Vol 10 Part 14. An introduction to the immature stages of British Flies ...

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Only six cases ofDiptera inducing galls in fungi are known: Myocecis ova/is Edwards (Cecidomyiidae) on Hypochnus; Agathomyia wankowiczi (Schnabl) (Platypezidae) on Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat.; Drosophila phalerata Meigen (Drosophilidae) on Psathyra; Mycetophila blanda Winnertz (Mycetophilidae) on Lactarius deliciosus L. ex Fries and an undescribed dipteran on Daedalea quercina L. and Conocybe (Harris & Evans, 1979). Families recorded only as visiting adults are not included. Caves. Speolepta leptogaster (Winnertz) (Mycetophilidae) is the only British fly that is almost an exclusive cave-dweller (troglobite, troglobiont, troglobie). This species breeds in caves, the larva living in a slime tube attached by lateral strands to the damp cave walls and ceiling. The larva forages from the tube to feed on algae and fungi. The head capsule is pale, which gives it the superficial appearance of a nematode. Mycetophilidae of the genus Macrocera may also breed in caves. Frequent cave dwellers that also occur outside caves (troglophiles) are Trichocera maculipennis Meigen (Trichoceridae), Triphleba antricola (Schmitz) (Phoridae), and Terrilimosina racovitzai (Bezzi) (Sphaeroceridae). Heleomyza serrata (L.) and Scoliocentra villosa (Meigen) (Heleomyzidae) occur frequently in caves but are equally common outside. Chyromya species (Chyromyidae) also occur in caves. The dung of bats (or other mammals), fungi, other vegetation, or the presence of water may all serve as attractive breeding media to Diptera. The phorid Megaselia melanocephala parasitizes eggs of the common cave spider M eta menardi Latreille. Many adult Diptera may shelter or hibernate in caves (see Hutson in Stubbs & Chandler, 1978). M a tile (1970) reviews the Diptera fauna of caves worldwide. Agricultural and economic importance The larvae of a few Diptera regularly attack food crops and farm animals or important horticultural plants and may be regarded as pests. These are listed below and the more significant species are also included in the notes, illustrations and some keys under the appropriate family. Occasional pest species are mentioned under the appropriate family. The common names used follow Seymour (1979) and useful general texts are Edwards, C. A. & Heath (1964) and Buczacki & Harris (1981). TIPULIDAE Tipula o/eracea Linnaeus (crane fly, leatherjacket) • T. pa/udosa Meigen (crane fly, leatherjacket) Nephrotoma appendiculata (Pierre) (crane fly, leatherjacket) Oats, wheat, turnip, mangold, potato. Worst damage in spring, especially on newly ploughed land Ditto Ditto, more frequently in gardens BIBIONIDAE Bibio marci (Linnaeus) (St. Mark's fly) Bibio, other spp. (March flies) Dilophusfebrilis (Linnaeus) (fever fly) CHIRONOMIDAE Bryophaenocladius Smillia Celery, lettuce, asparagus, grass, Polyanthus. Sax ifraga Winter wheat, grass, celery, sugarbeet, etc. (see Freeman & Lane, 1985) Spring barley, grass, maize, sugarbeet, potato, lettuce, hops, tomato, chrysanthemum Roots of greenhouse plants Barley, winter corn, winter wheat 11
SCIARIDAE * Bradysia brunnipes (Meigen) (mushroom Sciarid) * Lycoriella auripila (Winnertz) (mushroom Sciarid) * L. so/ani (Winnertz) (mushroom Sciarid) Plastosciara perniciosa (Edwards) Pnyxia scabei (Hopkins) CECIDOMYIIDAE Campylomyza ormerodi (Kieffer) (red clover gall gnat) Contarinia humuli (Theobald) (hop strig maggot) C. nasturtii (Kieffer) (swede midge) C. pisi (Winnertz) (pea midge) C. pyrivora (Riley) (pear midge) C. tritici (Kirby) (wheat midge) Dasineura brassicae (Winnertz) (brassica pod midge) D. leguminicola (Lintner) (clover seed midge) D. tetensi (Riibsaamen) (blackcurrant leaf midge) D. trifolii (Low, F.) (clover leaf midge) Halodiplosis marginata (V on Roser) (saddle gall midge) Henria psalliotae Wyatt (mushroom cecid) Heteropeza pygmaea Winnertz (mushroom cecid) Lestremia cinerea Macquart (mushroom midge) Mycophila barnesi Edwards (mushroom cecid/midge) M. speyeri (Barnes) (mushroom cecid/midge) Mayetiola avenae (Marchal) (oat stem midge) M. destructor (Say) (Hessian fly) Resseliella theobaldi (Barnes) (raspberry cane midge) * Rhopalomyia chrysanthemi (Ahlberg) (Chrysanthemum midge) Sitodiplosis mose/lana (Gehin) (wheat midge) PHORIDAE * Megaselia bovista (Gimmerthal) (mushroom flies) *M. ha/terata (Wood) (mushroom flies) Mushroom Ditto, also cucumber in greenhouses Ditto Cucumber seedlings in greenhouses Potato; tomato and cucumber seedlings in greenhouses Red clover Hops Swede, cabbage, cauliflower, rape, kale, turnip, radish Peas (pod & pea) Pear Wheat; rye, barley Rape, cabbage, turnip, radish, mustard, swede, beet Red and white clover flowers Blackcurrant White clover leaves Wheat, barley Mushrooms Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Oats Wheat; barley, rye Raspberry Chrysanthemum Rye, oats or barley Mushroom Ditto 12
Page 1 and 2: Royal Entomological Society HANDBOO
Page 4 and 5: Handbooks for the Identification of
Page 6 and 7: Contents Page Introduction . 3 Ackn
Page 8 and 9: The following colleagues working in
Page 10 and 11: The ancestral type of habitat for D
Page 12 and 13: Empididae ( Chersodromia-immature s
Page 16 and 17: PHORIDAE (cont.) *M. nigra (Meigen)
Page 18 and 19: ANTHOMYIIDAE (cont.) D. platura (Me
Page 20 and 21: Hurd (1954) records an unique case
Page 22 and 23: 3. In water supply: Chironomidae, P
Page 24 and 25: Various micro-organisms may infest
Page 26 and 27: Specimens preserved in alcohol may
Page 28 and 29: grown larva. Some families (e.g. Sa
Page 30 and 31: living in a drier pabulum have a to
Page 32 and 33: unknown function are present in som
Page 34 and 35: figures of the same species by diff
Page 36 and 37: Key to families for final stage lar
Page 38 and 39: Notes on families of Nematocera Tri
Page 40 and 41: which have prominent curved rows of
Page 42 and 43: Dixidae (Figs: larva 42, pupa 1114)
Page 44 and 45: There is an active mosquito recordi
Page 46 and 47: 5. Coastal salt marshes: C. circums
Page 48 and 49: eported as attacking: young plants
Page 50 and 51: Anisopodid larvae all have a perian
Page 52 and 53: Keroplatinae. There are seven Briti
Page 54 and 55: two of these are known, so a key ca
Page 56 and 57: In his keys to mushroom infesting c
Page 58 and 59: Key to families for final stage lar
Page 60 and 61: Notes on families of Brachycera Str
Page 62 and 63: Three species of Xylophagus occur i
Page 64 and 65:
Tabaninae Haematopotini. Only one g
Page 66 and 67:
heaths. In the British Museum (Nat.
Page 68 and 69:
Bombyliinae. T. A. Chapman (1878) f
Page 70 and 71:
The larva of Phyllodromia is terres
Page 72 and 73:
Medeterinae. The larvae of Medetera
Page 74 and 75:
Key to families for final stage lar
Page 76 and 77:
24 25 26 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Po
Page 78 and 79:
48 Anal fleshy lobes long, more equ
Page 80 and 81:
The two British Pseudacteon species
Page 82 and 83:
Pipunculidae (Figs: larvae 247- 25
Page 84 and 85:
present or absent. Pro legs with cr
Page 86 and 87:
The larvae of Portevinia maculata (
Page 88 and 89:
Abdominal pro legs with crochets in
Page 90 and 91:
to the more frequently encountered
Page 92 and 93:
stages have been found in decaying
Page 94 and 95:
( 1988) describes the larva of C. f
Page 96 and 97:
nests but a few are phytophagous in
Page 98 and 99:
may be imported. S. humilis (Meigen
Page 100 and 101:
Salticellinae. Salt ice/la fascia l
Page 102 and 103:
insect found associated with clams
Page 104 and 105:
Nothing is known of the life-histor
Page 106 and 107:
Larvae of three of the six species
Page 108 and 109:
The larvae of Aulacigaster /eucopez
Page 110 and 111:
The larvae of Trimerina madizans (F
Page 112 and 113:
Acletoxenus larva may consume 30--4
Page 114 and 115:
surprisingly, the distribution of t
Page 116 and 117:
Phytomyza (figs 664--667) is the la
Page 118 and 119:
The larvae of Lasiosina cinctipes (
Page 120 and 121:
eggs on eye-brows or lashes. The mo
Page 122 and 123:
parasites reared from the insects t
Page 124 and 125:
Minthoini. Mintho ru.fiventris (Fal
Page 126 and 127:
a coccinellid beetle (Epilachna). L
Page 128 and 129:
pharyngeal sclerites, etc.). Eggs (
Page 130 and 131:
myiaSIS m man (e.g. James, 1947). Z
Page 132 and 133:
Phormiinae. Phormia regina (Meigen)
Page 134 and 135:
(the lettuce seed fly) develop in L
Page 136 and 137:
Fungus feeding Pegomya: calyptrata
Page 138 and 139:
7. Most wholly aquatic larvae have
Page 140 and 141:
acre (Robinson, J. & Luff, 1976; Sk
Page 142 and 143:
Caricea ( = Lispocephala) species h
Page 144 and 145:
References ACKLAND, D. M. 1965. Two
Page 146 and 147:
BRINDLE, A. 196Ic. Taxonomic notes
Page 148 and 149:
COE, R. L. 1939. Callicera yerburyi
Page 150 and 151:
DUSEK, J. 1964. Das puparium von Co
Page 152 and 153:
HACKMAN, W. 1967. On Diptera in sma
Page 154 and 155:
KAMAL, A. S. 1958. Comparative stud
Page 156 and 157:
LAURENCE, B. R. 1954. The larval in
Page 158 and 159:
osterreichischer Kollectionen. I Te
Page 160 and 161:
ROHDENDORF, B. 1974. The historical
Page 162 and 163:
SMITH, K. G. V. 1967. A further not
Page 164 and 165:
TESKEY, H. J. 1972. The mature larv
Page 166:
WY A TT, I. J. 1967. Pupal paedogen
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