Grammaticalization in the North: Noun Phrase Morphosyntax in ...

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176 Here, however, the noun form bumuä ̨r ‗shieling hostess‘ is ambiguous between nominative and dative. Notice also that whereas the infinitive marker in (280) is the Swedish-inspired at, (281) has the more genuine Elfdalian tä (see 6.4.1). Much of what has been said about the Elfdalian construction carries over to other Ovansiljan varieties. According to Levander (1928: 170), ―definite genitive forms‖ formed by adding a suffix to the definite dative singular are found in most Dalecarlian varieties where the dative is preserved. In Ovansiljan (except Orsa) and Nedansiljan, the suffix is -s preceded by some vowel whose quality varies between e, å, ä, a, and ô. In Västerdalarna and Orsa, the suffix is simply -s, except in Äppelbo, where it is -säs. Examples can also be found in modern texts. Consider the following example from Mora: (282) Östnor, Mora (Os) Welsignarn e an blessed be.PRS he så kum i Ärram-ås nammen! who come.PRS in Lord.DEF.DAT-POSS name ‗Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord!‘ (Matthew 21:9) [S20] In Ärram-ås, the suffix -ås has been added to the definite dative form Ärram. In texts from other villages, however, -ås is also sometimes added to the nominative: (283) Utmeland, Mora (Os) Då stod Ärran-ås angel framåmin dem… then stand.PST Lord.DEF-POSS angel in front of they.OBL ‗And then the angel of the Lord stood before them…‘ (Luke 2:9) [S20] In the following example, the suffix is added to a postposed possessive pronoun: (284) Önamål (Hökberg, Mora, Os) Wennfe si du twårpär i bror denås öga… why see.PRS you speck.PL in brother your-POSS eye ‗And why do you see specks in your brother‘s eye…‘ (Matt. 7:3) [S20] In other village varieties in Mora, the possessive pronoun is preposed and we get den brorås. In Sollerön, according to Andersson & Danielsson (1999: 357), the suffix -as is added to the dative, or in modern varieties of the vernacular, to the nominative: donda kallimas kelingg or donda kallnas kelingg ‗that man‘s wife‘. Proper names in -a such as Anna have genitive forms such as Annonas (but in a questionnaire from Sollerön Annaas is given as an alternative).
177 There is also some sporadic evidence of similar constructions outside of Dalecarlian. Thus, Larsson (1929: 124) quotes an unpublished description of the vernacular of Byske (NVb), Lundberg (n.y.), as mentioning ―a genitive with an s added to the dative form, in the same way as in Dalecarlian‖, e.g. pajkoms ‗the boy‘s, the boys‘‘, sanoms ‗the son‘s‘, sönjoms ‗the sons‘‘, kooms ‗the cow‘s, the cows‘, but claims that no such form has been attested by later researchers (including himself). However, Larsson adds: when questioned directly, informants confirm that s can added to dative of masculines ―in independent position‖, e.g. he jer gobboms ‗it is the old man‘s‘. Hellbom (1961: 126) quotes Larsson and says that ―similar constructions seem to have existed also in Medelpad, above all when a preposition precedes the genitive‖. 60 Medelpad is otherwise an area where the dative had already virtually disappeared at the end of the 19 th century. Hellbom‘s first example is from Njurunda, his own native parish. The text, however, was already written down in 1874: (285) Njurunda (Md) Hæ var en tå ryssôm-s vaktknekter it be.PST one of Russian.PL.DAT-POSS sentinel.PL sôm hadde sômne åv å låg å snarke. who have.PST fall_asleep.SUP off and lie.PST and snore.PST ‗It was one of the Russians‘ sentinels who had fallen asleep and lay snoring.‘ [S38] Here, there is indeed a dative-governing preposition before the possessive construction. If this were an isolated example, we would probably interpret the form ryssôms as resulting from a confusion of two syntactic structures. (Delsing (2003a: 38) mentions (285) as an example of a ―group genitive‖, which, however, presupposes the less likely interpretation ‗a sentinel of one of the Russians‘ rather than ‗one of the Russians‘ sentinels‘.) Hellbom (ibid.) quotes an unpublished note by Karl-Hampus Dahlstedt to the effect that some people in the parish of Indal in the province of Medelpad used the form bånôms in the genitive plural of bån ‗child‘. He also enumerates a few examples of forms where the genitive -s is added to what looks like an oblique form of a weak noun, which at older stages of the language was ambiguous between genitive, dative, and accusative: fårsjinnpälsa gubbas ‗the old man‘s sheep fur coat‘; gu`bbass bökksan ‗the old man‘s trousers‘; ti gu`bbass kammarn ‗to the old man‘s chamber‘. His final example, however, is somewhat 60 ―Likartade bildningar ser ut att ha förekommit även i Medelpad, främst då när en prep. föregått genitiven.‖
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RAPPLING 2 Rapporter från Institut
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3 Table of contents Grammaticalizat
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6.2.3 Demonstratives of the hissin
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9 Preface This book has taken more
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12 approach the Northern Swedish ph
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14 were made at this point‖. Jons
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16 1.4 Remark on notation In genera
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18 coniferous area‖, which is par
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20 Norrland limes norrlandicus Svea
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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Map 5. Dialect areas in the Periphe
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26 2.3 Linguistic situation 2.3.1 S
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28 (1905), citing the older authors
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often not mutually understandable,
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32 Idre Idre Särna Särna Älvdale
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34 3 The expansion of the definite
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36 addition, he postulates a separa
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38 (3) In the street, I saw a cat a
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40 (b) Hat kaam me di maan. she com
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42 Map 10. Definiteness marking of
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44 particular in laws and poetry (w
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46 Delsing points out, there are ot
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48 In Karleby 13 (NOb), the old ind
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50 3.2 Survey of extended uses of d
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52 (21) Pernå (Ny) Björčin, han
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54 (26) (a) Färila (Hä) Fôggḷ
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56 (c) Orsa (Os) Ja, bara i a fendj
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58 Peripheral Swedish. (Bergholm et
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Map 11. Present-day distribution of
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62 (43) Kall (Jm) En vakker ‗n da
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64 (50) (a) Älvdalen (Os) …ig ar
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66 Attestations outside the core ar
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68 (62) Järvsö (Hä) Momma va på
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70 These may be taken as suggesting
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72 (72) (a) Mora (Os) (1733) [Dug i
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74 3.2.3.2 Typological parallels Al
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76 In both Burträsk and Bjurholm,
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78 Lulemål, which should according
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80 (b) Män hon fann inge ägga but
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82 (95) Written Medieval Swedish
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84 ‗new clothes‘ (Råneå (Wikb
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86 !( Överkalix Map 12. Attestatio
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88 3.2.5 Singular count uses In the
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90 (109) (a) Överkalix (Kx) Ji sk
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92 the absence of evidence, somethi
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94 med en kniv ‗with a knife‘,
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96 Middle Norrland. No examples hav
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98 distribution of the instrumental
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100 An Internet example in Bokmål:
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102 from Swedish vernaculars of the
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104 3.2.10 Summary of geographical
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106 Definite suffixes on generic no
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108 (151) Finnish (a) (b) Ostin buy
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110 Among other things, Axelsson pr
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112 Dalarna ―is a fact‖. 33 Thi
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114 Map 16. Distribution of “Fore
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116 (157) The northern hairy-nosed
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118 (169) (a) Sicilian Aju manciatu
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120 (177) Italian Con questi distur
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122 given the other circumstances m
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124 4 Attributive constructions 4.1
Page 128 and 129: 126 Finally, the phenomenon of doub
Page 130 and 131: 128 vänster/vänstra ‗left (hand
Page 132 and 133: 130 4.3.2 The celebrated competitor
Page 134 and 135: 132 lacking normal grammatical mark
Page 136 and 137: 134 does not seem to offend linguis
Page 138 and 139: 136 incorporations that cannot be b
Page 140 and 141: 138 (206) Leksand (Ns) lìssl littl
Page 142 and 143: 140 the author‘s judgement, syste
Page 144 and 145: 142 (212) Älvdalen (Os) Diär odr
Page 146 and 147: 144 Hesselman (1908: 523) quotes ex
Page 148 and 149: 146 (220) Ålesund (Norway) Og vi v
Page 150 and 151: 148 not arbitrary, but the data are
Page 152 and 153: 150 houses‘ - in other words what
Page 154 and 155: 152 (235) (a) Forsa (Hä) …sa Mom
Page 156 and 157: 154 (236) Swedish [Det första han
Page 158 and 159: 156 (240) Bokmål Norwegian Jeg vei
Page 160 and 161: 158 5 Possessive constructions 5.1
Page 162 and 163: 160 all‖ (Landtmanson (1952: 68))
Page 164 and 165: 162 As for the alternative construc
Page 166 and 167: 164 POSSESSOR POSSESSEE kwäjen hei
Page 168 and 169: 166 geographical locations. About t
Page 170 and 171: 168 adnominal possessors have to be
Page 172 and 173: 170 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Map 18. A
Page 174 and 175: 172 5.4.2 The complex dative posses
Page 176 and 177: 174 (b) (c) Eð war uorum fafar-es
Page 180 and 181: 178 more spectacular, 61 in that it
Page 182 and 183: 180 the introduction of suffixed ar
Page 184 and 185: 182 apparently quite common in writ
Page 186 and 187: 184 5.5 “H-genitive” Following
Page 188 and 189: 186 (b) lärjunga haNs en Jesus dis
Page 190 and 191: 188 The final stage in the transiti
Page 192 and 193: 190 evolution of the construction.
Page 194 and 195: 192 (310) Hössjö (SVb) (a) (b) H
Page 196 and 197: 194 see, the external possessor con
Page 198 and 199: 196 5.8 Pronominal possession In th
Page 200 and 201: Map 20. External possession in the
Page 202 and 203: 200 5.9 Concluding discussion: The
Page 204 and 205: 202 definiteness markers to general
Page 206 and 207: 204 norrlandicus, including parts o
Page 208 and 209: 206 There are no attested examples
Page 210 and 211: 208 Map 23. Distribution of adnomin
Page 212 and 213: 210 6.2.2 Independent hä Forms suc
Page 214 and 215: 212 medieval runic inscriptions in
Page 216 and 217: 214 Scandinavian languages in gener
Page 218 and 219: 216 As Widmark points out, the soun
Page 220 and 221: 218 !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !
Page 222 and 223: 220 6.3.1 Auxiliaries Holm (1941) d
Page 224 and 225: Map 29. Core areas of preserved dat
Page 226 and 227: 224 of Bohuslän. In another phonol
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226 differs from most vernaculars s
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228 Map 30. Vernaculars with predom
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230 Gammalsvenskby, Ukraine Rikull,
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232 6.5 The conservativity and inno
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234 Map 35. Distribution of innovat
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236 modified this picture considera
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238 In the 14 th century, Denmark
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240 Standard Swedish and Upplandic,
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242 Map 38. Uppland with “high-ac
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244 persistent division cross-cuts
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246 German influence‖ in the city
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248 These claims are a bit unexpect
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Map 41. Some mysterious dialect phe
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252 articles, with different soluti
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254 establish whether this is a gen
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256 Text sources [S1] ―Öfversät
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258 [S24] Lite om min båndom å on
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Källtext - an Old Swedish corpus c
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262 Abbreviations for provinces and
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264 Bibliography Allen, Cynthia L.
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266 Dahl, Östen and Koptjevskaja-T
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268 folkminnesarkivet i Uppsala. Se
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270 folkminnesarkivet i Uppsala. Se
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272 Neckel, Gustav. 1924. Die Entwi
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274 Skubic, Mitja. 1973-1974. Le du
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276 Wikberg, Dagmar. 2004. Rånemå
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