Designing a Thermal Performance Structure with an ... - Tkibuli Tea

NEW APPLIED TECHNOLOGY, EFFICIENCY AND
LIGHTING INITIATIVE
COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT NO. 114-A-00-05-00106-00
Designing a Thermal Performance Structure
with an Enhanced Energy Efficiency Level
Developing an Energy Passport for The
Hospital Building in Bolnisi (Design Stage)
The information provided in this report is not official U.S. Government information and does not
represent the views or positions of the U.S. Agency for International Development or the U.S.
Government

Energy Passport
Designing a Thermal Performance Structure
with an Enhanced Energy Efficiency Level
Developing an Energy Passport for the
Hospital Building in Bolnisi (Design Stage)
Prepared for: USAID/Caucasus
11George Balanchines street
0131 Tbilisi, Georgia
Prepared by: New APPLIED TECHNOLOGY, EFFICIENCY
I. CHAVCHAVADZE AVENUE
AND LIGHTING INITIATIVE (NATELI) II BLIND ALLEY, NO 4-8, APT 6
Tbilisi, 0179, Georgia
Tel: +995 32 50 63 43
Fax: +995 32 93 53 52
Prepared by Sustainable Development and Policy Center for Winrock International
April, 2011
Tbilisi
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Contents
1. .......................................................................................................................................... 4
2 . Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 6
2.1 Background ................................................................................................................. 6
2.2 The Project Development Process .............................................................................. 8
3.Project Organization .......................................................................................................... 9
4. Standards and Regulation ............................................................................................. 10
5. Designing the Thermal Performance of the Building with the Energy .............. Passport
Program 10
5.1 Thermal Performance Design of the Building with Enhanced Energy Efficiency ....... 10
5.2 Thermal Performance Design Methodology Used in the Energy Passport Program . 11
5.2.1 Thermal Performance of External Walls ............................................................. 13
5.2.2 Thermal Performance of the Roof ...................................................................... 14
5.2.3 Thermal Performance of the Floor ..................................................................... 15
5.2.4 Thermal Performance of Windows ..................................................................... 17
6. Energy Consumption ..................................................................................................... 19
6.1 Baseline and Efficient Energy Consumption Resulting from the Enhanced Thermal
Performance of the Hospital Structure ............................................................................ 19
6.2 Energy Consumption Calculations Based on the Results of the Energy Passport .... 21
7.Energy Efficiency Potential .............................................................................................. 24
8.Cost Benefit Analysis Based on Energy Efficiency .......................................................... 25
8.1 Economic Calculations for the Enhanced Thermal Performance of the Building
Structure ......................................................................................................................... 25
8.2 Other Recommendations on Energy Efficiency Associated with Costs and Benefits 27
9.Environmental Benefits .................................................................................................... 28
Appendix A ......................................................................................................................... 29
Appendix B ......................................................................................................................... 38
Calculation of Solar Radiation for Bolnisi Climatic Conditions ............................................ 38
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1. Summary
Insurance companies are considered to be major stakeholders in the hospital sector
development program by the Georgian government. The insurance companies which have
won tenders announced within the framework of this program, are obliged to construct
hospitals and provide insurance services to beneficiaries all over Georgia.
The NATELI project activities led by Winrock International Georgia and administrated by
USAID foresee the design and implementation of energy efficiency measures in the
hospital sector development program for Georgia. This current report has to be considered
as support provided by Winrock International within the NATELI project framework to the
Alliance Medi Plus insurance company, which is currently affiliated with IC Group. Winrock
International has already provided assistance to several insurance companies such as
IRAO Medi, GPI Holding, as well as IC Group in conducting energy audits and developing
energy passports for hospital buildings. This work can be viewed as a continuation of
assistance to the hospital sector development program that is in line with NATELI project’s
scope of work.
The Sustainable Development and Policy (SDAP) Center was subcontracted by Winrock
International to design a thermal performance of all structural components of the hospital
building envelope with an enhanced energy efficiency level and to develop an Energy
Passport for the hospital building in Bolnisi using its energy certification rating system.
The building envelope is the physical separator between the interior and exterior
environments of a building. It serves as the outer shell to help maintain the indoor
environment (together with the mechanical conditioning systems) and facilitate its climate
control. Any construction project is rooted to the design stage. Building the envelope design
is a specialized area of architectural and engineering practice that draws from all areas of
building science and indoor climate control. A high thermal performance project of the
building calls for an integrated approach developed by a team of architects, construction
engineers as well as thermal engineers in designing a building envelope with an enhanced
energy efficiency. The objective in designing high thermal performance buildings is to
minimize energy consumption as well as the environmental impact associated with the life
cycle of the building.
Energy consumption in the buildings can be reduced if the structure of the building is
designed in an innovative way - with consideration to the building envelope’s energy
efficiency level. This level can be reached with the use of energy efficient construction
blocks (single layer construction system) or a multi-layer facade system (which includes the
use of ordinary, commonly used blocks with an additional external insulation layer). With
high thermal performance design, a wide range of construction materials and products
(such as efficient construction blocks, different types of insulation materials and composite
facade systems) has been developed and successfully used in developed countries.
The decision for the selection of the exterior structure type with an enhanced energy
efficiency level has to be made based on several factors that are mostly tied to the process
of construction. More often such a decision results from a situation when the construction
process with ordinary blocks has already started, as was the case for Alliance Medi Plus
when the insurance company realized that they could benefit from reduction of energy
consumption only after starting reconstruction. In such a case an additional insulation layer
can be considered for this purpose.
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The assessment of the thermal performance of a building’s structural components is
performed by the “Energy Passport” software program, in which the whole building is
considered as a single thermal unit. This enables a construction thermal engineer to have
multiple options for improving the building structure and correspondingly reducing the load
on the heating system. Energy certification of the building is used in addition to these
calculations. Such certification uses rating criteria, which are derived from a building’s
thermal performance design calculations. It leads to the verification of specific energy
consumption based on thermal balance equation components. The Energy Passport
program allows engineers to define the overall load of a heating system during a one-year
period.
The certification section of the Energy Passport software program is shown in Figure 1.1.
The following illustrates the results of the thermal performance design carried out for the
hospital building located in Bolnisi.
Types of Energy Efficiency of Buildings
ranges, kJ/(m 3.o C . day)
For new and reconstructed buildings
Established
Type
kJ/(m 3.o C . day)
A Very high

EE Potential for Bolnisi
Heated Area: 2175 m²
EE Measure Investment Net Savings Payback NPVQ
[GEL] [kWh/yr] [GEL/yr] [year] *
Enhanced thermal performance of the
building structure
42774.5 120535.8 6567.7 6.5 0.46
* Based on a 10.47% real interest rate
The real interest rate used in these economic calculations is taken as 10.47%. This number
derives from a 14% nominal interest rate and the 3.15% official annual inflation rate. 2
2 . Introduction
2.1 Background
Thermal properties of the building envelope designed with an enhanced energy efficiency
level can contribute to the reduction of energy/heat consumption by 40-50%. Developed
countries have adopted new approaches oriented towards the reduction of energy
consumption in buildings, thus energy efficiency is required by construction codes. For
instance, the EU Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings (2001/0098) reflects
guidelines on energy efficiency in buildings that in turn directly depends on the thermal
properties of the building’s structural components. This calculation methodology is based
on the “Degree Days” approach and the directive guidelines target the energy certification
of both new and existing buildings in the case of its renovation. Each EU country is obliged
to adopt construction codes/norms that have to be harmonized with the energy efficiency
request stated in the directive 2001/0098.
The former Soviet approach to thermal properties of the building envelope was reflected in
old Soviet codes that have been based on the principle of addressing sanitary–hygienic
requirements in buildings, primarily preventing the condensation on the inner surfaces of
the exterior walls. Based on this concept, former Soviet building infrastructure was
designed with structural characteristics that didn’t reflect any energy efficiency level, thus
high thermal losses were to be covered by an excess stationary supply from central heating
systems. For Georgian climatic conditions this meant that the exterior walls were
constructed from ordinary blocks. The roof and floor weren’t properly insulated, and single
glazed windows were most commonly used. In Georgia, until recent construction
companies installed double glazed windows and doors in new buildings, walls almost in all
cases were constructed based on the former Soviet experience.
2 Annual inflation rate was rounded to 3.2% in the ENSI Economy Software program.
6

Despite problems recovering from the financial crisis situation, the Georgian construction
sector shows some positive trends and energy efficiency is becoming more and more
popular. The Tbilisi City Hall signed the EU initiative’s Covenant of Mayors and is fully
committed to reducing energy and CO 2 emissions in the city, targeting two main sectors:
building and transport. To fulfill this task in the buildings sector, the City Hall is considering
the implementation of energy efficiency measures, one of which is the insulation of the
existing exterior structure of buildings. These measures, as well as CO 2 emission
reductions, should be implemented by 2020.
To be in line with modern trends and really benefit from an energy consumption reduction,
many insurance companies made the decision to construct buildings with an enhanced
energy efficiency level. In Georgia this energy efficiency approach in new buildings has
been tested within the scope of activities of the Rural Energy Program and NATELI
projects.
The NATELI project that covers the issue of energy efficiency as one of its main priorities
assists insurance companies in designing a thermal performance of the hospital’s building
envelope as well as in developing energy passports with the certification criteria. Results
show that Georgia’s climatic conditions offer a window of opportunity for reaching energy
saving results with a lower investment price.
The SDAP Center has already been involved in the design of high thermal performance
properties of new hospital buildings constructed in several urban settlements of Georgia.
Energy efficient perlite construction blocks have mostly been proposed as a local product
available on the Georgian market in case of single layer exterior walls.
The hospital building in Bolnisi has been selected by the NATELI project for designing
thermal performance of the exterior structure with an enhanced energy efficiency level. The
scope of work given in this report also covers the development of an energy passport with
the verification of a certification rating for the hospital building in Bolnisi.
In the case of Alliance Medi Plus, the decision was made to offer the company to construct
multi layer exterior walls. This decision has been based on the existing situation, taking into
account that the company started to construct exterior walls with ordinary (inefficient)
blocks before the company’s administration concluded the importance of energy savings.
The insulation will be added as a second layer on the outside of the exterior walls of the
building to comply with energy efficiency standards.
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Results of the detailed assessment are given in this report.
2.2 The Project Development Process
Project development includes the thermal performance design of the hospital building
envelope as well as the development of an energy passport using the Energy Passport
software program. The whole Project Development Process is divided into six main
activities, as illustrated in the flow chart below.
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3.Project Organization
Name of Project/Building/Site:
Address:
Contact person:
Hospital Building for 25 Inpatients in Bolnisi
# 24 Mosashvili Street, Tbilisi, Georgia
Archil Akhalkatsi
Phone: 897001910
Fax: -
E-mail address:
Role in the project:
Building owner:
Contact person for the building’s
thermal performance and
“Energy Passport “design
Address:
Phone:
aakhalkatsi@alliancemed.ge
Beneficiary company Alliance Medi Plus, affiliated with
“IC group” insurance company will receive: a thermal
performance design of the hospital building envelope
for 25 inpatients located in Bolnisi, its technical and
economic evaluation from an energy consumption
standpoint, as well as an Energy Passport with
assigned certification rating system for the hospital
building structure.
Alliance Medi Plus
Karina Melikidze
#34 Al. Kazbegi Ave. Plot # 3, Office 104, Tbilisi
(99532) 20 67 73 (office)
Fax (99532) 42 00 60
E-mail address:
Role in the project
Expert:
Phone:
Role in the project:
Consultant
Phone:
Role in the project
kmelikidze@sdap.ge; kmelikidze@hotmail.com
Director of the SDAP Center
Karina Melikidze
893 14 62 54 (mobile)
In charge of developing a thermal performance design
of the building structure with the “Energy Passport”
software program and writing the report.
Tengiz Jishkariani – GTU Professor
893 79 00 84 (mobile)
Member of the group responsible for the design of the
thermal performance of the building envelope
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4. Standards and Regulation
The following Standards and Regulations are relevant for energy efficiency and renovation
measures:
Thermal Performance of Buildings SNIP 23-02-2003
Design of Thermal Performance of Building SP 23-101-2004
Construction Thermal Engineering SNIP II-3-79 * -1996
IECC International Energy Conservation Code 2009
European Standard EN ISO 13790 2004 Thermal performance of buildings-
Calculation of energy use for space heating.
The prices of construction materials on the Georgian market (2010 - 2block)
Developed by the Georgian Union of Construction Evaluators (5 Chavchavadze
Street, Tbilisi, Georgia)
5. Designing the Thermal Performance of the Building with the Energy
Passport Program
5.1 Thermal Performance Design of the Building with Enhanced Energy Efficiency
The new concept of building codes employed in the developed world emphasizes an
enhanced thermal shell performance requirement. These new codes take into account
energy efficiency calculated by Degree Days. This leads to innovative approaches for
improving its thermal performance based on an assessment of the building’s geometry in
combination with the building’s exterior properties: walls, windows/doors, floor and roof
systems. Stemming from this one may select optimum thermal resistance R-values based
on the concept of thermal performance design of the whole building. This also envisages
the identification of optimum thermal conductivity coefficients for all construction
components.
In order to define the optimal enhanced R-values for all exterior components for the
hospital building under construction by the Alliance Medi Plus Company in Bolnisi we
evaluated its thermal performance design utilizing the Energy Passport electronic program.
The overall objective of the assessment was to achieve a reduction in the energy
consumption of this building.
The climatic data that has been used for the calculation of Heating Degree Days (HDD) in
the Energy Passport electronic program was obtained from the Georgian Scientific Applied
Reference Book. (Part1). Separate Climatic Description. Calculation of Heating Degree
Days (HDD) was performed by the general formula:
Where:
HDD= (t in – t heat.per )x Z heat.per ( 1 )
t in - is the inside temperature, 0 C
t heat.per – is an average temperature of the heating period
Z heat.per – is the number of days in the heating period
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In our calculation of HDD for the hospital building located in Bolnisi this value was identified
as:
HDD = (21 – 3) x 140 = 2520
5.2 Thermal Performance Design Methodology Used in the Energy Passport
Program
The climate-adjusted value for specific energy consumption for heating a building during
one heating season is a key input to define appropriate energy efficiency measures. The
quantity of heat required per square meter of total floor area, or per cubic meter of volume
of a building, per degree day, measured in KJ/(m 2.o C . day) or KJ/(m 3.o C . day) during the
heating season is used as a specific energy consumption parameter.
Specific energy consumption per degree-day is used to define the enhanced thermal
performance level for a building structure. It is based on the following three principles:
The building under assessment should be characterized by standard-stipulated level
for specific energy consumption as well as heating degree-days for relevant climatic
conditions. The standard–stipulated level for Georgia is based on the analysis of
international best practices and advanced Russian and European energy efficiency
codes.
The designer should have leeway to define the optimal thermal performance of the
building, based on the total energy consumption requirement through a variety of
options selected for individual elements, including the standard-stipulated level of
thermal performance of these very elements. The design value of the specific energy
consumption for the heating season is defined. The Energy Passport is completed in
order to check if the design values comply with the standard-stipulated values.
The overall thermal resistance of the designed building envelope should be calculated,
the result compared with the level defined, and changes introduced into the design if
necessary.
The following key principles should be considered while dealing with the thermal
performance design of energy-efficient buildings:
The selected geometric form of the building should aim at reducing heat losses
The design approach should aim at lowering the exterior surface area-to-volume
ratio
Demand for energy should be reduced by increasing the thermal performance level,
including the reduction of air permeability
Required air exchange should be provided with the help of an organized air intake
The energy consumption needs of the building for heating purposes should be met
in the most effective manner.
The building orientation, building form as well as the thermal physical properties of the
building envelope define the relationship between the outdoor temperature, solar radiation,
and the indoor temperature. Thus a climatically responsive design of the building envelope
11

has a great potential for improving thermal comfort conditions and reducing energy
consumption.
An assessment of the building’s thermal performance design level provides a clear picture
for determining its energy consumption and thermal performance rating. It also lays down
the foundation for making recommendations in the selection of appropriate building
materials and products for different exterior components.
The evaluation of the thermal performance design with enhanced energy efficiency for the
25-inpatient hospital that company being built by Alliance Medi Plus in Bolnisi was
performed using the Energy Passport electronic program. A short description of the building
design (geometric shape) is given in Table 5.1 below.
Table 5.1
Volumetric-Planning Parameters Symbol Measurement Value
Total structural volume of heated part V h m 3 7177.5
Total building area A l m 2 2175
Total useable area of wards A h m 2 -
Total area of external walling of the heated part of the
building, among them:
A
sum e m 2 2625.3
-walls, including windows, balcony and entrance doors
1173.3
A
of the building, stained-glass windows
w+F+ed m 2
-walls
A w m 2
957.6
-windows and balcony doors
A F m 2
198.9
Among them: windows and balcony doors in ladderelevator
unit
A FA m 2 0
-stained-glass windows A F m 2 0
-bay windows A F m 2 0
-entrance doors and gates
A ed m 2
16.8
-roofs (combined) A w m 2 726
-attic ceilings (unheated attics) A c m 2 0
-ceilings in heated attics A c m 2 0
-ceilings in technical cellars A f m 2 0
-ceilings in unheated basements and cellars A f m 2 0
-ceilings of passages and bay windows A f m 2 0
-floors on the ground – total
726
Ratio of window and balcony doors area to the area of
walls including windows and balcony doors: A F/A w+F+ed
p -- 0.17
Compactness of building A
sum e /V h k
des e 0.37
A f
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It is known that the building shape affects the ratio of the envelope’s surface area to its
volume. This ratio determines the relative exposure of the building to the ambient air and
solar radiation, consequently affecting the rate of heat exchange of the building with
outdoor environment.
The geometric form of the building was assessed initially based on the “four key principles
approach” described above. As it can be seen from Table 5.1, the building compactness
value has been identified as:
k e des = A e sum /V h =2625.3/7177.5=0.37
The calculated level of the building compactness is lower that the normative one. The
normative value of the building compactness calculated by the electronic passport
constitutes the figure: k e des =0.54 (benchmark for compactness index for the building that is
under assessment). It should be noted that the building’s geometric parameters have been
well designed thus the compactness index of the building is low.
An assessment of the construction materials and products was performed for separate
components of the building based on the design with an enhanced level of thermal
performance of the building envelope. An enhanced thermal performance design of the
building leads to a reduction of heat consumption. This requires enhanced insulation of the
building envelope, including exterior walls, roofs, attic floor, and the ground floor as well as
the use of energy efficient windows and balcony doors including sealed glass units.
During the examination of the building envelope parameters with the purpose of insulation,
priority was given to materials with a low thermal conductivity coefficient – λ W/mK. The
thermal conductivity coefficient is the most important thermal-control characteristic of
construction materials in their ability to resist transmission of the heat flow outside of the
building.
5.2.1 Thermal Performance of External Walls
As was mentioned, the exterior walls of the hospital building in Bolnisi were already in the
process of being constructed when the evaluation of the thermal performance design as
well as development of energy passport commenced. Ordinary, commonly used blocks had
been selected by insurance company’s engineering group for the exterior walls. To reach
energy efficiency of exterior thermal properties in the above building, the SDAP center
suggested constructing multi layer exterior walls by applying an outside insulation layer on
the walls constructed from common blocks. Below in Table 5.2 the basic information for
the hospital building located in Bolnisi is given. Thermal engineering calculations have been
performed for common blocks taking into consideration the building orientation towards
cardinal points.
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Table 5.2
Total area of external walls 957.6 m² U value (average) 0.56 W/m² 0 C
Orientation N NE E SE S SW W NW
Wall area, m 2 235.1 288.1 284.0 150.4
Material type
ordinary
blocks
ordinary
blocks
ordinary
blocks
ordinary
blocks
Size of block,
40x20x20 40x20x20 40x20x20 40x20x20
cm
Insulation type mineral wool mineral wool mineral wool mineral wool
During the calculation of the overall thermal resistance value for the newly constructed walls from ordinary
heavy blocks it was estimated that the R value of these blocks would not exceed the mandatory thermal
resistance level that for Bolnisi constitutes: R=0.555 m 2 0 C /W. Insulation layer with a thickness δ=0.05m from
mineral or rock wool with the thermal conductivity around λ=0.05 W/m K has been proposed as an additional
layer on the outside. A thick outdoor plaster layer (thickness σ = 0.03m) as well as plasterboard on the inner
surface of the wall has also been considered in thermal engineering calculations. In the above calculations the
Thermal figures are taken as follows: for the outside plaster layer - cement sandy mortar with δ=0.03 m, λ=0.93 W/m K;
engineering for the inner surface plasterboard, δ=0.01m, λ=0.25 W/m K. The application of mineral or rock wool should be
calculation of done on the wall surface with consideration of glass fiber mesh for reinforcement purposes.
the R-value for Below is given the list of selected materials for the external walls starting in the direction away from the outside
the walls with wall surface:
the enhanced -plasterboard δ=0.01m, λ=0.25 W/m K,
energy
-ordinary blocks,
efficiency -mineral or rock wool ( δ=0.05m λ=0.05 W/m K) fixed by wooden laths,
-glass fiber mesh,
-for outside plaster layer - cement sandy mortar (δ=0.03 m, λ=0.93 W/m K) applied on glass fiber mesh,
-waterproofing rubbery paint
Selected R
value by
Energy
Passport
electronic
program
The overall thermal resistance value for walls was identified as:
R 0 = R in+R c+R out = 1/8.7+0.01/0.25+0.05/0.05+0.555 +0.03/0.93+1/23=1.79 m 2 C/W.
Accordingly approximate heat transfer value constitutes: U= 1/1.79= 0.56 W/m 2 K.
1.79 m 2 0 C /W
5.2.2 Thermal Performance of the Roof
The thermal performance design of the roof with a cold attic over the second floor
envisages the insulation of the slab. The preliminary assessment of roof’s thermal
properties was done with the Energy Passport electronic program. It defined that the
thermal engineering properties of the roof should be around R 0 =2.18 m 2.0 C/W to comply with
the enhanced level of thermal performance design of the hospital building’s structure. To
fulfill this goal it was decided to design the thermal performance of the roof with an
enhanced energy efficiency level. The calculation results with an identified insulation level
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for the roof including the type of material as well as its thickness is given below in Table
5.4.
Roof
General evaluation of the roof design
Reinforced concrete slab
Total roof area 726 m²
U value
(average)
Roof type
Material type
Insul. type.
Material type
m1
m2
m3
a/ reinforced
glass wool
cement sand
concrete slab
blanket on the topping
Roof with attic
σ 1 = 0.18m,
foil σ=0.1m σ= 0.03m
λ=2.04 W/m K; λ=0.04 W/m K λ=0.93 W/m K
Table 5.4
0.36 W/m² 0 C
Slab thickn.
m
σ=0.30
Thermal performance design for
the slab over the technical floor
and under the terrace with an
enhanced energy efficiency
Thermal engineering calculation of
the R-value for the roof
Selected R value by Energy
Passport electronic program
For the improvement of the thermal performance design of the hospital building as it
was verified by calculations done with the Energy Passport electronic program, the
insulation of all roof slabs located directly over the second floor should be considered. It
was defined that the thermal engineering properties of the roof should be around
R 0=2.18 m 2 C/W to comply with the enhanced level of thermal performance design of
the hospital building’s structure. The roofing construction layers have been identified
and selected as are given in the direction away from the reinforced concrete slab:
-waterproofing layer
-glass wool blanket -σ=0.1m, λ=0.04 W/m K
-waterproofing layer
-cement sand topping σ= 0.03m λ=0.93 W/m K
In thermal engineering calculations aiming at the identification of the thermal resistance
value - R 0 for the roof construction, the waterproofing layers aren’t considered, thus
they are included in design only with the purpose to protect the roof from moisture. The
overall thermal resistance value for all parts of the roof was identified as:
R 0= 1/ 8.7 + 0.18/2.04 +0.1/0.04 + 0.03/0.93 + 1/23= 2.78 m 2 C/W
The heat transfer value will constitute: U= 1/2.78= 0.36 W/m 2 C
2.78 m² 0 C/ W
5.2.3 Thermal Performance of the Floor
Calculations done by the Energy Passport electronic version identified a target thermal
resistance value for the floor as: R=3.61 m 2. 0 C/W. Thus it is necessary to upgrade the level
of thermal resistance value for the floor from R=3.25 m 2 K/W to the optimal level R=3.61 m 2.
0 C /W. The thermal engineering calculations illustrating the selection of additional insulation
layers for the ground floor are given below in Table 5.4.
15

Table 5.4
Floor
General evaluation of the floor design
Reinforced concrete slab
Total floor area 726 m 2 U value (average) 0.28 W/m²C
Type of floor
Floor construction materials
Thermal performance design for
the floor on the ground with an
enhanced energy efficiency
Thermal engineering calculation
of the R- value for the floor
floor slab located on the ground
reinforced concrete floor slab with a thickness of σ =0.18m; λ =2.04 W/mK;
The thermal resistance value for the floor on the ground was calculated using a special
methodology that implies standardized thermal resistance values for different two-meter
zones of floor area. It was identified as: R f =3.25 m 2 .o C/W and the decision was made that
enhancing the thermal resistance value to the level identified as: R f =3.61m 2. 0 C/W was
necessary.
For insulating the hospital building floor structure the following construction materials have
been selected starting away from the reinforced concrete slab: σ =0.18m, λ=2.04 W/mK;
waterproofing layer
cement-sandy covering: σ =0.02m; λ =0.93 W/mK
slag-pumice or expanded clay (clayite) filling: σ = 0.05m, λ =0.19 W/m K
cement-sandy covering: σ =0.05m; λ =0.93 W/mK
bitumen mastic: σ =0.003 m; ; λ =0.17 W/mK
R f=3.25+0.003/0.17+ 0.02/0.93 +0.05/0.19 +0.05/0.93= 3.61 m 2 K/W
Selected R value by the Energy
Passport electronic program
The heat transfer value will constitute: U= 1/3.61=0.28 W/m 2 K
3.61 m 2 C/W
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5.2.4 Thermal Performance of Windows
Metal plastic double glazed windows have been selected for installation in the hospital
building located in Bolnisi. Table 5.5 gives the general description of these windows taking
into account the building orientation towards cardinal points.
Table 5.5
General evaluation of the condition of windows
n/a
Description of windows
Metal plastic double glazed windows have
been selected for the hospital building.
Orientation Material 1 Type 2 Size A x B Area Q-ty Total U value
W
metalplastic
2G
m m 2 n W/m 2. 0 C
1.8 x 6.65
4.6 x 3.7
4.05 x 3.7
1.5 x 0.9
1.45 x 6.65
11.97
17.02
14.985
1.35
9.6425
1
1
1
3
1
11.97
17.02
14.985
4.05
9.6425
2,86
7 ∑=57.7
E
metalplastic
2G
1.5 x 0.9
1.5 x 1.5
1.35
2.25
4
6
5.4
13.5
2.86
10 ∑=18.9
S
metalplastic
2G
1.5 x 0.9
1.5 x 1.5
1.8 x 9.9
1.35
2.25
17.82
6
16
1
8.1
36
17.82
2,86
N
metalplastic
2G
1.5 x 1.5
1.5 x 0.9
4.6 x 3.1
3.6 x 3.7
4.6 x 3.7
2.25
1.35
14.26
13.32
17.02
Total 198.9
Material 2 Wood (W), Aluminium (Al), Plastic (P), Steel (St)
Type 5
Single-frame (S), Double-frame (D), Bonded frame (B),
Single glazed (1G), Double glazed (2G), Triple glazed (3G)
R value 0.35 m 2 0 C/W
23 ∑=61.9
4
5
1
1
1
9
6.75
14.26
13.32
17.02
12 ∑=60.4
2.86
17

5.2.5 Thermal Performance of Doors
A description of double-glazed exterior doors that have been selected by the architect and
building designer for the hospital building in Bolnisi according to its orientation towards
cardinal points and location is given in Table 5.6 below.
Table 5.6
General evaluation of the doors’ condition
n/a
Description of doors
Double glazed metal plastic doors will be installed in the
building
Total area of the doors 16.8 m²
Orientation Material 2 Type 5 Size A x B Area Q-ty Total U value
m m 2 n W/m 2. 0 C
W
metal
plastic
2G 0 0 0 0 -
E
metal
plastic
2G
1.4x2.4
0.9x1.97
3.4
1.8
1
1
2.86
5.1
S
metal
plastic
2G
1.2x1.97
1.5x 2.4
2.36
3.6
2
1
8.3
2.86
N
metal
plastic 2G 1.4x2.4 3.5 2 3.4 2.86
Material 2
Wood (W), Aluminium (Al), Plastic (P), Steel (St)
Type 5
Single-frame (S), Double-frame (D), Bonded frame (B),
Single glazed (1G), Double glazed (2G), Triple glazed (3G)
R value 0.35 m 2 0 C/ W
18

6. Energy Consumption
6.1 Baseline and Efficient Energy Consumption Resulting from the Enhanced
Thermal Performance of the Hospital Structure
The Energy Passport electronic program was used in order to calculate the load on the
heating system for the hospital building located in Bolnisi during a one-year period. There
are two Energy Passport versions developed for this hospital building in order to compare
the energy consumption data. The first version deals with the current general approach, still
operating in Georgia. This means that in common construction practices, developers use
heavy concrete blocks with a size of 400x200x200 mm for newly constructed buildings.
Such an approach continues to ignore the energy efficiency requirements for structural
components of buildings (except double-glazed windows and external glazed balcony
doors), which are included into the advanced thermal engineering codes. Even the old
Soviet codes’ requirements aren’t applied properly. The first Energy Passport version
assumes the use of heavy concrete blocks and is taken as a baseline.
6.1.1 Baseline and Efficient Energy Consumption for the Bolnisi Hospital Building
In the first version, the thermal resistance (R-value) of the exterior walls built from the
heavy concrete blocks constitutes a value that was identified as:
R walls = 0.555 m 2.o C/W. This figure arrives from the mandatory thermal resistance value R
req
walls stated in the old Soviet codes and calculated for Bolnisi climatic conditions. Thermal
resistance values for the roof slab and floor on the ground were identified accordingly as:
R roof =0.83 m 2. o C/W; R floor =3.25 m 2. o C/W.
In the second version, which considers the enhanced energy efficiency level of the thermal
performance design of the hospital structure, the insulation layer on the top of exterior wall
surface constructed from the heavy blocks is used. Mineral or rock wool with a coefficient of
thermal conductivity about: λ = 0.05W/mK is proposed as an insulation material.
Accordingly, the thermal resistance value for the exterior walls was identified as R walls =
1.79 m 2. o C/W as well as thermal resistance values for the roof slab and the floor on the
ground were identified as: R roof =2.78m 2. o C/W; R floor =3.61 m 2. o C/W.
Results of the calculations from the Energy Passport Program are illustrated below in the
form of thermal balance components’ diagrams (Fig 6.1, Fig 6.2) and numerals for symbol
values (thermal balance components) are shown to the right of the charts, in tables. The
symbol values represent: Qh y – the overall consumption of energy, Qt – conductive heat
losses, Qv – heat losses via air exchange (infiltration), Qs and Qi are solar and internal
heat gains.
19

Q y h , MJ 845577
Q t 729891
Q v 184789
Q s -92641
Q i -126282
Figure 6.1 Thermal balance components for the building envelope with heavy concrete
blocks calculated by the Energy Passport program (version1-baseline) for the hospital
building located in Bolnisi.
Q y h , MJ 411648
Q t 345883
Q v 184789
Q s -92641
Q i -126282
Figure 6.2 Thermal balance components for the building envelope with the enhanced
energy efficiency level calculated by the Energy Passport program (version 2) for the
hospital building located in Bolnisi.
20

6.2 Energy Consumption Calculations Based on the Results of the Energy Passport
Below in Figures 6.3 and 6.4 both certification results of the thermal performance of the
building envelope for the general case (version 1) as well as with enhanced energy
efficiency (version 2) for the hospital building in Bolnisi are given. The results indicate
design values of the specific energy consumption for the heating season. The design
values are presented as the following measurement: kJ/(m 3.o C . day).
Types of Energy Efficiency of Buildings
ranges, kJ/(m 3.o C . day)
For new and reconstructed buildings
Established
Type
kJ/(m 3.o C . day)
A Very high

Types of Energy Efficiency of Buildings
ranges, kJ/(m 3.o C . day)
For new and reconstructed buildings
Established
Type
kJ/(m 3.o C . day)
A Very high

Thermal
resistance values
for the exterior
walls and
windows:
Thermal
resistance values
for the roof slab
and floor on the
ground:
Qh y - the overall
consumption of
energy:
Normative
specific
energy
demand for
heating:
Calculated
(designed)
specific
energy
demand for
heating:
Savings
related to
version 1:
Savings
related to
simple
block
version
1:
R wall -m 2 C/W
R wind. -m 2 C/W
R roof -m 2 C/W
R floor- m 2 C/W
MJ
(kWh)
KJ/
[m 3 oC.day]
(kWh/m 2 )
KJ /
[m 3 oC.day]
(kWh/m 2 )
MJ
(kWh)
(%)
Thermal performance design of the building envelope developed from the analysis of reference data based on the common
Georgian practice and calculated by the Energy Passport program, Version 1 (baseline)
with heavy
without insulation 845577
41.6
46.75
0 0
concrete blocks:
R wall=0.555
R win=0.35
R roof=0.83
R floor=3.25
(234882.5)
96.3
108
Thermal performance design of the building envelope with enhanced energy efficiency level calculated by the Energy Passport
program Version 2
with ordinary
heavy blocks and
mineral/rock wool
insulation layer:
with insulation
R roof=2.78
R floor=3.61
411648
(114346.7)
41.6
96.3
22.76
52.57
433929
(120535.8)
51.3%
R wall=1.79
R win=0.35
It can be concluded from the numbers presented in Table 6.1 that there is a high energy
savings potential in the hospital building located in Bolnisi, provided that the exterior walls
are constructed from ordinary heavy concrete blocks and a mineral/rock wool insulation
layer in combination with other properly insulated exterior components - roof and floor on
the ground. Correspondingly the energy savings potential during a one-winter period
compared to the baseline load constitutes a savings of 51.3%.
Table 6.2 illustrates the natural gas savings that results from an enhanced thermal
performance design of the hospital building located in Bolnisi.
Energy Carrier
Unit
Present
(baseline)
After Measures
Table 6.2
Savings
Local heating kWh/year 234882.5 114346.7 120535.8
Gas needed for
local heating m 3 /year 25094.3 12216.5 12877.8
The net calorific value for gas is taken as:
23

Energy Carrier Calorific Unit Comments
Value
Gas 33676 kJ/m3 or 9360 kWh/1000Nm3, value equal to 8045
kCal/1000Nm3.
7.Energy Efficiency Potential
The numbers here result from modelling economic calculations made with the Economy
Software Program. The energy efficiency improvement potential for the hospital building
has been identified, which is presented below in the Table 7.1.
Table 7.1
Savings in delivered energy 120535.8 kWh/year
Net savings 6567.7 GEL/year
Investments 42774.5 GEL
Payback 6.5 years
The energy savings potential for the identification of energy efficiency resulting from an
enhanced thermal performance design of the hospital structure located in Bolnisi is shown
in the following table, with its Payback Period (PB) and the Profitability (NPVQ):
EE Potential for Bolnisi
Heated area: 2175 m²
EE Measure Investment Net Savings Payback NPVQ
Enhanced thermal performance of the
building structure
* Based on a 10.47% real interest rate
[GEL] [kWh/yr] [GEL/yr] [year] *
42774.5 120535.8 6567.7 6.5 0.46
The real interest rate used in these economic calculations is taken as 10.47%. This number
derives from a 14% nominal interest rate and the 3.15% official annual inflation rate.
24

8.Cost Benefit Analysis Based on Energy Efficiency
8.1 Economic Calculations for the Enhanced Thermal Performance of the Building
Structure
EE Measure for newly
constructed hospital
Implementation of the enhanced thermal
performance design of the building structure
The existing situation: The hospital building located in Bolnisi has been selected within the
framework of the NATELI project that foresees energy efficiency interventions in the hospital
sector of Georgia. Current work resulted from the support provided by NATELI project to the
insurance company Alliance Medi Plus that is in charge of constructing a general profile hospital
in Bolnisi.
Description of Measure
The enhanced thermal performance of the building’s structure has been designed with the
purpose of defining optimal enhanced thermal resistance R-values for all exterior components of
the building. An integrated assessment of the building geometry has been done in combination
with the building’s exterior properties: walls, windows/doors, floor and roof systems.
Calculation of Savings (by ENSI ® Key Number Software or other tool)
Investment calculation for the external walls constructed with ordinary blocks with mineral/rock
wool insulation later.
The total exterior wall area for the whole building constitutes: F=957.6 m 2 .
In order to achieve energy efficiency through a high thermal performance level of the building
envelope it was suggested to apply an insulation layer on the outside of the exterior walls.
Mineral or rock wool with a thickness of δ =5 cm is suggested as an insulation material with a
glass fibre mesh applied over it. Mineral or rock wool insulation should be fixed on the wall in
between wooden laths with a thickness of: σ =5cm that in turn are fixed on the exterior wall
based on the width of the mineral wool boards. It is important to select a thickness of wooden
laths the same as the thickness of the insulation layer to avoid wall cavity. Glass fibre mesh
should be fixed on wooden laths and over it should be applied a wall finishing layer of cement
sand covering and over it “Primary” waterproofing paint.
The exterior mortar topping isn’t included into these calculations since it should be applied to
any kind of wall material regardless of its thermal performance properties.
The prices of ordinary blocks as well as cement sandy mortar/topping and plasterboards has
already been considered in the architectural design and included into the project documentation.
In our calculations for the insulation layer the following prices have been considered:
mineral/rock wool insulation, wooden laths, glass fiber mesh, and waterproofing paint. The
prices for the screws and nails needed for the fixation of laths and mineral wool insulation has
also been considered in our economic calculations.
The price of mineral/rock wool on the Georgian construction market on average constitutes
about 2.5 GEL per m 2 . To cover the total exterior wall area 957.6x2.5= 2394 GEL will be
needed.
The price of the “Primary” waterproofing paint is about 6 GEL/per m 2 (on the market this paint’s
price for one liter is 2 GEL and about 3 liters are needed per m 2 ). For the total wall area the
price of waterproofing paint will constitute: 6x957.6=5745.6 GEL. The price of glass fiber mesh
constitutes 1 GEL/m 2 , which means that for the whole building the price will be 957.6 GEL.
25

Price of wooden laths with a thickness δ = 5 cm approximately will constitute 1334.8 GEL (1.8
GEL per running meter).
The price of screws and nails is taken approximately as 200 GEL for the whole wall area. The
total price of the additional insulation layer will be 2394+5745.6+957.6+1334.8+200=10632
GEL.
Investment calculation for the insulation of the roof.
Calculation of investment cost for roof insulation includes:
Insulation of roof area should be considered for all roof slabs with a total area: F=726 m 2 .
The price of the waterproofing layer on the Georgian market constitutes 1.5 GEL /per m 2 . The
roof insulation foresees 3 layers of waterproofing material, thus the total price will constitute: 1.5
x 2 x 726=2178 GEL
The price of the 10 cm glass wool blanket constitutes: 5.0 GEL/m 2 - thus for the whole roof area
the price was identified as: 5x726=3630 GEL
A cement-sand covering for σ= 0.03m layer will constitute about 5.5 GEL per m 2 according to
prices of cement and sand on the Georgian construction market as well as the ratio of
suggested mixed product that foresees 4 volumes of sand to be mixed with 1 volume of cement.
Implementation of this action derives to the number: 5.5x726 = 3993 GEL
The total investment price for roof insulation will constitute: 2178+3630+3993=7623 GEL
Investment calculation for insulation of the floor
Floor on the ground constitutes an area of F=726 m 2
The waterproofing layer will constitute: 1.5x645.9=969 GEL
Slag-pumice or expanded clay (calcite) filling: with a thickness of σ = 0.05m for the floor area
F=726 m 2 approximately costs 3.4GEL/m 2 , i.e. in total: 2468.4 GEL.
A cement-sandy covering included twice with a total thickness of σ = 0.07m costs 9.15 GEL
per/m 2 , for the whole area it will constitute: 6642.9 GEL.
Total investment for the insulation of the floor will constitute: 969+2468.4+6642.9= 10080.3GEL.
Total investment for all external components of the building structure was identified as:
10632+7623+10080.3= 28335.3 GEL
It was identified by the Energy Passport electronic program that an enhanced thermal
performance design for the hospital located in Bolnisi will lead to a consecutive reduction of heat
consumption by 120535.8 kWh/year. This will provide natural gas savings defined as
12877.8m 3 .
In monetary terms the savings for the Bolnisi hospital building will constitute: 12877.8
x0.51=6567.7 GEL.
Installation costs have been identified as 14439.2 GEL
structure area F= 2625.3 m 2
(5.5GEL/m 2 ) for the total external
Total investment 42774.5 GEL
O&M expenses per year (+/-) 0 GEL/year
Net savings 6567.7 GEL/year
Economic lifetime 50 years
26

8.2 Other Recommendations on Energy Efficiency Associated with Costs and
Benefits
One of the ways to reduce energy/heat consumption in new hospital buildings is by
enhancing the thermal performance design of the building’s structure through changing
design and construction practices. The “four key principles approach” described in the
methodology section creates the basis of the energy efficient thermal performance design
concept. It stands on the modeling of a whole building as a single thermal unit from an
energy consumption perspective. It includes the assessment of a compactness value of the
building as one of the key principles.
The shape of the building affects the ratio of the building’s envelope surface area to its
volume. This ratio in turn determines the relative exposure of the building to the ambient air
and solar radiation consequently affecting the rate of heat exchange of the building with the
outdoor environment.
Results of the assessment of geometric form - compactness value for the hospital building
developed for the Alliance Medi Plus company show that the compactness index of the
building is low, meaning that the building’s geometric parameters have been well designed.
That means that further improvement of the architectural design in order to achieve higher
savings is not necessary.
The section on the thermal balance components for the whole building of the Energy
Passport utilizes the energy savings approach. To meet the building’s energy consumption
demand and reach an appropriate level of energy savings it is recommended to install a
modern heating system.
Installation of such a heating system with the simultaneous design of the building structure
will lead to a balance between the level of thermal performance of a building structure and
heat delivery by a heating system. Thermostats would ensure the control of the heating
system in order to maintain a proper temperature regime.
Additional energy savings in the building will be achieved through the installation of all
energy end use systems in the hospital building located in Bolnisi in the most effective
manner. For instance, the lighting system design should aim at installing energy efficient
compact fluorescent bulbs with occupancy sensors.
Hospitals are energy-consuming facilities, which require an incessant, high quality energy
supply. Thus to ensure the reliability of an energy supply as well as energy independence,
it is feasible for the hospital administration to consider the use of a renewable energy
source for heating and/or lighting purposes. Furthermore it will endow to the enhancement
of social aspects of hospital maintenance and management, for instance to alleviate
conditions of inpatients staying in the hospital.
The Alliance Medi Plus insurance company administration demonstrated understanding
and a commitment to the reduction of energy consumption in hospital buildings.
27

District
Heating
Gas
Oil
Other
9.Environmental Benefits
The CO 2 emission coefficient for natural gas in kg/kWh is converted based on the emission
coefficient 1.89 t CO 2 / 1000m 3 . The calculated savings in delivered energy and related
reductions in CO 2 emissions for the Bolnisi hospital area - F= 2175 m 2 is given below in
Table 9.1:
Table 9.1
Present situation – baseline (kWh/m²a) n/a 108 n/a n/a
After EE and renovation measures (kWh/m²a) n/a 52.57 n/a n/a
Savings (kWh/m²a) n/a 55.43 n/a n/a
Savings (kWh/year) n/a 120535.8 n/a n/a
CO 2 emission coefficients (kg/kWh) n/a 0.202 n/a n/a
CO 2 emission reductions (kg/m²a) n/a 11.20 n/a n/a
CO 2 emission reductions (t/year) 24.36
The reduction of CO 2 emissions achieved by implementing enhanced thermal performance
design for the Bolnisi hospital building envelope identified by the Energy Passport
electronic program is estimated as – 24.36 tons/year.
55.43x 0,202=11.20 (kg/m 2 a)
11.20x 2175= 24.36 (t/year)
28

Appendix A
Energy Passport of the 25-Inpatient General Profile Hospital Building
Located in Bolnisi with an Enhanced Thermal Performance Design of the
Building Structure
29

Calculation of Solar Radiation for Bolnisi Climatic Conditions
Included in the Energy Passport Electronic Program
Appendix B
Month
Horizontal
Surface
N NE E SE S SW W NW
Duration of
the heating
season
Days
per
month
I 198 68 70 134 240 326 263 134 71 31 31
II 235 96 98 147 213 261 219 147 98 28 28
III 382 146 153 225 281 319 283 225 155 31 31
IV 497 185 217 281 313 303 305 274 215 0 30
V 629 191 268 338 345 294 331 316 261 0 31
VI 705 178 293 355 337 275 337 333 280 0 30
VII 709 184 295 387 355 304 364 369 290 0 31
VIII 626 163 249 335 363 339 367 335 245 0 31
IX 481 130 177 265 342 351 336 260 174 0 30
X 353 106 126 210 317 377 312 202 122 0 31
XI 202 68 73 117 200 255 205 117 72 19 30
XII 148 59 59 94 171 225 171 94 59 31 31
For the
heating
period
1091 412 426 674 1032 1292 1065 674 429 140
38