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vi IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 95
2. Studies of Cancer in Humans................................................................................140
2.1 Coal................................................................................................................140
2.2 Biomass fuel (wood, dung, kang use other than with coal) .......................171
2.3 Mixed coal/biomass (coal and/or wood/dung/kang use)............................197
2.4 Proxies for indoor air pollution ....................................................................205
2.5 References .....................................................................................................216
3. Studies of Cancer in Experimental Animals ........................................................221
3.1 Coal smoke and soots from household combustion of coal.......................221
3.2 Wood smoke..................................................................................................226
3.3 References .....................................................................................................230
4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data..................................................................232
4.1 Toxicokinetics ...............................................................................................232
4.2 Mechanisms of carcinogenesis.....................................................................240
4.3 Genetic susceptibility....................................................................................268
4.4 Mechanistic considerations ..........................................................................278
4.5 References .....................................................................................................279
5. Summary of Data Reported...................................................................................295
5.1 Exposure data ................................................................................................295
5.2 Human carcinogenicity data.........................................................................297
5.3 Animal carcinogenicity data.........................................................................299
5.4 Mechanistic and other relevant data ............................................................300
6. Evaluation and Rationale.......................................................................................303
6.1 Combustion of coal.......................................................................................303
6.2 Combustion of biomass ................................................................................303
High-temperature frying.................................................................................................305
1. Exposure Data........................................................................................................305
1.1 Definition.......................................................................................................305
1.2 Constituents of cooking fumes.....................................................................305
1.3 Effect of different parameters of cooking on emissions.............................312
1.4 Human exposure ...........................................................................................320
1.5 References .....................................................................................................327
2. Studies of Cancer in Humans................................................................................331
2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................331
2.2 Case–control studies ....................................................................................336
2.3 Meta-analysis.................................................................................................365
2.4 References .....................................................................................................366