Guidelines for Marine Artificial Reef Materials, Second Edition

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PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS Bass, Bob. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Galveston District, Galveston, TX. Cody, Terry. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Ecosystem Leader, Coastal Fisheries Branch, Rockport, TX. Culbertson, Jan. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Coordinator Artificial Reef Program, Coastal Fisheries Branch, Seabrook, TX. Dodrill, Jon. Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Artificial Reef Coordinator Tallahassee, FL. Portland Cement Association, personal communication, 5420 Old Orchard Rd. Skokie, Ill. 60077- 1083. Powers, Rodney G. Assistant State Corrosion Engineer, Corrosion Research Laboratory, Florida Department of Transportation, State Materials Office. Gainesville, FL. Tatum, Walter. Chief Scientists, Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Marine Resources Division. Gulf Shores, AL. -13-
2.2 Steel Hulled Vessels Overview In the United States, scrap materials of opportunity, deployed without assembly or much modification, still account for a large portion of reef construction materials. Vessels have served as components of most state artificial reef programs. Where available, and where depth conditions allow for deployment, vessels remain an important reef material to many reef managers, particularly on the Atlantic coast (Grove et al. 1991). The earliest record of intentionally sinking vessels for artificial reef fishing is 1935 when four vessels were sunk by the Cape May Wildwood Party Boat Association (Stone 1974). Dozens of steel-hulled ships sunk in coastal continental shelf waters along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts during WWII still provide commercial and recreational fishing opportunities and diving enjoyment more than 60 years later. Large Military Vessel Procurement as Artificial Reefs through the U.S. Maritime Administration The first governmental efforts to provide ships as artificial reefs began with the Liberty ship program. Federal and state government participation in the procurement of steel vessels for use as artificial reefs started with Alabama's initiative to secure Liberty ships from the U.S. Maritime Administration's (MARAD) Reserve fleet in the Alabama River. On August 22, 1972, the 92 nd Congress passed and the President signed the Appropriations Authorization-Maritime Programs Bill which became known as the Liberty Ship Act [Public Law (P.L.) 92-402.] This law provided for the transfer of obsolete MARAD owned WWII era Liberty ships, otherwise slated to be sold as scrap, to coastal states for use as artificial reefs. During WWII there were 2,581 Liberty ships massproduced in production line fashion from component parts shipped to a number of shipyards from all over the U.S. These ships were quickly manufactured (welded not riveted), inexpensively built, slow moving, lightly armed, and expendable. Liberty ships were intended to substantially augment the U.S. merchant marine fleets in efforts to transport all typed of solid cargo to allied forces worldwide during WWII. At that time there were 36 Liberty ships available in Texas, Alabama, Virginia, and California. The majority of the ships deployed under this act were sunk between 1974-78, with 26 of 36 Liberty ships available in 1972 sunk off four Gulf coast states, including Alabama with five, Texas with 12, Mississippi with five, and the Florida Gulf coast with four (Texas Coastal and Marine Council 1973, Lukens 1993, Gregg and Murphey 1994). Two other liberty ships were sunk off the Florida east coast during this period. The use of Liberty ships as artificial reefs provided a number of state artificial reef programs with their earliest exposure to intergovernmental issues related to permitting through the Army Corps of Engineers, coordination with state regulatory agencies, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as well as addressing navigational issues with the U.S. Coast Guard. In 1984, P.L. 92-402 was amended by P.L. 98-623 to include noncombatant reserve fleet ships other than the Liberty class for artificial reef construction. Initially most of the nearly 650 WWII era merchant vessels still available in the early 1970s were Victory class ships. However, relatively few of the Victory class merchant vessels were ever secured for use as artificial reefs. Like the Liberty ships before them, most of the Victory class component of the inactive reserve fleet was subsequently scrapped. Deployment of P.L. 92-402 ships virtually ceased from 1978 to 1987. Only -14-
Page 2 and 3: GUIDELINES FOR MARINE ARTIFICIAL RE
Page 4 and 5: Vin Malkoski 1 Massachusetts Divisi
Page 6 and 7: TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page ......
Page 8 and 9: GUIDELINES FOR MARINE ARTIFICIAL RE
Page 10 and 11: esearch, and experimentation with v
Page 12 and 13: LITERATURE CITED Bohnsack, J.A. 198
Page 14 and 15: Lime (calcium hydroxide) in "green"
Page 16 and 17: in 1993 (TPWD Unpublished Data). Ho
Page 18 and 19: Benefits • Artificial reef projec
Page 22 and 23: six (15%) of 42 P.L. 92-623 and 402
Page 24 and 25: the U.S. Navy discovered PCBs aboar
Page 26 and 27: will be exposed by any of the demol
Page 28 and 29: condition, was $118,000 (Stan Blum,
Page 30 and 31: at five separate reef sites. Subseq
Page 32 and 33: Recreational fishing effort, in con
Page 34 and 35: During Hurricane Gordon (August 199
Page 36 and 37: (LST), the Casablanca, sunk as an a
Page 38 and 39: competitive attraction to offshore
Page 40 and 41: • Vessels, due to high vertical p
Page 42 and 43: or safety problems such as floatabl
Page 44 and 45: • On older government vessels, tr
Page 46 and 47: experts undertaking the demolition
Page 48 and 49: the plan should provide a clear est
Page 50 and 51: Ecklund, Ann-Marie. 1994. Habitat c
Page 52 and 53: Parker, R.O. Jr., D.R. Colby and T.
Page 54 and 55: Horn, Bill. Environmental Specialis
Page 56 and 57: 2.3 Oil and Gas Platforms Overview
Page 58 and 59: shore determined by the location of
Page 60 and 61: platforms ceased production. Normal
Page 62 and 63: jacket legs 15 feet below the mudli
Page 64 and 65: 30 m of the structure, although fis
Page 66 and 67: Considerations C C C Developers of
Page 68 and 69: Gitschlag, G.R., M.J. Schirrippa, a
Page 70 and 71:
Stanley, D.R. and C.A. Wilson. 2000
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2.4 Aircraft Overview Military Figh
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aircraft wrecks that are a mix of a
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One A-7 fighter aircraft was deploy
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communication). Additional efforts
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Current Status (2003) of the Use of
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• The cost to transport aircraft
Page 84 and 85:
LITERATURE CITED Bird, J. 2002. “
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PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS Banks, Ken.
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2.5 Railroad, Subway, and Street Ca
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tomtate grunts, juvenile amberjack,
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A 2001 inspection of a 14 year old
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iologists from the California Depar
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• Stacking of railroad cars may p
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2.6 Designed Structures Overview Al
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structures at increasing levels to
Page 102 and 103:
that these units may be functioning
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• Requiring cranes and deliberate
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Lindberg, W. and J. Loftin. 1998. E
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PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS Ansley, Hen
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specialty scrapping facilities in t
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and the General Services Administra
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SCARNG and deployed on eleven South
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“wood” frame modular units and
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and diverse assemblage after one ye
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LITERATURE CITED Currie, J.T., Lt.
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PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS Dodrill, Jo
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• Processed wood, used for many c
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In offshore natural habitats young
Page 128 and 129:
was the preferred reef material eve
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Preliminary evaluations in 2003 sug
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2.8.4 Electrodeposition Overview El
Page 134 and 135:
LITERATURE CITED Arve, J. 1960. Pre
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Szedlmayer, S. T. and J. Conti. 199
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2.9 Fiberglass, Ferro-cement, and W
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warsaw and snowy grouper on fibergl
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Alabama has deployed dry docks, whi
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Benefits • Oceangoing wooden vess
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LITERATURE CITED Berg, D. and D. Be
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Meier, Mike. Virginia Artificial Re
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unnecessary barriers on the benefic
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landfills) have the potential to le
Page 154 and 155:
Several studies were done in Florid
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cardinal fish, squirrelfish, warsaw
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component in determining the future
Page 160 and 161:
LITERATURE CITED Baker, W. B. Jr.,
Page 162 and 163:
Jagiella, D.M. 1993. Coal combustio
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Woodhead, P. M. J., J. H. Parker, a
Page 166 and 167:
2.11 Vehicles Overview The composit
Page 168 and 169:
On October 4, 1995, Hurricane Opal,
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• The engine should be steam-clea
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PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS Bell, Mel.
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disposal alternatives (Jessie Carpe
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and local anglers had access by lan
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dive surveys to the Liberty ships c
Page 180 and 181:
itself. Overall the tires were not
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module without tires is generally m
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ods. An attempt was made to ballast
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the unit weight of a tire chip/conc
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changes were noted among either fis
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• Tire recycling alternatives are
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LITERATURE CITED Alcala, A.C., L.C.
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Lukens, R. and J. Cirino. 1989. Two
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Tolley, H.A. 1981. Tires as artific
Page 198 and 199:
Tinsman, Jeff. Delaware Artificial
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2.14 Miscellaneous The range of mat
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By late 2002 the privately deployed
Page 204 and 205:
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS Dodrill, Jo
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