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Glossary Street children. Friends International has developed a definition which encompasses three groups of children: first, street-living children who have cut off ties with their families and live alone on the streets; secondly, children who spend all or most of their time working on the streets, and whose income is often returned to the caregiver; thirdly, children who live together with their families on the streets. 1 Migration. According to the International Organization for Migration, the term constitutes “The movement of a person or a group of persons, either across an international border, or within a State [including] migration of refugees, displaced persons, economic migrants, and persons moving for other purposes, including family reunification” 2 . Human Trafficking. According to the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, human trafficking can be defined as “the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons”. 3 Child sex tourism. Child exploitation related to travelling, either internationally or domestically is called child sex tourism. The perpetrator has travelled from home and illegally pays for sexual contact with a minor. 4 Child labour. According to the ILO Convention No. 138 on the Minimum Age for Admission to Employment, and Convention No. 182 on the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour, the minimum age for admission to employment is 15. In developing countries where economic and educational facilities are less well-developed the minimum age for regular work can be lowered to 14 years. For hazardous work the limit is 18 years for all countries. Light work can be carried out from the age of 13, and in developing countries from the age of 12. 5 Voluntourism. The term implies that the traveler is a volunteer at a specific organization or company in the host country. The length of time spent volunteering varies and volunteers often pay a fee to cover food and accommodation. Common tasks are teaching English, community development projects, and environmental and/or wild life conservation. The volunteers often live at the premises of the organization or company or in the nearby community. 6 Volunteering with orphans is referred to as orphan tourism 7 . No child’s play | 4
Contents Executive summary 3 Glossary 4 1. Introduction and aims 6 2. Method 7 2.1 Delimitations and clarifications 8 3. Thailand 10 3.1 Situation awareness 10 3.2 Family situation for children of workers in the tourism industry 11 3.3 How parents’ working conditions in the tourism industry affect their children 12 3.4 Child labour 14 3.5 Child sex tourism 18 4. Cambodia 20 4.1 Situation awareness 20 4.2 How parents’ working conditions in the tourism industry affect their children 21 4.3 Child labour 23 4.4 Child sex tourism 25 4.5 Alcohol 25 5. South Africa 27 5.1 Situation awareness 27 5.2 How parents’ working conditions in the tourism industry affect their children 28 5.3 Child labour 29 5.4 Child sex tourism 32 6. Summary of the three studied countries 33 7. Voluntourism 35 7.1 Challenges of orphan tourism – examples from Cambodia and South Africa 37 7.2 Suggestions for improvements in voluntourism 39 8. How can the travel industry work to respect children’s rights 42 8.1 Apollo 43 8.2 Ving 43 8.3 Fritidsresor 44 8.4 Comments 44 8.5 Children’s Rights and Business Principles 45 9. Summary and Conclusions 48 10. Recommendations 50 11. Endnotes 52 Appendix: Examples of projects that aim to respect children’s rights 56 No child’s play | 5
Page 1 and 2: No child’s play Respect for child
Page 3: Executive Summary This report was c
Page 7 and 8: 2. Method Desk studies and field re
Page 9 and 10: Convention on the Rights of the Chi
Page 11 and 12: Sadly, many are involved in the com
Page 13 and 14: The next example illustrates that m
Page 15 and 16: Burmese migrant parents in Thailand
Page 17 and 18: Tourists interact with Mokens in se
Page 19 and 20: Thailand is also a source, destinat
Page 21 and 22: 4.2 How parents’ working conditio
Page 23 and 24: 4.3 Child labour Child labour is an
Page 25 and 26: 4.4 Child sex tourism It is estimat
Page 27 and 28: 5. South Africa Pretoria Johannesbu
Page 29 and 30: Many farmworkers’ children, who o
Page 31 and 32: An example of exploitation in this
Page 33 and 34: 6. Summary of the three studied cou
Page 35 and 36: 7. Voluntourism One of the fastest
Page 37 and 38: 7.1 Challenges of orphan tourism -
Page 39 and 40: However, there are many other progr
Page 41 and 42: No child’s play | 41
Page 43 and 44: 8.1 Apollo According to the website
Page 45 and 46: 8.5 Children’s Rights and Busines
Page 47 and 48: No child’s play | 47
Page 49 and 50: The report further demonstrates how
Page 51 and 52: l Encourage decent work opportuniti
Page 53 and 54: 46 Interview with a Teaching Coordi
Page 55 and 56:
170 Ibid. 171 Human Sciences Resear
Page 57 and 58:
The students keep in touch with the
Page 59 and 60:
Uthando, South Africa - Township To
Page 61 and 62:
Below is the story of Akhona Mbizen
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