid 

metabolism, cardiovascular dis-ease (CHD), diabetes etc of TFA from different 

sources. It also consid-ers the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on lipid 

metabolism, diabetes, cancer and immune function, with a mention of the 

analyti-cal methods available. (84 references) 

Keywords: acid, analysis, biomarker, cancer, cardiovascular, chain, chil-dren, 

cholesterol, diabetes, fatty, health, hypertension, immune, le-gal, lipid, long, lymph, 

medium, metabolism, saturated, triglyceride, unsaturated, vaccenic 

Date: 2005 - Pages: 19 - Free of charge

Bulletin of the IDF No. 398/2005 - Guide on Life Cycle Assessment towards 

Sustainability in the Dairy Chain 

Life cycle analysis is a method of environmental analysis that assesses the 

impact a product has on the environment throughout its entire life cycle. This 

Guide, prepared jointly by IDF and the United Nations Environment Programme, 

introduces and defines the concepts involved in life cycle analysis and life cycle 

assessment in the dairy context and their relevance to sustainable development. 

It describes a methodology for life cycle assessment applied to the dairy chain 

and illustrates it with the results of LCA on packaging systems, on dairy farming 

systems and on milk products. It presents the environmental impacts of energy 

consumption and the effect of the Kyoto Agreement on the dairy industry, 

together with a series of case studies of the use of LCA in the dairy in Australia, 

France, North America and Scandinavia and reports on discussion the future of 

LCA as a tool to promote sustainability in the dairy industry. 

Keywords: Agenda 21, Best available technology, Climate change, Earth Summit 

(Rio,) Effluents, Environment, Environmental impact, Global warming, ISO 14 040, 

Kyoto, Life cycle analysis, Life cycle assessment, Life cycle management, Ozone layer 

(Montreal), Sustainability, Sustainable agriculture, United nations Environment 

programme (UNEP), Waste handling, World Summit on Sustainable Development 

(Johannesburg) 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 401/2005 - Energy use in Dairy Processing 

Review of several aspects of minimizing energy use and the environmental effects 

of energy use in dairy processing. 

World Standard Energy Practice and Best Available Technology in the context of 

dairy processing, energy sources and production for both heating and cooling, 

combined heat and power systems, heat recovery systems, savings in energy and 

cost for heating and refrigeration, monitoring and targeting energy usage, meters 

and measuring points, data collection and use, energy conservation, achieving 

Kyoto targets, environmental effects and emissions, effects on human health. 

Keywords: BAT, Best Available Technology, butter, carbon dioxide emission, cheese, 

CHP, CIP, cleaning-in-place, climate change, Combined Heat and Power, compressed 

air, cream, economics of energy saving, electricity generation, emissions trading, 

energy audit, energy conservation, energy consumption, energy costs, environmental 

emissions, evaporators, greenhouse effect, health effects, heat exchangers, heat 

recovery, Kyoto targets, milk, nitrogen oxides, pasteurization, refrigeration, spray driers, 

steam generation, sulphur dioxide, technology, World Standard Energy Practice 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 405/2006 - Comprehensive review of scientific 

literature pertaining to nitrogen protein conversion factors 

This IDF review of scientific literature shows that there is substantial scientific 

evidence to support a specific nitrogen protein conversion factor for specific 

sources of protein, rather than to introduce a single inaccurate nitrogen protein

conversion factor, as has been envisaged in the revision of the Codex Standard 

for Infant Formula. 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 412/2007 - IDF guiding principles for traceability/ 

product tracing 

Thirteen guiding principles as a consensus of the worldwide dairy sector on how 

to apply traceability / product tracing in the dairy production chain. 

Keywords: certification, food safety, inspection, product tracing, safety, traceability, 

tracing 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 419/2007 - Collaborative studies organized to include 

sheep and goat milk in the scope of joint standard ISO 5764|IDF 108: 2002 

milk – Determination of freezing point – Thermistor cryoscope method 


Bulletin presenting the collaborative studies organized to include sheep and goat 

milk in the scope of joint standard ISO 5764|IDF 108: 2002 Milk – Determination 

of freezing point – Thermistor cryoscope method (Reference method). 

Keywords: analysis, ewe, freezing point, goat, milk, precision, repeatability, 

reproducibility, sampling, sheep, standard, thermistor cryoscope 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 422/2007 - Reduction Of Greenhouse Gas Emissions 

At Farm And Manufacturing Levels 

Proceedings of the workshop on the Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions at 

farm and manufacturing levels, held on 23 October 2006 at the IDF World Dairy 

Summit and World Dairy Congress, Shanghai, China. The proceedings contain 

a review of the Kyoto protocol, the generation and sources of greenhouse gas 

emissions in the dairy industry, and some of the strategies to mitigate emissions 

either at farm level or at manufacturing level in different parts of the world. 

Keywords: carbon disoxide, climate change, emissions, energy consumption, enteric 

fermentation, fossil fuels, ghg, greenhouse gas, hydrofluocarbons, life-cycle analysis, 

manure, methane, mitigation, nitrous oxide, perfluocarbons, reduction, refrigerants, 

sulphur hexafluoride 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 429/2008 - Physiological and Functional Properties of 

Probiotics 

Summary and conclusions of the work of an IDF project group to establish a list 

of physiological and functions properties required of probiotic bacteria and to 

establish methods to assess these functions.

Keywords: bacteria, functional properties, health, probiotic 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 436/2009 - Environmental/Ecological Impact of the 

Dairy Sector: Literature review on dairy products for an inventory of key issues 

List of environmental initiativess and influences on the dairy sector 

Survey commissioned by the IDF with the aims of highlighting the key issues for 

the dairy sector based on a literature review focused on Life Cycle Assessment 

(LCA) studies and of giving an overview of initiatives and labels that play a role 

for the dairy sector and what they imply for the various industry sectors. 

Keywords: Carbon, Ecology, Emissions, Environment, Footprint, Gas, GHG, 

Greenhouse, LCA, Sustainability, Sustainable, Warming 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 443/2010 - Environmental issues at dairy farm level 

The dairy sector worldwide is confronted with a triple challenge – how to feed 

an increasingly large human population, how to control the impact of dairy 

production on the global environment and, at the same time, to discover new 

ways of managing animal and milk production to achieve these aims. The papers 

in this IDF Bulletin provide an overall review of the interaction between milk 

production and the environment and possible measures to minimize the impact 

of each on the other, and illustrate the practical steps that can be and are being 

taken by the dairy sector in a variety of countries and in relation to specific 

environmental issues: air quality, soil quality, water quality, energy use, pesticide 

residues. 

Keywords: Animal production, air quality, biodiversity, climate change, energy use, 

environment, environmental management, environmental policies, land use, nitrogen, 

nutrient losses, nutrient management, pesticide residues, phosphorus, regulations, soil 

quality, water quality, water resources 


Bulletin of the IDF No. 445/2010 - A common carbon footprint approach for 

dairy - The IDF guide to standard lifecycle assessment methodology for the 

dairy sector 

Creating consistency and a clear message on the quantification of carbon 

footprint is important for the reputation of the world dairy sector to highlight the 

high level of engagement that is already taking place in relation to this issue, and 

to identify practices that will further reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 

The IDF guide is the first international consensus document describing a 

common carbon footprint approach for dairy products including addressing 

the common LCA challenges of allocation to co-products and land use change. 

The document identifies the key areas in which there is currently ambiguity or 

differing views on approach while it recommends a science-based approach 

that can also be inserted into existing or developing methodologies for practical

application in developing and developed dairy industries across the world. 

The IDF guide has been developed in close collaboration and with the active 

involvement of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 

(FAO) and the Sustainable Agriculture Initiative Platform (SAI Platform). 

Keywords: carbon footprint, climate change, emissions, environment, environmental 

management, environmental policies, greenhouse gas, land use, LCA, milk production, 

sustainability 


Guide to Good Dairy Farming Practice (2004) 

Replaced by the second edition published in September 2011 

This guide has been developed by an IDF/FAO Task Force on Good Dairy 

Farming Practices in a user-friendly format for dairy farmers. When adopted it will 

support the marketing of safe, quality-assured milk and dairy products, and focus 

on the relationship between consumer safety and best practice at farm level. 

The guidelines on individual practices have been drawn from existing schemes 

around the world but are not intended to be legally binding. They aim to provide 

a genuine framework for farm assurance schemes to be developed worldwide and 

give the opportunity for individual countries to develop schemes that are specific 

to their social, environmental, welfare and economic needs. 


A farm-to-table approach for emerging and developed dairy countries 

IDF/FAO International Symposium on Dairy Safety and Hygiene - 2 – 5 March 

2004 - Cape Town, South Africa 

The IDF and the FAO have published “A farm-to-table approach for emerging 

and developed dairy countries” a comprehensive manual, which emphasizes the 

application of a risk-based approach and the principles of HACCP and Good 

Agricultural Practices throughout the food chain. 

This manual features presentations delivered at the IDF/FAO/OIE International 

Symposium on Dairy Safety and Hygiene, Cape Town, South Africa, 2-5 March 

2004.The objectives of the symposium were to deliberate on ensuring safe 

and suitable dairy products using a farm to table approach, also taking into 

consideration countries with emerging dairy industries. The more specific 

objectives included the management of the health and welfare of dairy animals, 

ensuring safety and quality of feed and water supplies, to examine the protection 

of the environment and last but not least, to discuss ways of ensuring safety and 

hygiene and identifying potential hazards along the whole the dairy production 

chain. 

Download your free copy by clicking here 

- Pages: 35 - Free of charge

FAO-IDF Dairy Development Newsletter No 9 

This is the ninth in the series of Dairy Development Newsletters, sponsored 

by FAO and produced in collaboration with IDF. The growth in demand for 

the newsletter has been spectacular rising from 500 for the first issue, to over 

4000 subscribers for the last issue. The newsletter is now also distributed in an 

electronic format in addition to hard copy and is available in English, French and 

Spanish. 

In this issue we have endeavoured to give an up-to-date picture of the most 

interesting and innovative FAO and IDF activities in dairy development. 

This consists of a review of practical field activities and a section on recent 

developments in technology, policy and current issues in international dairy 

development relating to production, processing and marketing issues. Tributes 

are included to Jean Claude Lambert, FAO, and Edward Hopkin, IDF, who both 

retired in 2005 and Dr. Ernest Mann, who died in September 2005. 

Thanks are also due to all those who contributed to this issue and in particular 

Dr. J.A. Phelan, supported by FAO, who has compiled and edited both the FAO 

and IDF inputs. 

Comments, critical or otherwise, as well as potential contributions to future 

issues of the Newsletter, are most welcome and should be made to: Anthony 

Bennett, Dairy and Meat Officer, AGAP, FAO, Simon Mack, Senior Officer, 

Livestock Production Systems, AGAP, FAO or Joerg Seifert, Technical Director, 

IDF. 


FAO-IDF Dairy Development Newsletter No 10 

This is the tenth in the series of Dairy Development Newsletters, sponsored 

by FAO and produced in collaboration with IDF. The newsletter is now also 

distributed in an electronic format in addition to hard copy. 

Comments, critical or otherwise, as well as potential contributions to future 

issues of the Newsletter, are most welcome and should be made to: Anthony 

Bennett, Dairy and Meat Officer, AGAP, FAO, Simon Mack, Senior Officer, 

Livestock Production Systems, AGAP, FAO or Joerg Seifert, Technical Director, 

IDF. 


Guide to Good Animal Welfare in Dairy Production (2008) 

The Guide to Good Animal Welfare in Dairy Production was elaborated by a 

project group composed of experts, members of the IDF Standing Committees 

on Farm Management and Animal Health as well as representatives of the World 

Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organization 

of the United Nations (FAO). The objective of the guide is to promote good 

animal welfare practices in milk production at global scale. These practices must 

be based on science and take into account parameters which are relevant and 

essential to dairy farming. 

La versión Española del guía está disponible aqui 

La version Française du guide est disponible ici 


Effects of Probiotics and Prebiotics 

Supplement to The Journal of Nutrition Volume 137 Number 3S-II Supplement 

March 2007 Pages 739S-854S 

Guest Editors Michael de Vrese, Juergen Schrezenmeier 

This collection of articles published as a supplement to the Journal of Nutrition 

is derived from presentations and discussions at the World Dairy Summit 2003 

of the International Dairy Federation in a joint IDF/FAO Symposium entitled 

"Effects of Probiotics and Prebiotics on Human Maintenance - Critical evaluation 

of the evidence, " held in Bruges, Belgium. The articles were revised in April 

2006 to include additional relevant and timely information, including citations to 

recent research on the topics discussed. 

- Michael de Vrese and Jürgen Schrezenmeir 

Preface 

J. Nutr. 2007 137: 739S-740S. 

- Kaouther Ben Amor, Elaine E. Vaughan, and Willem M. de Vos 

Advanced Molecular Tools for the Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria 

J. Nutr. 2007 137: 741S-747S. 

- Todd R. Klaenhammer, M. Andrea Azcarate-Peril, Eric Altermann, and Rodolphe 

Barrangou 

Influence of the Dairy Environment on Gene Expression and Substrate Utilization 

in Lactic Acid Bacteria 

J. Nutr. 2007 137: 748S-750S. 

- Michael Blaut and Thomas Clavel 

Metabolic Diversity of the Intestinal Microbiota: Implications for Health and 

Disease 

J. Nutr. 2007 137: 751S-755S. 

- Petra Winkler, Darab Ghadimi, Jürgen Schrezenmeir, and Jean-Pierre 

Kraehenbuhl 

Molecular and Cellular Basis of Microflora-Host Interactions 

J. Nutr. 2007 137: 756S-772S. 

- Philip C. Calder 

Immunological Parameters: What Do They Mean? 

J. Nutr. 2007 137: 773S-780S. 

- Blaise Corthésy, H. Rex Gaskins, and Annick Mercenier 

Cross-Talk between Probiotic Bacteria and the Host Immune System 

J. Nutr. 2007 137: 781S-790S. 

- Kazuyoshi Takeda and Ko Okumura 

Effects of a Fermented Milk Drink Containing Lactobacillus casei Strain Shirota 

on the Human NK-Cell Activity 

J. Nutr. 2007 137: 791S-793S. 

- Arthur C. Ouwehand 

Antiallergic Effects of Probiotics 

J. Nutr. 2007 137: 794S-797S. 

- Takeshi Matsuzaki, Akimitsu Takagi, Haruo Ikemura, Tetsuya Matsuguchi, and 

Teruo Yokokura 

Intestinal Microflora: Probiotics and Autoimmunity 

J. Nutr. 2007 137: 798S-802S 

- Michael de Vrese and Philippe R. Marteau 

Probiotics and Prebiotics: Effects on Diarrhea

J. Nutr. 2007 137: 803S-811S. 

- Drahoslava Lesbros-Pantoflickova, Irène Corthésy-Theulaz, and André L. Blum 

Helicobacter pylori and Probiotics 

J. Nutr. 2007 137: 812S-818S. 

- Barbara Sheil, Fergus Shanahan, and Liam O'Mahony 

Probiotic Effects on Inflammatory Bowel Disease 

J. Nutr. 2007 137: 819S-824S. 

- Tiina Jauhiainen and Riitta Korpela 

Milk Peptides and Blood Pressure 

J. Nutr. 2007 137: 825S-829S. 

- Marcel Roberfroid 

Prebiotics: The Concept Revisited 

J. Nutr. 2007 137: 830S-837S. 

- Katharina E. Scholz-Ahrens, Peter Ade, Berit Marten, Petra Weber, Wolfram 

Timm, Yahya Ail, Claus-C. Glüer, and Jürgen Schrezenmeir 

Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Synbiotics Affect Mineral Absorption, Bone Mineral 

Content, and Bone Structure 

J. Nutr. 2007 137: 838S-846S. 

- Günther Boehm and Bernd Stahl 

Oligosaccharides from Milk 

J. Nutr. 2007 137: 847S-849S. 

- Maya Pineiro and Catherine Stanton 

Probiotic Bacteria: Legislative Framework— Requirements to Evidence Basis 

J. Nutr. 2007 137: 850S-853S. 

Full content of the original articles of the supplement is freely accessible via 

the website of the Journal of Nutrition 


Proceedings of the Symposium 'Scientific Update on Dairy Fats and 

Cardiovascular Diseases' 

Supplement to The Journal of the American College of Nutrition Volume 27 

Number 6 December 2008 Pages 720S-754S 

Guest Editors: Ian Givens and Peter Parodi 

This collection of articles published as a supplement to the Journal of the 

American College of Nutrition is derived from presentations and discussions at 

the Symposium 'Scientific Update on Dairy Fats and Cardiovascular Disease'. The 

event was hosted by the University of Reading (UK) and organised and facilitated 

by the International Dairy Federation. 

Papers published by the Journal of the American College of Nutrition. Copyright 

2009 by the American College of Nutrition. 

Please click on the title below to access the full text version of the article. 

- Adam Lock, Frédéric Destaillats, Jana Kraft and J. Bruce German 

Introduction to the Proceedings of the Symposium “Scientific Update on Dairy 

Fats and Cardiovascular Diseases” 

J Am Coll Nutr. 2008 27: 720S-722S. 

- Peter C. Elwood, D. Ian Givens, Andrew D. Beswick, Ann M. Fehily, Janet E. 

Pickering, and John Gallacher 

The Survival Advantage of Milk and Dairy Consumption: an Overview of Evidence 

from Cohort Studies of Vascular Diseases, Diabetes and Cancer

J Am Coll Nutr. 2008 27: 723S–734S 

- Paul J. Nestel 

Effects of Dairy Fats within Different Foods on Plasma Lipids 


- Benoît Lamarche, PhD, FAHA 

Review of the Effect of Dairy Products on Non-Lipid Risk Factors for 

Cardiovascular Disease 


- Wija A. van Staveren, Jan M. Steijns, and Lisette C.P.G.M. de Groot 

Dairy Products as Essential Contributors of (Micro-) Nutrients in Reference Food 

Patterns: An Outline for Elderly People 

J Am Coll Nutr. 2008 27: 747S-754S. 

Papers published by the Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 

Copyright 2009 by the American College of Nutrition. 


A reappraisal of the impact of dairy foods and milk fat on cardiovascular 

disease risk 

European Journal of Nutrition, Volume 48, number 4, Pages 191-203 

Authors: J. Bruce German, Robert A. Gibson, Ronald M. Krauss, Paul Nestel, 

Benoît Lamarche, Wija A. van Staveren, Jan M. Steijns, Lisette C.P.G.M. de 

Groot, Adam L. Lock, Frédéric Destaillats 

The summary report of the symposium ‘Scientific update on dairy fats and 

cardiovascular disease’ has been published in the European Journal of Nutrition 

and is available online with open access. The symposium was hosted by the 

University of Reading (UK) and organized and facilitated by the IDF Standing 

Committee on Nutrition and Health (SCNH) thanks to the kind contribution of 

the IDF National Committees and sponsorship of the Global Dairy Platform. The 

report is authored by renowned international scientists including all speakers of 

the conference. 

The report provides a reappraisal of the impact of dairy foods and milk fat on 

cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The conclusions highlight that despite the 

contribution of dairy products to the saturated fatty acid composition of the diet, 

and given the diversity of dairy foods of widely differing composition, there is 

no clear evidence that dairy food consumption is consistently associated with a 

higher risk of CVD. Thus, recommendations to reduce dairy food consumption 

irrespective of the nature of the dairy product should be made with caution. 

Full content of the original article is freely accessible via the website of the 

European Journal of Nutrition 


Guide to Good Dairy Farming Practice (2011) 

This second edition of the Guide to Good Dairy Farming Practice has been 

developed by an IDF/FAO Project Group of the IDF Standing Committee on Farm 

Management. It has been written in a practical format for dairy farmers engaged 

in the production of milk from any dairy species to support the production 

and marketing of safe, quality-assured milk and dairy products. The Guide 

focuses on the relationship between consumer safety and economic, social and

environmental management at the farm level. Dairy farmers’ production systems 

worldwide need to be able to combine profitability with the responsibility of 

protecting human health, animal health, animal welfare and the environment. 

This Guide gives individual dairy farmers proactive guidance on how these 

objectives can be achieved on their farm. The practices that are suggested have 

been drawn from best practice guidelines and existing assurance schemes 

around the world, and so individual practices will vary in their applicability to 

various dairying regions. They are not intended to be legally binding and readers 

are encouraged to select and implement those guidelines that are of relevance to 

their situation. 



Questionnaire on National Herd Milk Mastitis Cell Counts - Mastitis Notes from 

Member Countries. 


Newsletter 117 - Nutrition Week, Kiel Germany, 1990 

Summaries of presentations and discussions, including: Research on human 

nutrition: how will it affect dairy industry – Report on PAN-European nutrition 

project – Role of cultured & culture-containing milks in human nutrition – 

Calcium absorption & retention from dairy products – Dietary calcium, peak bone 

density & postmenopausal osteoporosis – Dietary calcium as a possible antipromoter 

of colon carcinogenesis – IDF Group F24 (Milk & non-milk proteins 

in human nutrition) & Group F37 (Milk lipids in the diet & health) – IDF Group 

F38 (Education in nutrition) – national reports from England & Wales, Ireland, 

France, the Netherlands. 



Antibiotics and sulfonamides in milk-risk evaluation of residues (Prof. W.H. 

Heeschen, Germany), Teat dipping before milking - summary of UK field trials 

(S.A. Langridge, UK), What future for conductivity ? (A. Zecconi, Italy), Mastitis 

pathogens in Switzerland (M. Schällibaum, Switzerland), Mastitis events, 

Mastitis publications. 



Summaries of IDF Nutrition Week presentations in May 1992

Legislation on the use of health promotion in marketing of food items 

• Health claims in the marketing of food products - Swedish experiences (Prof. N.-G. Asp, Lund, 

Sweden) 

• Present situation regarding legislation on the use of health promotion in marketing of food 

items - USA (Dr E.Alcantara, Westmont, Il., USA) 

• Use of health promotion in marketing - Finland (Prof. U.-M. Urho, Helsinki, Finland) 

• The present situation regarding legislation on the use of health promotion in the marketing 

of food items in Australia (Ms L. Shuttleworth, Glen Iris, Vic., Australia) 

The fat dilemma 

• The relationship between dairy products and cardiovascular disease (Prof. D.J. McNamara, 

Tucson, Az., USA) 

• Animal fat and health, some recent Norwegian experiences (Prof. J.I. Pedersen, Oslo, Norway) 

• Assessment of trans fatty acid intake in European countries: is it required ? (Dr G.-J. 

Schaafsma, Zeist, The Netherlands) 

The calcium and osteoporosis problem 

• Importance of peak bone mass for skeletal status in old age and calcium requirement during 

growth (Dr G.-J. Schaafsma, Zeist & Dr E.J.H. van Beresteijn, Ede, The Netherlands) 

• Perimenopausal bone loss and calcium supplementation (Prof. P.J.M. Elders, Amsterdam, 

The Netherlands) 

• Calcium intake at a young age and incidence of osteoporosis (Prof. E. Renner, Dr E. Knie & 

Dr H. Stracke, Giessen, Germany) 

• Importance of calcium intake and bioavailability for bone development and bone structure in 

rats (Dr K.E. Shulz-Ahrens, Dr W. Jaeger, Dr G. Delling & Prof. Dr A. Barth, Kiel, Germany) 

• Calcium balance in adolescent girls, relative importance of genetic and nutritional factors 

(Prof. V. Matkovic, Columbus, Oh., USA) 

• General practitioners and prevention of osteoporosis: attitudes, knowledge and behaviour 

(the Dutch situation) (Dr G.-J. Hiddink, Marssen, The Netherlands) 



• Annual report of the IDF Group of Experts on Mastitis (1992) (J.M. Booth, Chairman, UK) 

• Mastitis cell count data (J.M. Booth, Chairman, UK) 

• Somatic cells in milk - aspects of quality, hygiene & mastitis control (Prof. Dr W.H. Heeschen, 

Germany) 

• Homoeopathic treatment of bovine mastitis (J. Hamann, Germany) 

• Cell count interpretation (D.P. Ryan, Australia) 

Research communications 

• A strategy to increase resistance in dairy cows: expression of human lactoferrin in the milk 

of transgenic cows (J.H. Nuijens, M. Geerts, R. Strijker, F. Pieper & H.A. de Boer, the 

Netherlands) 

• Systemic dry cow therapy - an update (Dr A. Saran, Dr G. Ziv & Dr S. Soback, Israel)


• the prevention of mastitis in Italy (G. Ruffo & A. Zecconi, Italy) 

• Mastitis pathogens in Switzerland, 1988-1991 (Prof. Dr M. Schällibaum, Switzerland) 





International conference on nutrition (Rome, 5/11 December 1992) - Europe and 

nutrition: the Pan European nutrition programme / L’Europe de la Nutrition : 

“The Pan European Nutrition Programme” - Milk lipids in the diet and health 

- Role of cultures and culture- containing dairy products in health (brief review 

of literature 1992) - Lactose intolerance and consumption of cultured dairy 

products: a review - Salty foods increase calcium requirements and are a potential 

risk factor for osteoporosis - UK activities (past and current/future) concerning 

the calcium and health issue - Nutrition guidelines for the dairy industry in 

Australia - Nutrition recommendations concerning dairy products in Finland - 

The interaction between scientists and marketing people on nutrition matters - 

IDF Nutrition Coordination Group report 1993 



Editorial – Prof. L. Hambraeus (Sweden) 

Arguments for a budget to attract experts from outside the dairy industry on 

nutrition matters - Prof. Dr. Chr. Barth (Germany) 

Nutrition Task Force for IDF - Mr E. Hopkin (IDF) 

The protein issue 

• Protein quality and evaluation: Summary - Prof. L. Hambraeus (Sweden) & Prof. Chr. Barth 

(Germany) 

• Impact of analytical methods on quantitative determination of proteins in milk and milk 

products - Mr R. Grappin (France) 

• Cow milk proteins and type 1 diabetes - Prof. H.K. Åkerblom (Finland) 

• The impact of recent FAO/WHO recommendations for the nutritive value of milk protein as 

compared to vegetable proteins: Summary of round table discussion - Prof. L. Hambraeus 

(Sweden) & Prof. Chr. Barth (Germany) 

• Differential intestinal effects of casein and soybean protein - Dr R. van der Meer (Netherlands)

Fermented dairy products, intestinal microflora and health 

• Introduction - Prof. S. Salminen (Finland) 

• Lactic acid bacteria and the immune response - Prof. E. Isolauri (Finland) 

• Bioactive compounds in fermented milks - Prof. H. Korhonen (Finland) 

• Fermented dairy products and colon-cancer-related enzymes - Prof. H. Mykkänen (Finland) 

• Lactobacillar probiotics and intestinal microecology - Prof. M. Mikelsaar (Estonia) 

• Role of cultured and culture-containing dairy products in health - Prof. S. Salminen (Finland) 

& Dr R. Tanaka (Japan) 

Milk lipids in the diet and health - Prof. M. Gurr (UK) 

Consumer response and knowledge 

• Problems with the recommendation to consume diets with less than 30% of calories from fat 

- Mrs H. Bishop MacDonald (Canada) 

• Food and health - What do Finns think ? - Mrs U.-M. Urho & T. Luova (Finland) 



General 

• Report of the IDF Group of Experts on Mastitis - J.M. Booth (United Kingdom) 

• Hygienic Requirements in International Trade and the Role of Codex Alimentarius and the 

International Dairy Federation - W.H. Heeschen (Germany) 


• Treatment of Mastitis with Homoeopathic Remedies - W.J. Meaney (Ireland) 

• Mastitis Cell Count Data - J.M. Booth (United Kingdom) 

• Counting Somatic Cells in Milk: International IDF Standard 148:1991 Approved as a Final 

Standard (1994) - W.H. Heeschen & E.-H. Ubben (Germany) 

• Counting Somatic Cells in Milk: Reference Material (“Kiel Standards”) - W.H. Heeschen & 

E.-H. Ubben (Germany) 

• The Importance of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci - K.L. Smith & J.S. Hogan (USA) 

• Somatic Cell Counts in Milk of Goats - B. Poutrel (France) 


• Finland: The Bovine Udder and Mastitis - M. Sandhol, T. Honkanen-Buzalsik, L. Kaartinen & 

S. Pyörälä (Editors) 

• Germany: New German Guidelines for Mastitis Control - J. Hamann 

• Switzerland: Mastitis Pathogens 1988 - 1993 - M. Schällibaum


• The 3rd International Mastitis Seminar 

• British Mastitis Conference 

• US National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting - 1995 

• Symposium “Udder Health” in the Netherlands 




IDF’s Nutrition Week 1995 produced a demand for further consideration of 

the Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score published in FAO Food 

and Nutrition Studies No. 51 Evaluation of the nutritional quality of proteins 

(FAO, Rome 1993). The scientific aspects are under review by Prof. Chr. Barth 

(Germany) and Dr G.-J. Schaafsma (Netherlands). IDF Secretariat has been asked 

to determine with FAO how to introduce a further round of thinking into the 

debate. 

Impact of technology on nutritional value of dairy products 

• Effects of light exposure, storage and packaging on the nutrient content of milk – G. 

Schaafsma (the Netherlands) 

• Impact of UHT-treatment on nutritional value of milk proteins – H.F. Erbersdobler (Germany) 

• Influence of processing on the nutritional value of milk proteins – D. Tomé (France) 

• Heat treatment of infant formula: physiological and clinical effects on protein nutrition in 

infancy – N.C.R. Räiha (Sweden) 

• Technological treatment of infant formula: processing and mineral changes – T. Desrosiers 

(Canada) 

• Influence of irradiation on nutritional and organoleptic value of dairy products – D. Bouglé 

(France) 

• Effects of microwave heat treatment on milk – R. Sieber (Switzerland) 

• The impact of chromatographic lactose separation – M. Harju (Finland) 

Dairy products: is there a future for nutrition as a marketing tool ? 

• Des allégations nutritionnelles aux allégations “santé”* – M.-O. Gailing (France) 

• Nutrition labeling and health claims in the US: implications for marketing dairy products – 

A. O’Donnell & L.A. Berner (USA) 

• The nutritional message on a new product for infants – Ch. Bouley (France) 

• Le marketing alimentaire et la santé* – 1985–1995 – Y. Boutonnat (France) 

• Marketing nutrition messages in New Zealand – M. Williams (New Zealand) 

Nutrition 94/95: what is new for the dairy sector ? 

• The recombinant taste of cheese – E. Maguin & A. Gruss (France) 

• Dairy bacterial strains with probiotic properties: criteria for selection – D. Brassart 

(Switzerland), A. Donnet-Hughes (Switzerland), J.-R. Neeser (Switzerland), H. Link-Amster

(Switzerland), F. Rochat (Switzerland), A. Servin (France), P. Michetti (Switzerland) & E. 

Schiffrin (Switzerland) 

• Fermented milks and health benefits – G. Denariaz (France) 

• Health aspects of BST milk – T.B. Mepham & P.N. Schofield (UK) 

• Protein quality measurement by the PDCAAS technique – R.M. Fenwick, D.R. Knighton & P.J. 

Moughan (New Zealand) 

• Position and actions of EDA on PDCAAS – T. van Hooydonk (Belgium) 

• A casein-based protein meal induces a higher gut protein synthesis rate than a soy-based 

protein meal – N.E.P. Deutz & P.B. Soeters (the Netherlands) 

• A critical assessment of the PDCAAS, a protein evaluation system issued by FAO/WHO/UNU 

in 1990/1991 – C.A. Barth (Germany) & G. Schaafsma (the Netherlands). 

Coronary heart disease and the french paradox -P. Sachet (France) 

Annual review on cultured milks and probiotics - S. Salminen (Finland) & R. 

Tanaka (Japan) 

Bioavailability of calcium - G.Schaafsma (The Netherlands) 



General 

• Report of the IDF Group of Experts on Mastitis – K.L. Smith, Chairman (USA) 

• Integrated Detection Systems for Antimicrobials in Milk: The IDF Approach – W.H. Heeschen 

(Germany) 


• Standards for Somatic Cells in Milk: Physiological and Regulatory – K.L. Smith (USA) 

• Somatic Cells: Factors of Influence and Practical Measures to Keep a Physiological Level – 

J. Hamann (Germany) 

• Somatic Cells and their Significance for Milk Processing (Technology)* – A. Zecconi (Italy) 

• Milk Quality Payment: Quality Assurance (QA) in Somatic Cell Counting – M. Schällibaum 

(Switzerland) 

• Mastitis: The Disease under Aspects of Milk Quality and Hygiene* – W.H. Heeschen 

(Germany) 

• New Systems for Somatic Cell Counts – J. Reichmuth (Germany)


• Finland: Mastitis Prevention has Succeeded in Finland – T. Honkanen-Buzalski & V. Myllys 

• Italy: Mastitis Control Programme and Breeders Association – A. Zecconi & M. Nocetti 

• Norway: Bulk Milk Somatic Cell Count in Goat Milk (A presentation according to new 

standard) – O. Østerås & T. Lunder 

• Sweden, Norway, Denmark & Finland: Antimicrobial Drug Policy in Four Nordic Countries – 

K. Plym Forshell, O. Østerås, K.Aagaard & L. Kulkas 

• Ireland: Antibiotic Resistance Testing of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Cases of Bovine 

Mastitis in Ireland – W.J. Meany & J. Flynn 

• Ireland and USA: Analysis of diversity of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bovine mastitis 

using DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA genes – J.R. Fitzgerald, C.J. 

Smyth, P.J. Hartigan, W.J. Meany & V. Kapur 

• Switzerland: Mastitis Pathogens in Switzerland 1988–1994 – M. Schällibaum 


British Mastitis Conference 





Aspects of nutrition 

Food marketing strategies for the concerned consumer in Europe – A. Nienhaus 

(Germany) 

Calcium in nutrition 

Nutritional possibilities to prevent osteoporosis – G. Schaafsma (the 

Netherlands) 

The position of dairy products in the prevention of osteoporosis – K.E. Scholz- 

Ahrens (Germany) 

Coronary heart disease 

The oxidation hypothesis of coronary heart disease (CHD) – Convenor: M.I. Gurr 

(United Kingdom) 

Dairy Microorganisms as Probiotics 

Basic aspects 

• The role of the intestinal microflora in health and disease and novel methods to study it – 

M. Blaut (Germany) 

• Lactic acid bacteria in dairy products – G. Mogensen (Denmark) 

• Uniqueness of probiotic strains – S. Salminen (Finland) 

• Selection of probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on the basis of some physiological activities 

– B. Bianchi-Salvadori (Italy) 

• State of the art concerning probiotic strains in milk products – G. Schaafsma (the 

Netherlands)

Physiological and safety considerations 

• Safefy properties of lactic acid bacteria: set-up of an experimental model – C. Pelletier, C. 

Bouley, P. Bourlioux & C. Carbon (France) 

• Immune system stimulation by lactobacilli – G. Perdigón & S.Alvarez (Argentina) 

• Adhesion and proliferation of probiotic strains in the intestine and their importance for the 

probiotic effect – S.Hudault, M.F. Bernet- Camard, M.H. Coconnier, V. Liévin & A.L. Servin 

(France) 

• Safety considerations regarding probiotic strains – Conclusions of two specialist workshops 

– J.W. van der Kamp (the Netherlands) 

Probiotic strains and health 

• Probiotics for farm animals – R. Fuller (United Kingdom) 

• Potential of probiotic strains in stabilizing intestinal microflora to prevent gastrointestinal 

infection – M. Tvede (Denmark) 

• Lactobacilli in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in children – E. Isolauri (Finland) 

• Role of cultured and culture-containing dairy products and probiotic bacteria in health and 

disease – S. Salminen (Finland) & R. Tanaka (Japan) 

• Lactobacillus GG – Products with clinical documentation – M. Saxelin & R. Korpela (Finland) 

• Analysis of the bifidobacterial and lactobacillus populations of human faeces using genetic 

fingerprinting of bacterial isolates – G.W. Tannock, A.L. McCartney, K. Kimura & M.A. 

McConnell (New Zealand) 

• Practical criteria for selection and judgement of lactic acid bacteria as probiotics – P. Haberer, 

M. du Toit, B. Warlies, F. Ahrens & W.H. Holzapfel (Germany) 

• Bifidobacterium longum and lactulose suppress azoxymethane-induced preneoplastic 

lesions in rat colon – D. Ramkishan Rao & Anjana Challa (USA) 

• Lactic acid bacteria – A new approach to detoxify aflatoxins – H. El-Nezami (Australia), S. 

Salminen (Finland) & J. Ahokas (Australia) 

• Colonization of Lactococcus lactis L1A on human intestinal tract and effect on the bacterial 

flora – E. Grahn Håkansson, P. Tidehag, S. Holm, G. Hallmans, A.-S. Sandberg & K. Sellgren 

(Sweden) 

• Lactoccocus lactis L1A reduces antibiotic associated diarrhoea – E. Grahn, M. Eklund & K. 

Sellgren (Sweden) VERUM HÄLSOFIL® – A.-K. Karlsson (Sweden) 

• Are viable microorganisms essential for the enhancement of intestinal hydrolysis of lactose 

by the b-galactosidase of fermented milk products ? – C. Kuhn, A. Titze, A. Lorenz, C.A. Barth 

& M. de Vrese (Germany) 

• IDF Nutrition Week – Potsdam, Germany, May 1996 – Summary reports of meetings of 

groups of experts 



General 

Report of the IDF Group of Experts on Mastitis - K. L. Smith, Chairman (USA)


• Differential Somatic Cell Counts in Milk - A Saran, G, Leitner & M. Chaffer (Israel) 

• Effect of Undermilking and Overmilking on Teat Tissue Condition - E. O'Callaghan (Ireland), 

D. Gleeson (lreland) & F. Neijenhuis (the Netherlands) 

• Effect of Various Milking Machine Systems on Free Fatty Acid Development in Milk - B. 

O'Brien, E. O'Callaghan & P. Dillon (Ireland) 

• The Use of Lacticin 3147 in Mastitis Control - M. Ryan, WJ Meaney, C. Hill & P. Ross (Ireland) 

• Decision-Making in Clinical Mastitis Therapy Programmes - K Leslie & G. Keefe (Canada) 

• Vaccination Against Coliform Mastitis: A Historical Perspective - K.L. Smith & J Hogan (USA) 


• Italy: Staph. aureus: A Problem for Italian Dairy Herds - A Zecconi & R. Piccinini 

• New Zealand:Daily Somatic Cell Count Testing - R. Franks 

• Spain: Milk Quality in Spain - E. Cifrian, J.A. Garcia, P. y. Casado & J.C. Marco 

• Switzerland: Evolution of Somatic Cell Counts in Bulk Milk Samples: Switzerland 1983-1996 

- M. Schällibaum 


• Report of the Seminar "A half Centenary of Lactation Biology Research", University of Gent, 

Belgium, 20-22 November 1996 (D. Hoeben) 

• The Future Use of Antibiotics in Mastitis Therapy: A Report from a Nordic Seminar in January 

1997 (Ch. Hallén Sandgren) 

• US National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting - 1997 (K.L. Smith & A Saeman) 

• Subclinical Bovine Mastitis - Prevention and Therapy. Conference of the German Veterinary 

Association, Grub/Munich, 27-28 September 1996 (J Hamann) 




General 

Report of the IDF Group of Experts on Mastitis - K.L. Smith, Chairman (USA)


• State of proficiency in counting of somatic cells – Results of latest intercomparisons - E.-H. 

Ubben & J. Reichmuth (Germany) 

• Dynamics of mastitis in Norway - O. Østerås (Norway) 

• C-reactive protein as indicator for subclinical bovine mastitis - J. Hamann (Germany) 

• Characteristics of bovine mastitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes and new ELISA method 

for diagnosis - B. Poutrel (France) 

• The effect of automatic milking on bulk milk somatic cell count - H. Hogeveen, G.H. Klungel 

& B.A. Slaghuis (Netherlands) 

• Investigation on hygienic important and potential pathogens of raw milk of sheep and 

goats during one lactation period - L. Podstatzky-Lichtenstein, P. Winter & W. Baumgartner 

(Austria) 

• Effect of milking interval on milk yield and composition - B. O’Brien, J. O’Connell & W.Meaney 

(Ireland) 

• Milk quality and automatic milking systems (AMS) - J. Hamann (Germany) 

• Vaccination with ferric enterobactin receptor (FepA) to control coliform mastitis (summary 

of a recent PhD thesis) - J. Lin, J. Hogan & K.L. Smith (USA) 

• Udder health on dairy farms. A longitudinal study (summary of a recent PhD thesis) - H.W. 

Barkema (Netherlands) 

• A study of dairy herds with constantly low or constantly high bulk milk somatic cell count, with 

special emphasis on management (summary of a recent PhD thesis) - T. Ekman (Sweden) 


• Switzerland: Mastitis pathogens isolated in Switzerland, 1987–1996 - M. Schällibaum 

• The Netherlands: The health planner: a new concept in mastitis control - H. Hogeveen, 

T.J.G.M. Lam, E.G. Grijsen & Y.H. Schukken 

• Dutch mastitis platform - Y.H. Schukken 


- US National Mastitis Council – Update 

- British mastitis conference 1998 

- The IDF-A2 meeting in Oslo 

- Udder health at the International Conference on Production Diseases in Farm 

Animals 

Announcements 






General 


(USA) 

- Note from the Editor - H. Hogeveen (Netherlands)


• Mastitis in certified organic dairy herds in Sweden - C. Hamilton, U. Emanuelson & T. Ekman 

(Sweden) 

• Studies on bovine Escherichia coli mastitis in Finland - T. Kaipainen (Finland) 

• Recovery of cow teats after milking: Ultrasonic scanning - F. Neijenhuis, H. Hogeveen & G. 

Klungel (Netherlands) 

• Changes in milk somatic cell count with regard to the milking process and the milking 

frequency - Preliminary report - J. Hamann (Germany) 

• Milking three times a day and its effect on milk production and udder health - H. Hogeveen, 

J.D. Miltenburg, S. den Hollander & K. Frankena (Netherlands) 


- Denmark: The integrated cattle health and milk quality project of the Danish 

Dairy Board - H.J. Andersen 

- The Netherlands: Implications of the introduction of automatic milking on dairy 

farms - A large integrated EU project is started - A. Meijering & H. Hogeveen 


• Introduction: K.L. Smith (USA), Chairman 

• Denmark: K. Aagaard 

• Finland: H. Saloniemi & L. Kulkas 

• Germany: J. Hamann 

• Ireland: W. Meaney 

• Italy: A. Zecconi 

• The Netherlands: H. Hogeveen 

• New Zealand: M.W. Woolford 

• Norway: O. Østerås 

• Sweden: T. Ekman 

• Switzerland: M. Schallibaum 

• United Kingdom: E.J. Hillerton 

• United States of America: K.L. Smith 


- US National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting - 2001 

- Somatic cells in milk of dairy cows 

- The British Mastitis Conference 2000 

- Symposium on robotic milking 

- World Expo 2000 




General 


(USA) 

- Note from the Editor- H. Hogeveen (Netherlands)

In Memorium Frank H. Dodd 

- The community of Mastitis research workers and educators has lost a great 

colleague- K.L. Smith, Chairman (USA) 

- Bovine Mastitis – The significance of levels of exposure to pathogens- F.H. 

Dodd (GB) 


- Effect of milking frequency on yield, composition and processing quality of milk- 

B. O’Brien, G. Ryan, W.J. Meany, D McDonagh & A. Kelly (Ireland) 

- Implications of the introduction of automatic milking on dairy farms progress 

during the first 12 months- Y. van der Vorst & A. Meijering (Netherlands) 

- Definition of physiological cell count threshold based on changes in milk 

composition - J. Hamman (Germany) 

- Relationship between somatic cell neutrophils in milk - B. O’Brien, C. 

Fitzpatrick, W.J. Meany & P. Joyce (Ireland) 

PhD Thesis 

- Effects of bovine antibodies directed against ferric citrate receptor of Escherichia 

coli, feca, on bacterial iron acquisition, bacterial growth, and severity of 

experimentally induced bovine mastitis- K. Takemura, J.S. Hogan & K.L. Smith 

(USA) 

- Contagious and environmental pathogens: from dichotomy to sliding scale- 

R.N. Zadoks (USA) 


• International conference on the ‘Biology of the mammary gland’ 

• IDF symposium on ‘Immunology of the mammary gland’ 

• British Mastitis Conference 2001 

• World dairy summit conference on animal health 

• International collaboration on teat end condition 

• Annual US National Mastitis Council meeting draws crowd to Orlando, Florida 

• Multidisciplinary joint meeting 

• Symposium on automatic milking to be held on March 24-26 2004 

• 4th IDF Mastitis Conference will be held in 2005 in the Netherlands 




IDF work on Animal health: 

Mastitis remains a major preoccupation for IDF but attention is now being given 

to other infec-tious diseases (BSE, TB, FMD) and production diseases, starting 

with lameness. IDF’s contacts with the World Organisation for Animal Health 

(OIE) have developed strongly, OIE participating in IDF work and events and IDF 

in OIE’s. 

L Kulkas, Chair 

Somatic cell counts 

The International standard methods for somatic cell counting (IDF 148/ISO 

13 366) is being revised. The Draft International Standard text is circulated for 

comment in 2005.

H van den Bijgaard et al 

Research communications and university theses 

Impact of changing dry cow strategies E A Berry 

Mastitis control in organic herds L Echevarria et al (English/français) 

Escherichia coli mastitis – bacterial factors and host response T Lehtolainen 

Diagnostic potential of the CMT to detect sub-clinical mastitis J Hamann et al 

Role of lactoferrin in treatment of bovine mastitis T Kutila 

Monitoring bovine mastitis in Finland – 1988-2001 A Pitkälä et al 

Ten years of inter-comparisons on counting somatic cells in raw milk E-H Ubben 

& K Knappstein 

Microscopic counting of somatic cells in milk E-H Ubben et al 

Influence of storage conditions of antibiotics on excretion time in milk K 

Knappstein et al 

Five year project to reduce mastitis in the Netherlands T Lam 

Teat condition in dairy cows F Neijenhuis 

International symposia 

Automatic milking – a better understanding, Lelystad (NL), 2004 

4th IDF International Mastitis Conference, Maastricht (NL), June 2005 – All there 

is to learn about mastitis! 

Continuity of science, communication and wisdom – an appreciation of Woody 

Pankey M W Woolford 

Publications on mastitis 

“Mastitis in dairy production: Current knowledge and future solutions” Ed: H 

Hoogeveen In English (un article également en français) 



The IDF Animal Health Newsletter was created upon initiative of the IDF 

Standing Committee on Animal Health. Its main purpose is to enable the world 

dairy sector to get an insight into the current activities of IDF and its international 

partner organizations in regard to animal health. In addition, the newsletter 

provides research notes and summaries of PhD theses on a broad range of 

interesting animal disease subjects covering. The first edition comprises articles 

on the following subjects: collaboration between IDF and the International 

Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), OIE/(FAO) Guide to Good Farming 

Practices for Animal Production Food Safety, OIE Permanent Animal Welfare 

Working Group, IDF Dairy Farming Summit, Edinburgh/Scotland (UK), 24-26 

June 2008, proceedings of the first Paratuberculosis forum, position paper 

on foot-and-mouth disease, antimicrobial resistance monitoring, claw health 

of Norwegian dairy cattle, occurrence, impact and monitoring of Neospora 

caninum infection in Dutch dairy herds, a study of the occurrence, phenotypic 

and genotypic diversity of Enterococcus species isolated from bovine origin, 

Biofilms: implications for the therapy of bovine Staphylococcus aureus mastitis, 

quarter milk sampling for somatic cell count measurement in udder health 

control, review of cost calculations for mastitis since 1990 and the farmers cost 

of mastitis. 



One year ago the first issue of the IDF Animal Health Newsletter was created and 

distributed atthe IDF World Dairy Summit held in Dublin, and shortly afterwards. 

Now the World’s dairy leaders are gathered in Mexico and a new issue of the 

Animal Health Newsletter has been prepared. As members of the IDF Standing 

Committee on Animal Health and editors of the Animal Health Newsletter, we 

are happy to provide you with this issue. The primary goal of the Animal Health 

Newsletter is to provide the IDF community with knowledge on the activities of 

IDF in the field of animal health. It also provides a platform for exchanging news, 

meetings and short descriptions of newly available research results. The latter are 

mostly provided through members of the IDF Standing Committee on Animal 

Health.. However, other contributions are also welcomed. We hope this issue of 

the Animal Health Newsletter will give you insight into activities in and around 

the IDF Standing Committee on Animal Health 



The IDF Standing Committee on Animal Health has produced the IDF Animal 

Health Newsletter for a third successive year. The Newsletter is available 

electronically and in paper copy. The primary aim of the publication is to provide 

the IDF community with knowledge of current activities in the field of animal 

health. However, it also offers a forum in which short descriptions of recent 

research, including PhD abstracts are made available to all members. The forum 

also informs members about recent work by the committee and forthcoming 

meetings. The majority of contributions are from members of the IDF Standing 

Committee on Animal Health although contributions from others are always 

welcome. We hope that this issue of the Animal Health Newsletter will give you 

a valuable insight into the activities surrounding the IDF Standing Committee on 

Animal Health. 


Special Issue 0801 - The Challenge to Sheep and Goats Milk Sectors 

Posters of an International Symposium, April 18-20, 2007, Alghero - Sardinia, 

Italy 

Published in four separate parts 

Scientific posters presented at the IDF 5th International Symposium on the 

Challenge to Sheep and Goats Milk Sectors, 18-20 April 2007, Alghero, Italy. 

Presented in 4 sessions related to (1) raw milk, (2) processing and product, 

(3) characteristics of ewe’s and goat’s milk products and (4) market and 

perspectives. 

Keywords: acids, artisanal, breeding, casein, cheese, CLA, ewe, fat, functional, goat, 

lactation, lamb, livestock, market, marketing, milk, non-bovine, nutrition, processing, 

production, protein, quality, raw, rennet, separation, sheep, technology, udder, 

vitamin, Yield 

Dowload Part 1 - Part 2 - Part 3 - Part 4

05 December 2011 - OVH.net

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