Vol 10 Part 14. An introduction to the immature stages of British Flies ...

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There is an active mosquito recording scheme (organiser Dr Keith Snow, Northeast London Polytechnic) which prospective researchers on the family are recommended to support. The eggs of Anophelinae have floats and are laid singly (fig. 978). Eggs ofCulicinae lack floats and may be laid singly on soil etc. in seasonally dry pools (Aedes, fig 977) or in batches or rafts on the surface of the water (Culex, fig 976). Christophers ( 1945) has written on the structure and function of Culex egg rafts. The pupa (fig. 1116) is comma shaped and swims with violent lashing movements of the abdomen. It rests at the surface where it takes in air through respiratory trumpets which extend internally into the thoracic spiracles. In Anophelinae the trumpets are more or less conical; in Culicinae they are more or less cylindrical. While this Handbook was in press an important work on the larval habitats of mosquitoes appeared (Laird, 1988). Thaumaleidae (Figs: larva 4 7, pupa 1117) The 60 known species of Thaumaleidae are mostly Holarctic in distribution. Five genera are recognised of which only one, Thaumalea, is represented in Britain by 3 species. The immature stages are aquatic. The larvae (fig. 47) resemble those ofChironomidae but have spiracles on the prothoracic and terminal abdominal segments and the thoracic prolegs are unpaired (see key). They are found where clean water flows in thin films over rocks so that their backs are exposed above the surface. They feed on vegetable debris and diatoms. Saunders (1923) describes the larva of Th. testacea Macquart but immature stages of the other two species are undescribed. Ceratopogonidae (Figs: larvae 48- 52, egg 979, pupae 1118- 1120) About 4000 species of Ceratopogonidae (biting midges) have been described throughout the world, and 154 species in 17 genera (several divided into numerous subgenera) occur in Britain. Four subfamilies are recognised of which Leptoconopinae does not occur in Britain. The larvae lack functional spiracles and respiration is cuticular or via anal blood-gills. The immature stages of most genera are aquatic and are found in streams, ponds, lakes, salt-marshes or water in tree holes. Some genera have terrestrial immature stages and others are semi-aquatic in wet soil, rotting wet wood or other decomposing vegetable matter. The adults of some genera are of medical and veterinary importance due to their habit of sucking vertebrate blood (e.g. Culicoides in Britain) and their potential role in disease transmission. Because of this, the larvae of the family, especially the blood-sucking genera, have attracted a certain amount of research but much remains to be done. The subfamilies occurring in Britain may be identified in the larval stages by the following key. Thoracic prolegs present; body with conspicuous hairs often arising from raised tubercles (figs 48-49), often terrestrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forcipomyiinae Thoracic pro legs absent; body without conspicuous body hairs or tubercles 2 2 Posterior pro leg present with spines and hook lets (fig. 50). Usually crawling Dasyheleinae Posterior proleg absent, but last segment with hairs; body very smooth, whitish or translucent (figs 51- 52). Usually fast swimming with snake-like motion Ceratopogoninae Forcipomyiinae. This subfamily contains only two British genera, i.e. Forcipomyia (fig. 48) and Atrichopogon (fig. 49), which are mostly terrestrial (abroad, the subgenus 41
Trichohelea of Forcipomyia is truly aquatic). The larvae of Forcipomyia have bulbous tips to some hairs (fig. 48, detail) within which a hygroscopic substance collects moisture from the atmosphere. The water flowing down the pedicel of the hair keeps the skin moist and facilitates cuticular respiration. These beads of moisture give the larva and pupa a striking appearance when first exposed. The larvae are gregarious (20-100 or more) in habit and pupate together (fig. 1120). They are found in dark cavities where the atmosphere approaches saturation and favours the development of moulds and other fungi on which the larvae feed. There are 4 instars before pupation. Habitats include under bark (F. bipunctata L., F. picea Winnertz, F. nigra Winnertz), in rotting tap-roots of Angelica etc. (F. radicicola Edwards), rotting fungi (F. ciliata Winnertz), drying horse and cow manure (F. brevipennis Macquart). F. braueri (Wasmann) and F. myrmecophila (Egger) occur in ants' nests. F. pulchrithorax Edwards lives in the granular, solidifying sap in open wounds on elm, chestnut and ash trees. Saunders ( 1924) gives detailed descriptions of the immature stages of several species. Larvae of Atrichopogon (fig. 49) have the body segments flattened in cross section. They are found in moist soil at the water's edge and among accumulations of floating plants. The pupae of Forcipomyia and Atrichopogon retain the larval skin over the apical half of the body (fig. 1120). Few Diptera do this (see introductory section on pupae). Dasyheleinae. This subfamily has only one genus, Dasyhelea (fig. 50). Keilin ( 1921) reviews the larval habitats, including those of the following British species: D. bensoni Edwards (diplosis Keiffer, among filamentous algae in a brackish pool); D. dufouri (Laboulbene) (in thick sap in wounds on elm); D.fiavifrons (Guerin Meneville) (in sap of beech and horse-chestnut); D. versicolor (Winnertz) (in humus around roots of Spiraea ulmaria and Angelica, from scum on surface of aquarium and (as obscura Winnertz) from elm sap, hornbeam sap and a water filled hole in an oak tree). D. bilineata Goetghebuer has been reared from the axil-waters of teasels (Dipsacusfullonum L.) by Disney & Wirth (1982). I have also seen Dasyhelea larvae from water in an old frying-pan used as a bird bath. The identity of the species recorded from water-filled tree-holes by Kitching (1972) is uncertain. Ceratopogoninae. This subfamily is divided into five tribes. The Culicoidini contains Culicoides, the only genus occurring in Britain with blood-sucking adult females (divided into six subgenera). The larvae (fig. 52) are long, smooth, dull whitish or translucent, progress with a snake-like lashing motion and are mostly aquatic. Kettle & Lawson ( 1952) key the larvae and pupae of 28 of the British species of Culicoides, distinguish some other genera of the subfamily, and classify the larval habitats as follows (some genera from other tribes are also included): I. Bogland with ground cover of the mosses Sphagnum and Polytrichum penetrated by ]uncus articulatus (s. 1.): Culicoides impunctatus Goetghebuer (dominant), C. clintoni Boorrnan (=C. truncorum Edwards, of Kettle & Lawson, 1952), C. heliophilus Edwards, C. albicans (Winnertz), C. obsoletus (Meigen) and Ceratopogon spp. 2. Freshwater marsh without Sphagnum and Polytrichum, but with meadow plants e.g. Cardamine pratensis L. and Ranunculus spp. and sometimes with abundant ]uncus spp.: Culicoides kibunensis Tokunaga (=cubit a/is Edwards) (dominant), C. pallidicornis Kieffer, C. obsoletus, C. pulicaris (L.), C. delta Edwards, C. puncta/us (Meigen), C. odibilis A us ten, Stilobezzia spp., Ceratopogon spp. and Serromyia spp. 3. Areas continually under water, e.g. swamp: C. kibunensis (dominant when Carex riparia cover present), C. odibilis (dominant when Carex cover absent), C. pulicaris. C. puncta/us. C.fascipennis (Staeger) (dominant in two swamps on margins of lochs). 4. On areas of bare mud: C. odibilis (dominant), C. kibunensis, C. pallidicornis, C. pu/icaris. C. stigma (Meigen) and if there is slight organic pollution C. nebeculosus (Meigen) is dominant. 42
Page 1 and 2: Royal Entomological Society HANDBOO
Page 4 and 5: Handbooks for the Identification of
Page 6 and 7: Contents Page Introduction . 3 Ackn
Page 8 and 9: The following colleagues working in
Page 10 and 11: The ancestral type of habitat for D
Page 12 and 13: Empididae ( Chersodromia-immature s
Page 14 and 15: Only six cases ofDiptera inducing g
Page 16 and 17: PHORIDAE (cont.) *M. nigra (Meigen)
Page 18 and 19: ANTHOMYIIDAE (cont.) D. platura (Me
Page 20 and 21: Hurd (1954) records an unique case
Page 22 and 23: 3. In water supply: Chironomidae, P
Page 24 and 25: Various micro-organisms may infest
Page 26 and 27: Specimens preserved in alcohol may
Page 28 and 29: grown larva. Some families (e.g. Sa
Page 30 and 31: living in a drier pabulum have a to
Page 32 and 33: unknown function are present in som
Page 34 and 35: figures of the same species by diff
Page 36 and 37: Key to families for final stage lar
Page 38 and 39: Notes on families of Nematocera Tri
Page 40 and 41: which have prominent curved rows of
Page 42 and 43: Dixidae (Figs: larva 42, pupa 1114)
Page 46 and 47: 5. Coastal salt marshes: C. circums
Page 48 and 49: eported as attacking: young plants
Page 50 and 51: Anisopodid larvae all have a perian
Page 52 and 53: Keroplatinae. There are seven Briti
Page 54 and 55: two of these are known, so a key ca
Page 56 and 57: In his keys to mushroom infesting c
Page 60 and 61: Notes on families of Brachycera Str
Page 62 and 63: Three species of Xylophagus occur i
Page 64 and 65: Tabaninae Haematopotini. Only one g
Page 66 and 67: heaths. In the British Museum (Nat.
Page 68 and 69: Bombyliinae. T. A. Chapman (1878) f
Page 70 and 71: The larva of Phyllodromia is terres
Page 72 and 73: Medeterinae. The larvae of Medetera
Page 76 and 77: 24 25 26 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Po
Page 78 and 79: 48 Anal fleshy lobes long, more equ
Page 80 and 81: The two British Pseudacteon species
Page 82 and 83: Pipunculidae (Figs: larvae 247- 25
Page 84 and 85: present or absent. Pro legs with cr
Page 86 and 87: The larvae of Portevinia maculata (
Page 88 and 89: Abdominal pro legs with crochets in
Page 90 and 91: to the more frequently encountered
Page 92 and 93: stages have been found in decaying
Page 94 and 95:
( 1988) describes the larva of C. f
Page 96 and 97:
nests but a few are phytophagous in
Page 98 and 99:
may be imported. S. humilis (Meigen
Page 100 and 101:
Salticellinae. Salt ice/la fascia l
Page 102 and 103:
insect found associated with clams
Page 104 and 105:
Nothing is known of the life-histor
Page 106 and 107:
Larvae of three of the six species
Page 108 and 109:
The larvae of Aulacigaster /eucopez
Page 110 and 111:
The larvae of Trimerina madizans (F
Page 112 and 113:
Acletoxenus larva may consume 30--4
Page 114 and 115:
surprisingly, the distribution of t
Page 116 and 117:
Phytomyza (figs 664--667) is the la
Page 118 and 119:
The larvae of Lasiosina cinctipes (
Page 120 and 121:
eggs on eye-brows or lashes. The mo
Page 122 and 123:
parasites reared from the insects t
Page 124 and 125:
Minthoini. Mintho ru.fiventris (Fal
Page 126 and 127:
a coccinellid beetle (Epilachna). L
Page 128 and 129:
pharyngeal sclerites, etc.). Eggs (
Page 130 and 131:
myiaSIS m man (e.g. James, 1947). Z
Page 132 and 133:
Phormiinae. Phormia regina (Meigen)
Page 134 and 135:
(the lettuce seed fly) develop in L
Page 136 and 137:
Fungus feeding Pegomya: calyptrata
Page 138 and 139:
7. Most wholly aquatic larvae have
Page 140 and 141:
acre (Robinson, J. & Luff, 1976; Sk
Page 142 and 143:
Caricea ( = Lispocephala) species h
Page 144 and 145:
References ACKLAND, D. M. 1965. Two
Page 146 and 147:
BRINDLE, A. 196Ic. Taxonomic notes
Page 148 and 149:
COE, R. L. 1939. Callicera yerburyi
Page 150 and 151:
DUSEK, J. 1964. Das puparium von Co
Page 152 and 153:
HACKMAN, W. 1967. On Diptera in sma
Page 154 and 155:
KAMAL, A. S. 1958. Comparative stud
Page 156 and 157:
LAURENCE, B. R. 1954. The larval in
Page 158 and 159:
osterreichischer Kollectionen. I Te
Page 160 and 161:
ROHDENDORF, B. 1974. The historical
Page 162 and 163:
SMITH, K. G. V. 1967. A further not
Page 164 and 165:
TESKEY, H. J. 1972. The mature larv
Page 166:
WY A TT, I. J. 1967. Pupal paedogen
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Vol 10 Part 14. An introduction to the immature stages of British Flies ...

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