Climate change and Rural Livelihoods in Northern Ethiopia
Climate change and Rural Livelihoods in Northern Ethiopia
Climate change and Rural Livelihoods in Northern Ethiopia
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Adaptive responses by livelihood groups<br />
L<strong>and</strong>less <strong>and</strong><br />
marg<strong>in</strong>al farmers<br />
• Smooth<strong>in</strong>g/adjust<strong>in</strong>g<br />
consumption<br />
• Eat<strong>in</strong>g wild/fam<strong>in</strong>e food<br />
• Seek<strong>in</strong>g food aid/cash transfers<br />
• Begg<strong>in</strong>g/borrow<strong>in</strong>g from relatives<br />
• Public works (food-for- work)<br />
• Herd<strong>in</strong>g livestock of other<br />
families<br />
• Farm<strong>in</strong>g on sharecropp<strong>in</strong>g<br />
arrangements<br />
• Sell of charcoal/firewood<br />
• Dung cake preparation <strong>and</strong><br />
sell<strong>in</strong>g<br />
• Sell of fodder <strong>and</strong> grasses<br />
• Casual labor<br />
• Sell<strong>in</strong>g water<br />
• Desperate out-migration<br />
Agriculture-based<br />
off-farm workers<br />
• Modify<strong>in</strong>g farm<strong>in</strong>g practices<br />
• Water harvest<strong>in</strong>g/storage<br />
• Irrigation agriculture<br />
• Comb<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g multiple occupations<br />
• Livestock husb<strong>and</strong>ry <strong>and</strong> poultry<br />
• Migration (seasonal <strong>and</strong> cyclical)<br />
• Homestead garden<strong>in</strong>g<br />
• Bee-keep<strong>in</strong>g<br />
• Petty trade<br />
• Crafts work<br />
• Livestock fatten<strong>in</strong>g<br />
• Early sell<strong>in</strong>g of weak <strong>and</strong> sick<br />
livestock<br />
• Diversify<strong>in</strong>g livelihood activities<br />
• Sav<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>and</strong> credit<br />
• Invest <strong>in</strong> the education of children<br />
• Tree plant<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Viable groups<br />
• Comb<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g multiple occupations<br />
• Mortgag<strong>in</strong>g properties<br />
• Retail trade<br />
• Invest<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> soil <strong>and</strong> water<br />
conservation<br />
• Homestead garden<strong>in</strong>g<br />
• Mortgag<strong>in</strong>g properties<br />
• Sell of bus<strong>in</strong>ess/seed money<br />
• Cash crop production<br />
• Sav<strong>in</strong>g gra<strong>in</strong>s<br />
• Borrow<strong>in</strong>g money to poor<br />
households (with high <strong>in</strong>terest)<br />
• Modify<strong>in</strong>g livestock diversity<br />
(Switch<strong>in</strong>g from grazers to<br />
browsers)<br />
• Sav<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>and</strong> credit<br />
• Invest<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> education
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