Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Volume 1 - BVSDE

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The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.. Ordering information PRINTED IN FRANCE 93/9625 - Sadag - 8000 96/11002 - Sadag - 3000 Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality Volume 1: Recommendations Second edition 1993, x + 188 pages [C, E, F, R, S] ISBN 92 4 154460 0 Sw.fr. 46.-/US $41.40; in developing countries: Sw.fr. 32.20 Order no. 1151404
Preface In 1984 and 1985, the World Health Organization (WHO) published the first edition of Guidelines for drinking-water quality in three volumes. The development of these guidelines was organized and carried out jointly by WHO headquarters and the WHO Regional Office for Europe (EURO). In 1988, the decision was made within WHO to initiate the revision of the guidelines. The work was again shared between WHO headquarters and EURO. Within headquarters, both the unit for the Prevention of Environmental Pollution (PEP) and the ILO/UNEP/WHO International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) were involved, IPCS providing a major input to the health risk assessments of chemicals in drinking-water. The revised guidelines are being published in three volumes. Guideline values for various constituents of drinking-water are given in Volume 1, Recommendations together with essential information required to understand the basis for the values. Volume 2, Health criteria and other supporting information, contains the criteria monographs prepared for each substance or contaminant; the guideline values are based on these. Volume 3, Surveillance and control of community supplies, is intended to serve a very different purpose; it contains recommendations and information concerning what needs to be done in small communities, particularly in developing countries, to safeguard their water supplies. The preparation of the current edition of the Guidelines for drinking-water quality covered a period of four years and involved the participation of numerous institutions, over 200 experts from nearly 40 different developing and developed countries and 18 meetings of the various coordination and review groups. The work of these institutions and scientists, whose names appear in Annex 1, was central to the completion of the guidelines and is much appreciated. For each contaminant or substance considered, a lead country prepared a draft document evaluating the risks for human health from exposure to the contaminant in drinking-water. The following countries prepared such evaluation documents: Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America. Under the responsibility of a coordinator for each major aspect of the guidelines, these draft evaluation documents were reviewed by several scientific institutions and selected experts, and comments were incorporated by the coordinator and author prior to submission for final evaluation by a review group. The review group then took a decision as to the health risk assessment and proposed a guideline value. During the preparation of draft evaluation documents and at the review group meetings, careful consideration was always given to previous risk assessments carried out by IPCS, in its Environmental Health Criteria monographs, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, the joint FAO/WHO Meetings on Pesticide Residues, and the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, which evaluates contaminants such as lead and cadmium in addition to food additives. It is clear that not all the chemicals that may be found in drinking-water were evaluated in developing these guidelines. Chemicals of importance to Member States which have not been evaluated should be brought to the attention of WHO for inclusion in any future revision. It is planned to establish a continuing process of revision of the Guidelines for drinking-water quality with a number of substances of agents subject to evaluation each year. Where appropriate, addenda will be issued, containing evaluations of new substances or substances already evaluated for which new scientific information has become available. Substances for
Page 1: Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quali
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgements The work of the fo
Page 7 and 8: 1. Introduction This volume of the
Page 9 and 10: It should be noted that the use of
Page 11 and 12: indicators used for this purpose ar
Page 13 and 14: surface water. It is conceivable th
Page 15 and 16: and mosquitos (Culex spp.); in warm
Page 17 and 18: 2.2.3 Escherichia coli and the coli
Page 19 and 20: environmental sources. Clostridial
Page 21 and 22: used in normal practice. Table 3. A
Page 23 and 24: It is not possible to set guideline
Page 25 and 26: Table 6. A list of International Or
Page 27 and 28: importance of surveillance is highl
Page 29 and 30: value. 3.4 Health risk assessment T
Page 31 and 32: elated to possible carcinogenicity.
Page 33 and 34: carcinogenicity in humans but limit
Page 35 and 36: Aluminium Aluminium is a widespread
Page 37 and 38: Asbestos Asbestos is introduced int
Page 39 and 40: Assuming an absorption rate for die
Page 41 and 42: in a guideline value of 0.07 mg/lit
Page 43 and 44: Lead is toxic to both the central a
Page 45 and 46: 1000: 100 for inter- and intraspeci
Page 47 and 48: some salts. It has occasionally bee
Page 49 and 50: Zinc Zinc is an essential trace ele
Page 51 and 52: guideline value. Based on a NOAEL o
Page 53 and 54:
Trichloroethene in anaerobic ground
Page 55 and 56:
In long-term inhalation studies in
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followed in this study, which invol
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Miscellaneous organic constituents
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Although ECH is a genotoxic carcino
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The database on the toxicity of the
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JMPR evaluated bentazone in 1991 an
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programmes far outweigh any health
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mathematical risk extrapolation. Th
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to drinking-water results in a guid
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other mammalian species. PCP has be
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used in many countries, relatively
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acid (provisional guideline values
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Chlorate In addition to being a dec
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naturally occurring organic materia
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Monochloroacetic acid Concentration
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Dichloroacetonitrile For dichloroac
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chloroform, iron, manganese and hyd
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the limit.” However, because only
Page 91:
Selecting suitable analytical metho
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committed effective dose is a measu
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Table 9. Examples of the doses aris
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and assess doses from all radon sou
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aluminium in drinking-water. Ammoni
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ange 6.5-9.5. Extreme values of pH
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Chlorine The taste and odour thresh
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esidence periods of the order of 3-
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alumina facilities and household de
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pipe, and microbial growths (biofil
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lay down such a scale will always b
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Bibliography Chapter 2. Microbiolog
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contaminants. Geneva, World Health
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Annex 1. List of participants in pr
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National Institute of Public Health
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Poland M. Takeda, Director of Envir
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K.L. Bailey, Health Effects Assessm
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D. Kello, Project Officer for Toxic
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Members H. Abouzaid, Chief, Water Q
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Substances Division, Environmental
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Members O. Hydes, Drinking-Water In
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Final Drafts Preparation Meeting fo
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B. Mintz, Chief, Exposure Assessmen
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Annex 2. Tables of guideline values
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B. Organic constituents Guideline v
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D. Disinfectants and disinfectant b
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Table A2.4. Radioactive constituent
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Announcing updated guideline values
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safety of drinking-water supplies i
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Back cover The first edition of Gui
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