Presentation: An introduciton to the plants, soils, and hydrology of ...
Presentation: An introduciton to the plants, soils, and hydrology of ...
Presentation: An introduciton to the plants, soils, and hydrology of ...
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Introduci<strong>to</strong>n <strong>to</strong> Ecology <strong>and</strong> Regulation <strong>of</strong><br />
Tidal Wetl<strong>and</strong>s in Central California <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> San Francisco Bay<br />
August 17, 2005<br />
<strong>An</strong> introduction <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>plants</strong>, <strong>soils</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>hydrology</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> California tidal marshes<br />
John Callaway<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Environmental Science<br />
University <strong>of</strong> San Francisco<br />
What’s happened <strong>to</strong> California’s wetl<strong>and</strong>s?<br />
What percentage <strong>of</strong> California’s wetl<strong>and</strong>s have been lost?<br />
a. 10 %<br />
b. 50 %<br />
c. 75 %<br />
d. 90 %<br />
e. 99 %<br />
Coastal Training Program Workshop<br />
Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR)<br />
San Francisco Bay NERR 1/10<br />
1
Introduci<strong>to</strong>n <strong>to</strong> Ecology <strong>and</strong> Regulation <strong>of</strong><br />
Tidal Wetl<strong>and</strong>s in Central California <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> San Francisco Bay<br />
August 17, 2005<br />
Wetl<strong>and</strong> Loss in <strong>the</strong> United States<br />
400,000,000<br />
early 1800's<br />
25,000,000<br />
Wetl<strong>and</strong> Loss by State<br />
early 1800's<br />
Wetl<strong>and</strong> area (acres)<br />
300,000,000<br />
200,000,000<br />
100,000,000<br />
1980<br />
size <strong>of</strong> Calif.<br />
Wetl<strong>and</strong> area (acres)<br />
20,000,000<br />
15,000,000<br />
10,000,000<br />
5,000,000<br />
1980<br />
0<br />
United States Alaska Lower 48<br />
0<br />
FL LA TX MN MI NC<br />
(Dahl 1990)<br />
State<br />
(Dahl 1990)<br />
25,000,000<br />
Wetl<strong>and</strong> Loss by State<br />
early 1800's<br />
SF Bay Wetl<strong>and</strong>s Past <strong>and</strong> Present<br />
Wetl<strong>and</strong> area (acres)<br />
20,000,000<br />
15,000,000<br />
10,000,000<br />
5,000,000<br />
1980<br />
ca. 1850 ca. 1998<br />
0<br />
CA OR WA FL LA TX MN MI NC<br />
State<br />
(Dahl 1990)<br />
(from SFEI)<br />
A Quick Introduction <strong>to</strong> Tidal Marshes<br />
Underst<strong>and</strong>ing Tidal Marsh Hydrology<br />
• Hydrology<br />
tides<br />
freshwater inputs<br />
• Soils<br />
lack <strong>of</strong> oxygen<br />
salinity<br />
• Vegetation<br />
spatial patterns <strong>of</strong> distribution on a variety <strong>of</strong> scales<br />
adaptations<br />
common species<br />
• Hydroperiod<br />
frequency <strong>of</strong> inundation<br />
duration <strong>of</strong> inundation<br />
depth <strong>of</strong> inundation<br />
• Critical hydrological fac<strong>to</strong>rs<br />
tides<br />
freshwater inputs<br />
Coastal Training Program Workshop<br />
Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR)<br />
San Francisco Bay NERR 2/10<br />
2
Introduci<strong>to</strong>n <strong>to</strong> Ecology <strong>and</strong> Regulation <strong>of</strong><br />
Tidal Wetl<strong>and</strong>s in Central California <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> San Francisco Bay<br />
August 17, 2005<br />
Tides<br />
• Mixed, semi-diurnal tides on Pacific Coast<br />
two highs <strong>and</strong> lows each day<br />
different heights<br />
• Elevation relative <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> tides determines<br />
inundation regime<br />
• O<strong>the</strong>r coasts have different tidal patterns<br />
Tidal Variation across <strong>the</strong> Marsh<br />
regularly inundated<br />
rarely inundated<br />
low marsh<br />
mid-marsh plain<br />
high marsh -<br />
upl<strong>and</strong> transition<br />
Importance <strong>of</strong> Tidal Creeks<br />
Freshwater Inputs<br />
• deliver water, sediment<br />
<strong>and</strong> nutrients <strong>to</strong> marsh<br />
• flush salts from <strong>soils</strong><br />
• more important in salt<br />
marshes than in brackish<br />
<strong>and</strong> freshwater marshes<br />
• Large-scale variation up <strong>the</strong> estuary<br />
• Similar patterns up larger drainages<br />
• Finer-scale pattern within a marsh, <strong>and</strong><br />
associated with any local freshwater inputs<br />
• VERY DIFFERENT than o<strong>the</strong>r US tidal<br />
marshes (mediterranean climate)<br />
Coastal Training Program Workshop<br />
Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR)<br />
San Francisco Bay NERR 3/10<br />
3
Introduci<strong>to</strong>n <strong>to</strong> Ecology <strong>and</strong> Regulation <strong>of</strong><br />
Tidal Wetl<strong>and</strong>s in Central California <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> San Francisco Bay<br />
August 17, 2005<br />
Spatial Variation in FW Inputs<br />
Salinity Variation across Salt <strong>and</strong> Brackish Marshes<br />
• greatest input from Delta<br />
• significant local inputs at<br />
many local rivers/creeks,<br />
including:<br />
• Napa R.<br />
• Petaluma R.<br />
•Alameda Creek<br />
• Coyote Creek<br />
more regular salinity<br />
low marsh<br />
mid-marsh plain<br />
more variable salinity<br />
(higher in summer <strong>and</strong><br />
lower in winter)<br />
high marsh -<br />
upl<strong>and</strong> transition<br />
Tidal Marsh Soils: Key Characteristics<br />
Tidal Marsh Soil Biogeochemistry<br />
• Fine texture (lots <strong>of</strong> clay <strong>and</strong> silt)<br />
• Poorly drained<br />
low oxygen levels (<strong>of</strong>ten no oxygen in soil)<br />
low redox status<br />
• High organic content<br />
• Moderate pH<br />
• Unusual biogeochemistry (anaerobic conditions)<br />
• Driven by anaerobic processes<br />
• Mix <strong>of</strong> aerobic <strong>and</strong> anaerobic zones in <strong>the</strong> soil<br />
• Sequence <strong>of</strong> oxidation-reduction reactions<br />
O 2 , NO 3- , Mn 4+ , Fe 3+ , SO<br />
2- 4 , CO 2 (oxidized forms)<br />
H 2 0, N 2 , Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ , S 2- , CH 4 (reduced forms)<br />
• Unusual nutrient dynamics<br />
especially nitrogen<br />
Tidal Marsh Soils<br />
Spatial Variation in Soil Fac<strong>to</strong>rs<br />
• Varying patterns across <strong>the</strong> marsh:<br />
saturation/inundation<br />
salinity<br />
• Seasonal patterns as well, especially salinity<br />
lower soil oxygen<br />
less variable salt<br />
higher soil oxygen<br />
more variable salt<br />
low marsh<br />
mid-marsh plain<br />
high marsh -<br />
upl<strong>and</strong> transition<br />
Coastal Training Program Workshop<br />
Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR)<br />
San Francisco Bay NERR 4/10<br />
4
Introduci<strong>to</strong>n <strong>to</strong> Ecology <strong>and</strong> Regulation <strong>of</strong><br />
Tidal Wetl<strong>and</strong>s in Central California <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> San Francisco Bay<br />
August 17, 2005<br />
Plants: Key Fac<strong>to</strong>rs Affecting Distribution<br />
• Inundation (anaerobiosis, oxidation/reduction)<br />
• Salinity (both summer stress <strong>and</strong> winter/spring<br />
lows for germination)<br />
• Nutrients<br />
• Competition<br />
• His<strong>to</strong>ry<br />
Spatial <strong>and</strong> Temporal Variability<br />
• Spatial scales <strong>of</strong> variability<br />
estuarine-wide scale<br />
drainage scale<br />
within wetl<strong>and</strong> scale<br />
• Temporal scales <strong>of</strong> variability<br />
climate change<br />
inter-annual variation<br />
seasonal changes (recruitment)<br />
Tidal Marsh Plant Distributions<br />
Simplified Salt Marsh Plant Zonation<br />
• Salt Marsh<br />
• Brackish Marsh<br />
• Freshwater Marsh<br />
• Remember transitional-upl<strong>and</strong> species!!<br />
low marsh<br />
Spartina foliosa<br />
mid-marsh plain<br />
Salicornia virginica<br />
Zonation is similar in brackish marshes,<br />
but less obvious, <strong>and</strong> even less obvious<br />
in freshwater marshes.<br />
high marsh -<br />
upl<strong>and</strong> transition<br />
Salicornia virginica<br />
Frankenia salina<br />
Distichlis spicata<br />
Grindelia stricta<br />
Leymus triticoides<br />
Plant Zonation<br />
Plant Adaptations<br />
• <strong>An</strong>aerobiosis<br />
physical adaptations<br />
• aerenchyma <strong>and</strong> adventitious roots<br />
physiological adaptations<br />
• Salinity<br />
secrete salt<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r physiological adaptations<br />
(PWA <strong>and</strong> Faber 2005)<br />
Coastal Training Program Workshop<br />
Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR)<br />
San Francisco Bay NERR 5/10<br />
5
Introduci<strong>to</strong>n <strong>to</strong> Ecology <strong>and</strong> Regulation <strong>of</strong><br />
Tidal Wetl<strong>and</strong>s in Central California <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> San Francisco Bay<br />
August 17, 2005<br />
Salt Marsh Plants<br />
• Spartina foliosa (cordgrass)<br />
• Salicornia virginica (pickleweed)<br />
• Jaumea carnosa (jaumea)<br />
• Distichlis spicata (saltgrass)<br />
• Frankenia salina (alkali heath)<br />
• Cuscuta salina (salt marsh dodder)<br />
• Atriplex triangularis (spearscale, fat-hen)<br />
• Triglochin maritima (seaside arrow-grass)<br />
• Limonium californicum (salt marsh rosemary, sea lavender)<br />
• Grindelia stricta (gumplant)<br />
• Leymus triticoides (creeping wildrye)<br />
Coastal Training Program Workshop<br />
Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR)<br />
San Francisco Bay NERR 6/10<br />
6
Introduci<strong>to</strong>n <strong>to</strong> Ecology <strong>and</strong> Regulation <strong>of</strong><br />
Tidal Wetl<strong>and</strong>s in Central California <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> San Francisco Bay<br />
August 17, 2005<br />
Spartina foliosa<br />
Distichlis spicata<br />
Frankenia salina<br />
Limonium californicum<br />
Grindelia stricta<br />
Coastal Training Program Workshop<br />
Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR)<br />
San Francisco Bay NERR 7/10<br />
7
Introduci<strong>to</strong>n <strong>to</strong> Ecology <strong>and</strong> Regulation <strong>of</strong><br />
Tidal Wetl<strong>and</strong>s in Central California <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> San Francisco Bay<br />
August 17, 2005<br />
Brackish Marsh Plants<br />
Scirpus maritimus<br />
• Scirpus maritimus (NOW: Bolboschoenus maritimus)<br />
• Scirpus californicus (NOW: Schoenoplectus californicus) (Calif. tule)<br />
• Scirpus acutus (NOW: Schoenoplectus acutus) (hardstem bulrush, tule)<br />
• Scirpus americanus (NOW: Schoenoplectus americanus)<br />
• Typha angustifolia (narrowleaf cattail)<br />
• Typha latifolia (broadleaf cattail)<br />
• Juncus spp. (rush)<br />
• Salicornia virginica<br />
• Distichlis spicata<br />
• Jaumea carnosa<br />
• Atriplex triangularis<br />
• Baccharis pilularis (coyote brush)<br />
• Rosa californica (California rose)<br />
Scirpus californicus<br />
Scirpus acutus<br />
Scirpus americanus<br />
Freshwater Marsh Plants<br />
• Typha angustifolia<br />
• Typha latifolia<br />
• Scirpus acutus<br />
• Scirpus californicus<br />
• Juncus spp.<br />
• Polygonum spp.<br />
• Sagittaria spp.<br />
• Rubus spp.<br />
• Salix spp.<br />
• Lilaeopsis masonii<br />
• Mimulus guttatus<br />
• Lycopus americanus<br />
• Calystegia sepium<br />
• AND MANY OTHER SPECIES!!<br />
Coastal Training Program Workshop<br />
Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR)<br />
San Francisco Bay NERR 8/10<br />
8
Introduci<strong>to</strong>n <strong>to</strong> Ecology <strong>and</strong> Regulation <strong>of</strong><br />
Tidal Wetl<strong>and</strong>s in Central California <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> San Francisco Bay<br />
August 17, 2005<br />
Typha angustifolia<br />
Typha latifolia<br />
Rare Tidal Marsh Plants<br />
• Cordylanthus maritimus subsp. palustris<br />
• Cordylanthus mollis supsp. mollis<br />
• Cirsium hydrophilum<br />
• Aster lentus<br />
• Lathryus jepsonii var. jepsonii<br />
• Lilaeopsis masonii<br />
• AND MORE…<br />
Non-Native Tidal Marsh Plants<br />
• Spartina alterniflora (<strong>and</strong> hybrids with S. foliosa)<br />
• Lepidium latifolium (peppergrass)<br />
• Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth)<br />
• Cotula coronopifolia (brass but<strong>to</strong>ns)<br />
• Polypogon monspeliensis (rabbit’s-foot grass)<br />
• Rumex crispus (curly dock)<br />
• Phragmites australis (common reed)<br />
• AND MORE…<br />
Plant Summary<br />
• Mix <strong>of</strong> physical <strong>and</strong> biological fac<strong>to</strong>rs that affect<br />
plant distributions, including inundation <strong>and</strong> salinity<br />
• Diversity is reduced with higher salinity<br />
• Diversity is higher in <strong>the</strong> upper marsh<br />
• Creeks have strong role in salt marsh plant<br />
distribution, not so prominent in brackish <strong>and</strong><br />
freshwater tidal marshes<br />
• Upper marsh-transitional areas have many rare<br />
species, as well as many non-native invasives<br />
Coastal Training Program Workshop<br />
Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR)<br />
San Francisco Bay NERR 9/10<br />
9
Introduci<strong>to</strong>n <strong>to</strong> Ecology <strong>and</strong> Regulation <strong>of</strong><br />
Tidal Wetl<strong>and</strong>s in Central California <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> San Francisco Bay<br />
August 17, 2005<br />
Acknowledgments<br />
• CalPho<strong>to</strong>s: Plants (for pho<strong>to</strong>s)<br />
http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/pho<strong>to</strong>s/flora/<br />
• Philip Williams <strong>and</strong> Phyllis Faber (for reading<br />
on SF Bay wetl<strong>and</strong> res<strong>to</strong>ration)<br />
• Joy Zedler (additional readings)<br />
Coastal Training Program Workshop<br />
Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR)<br />
San Francisco Bay NERR 10/10<br />
10
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