Physical Examination
Physical Examination
Physical Examination
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6<br />
The Jugular venous pulse waves:<br />
Normal Jugular venous pulse waves, they reflect changes in the right atrial pressure:<br />
- "a" wave →rise in the right atrial pressure secondary to atrial systole.<br />
- "X" wave → drop in the right atrial pressure secondary to atrial relaxation<br />
- "c" wave → coincide with the onset of ventricular systole. It results from movement of tricuspid valve<br />
ring in to the right atrium causing a rise in the right atrial pressure.<br />
- “X I ” wave: drop in the pressure secondary to downward displacement of the AV ring during ventricular<br />
contraction.<br />
- "V" wave → caused by rise in pressure which occurs when the right atrium fills with blood during<br />
ventricular systole with the tricuspid valve is closed.<br />
- "Y" wave or descent → drop in the pressure secondary to opening of the tricuspid valve, and blood<br />
flowing from the right atrium to the right ventricle in the rapid filling phase.
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