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132 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 158, No. 3 Dipsas gracilis() PERU: DEPTO. PIURA: Provincia Ayabaca, Valle del Río Quiroz [approximately 445S, 7950W], MUSM 2700–01. Dipsas latifasciata ECUADOR: PROV. NAPO: Coca [028S, 7658W], MCZ 166589–90. El Reventador [approximately 040S, 7740W; locality assumed to refer to lower eastern slopes of Volcán El Reventador, a high peak in the eastern cordillera], MCZ 164510–11. 21 km SSW Reventador, 1,700 m [approximately 07S, 7738W; Lynch and Duellman, 1980: 85], KU 164212. Lumbaqui [03N, 7720W], MCZ 164674– 75. PERU: [DEPTO. CAJAMARCA]: Tabaconas [1,892 m; 519S, 7918W], MCZ 17404. [DEPTO. SAN MARTíN/LORETO]: Cumbre Ushpayacu-Mishquiyacu, 3,200 feet [975 m; 657S, 763W], 12 AMNH 52444. DEPTO. PASCO: Playa Pampa, about 8 km NW Cushi on trail to Chaglla, 2,100 m [957S, 7542W 13 ], LSUMZ 45499. Dipsas oreas ECUADOR: ‘‘The elevated Valley of Quito’’ (probably southern Ecuador, as discussed in the text), ANSP 10115 (holotype). ‘‘Western Ecuador,’’ BMNH 60.6.16.56, 60.6.16.63. PROV. CHIMBORAZO: Alausí, 2,390 m [212S, 7850W] (Despax, 1911: 36, as ‘‘Leptognathus mikani’’). PROV. CHIMBORAZO/ CAÑAR: 14 Huigra to Río Chiguancay [213S, 793W], ANSP 18117, 18120, 18123. [Río] Chanchan Valley [approximately 217S, 7924W], MCZ 17083, UMMZ 56491. PROV. GUAYAS: Guayaquil [210S, 7950W], USNM 60006, 62797–802. PROV. LOJA: Catamayo Valley, 9,780 feet [2,982 m; approximately 45S, 7935W], USNM 98923. ‘‘Loja, Nouvelle-Grenade’’ [inferred to be the city of Loja, 2,200 m; 4S, 7913W], MNHN 6285 (holotype of Leptognathus andrei Sauvage, 1884; see Kofron, 1982: 48–50]. 13 km E Velacruz (20 km NE Catacocha), 2,250 m [358S, 7933W], KU 142803. 12 The specimen is part of the Harvey Bassler collections from eastern Peru (see Myers, 2000: 139– 141). The locality is along a ridge separating the headwaters of the Río Mishquiyacu (Río Huallaga drainage) and the Río Uchpiyacu (Río Ucayali drainage) and forming the border between San Martín and Loreto departments. The Mishquiyacu flows westward into the Río Huallaga near the town of Pilluana. The Uchpiyacu flows eastward into the Río Cushabatay, a tributary of the Río Ucayali. 13 Coordinates from Dr. Thomas S. Schulenberg, who collected the specimen. 14 Lower reaches of the Río Chanchan form the border between Chimborazo and Cañar provinces. Huigra itself is in Chimborazo province. PERU: DEPTO. PIURA: Immediate vicinity of Ayabaca, approximately 2,600 m [438S, 7943W], MUSM-JEC 10347. Toronche (town at base of Cerro Aypate), approximately 16 km (airline) SE Ayabaca, 1,950 m [435S, 7932W], MUSM 16750. 2 km W Porculla [Pass] [551S, 7931W], MVZ 119330. About 15 km (by road) E Canchaque on road to Huancabamba [about 524S, 7936W], LSUMNS 27373. 15 DEPTO. CAJAMARCA: Río Zaña Study Site, 1,450–1,800 m [651S, 796W; see Materials and Methods for interpretation of this locality], ANSP 31777–81, 31783–86; FMNH 232570–72, 232575; MUSM 3361, 3452, 5530, 5532–33, 16751–52. Dipsas temporalis COLOMBIA: DEPTO CHOCÓ: Agua Clara, Río Tamaná [approximately 453N, 7645W], USNM 267244. PANAMA: [PROV. PANAMÁ]: Pequeni-Chagres ridge, head of Rio Limpio and Quebrada Las Tres Honeras (Panama snake census) [918N, 7927W], MCZ 50214. South slope of Cerro La Campana, 850 m [843N, 7954W], KU 110293. PROV. DARIÉN: Ridge between Río Jaque and Río Imamadó, 800–890 m [735N, 7757W; see Cadle and Myers, 2003: fig. 16], KU 110294–96. North ridge of Cerro Cituro, Serrania de Pirré, 900–1,000 m [approximately 85N, 7746W], KU 110298– 110301. LITERATURE CITED ALMENDÁRIZ, A., AND J. L. CARR. 1992. Herpetofauna, pp. 62 appendices 11–12 (pp. 128–132). In T. A. Parker III and J. L. Carr (eds.), Status of Forest Remnants in the Cordillera de la Costa and Adjacent Areas of Southwestern Ecuador (RAP Working Papers 2). Washington, D.C.: Conservation International. AMARAL, A. DO. 1926. 2nd nota de nomenclature Ophiologica. Sôbre o emprego do nome generico Sibynomorphus em vez de ‘‘Leptognathus’’, ‘‘Stremmatognathus’’, ‘‘Anholodon’’, etc. Revista do Museu Paulista. 14: 7–9. . 1929a. Estudos sobre ophidios neotropicos. XVII—valor systematico de varias formas de ophidios neotropicos. Memorias do Instituto Butantan. 4: 3–68. . ‘‘1929’’b [1930]. Estudos sobre ophidios neotropicos XVIII. Lista remissiva dos ophidios da Região Neotropica. Memorias do Instituto Butantan. 4: 127–128 i–viii 129–271. AMR, Z. S., R. M. AL-ORAN, AND W. N. AL-MELHIM. 15 Another specimen from near Canchaque collected in the early 1990s is in the Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego (Trujillo, Peru). It is referable to Dipsas oreas on the basis of color pattern (I examined the specimen briefly in 1994 but did not complete details such as scale counts).
Dipsas oreas Complex in Ecuador and Peru • Cadle 133 1997. Aggregation behavior in two Jordanian snakes: Coluber rubriceps and Typhlops vermicularis. Herpetological Review. 28(3): 130–131. BAILEY, J. R. 1967. The synthetic approach to colubrid classification. Herpetologica. 23(2): 155– 161. . 1981. Notes on the Genus Thamnodynastes. Abstracts: 1 Simpósio Internacional sobre Serpentes em Geral e Artrópodes Peçonhentos, 16 a 18 de Novembro de 1981 (Comemorações do 80 aniversário do Instituto Butantan, 1901– 1981). São Paulo, Brazil: Instituto Butantan. BOULENGER, G. A. 1896. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 3. London: British Museum (Natural History). i–xiv 727 pp. pls. 1–25. . 1898. An account of the reptiles and batrachians collected by Mr. W. F. H. Rosenberg in western Ecuador. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1898: 107–126. . 1902. Descriptions of new batrachians and reptiles from northwestern Ecuador. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 9(Ser. 7): 51–57. . 1905. Description of a new snake from Venezuela. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 15(Ser. 7): 561. . 1912. Descriptions of new reptiles from the Andes of South America, preserved in the British Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 10(Ser. 7): 420–424. . 1913. Description of a new snake discovered by Mr. A. E. Pratt in eastern Peru. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 12(Ser. 8): 72. CADLE, J. E. 1984a. Molecular systematics of Neotropical xenodontine snakes: I. South American xenodontines. Herpetologica. 40(1): 8–20. . 1984b. Molecular systematics of Neotropical xenodontine snakes: II. Central American xenodontines. Herpetologica. 40(1): 21–30. . 1984c. Molecular systematics of Neotropical xenodontine snakes: III. Overview of xenodontine phylogeny and the history of New World snakes. Copeia. 1984(3): 641–652. . 1985. The Neotropical colubrid snake fauna (Serpentes: Colubridae): lineage components and biogeography. Systematic Zoology. 34(1): 1– 20. . 1989. A new species of Coniophanes (Serpentes: Colubridae) from northwestern Peru. Herpetologica. 45(4): 411–424. . 1991. Systematics of lizards of the genus Stenocercus (Iguania: Tropiduridae) from northern Peru: new species and comments on relationships and distribution patterns. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 143: 1–96. . 1996. Systematics of snakes of the genus Geodipsas (Colubridae) from Madagascar, with descriptions of new species and observations on natural history. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 155(2): 33–87. CADLE, J.E.,AND P. CHUNA M. 1995. A new lizard of the genus Macropholidus (Teiidae) from a relictual humid forest of northwestern Peru, and notes on Macropholidus ruthveni Noble. Breviora. 501: 1–39. CADLE, J.E., AND R. W. MCDIARMID. 1990. Two new species of Centrolenella (Anura, Centrolenidae) from the western slope of the Andes in northern Peru. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 103: 746–768. CADLE, J.E., AND C. W. MYERS. 2003. Systematics of snakes referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and western South America, with revalidation of two species and notes on defensive behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae). American Museum Novitates. 3409: 1–47. CAMPBELL, J. A. 1998. Amphibians and Reptiles of Northern Guatemala, the Yucatan, and Belize. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. xix 380 pp. CAMPBELL, J.A.,AND W. W. LAMAR. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. 2 vols. Ithaca, New York: Comstock Publishing Associates. xviii 1–476; xiv 477–870 ( index, 1–28) 1,500 pls. on 127 pp. CECHIN, S. Z., AND J. L. OLIVEIRA. 2003. Sibynomorphus ventrimaculatus (southern snail-eater): mating. Herpetological Review. 34(1): 72. CHAPMAN, F. M. 1926. The distribution of bird-life in Ecuador, a contribution to a study of the origin of Andean bird-life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 55: 1–784. COPE, E. D. 1868. An examination of the reptilia and batrachia obtained by the Orton expedition to Equador and the upper Amazon, with notes on other species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 20: 96–140. . 1874. On some batrachia and nematognathi brought from the upper Amazon by Prof. Orton. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 26: 120–137. . 1876. Report on the reptiles brought by Professor James Orton from the middle and upper Amazon, and western Peru. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 8(Ser. 2): 159–183. . 1877. Synopsis of the cold blooded Vertebrata procured by Prof. James Orton during his exploration of Peru in 1876–77. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 17: 33–49. CUNHA, O.R.,AND F. P. NASCIMENTO. 1993. Ofídios da Amazônia. As cobras da região leste do Pará [2nd edition]. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, série Zoologia. 9(1): 1–191. DESPAX, R. 1911. Reptiles et batraciens de l’Équateur recueillis par M. le Dr. Rivet, pp. 17– 44 3 pls. In Ministère de l’Instruction Publique (ed.), Mission du Service Géographique de l’Armée pour la mesure d’un Arc de Méridien Équatorial en Amérique du Sud sous le Contrôle Scientifique de l’Académie des Sciences, 1899–
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SYSTEMATICS OF SNAKES OF THE DIPSAS
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Dipsas oreas Complex in Ecuador and
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TABLE 1. CONTINUED. Dipsas ellipsif
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