CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE AND ADULT SEXUAL REVICTIMIZATION

More documents

Recommendations

Info

lege, community, and clinical samples. In a recent meta,analysis that in, cluded 19revictimizationstudies(Roodman & Clum, 2001),researchersfound a moderate overall effect sizeof .59, indicating a significant relationship be, tween CSA and ASA. These findings have motivated researchers to investi, gate the possible relationships between child and adult sexual victimization experiences in an effort to better understand the factors that are associated with risk for revictimization. It is important to note that most studies ad, dressingsexual revictimization have investigated predictor variables in isola, tion or those found to be associated with sexual assault in general (e.g., alco, hol and drug use, risky sexual behavior, and trauma symptoms). Very few researchers have used theoretical models to guide their research. However, a fewresearchershave begun to develop and test integrated theoretically driven models designed to investigate sexual revictimization (e.g., Gold, Sinclair, & Balge, 1999;Grauerholz, 2000; Maker, Kemmelmeier, & Peterson, 2001). In the present chapter, we focus on research that has investigated the relationship between CSA and ASA, beginning with a review and critique of several studies. We then evaluate some of the limitations of previous re, search and discusswaysto advance the current state of knowledge.The chapter concludes with a discussion of implications for clinical interventions with CSA survivors and risk,reduction programming, as well as suggestions for future research directions. The studies reviewed here differed in someparameters that maybe criti, cal in evaluating the validity and generalizability of findings related to asso, ciations between rape in childhood and rape in adulthood. In Table 2.1, we highlight some of the methodological differences that are a focus of this re, view. A major difference across epidemiological studies of revictimization was the age criterion used to determine what constituted childhood assault. For example, some studies defined childhood abuse as experiences that occur prior to the age of 14 years old, whereas other studies included experiences that occur until the age of 18 years old as childhood incidents. Therefore, adolescent assaults may have been included with either child cases or adult cases depending on definitions of the age ranges for childhood and adult victimization experience&.In addition, the age difference between the per' petrator and victim mayor may not have been specified in a given study. In some cases, sexual interactions between consenting individuals of the same age could be inadvertently counted as sexual abuse. Thus, the age difference between the victim and perpetrator could be especially important for studies that use broader definitions of CSA. Definitions also differed in a manner that may have influenced preva, lence rates. The definitions of both CSA and ASA might influence preva, lence rates such that broader definitions would be associated with higher victimization prevalence. For example, some studies included experiences ranging from unwanted touching to unwanted sexual intercourse as sexual assault, whereas other studies included only unwanted, forced sexual inter, 50 RICH ET AL.
Vt TABLE 2.1 Assault Characteristics for Studies Included in Review 0 ::r: r:: Ci V> Study N Developmental period" Age cut-off CSA definitionC ASA definitionC Designd Estimated increased risk of ASA given history of CSA Probability samples Koss and Dinero (1989) 3,187 C,A 14 1,2,3,4 2,3,4 CS,P 3.3" Kilpatrick, Acierno, Resnick, S; tT:1 Saunders, and Best (1997) Tjaden and Thoennes (2000) College samples 4,009 16,005 C,A C,A 18 18 3,4, 3,4 3,4 3,4 L,P CS, P 4.4' > 2.0. i; V> tT:1 x Gidycz, Coble, Latham, and Layman (1993) Gidycz, Hanson, and Layman (1995) Mayall and Gold (1995) Messman-Moore, Long, and Siegfried (2000) 927 796 654 648 C,Ad,A C,Ad,A C,A C,A 14 14 15 17 1,2,3,4 1,2,3,4 1,2,4 1,2,3,4 2,3,4 2,3,4 1,2,4 2,3,4 L, C L, C CS,C CS,C > 2.0. > 2.0. :>:J tT:1 :5 0 Community samples Russell (1986) Wyatt, Guthrie, and Notgrass (1992) 930 161 C,A C,A 14 18 2,3,4 1,2,3,4 3,4 1,3,4 CS CS > 2.0. 2.4. N Note. CSA=child sexual abuse; ASA = adult sexual assault. 'c = child; A = adult; Ad = adolescent. b Age shown is the cutoff age (in years) for childhood sexual abuse. '1 = » noncontact; 2 = contact with no attempt to penetrate; 3 = attempted rape; 4 = rape. dCS= cross-sectional; P = probability; L = longitudinal; C = convenience. . These values were ::! estimated from data given in the original studies. 'This value refers to an odds ratio. ;
Page 1: 2 CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE AND ADULT SEXU
Page 5 and 6: Therefore, data on the prevalence r
Page 7 and 8: symptom measures.A limitation of th
Page 9 and 10: thermore, women who were victimized
Page 11 and 12: experiences included events that oc
Page 13 and 14: A limitation of this study was that
Page 15 and 16: ered from Caucasian women. Given th
Page 17 and 18: to differbetween White and Blackwom
Page 19 and 20: Calhoun, K. S., Gidycz, C. A., Loh,

CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE AND ADULT SEXUAL REVICTIMIZATION

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?