Guidelines for Marine Artificial Reef Materials, Second Edition

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page .................................................................... i
Contributing Authors .......................................................... ii
Acknowledgments ............................................................ iv
Table of Contents ..............................................................v
Preface ..................................................................... vi
1.0 Introduction ...........................................................1
1.1 Purpose ................................................................1
1.2 Background ............................................................1
1.3 History ................................................................2
1.4 National Artificial Reef Plan ...............................................3
1.4.1 Function ...............................................................3
1.4.2 Compatibility ...........................................................4
1.4.3 Durability ..............................................................4
1.4.4 Stability ...............................................................4
1.5 Gulf and Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commissions .........................4
2.0 Discussion of Materials ..................................................6
2.1 Concrete ...............................................................6
2.2 Steel Hulled Vessels ....................................................14
2.3 Oil and Gas Platforms ...................................................49
2.4 Aircraft ...............................................................65
2.5 Railroad, Subway, and Street Cars ..........................................81
2.6 Designed Structures .....................................................91
2.7 Military Hardware .....................................................102
2.8 Natural Materials ......................................................116
2.8.1 Wood ...............................................................116
2.8.2 Shell ................................................................117
2.8.3 Rock ................................................................120
2.8.4 Electrodeposition ......................................................125
2.9 Fiberglass, Ferro-cement, and Wooden Vessels ..............................131
2.9.1 Fiberglass Boats and Boat Molds ..........................................131
2.9.2 Ferro-cement Vessels ...................................................134
2.9.3 Dry Docks ...........................................................134
2.9.4 Wooden Vessels .......................................................135
2.10 Ash Byproducts .......................................................142
2.10.1 Solid Municipal Incineration Ash Byproduct ................................143
2.10.2 Coal Combustion Ash Byproduct .........................................143
2.10.3 Oil Combustion Byproduct Ash ...........................................150
2.11 Vehicles .............................................................159
2.12 Vehicle Tires .........................................................166
2.13 White Goods .........................................................192
2.14 Miscellaneous ........................................................193
3.0 Conclusion ..........................................................198
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