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From the Executive Director Dangerous Assignments Bill Sweeney Editorial Director Robert Mahoney Senior Editor Virginia Anstett Designer Photo Arts Limited Printer Joe Sullivan Proofreader Justin Goldberg Graphics Published by the Committee to Protect Journalists 330 Seventh Avenue, 11th Floor New York, N.Y. 10001 On the Web: www.cpj.org E-mail: info@cpj.org Phone: (212) 465-1004 CPJ Staff Joel Simon Executive Director John Weis Development and Outreach Director Abi Wright Communications Director Lade Kadejo Finance and Administration Director Staff Members Joel Campagna, Julia Crawford, Bob Dietz, Alexandra Hay, Heidi Hoogerbeets, Kristin Jones, Ivan Karakashian, Mohamed Keita, Carlos Lauría, Janet Mason, Nina Ognianova, Tara Ornstein, Karen Phillips, María Salazar, Bharat Shah, Frank Smyth, Elena Snyder, Mick Stern, Maya Taal, and Elisabeth Witchel. International Program Consultants Twenty-five years ago a couple of young journalists in New York had an unlikely idea. They would assemble a group of well-known American journalists and write letters on their behalf urging dictators and despots to stop persecuting the press. They composed the first letters on a typewriter, stuffed them in envelopes, licked the stamps, and dumped them in a mailbox. The dictators didn’t generally send replies, but the letters also went to reporters around the world who wrote stories about the abuses. Some jailed journalists, as it turned out, were released as a result. Today, press freedom is a worldwide movement, and CPJ is a leader among dozens of international, regional, and local organizations fighting for the rights of journalists in cities and villages across the globe. Local journalists played critical roles in each of the great transformations of the last quarter century—the collapse of the Iron Curtain, the restoration of democracy in Latin America, the economic opening of Asia—and CPJ was there to support them. On these pages, you’ll see stories by the guardians of this movement, people who have devoted much of their professional careers to furthering freedom of the press. And you’ll read about the front-line journalists who are the heroes of our story. They are people like Norbert Zongo, the Burkinabé journalist featured on the cover of this issue, who was slain while investigating government wrongdoing. They include Zeljko Kopanja, an editor who lost both legs in a bombing that sought, unsuccessfully, to silence his coverage of the murders of Bosnian Muslims. And they are people such as Anna Politkovskaya, the tough-minded Russian reporter whose contract-style murder this October shocked people around the world. Many of the writers, photographers, editors, producers, and camera operators described in these pages didn’t set out to change the world. They wanted, simply, to cover the news, and they ended up risking their lives, their liberty, and their reputations. Because of the dedication of all of these people, most governments today recognize that international legitimacy requires some level of press freedom. That is a major step in just 25 years. But many governments pay only lip service to a free press. China and Cuba, the world’s top two jailers of journalists, call the people they hold in prison “mercenaries” and “subversives.” Worldwide, journalists are killed for their work more than three times every month. This 25th anniversary edition of Dangerous Assignments, while celebrating the successes of the press freedom movement, should also remind us that its gains are tenuous. Joel Simon Shawn W. Crispin, Sauro González Rodríguez, Kamel Labidi, Tidiane Sy, and Masha Yulikova. The Committee Paul E. Steiger Chairman Walter Cronkite and Terry Anderson Honorary Co-Chairmen Directors Andrew Alexander, Franz Allina, Christiane Amanpour, Dean Baquet, Tom Brokaw, Josh Friedman, Anne Garrels, James C. Goodale, Cheryl Gould, Charlayne Hunter-Gault, Gwen Ifill, Steven L. Isenberg, Jane Kramer, David Laventhol, Anthony Lewis, David Marash, Kati Marton, Michael Massing, Geraldine Fabrikant Metz, Victor Navasky, Andres Oppenheimer, Burl Osborne, Charles L. Overby, Clarence Page, Norman Pearlstine, Erwin Potts, Dan Rather, Gene Roberts, Sandra Mims Rowe, John Seigenthaler, Paul C. Tash, and Mark Whitaker. On the cover: In a poster first printed in 2000, the Media Foundation for West Africa demanded to know who killed the Burkinabé editor Norbert Zongo. The question posed by the press freedom group has yet to be addressed by the government in Burkina Faso. Poster courtesy of the Media Foundation for West Africa Dangerous Assignments 1
Contents Dangerous Assignments Fall | Winter 2006 MediaCoop Reuters AP CPJ Reuters 30 Cover Story More than three times every month, a journalist is killed. Seven out of 10 are murdered, many on the orders of government officials. Few cases are solved. 30 Deadly News: A CPJ Investigation By Matthew Hansen Three Portraits 38 The Last Story: Hayatullah Khan By Bob Dietz 40 Justice on Trial: Dmitry Kholodov By Heidi Hoogerbeets 42 A Flickering Flame: Norbert Zongo By Tidiane Sy 4 The Committee, Then and Now A Paraguayan editor’s arrest helped spawn the international press freedom movement a quarter century ago. CPJ also looks at a Bosnian Serb journalist’s resolve, the new challenges posed by terrorism and the Internet, and how Vietnam led a trusted colleague to join the movement. 4 The Third Signature By Victor Navasky 6 25 Milestones Press freedom, 1981 to 2006 8 Dinner at the Waldorf By Geraldine Fabrikant Metz 10 Challenges in a Dangerous World CPJ leaders look ahead 12 A Trusted Colleague Q&A with Walter Cronkite 13 Faces of Freedom Carlos Cardoso and Anna Politkovskaya gave their lives in pursuit of the news. Akbar Ganji staked his freedom with his daring investigations. CPJ profiles these journalists and 15 other men and women who have put everything on the line to further freedom of the press over the past 25 years. O Povo Reuters AP AP 44 Four on War No conflict in CPJ’s 25-year history has proved deadlier for journalists than Iraq. Four veteran war correspondents examine the history and lessons of war coverage, from Iraq and Cambodia to Lebanon and Bosnia. 45 Shoot the Messenger By Jane Arraf 50 The Arc of War By Richard Pyle 52 Four Weeks in Lebanon By Jim Muir 54 A New Course By Roy Gutman 56 Behind Prison Walls At the U.S. base in Guantanamo Bay, Al-Jazeera’s Sami al-Haj is called an enemy combatant. After five years without charge or trial, will he get to defend himself CPJ also examines prison writings, Eritrea’s secret jails, and how the Internet has led to more imprisoned journalists. 56 The Enemy By Joel Campagna 62 Words Unchained By Andy McCord 64 Slipping from Sight By Alexis Arieff 66 Virtual Reach of Faraway Jails By Kristin Jones 70 Mission Journal As politicians take over radio news in Brazil’s remote Northeast, commentators and independent journalism are victims. CPJ also looks back at missions to five countries over three decades. 70 Radio Rage By Carlos Lauriá and Sauro Gonzáles Rodríguez 74 The First Trip By Michael Massing 77 A Matter of Commitment By Josh Friedman 79 Changing Landscape Satellites, the Web, and the 24-hour news cycle: Technology may have improved news gathering but not the quality of reporting. CPJ also examines the newly tempered view of media development aid and the plight of exiled journalists. 79 The Drive to Go Live By Dave Marash 82 Sowing Seeds By Ann Cooper 86 Returning Home By Elisabeth Witchel 88 Drawing the Line Press freedom through the eyes of cartoonist Mick Stern. 2 Fall | Winter 2006 Dangerous Assignments 3
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