Guidelines for Marine Artificial Reef Materials, Second Edition

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six (15%) of 42 P.L. 92-623 and 402 vessels sunk as reefs outside of Florida were deployed from 1988 through 1992 (Gregg and Murphey 1994) with none deployed from 1993-2001. In Florida under the amended P.L. 92-623, two 327 foot Coast Guard cutters (Bibb and Duane) were sunk in 1987 in the Florida Keys and two 460 foot transports (Rankin and Muliphen) were sunk off Martin and St. Lucie Counties (Southeast Florida) respectively in 1988-89 (Virginia Vail, personal communication). After six years of no release of ships from MARAD to any state under the Liberty ship program, local citizens, and the Key Largo, Florida Chamber of Commerce in conjunction with Monroe County (Florida Keys), requested assistance from the state of Florida in July 1995 to secure from MARAD the donation of a 510 foot long ex-navy Landing Ship Dock, U.S.S. Spiegel Grove (LSD-32), to be sunk as an artificial reef off Key Largo, Florida within the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Environmental, legal, logistical, administrative, contractor and fiscal issues delayed title transfer of the ship to the state (and subsequently to Monroe County through Memorandum of Agreement) for nearly seven years until May 30, 2001. On June 13, 2001, nearly 13 years after the last MARAD donated vessel was sunk, the Spiegel Grove was towed from the James River Reserve Fleet in Fort Eustis, VA to begin undergoing cleaning and pre-sinking preparations at a Virginia ship yard. Following delays stemming from the national disaster of 9-11- 01 and switching shipyards and contractors, the vessel preparation was completed, final environmental clearances were given the U.S. Coast Guard, Environmental Protection Agency, the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, and the Florida National Marine Sanctuary. The vessel was towed to Key Largo, Florida and sunk on its permitted site on May 17, 2003 and open to the public for fishing and diving three weeks later. As of 2003, the Spiegel Grove was the largest vessel intentionally sunk in the U.S. as an artificial reef. Two other MARAD artificial reef vessel projects, already over five years into the planning process as of 2003, are currently being pursued as artificial reef donation projects through MARAD. The 600 foot long Texas Clipper in the Beaumont, TX reserve fleet is being sought as an artificial reef by Texas Parks and Wildlife and the 520 foot long former missile tracking vessel Hoyt Vandenberg will be requested by a nonprofit diving organization in conjunction with the City of Key West working cooperatively with the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission who will make formal application to MARAD. Current Procurement and Preparation Issues Related to Large Military Vessels Hazardous Waste Removal Issues Today P.L. 92-402, formally known as 16 United States Code (U.S.C.) ' 1220 (a)-(d). ' 1220(a), specifies the terms and conditions under which a coastal state has the authority to accept title to a vessel from the United State Government, generally with the vessel in an “as is, where is” condition. This phrase has historically had significant monetary and environmental implications that until the -15-
spring of 2003 resulted in limited progress towards reefing MARAD vessels as reflected by the slow progress made by MARAD vessel sponsors during the 1990s. A brief history of the hazardous waste issues related to military ships is provided below. The following section is not intended to serve as a detailed guideline for the identification, removal, and handling of hazardous waste materials on vessels but is intended to highlight some of the environmental preparation considerations when dealing with vessels. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are mixtures of synthetic organic chemicals with the same basic chemical structure and similar physical properties ranging from oily liquids to waxy solids. Due to their nonflammability, chemical stability, high boiling point and electrical insulating properties PCBs were used in hundreds of industrial and commercial applications including electrical, heat transfer, and hydraulic equipment; as plasticizers in paints, plastics, and rubber products; in pigments, dyes, carbonless copy paper and many other applications. More than 1.5 billion pounds of PCBs were manufactured in the United States prior to cessation of production in 1977. (EPA, website: http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/pcb/). Concerns over the toxicity, bioaccumulation, and persistence in the environment of PCBs led Congress in 1976 to enact §6(e) of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) that included among other things, prohibitions on the manufacture, processing, and distribution in commerce of PCBs. TSCA legislated management of PCBs in the United States from initial manufacture to disposal. (EPA, website: http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/pcb/). Prior to 1989 the issue of the possible presence of PCBs as a hazardous waste on military ships or any other vessel sunk as an artificial reef had not been addressed. In 1989 the Navy discovered high levels of PCBs saturating sound dampening felt material during the scrapping of a submarine on the U.S. west coast. This discovery prompted subsequent sampling of other military vessels. In a series of 3,000 tests conducted by the Navy, PCBs, long-lived, carcinogenic substances, of low solubility were found in wiring insulation, paint, gaskets, caulking, plastic and other non metallic materials in nearly all of over 100 naval vessels sampled and in service prior to 1977 (when PCBs were banned from use in the U.S.). PCBs, first developed in the late 1920s were used to enhance fire retardant properties of materials as well as increase flexibility in materials, and were also used throughout U.S. industry and in commerce including use on civilian vessels like those in the Seattle ferry system(Dennis Rushworth, personal communication). The ship sampling results prompted concern by the EPA that ocean sinking of vessels violated their 2 parts per million PCB threshold. The Navy voluntarily shut down its operational Sink-Ex program (deepwater ship sinking at depths of 6,000 feet or greater during military target practice exercises). Military specifications requiring the use of PCBs could apply to any number of government vessel types especially prior to the late 1970s This fact combined with declining scrap steel prices, and concerns about environmental and work conditions in overseas ship breaking facilities, resulted in the curtailing of much of the overseas and local ship scrapping, and use of MARAD ships as artificial reefs in the decade of the 1990s. Meanwhile the MARAD inactive reserve fleets continued to age and expand. In 1994, the ASMFC’s Artificial Reef Advisory Committee (ARAC) drafted a statement addressing the issue of surplus military ships and PCB contamination. In the statement the committee said, “The future of surplus ships as additional artificial reef material has come under a cloud of uncertainty. In 1989, -16-
Page 2 and 3: GUIDELINES FOR MARINE ARTIFICIAL RE
Page 4 and 5: Vin Malkoski 1 Massachusetts Divisi
Page 6 and 7: TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page ......
Page 8 and 9: GUIDELINES FOR MARINE ARTIFICIAL RE
Page 10 and 11: esearch, and experimentation with v
Page 12 and 13: LITERATURE CITED Bohnsack, J.A. 198
Page 14 and 15: Lime (calcium hydroxide) in "green"
Page 16 and 17: in 1993 (TPWD Unpublished Data). Ho
Page 18 and 19: Benefits • Artificial reef projec
Page 20 and 21: PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS Bass, Bob.
Page 24 and 25: the U.S. Navy discovered PCBs aboar
Page 26 and 27: will be exposed by any of the demol
Page 28 and 29: condition, was $118,000 (Stan Blum,
Page 30 and 31: at five separate reef sites. Subseq
Page 32 and 33: Recreational fishing effort, in con
Page 34 and 35: During Hurricane Gordon (August 199
Page 36 and 37: (LST), the Casablanca, sunk as an a
Page 38 and 39: competitive attraction to offshore
Page 40 and 41: • Vessels, due to high vertical p
Page 42 and 43: or safety problems such as floatabl
Page 44 and 45: • On older government vessels, tr
Page 46 and 47: experts undertaking the demolition
Page 48 and 49: the plan should provide a clear est
Page 50 and 51: Ecklund, Ann-Marie. 1994. Habitat c
Page 52 and 53: Parker, R.O. Jr., D.R. Colby and T.
Page 54 and 55: Horn, Bill. Environmental Specialis
Page 56 and 57: 2.3 Oil and Gas Platforms Overview
Page 58 and 59: shore determined by the location of
Page 60 and 61: platforms ceased production. Normal
Page 62 and 63: jacket legs 15 feet below the mudli
Page 64 and 65: 30 m of the structure, although fis
Page 66 and 67: Considerations C C C Developers of
Page 68 and 69: Gitschlag, G.R., M.J. Schirrippa, a
Page 70 and 71: Stanley, D.R. and C.A. Wilson. 2000
Page 72 and 73:
2.4 Aircraft Overview Military Figh
Page 74 and 75:
aircraft wrecks that are a mix of a
Page 76 and 77:
One A-7 fighter aircraft was deploy
Page 78 and 79:
communication). Additional efforts
Page 80 and 81:
Current Status (2003) of the Use of
Page 82 and 83:
• The cost to transport aircraft
Page 84 and 85:
LITERATURE CITED Bird, J. 2002. “
Page 86 and 87:
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS Banks, Ken.
Page 88 and 89:
2.5 Railroad, Subway, and Street Ca
Page 90 and 91:
tomtate grunts, juvenile amberjack,
Page 92 and 93:
A 2001 inspection of a 14 year old
Page 94 and 95:
iologists from the California Depar
Page 96 and 97:
• Stacking of railroad cars may p
Page 98 and 99:
2.6 Designed Structures Overview Al
Page 100 and 101:
structures at increasing levels to
Page 102 and 103:
that these units may be functioning
Page 104 and 105:
• Requiring cranes and deliberate
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Lindberg, W. and J. Loftin. 1998. E
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PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS Ansley, Hen
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specialty scrapping facilities in t
Page 112 and 113:
and the General Services Administra
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SCARNG and deployed on eleven South
Page 116 and 117:
“wood” frame modular units and
Page 118 and 119:
and diverse assemblage after one ye
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LITERATURE CITED Currie, J.T., Lt.
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PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS Dodrill, Jo
Page 124 and 125:
• Processed wood, used for many c
Page 126 and 127:
In offshore natural habitats young
Page 128 and 129:
was the preferred reef material eve
Page 130 and 131:
Preliminary evaluations in 2003 sug
Page 132 and 133:
2.8.4 Electrodeposition Overview El
Page 134 and 135:
LITERATURE CITED Arve, J. 1960. Pre
Page 136 and 137:
Szedlmayer, S. T. and J. Conti. 199
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2.9 Fiberglass, Ferro-cement, and W
Page 140 and 141:
warsaw and snowy grouper on fibergl
Page 142 and 143:
Alabama has deployed dry docks, whi
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Benefits • Oceangoing wooden vess
Page 146 and 147:
LITERATURE CITED Berg, D. and D. Be
Page 148 and 149:
Meier, Mike. Virginia Artificial Re
Page 150 and 151:
unnecessary barriers on the benefic
Page 152 and 153:
landfills) have the potential to le
Page 154 and 155:
Several studies were done in Florid
Page 156 and 157:
cardinal fish, squirrelfish, warsaw
Page 158 and 159:
component in determining the future
Page 160 and 161:
LITERATURE CITED Baker, W. B. Jr.,
Page 162 and 163:
Jagiella, D.M. 1993. Coal combustio
Page 164 and 165:
Woodhead, P. M. J., J. H. Parker, a
Page 166 and 167:
2.11 Vehicles Overview The composit
Page 168 and 169:
On October 4, 1995, Hurricane Opal,
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• The engine should be steam-clea
Page 172 and 173:
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS Bell, Mel.
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disposal alternatives (Jessie Carpe
Page 176 and 177:
and local anglers had access by lan
Page 178 and 179:
dive surveys to the Liberty ships c
Page 180 and 181:
itself. Overall the tires were not
Page 182 and 183:
module without tires is generally m
Page 184 and 185:
ods. An attempt was made to ballast
Page 186 and 187:
the unit weight of a tire chip/conc
Page 188 and 189:
changes were noted among either fis
Page 190 and 191:
• Tire recycling alternatives are
Page 192 and 193:
LITERATURE CITED Alcala, A.C., L.C.
Page 194 and 195:
Lukens, R. and J. Cirino. 1989. Two
Page 196 and 197:
Tolley, H.A. 1981. Tires as artific
Page 198 and 199:
Tinsman, Jeff. Delaware Artificial
Page 200 and 201:
2.14 Miscellaneous The range of mat
Page 202 and 203:
By late 2002 the privately deployed
Page 204 and 205:
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS Dodrill, Jo
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