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Park Cities: Contributing to collective interests by
satisfying individual demands
Annet Jantien Smit
Oktober 2002
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CONTENTS
RESEARCH PROPOSAL 4
Promovendus and promotors of "Park Cities: Contributing to collective interests by satisfying individual
interests" 4
1. Theme, background problem, approach 4
2. Motivation for doctoral research 4
3. Theme of reseach: Park Cities 5
The definition of park cities 5
Plaatsen in een breder perspectief van andere stedelijke uitbreidingsvormen 10
The difference between Park cities and Garden Cities 12
4. Relation with existing and ongoing research of the advisors and the faculty of Architecture of Delft
University of Technology 14
5. Justification of the research plan 18
APPENDIX A: PLAN OF ACTION 20
1a Coupling social scientific research to spatial models 23
1b Coupling spatial models to social scientific research 27
2a. Study by design 34
2b Evaluation of designs 37
APPENDIX B: RESEARCH PROGRAMME CHAIR TECHNICAL ECOLOGY AND
METHODOLOGY 39
APPENDIX C: RELATED PUBLICATIONS FROM THE FACULTY 40
Earlier possibly relevant Dissertations 40
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Earlier possibly relevant scientific publications from the secton Ruimtelijke Planning: 41
Earlier possibly relevant scientific publications from the secton Stedebouwkundig Ontwerpen: 42
Earlier possibly relevant scientific publications from the secton Landschapsarchitectuur en milieu: 43
BIBLIOGRAPHY 45
INDEX 46
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RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Promovendus and promotors of "Park Cities: Contributing to collective interests
by satisfying individual interests"
Promovendus: Annet Jantien Smit, as of October 2002
promotor: Prof.dr.ir Taeke M. de Jong, Faculty of Urban Planning, Delft University of Technology, the
Netherlands.
copromotor: prof. dr. van Engelsdorp Gastelaars, Amsterdam study Center for the Metropolitan Environment
(AME), Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
1. Theme, background problem, approach
Theme of this research is to research and develop innovative urban patterns for city extensions. Current city
extension practice leads to low density, monofunctional city districts, which is not satisfying the demand of a
growing group of users, and proceeds at the expense of natural resources and open space.
Purpose of this research is to find out whether, to what extent and in what form 'park cities' can be a viable
alternative for current city extension practice. Park cities are high density, lively urban neighborhoods closely
connected to open space.
Approach towards this problem is both retrospective and prospective research: Retrospective research to analyze
existing park cities, to draw lessons on how their work and why this leads to value for users, investors and civic
authorities. This part will be followed by prospective research, in which these lessons are used to develop
functionally innovative urban patterns of park cities at several scale levels. The developed patterns will be
evaluated to what extent they contribute to the collective goal of using space more efficiently.
2. Motivation for doctoral research
Although the Fifth Memorandum of Spatial Planning will be rewritten after all political shifts, the main spatial
problem in the Netherlands continues to exist: How to share our limited amount of space in the most desirable
way, at places where the maximum number of claims is put upon it This research proposes, investigates and
evaluates a solution for this problem: Park cities.
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Figure 1 suburbanization in the Deltametropolis Figure 1 Claims summarised in the Fifth Memorandum
1965-1990 a of Spatial Planning a
3. Theme of reseach: Park Cities
The definition of park cities
The preliminary definition of park cities is based in the intended regional, environmental and social economic
function of park cities. These functions are a result of existing Dutch regional, environmental and social
economic circumstances, which are currently subject to planning goals in National policy documents on spatial
planning.
The environmental function of park cities: Preserve open space as a part of regional park systems
From both National policies spatial planning and civic concerns, it follows that in the Netherlands today there is a
demand for both more housing and more open space in metropolitan areas. Until 2010, one million dwellings
should be build b , mainly in the West of the Netherlands. c At the same time, 15 percent of the Netherlands will be
a Jong (2002b)
b Ministerie van VROM, Samenvatting ‘Mensen, wensen, wonen’, Nota Wonen, wonen in de 21e eeuw Den
Haag, Ministerie van VROM 2001. (National Policy Document on housing in the 21st century in the
Netherlands)
c 50 % of this number will be infill or urban renewal, 50 % of this number will be greenfield development.
Source: Ministerie van VROM, http://www.vrom.nl/pagina.htmlid=5868, Accessed October 2, 2002. The
information on this Website is based on the decisions of the previous government, which will be reconsidered by
the current Government. This has not been done yet.
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preserved as a National Landscape. a One of these is the Green Heart, which is in the West of the Netherlands,
where the highest pressure for further urbanization will be in the near future.
The concept of park cities derives from this tension between both a high pressure for urbanization and a great
desire for the conservation of beautiful, old agricultural landscape in the West of the Netherlands: The basic idea
is to build in a higher density in half of the place, and leave the other half open.
As a result, park cities are defined as compact, high density neighborhoods next to open space such as old
agricultural landscape or other recreational areas. Possible locations for park cities are locations where open
space is available, for example at the edge of urban areas or between urbanized areas. Most ideally, the open
space of a park city can be part of a regional park system, when the city grows further. This regional park system
also makes an efficient use of the open space possible for agriculture, recreation and ecosystems.
The regional function of park cities: A second center in an urbanized area
A growing concern in the Netherlands is the growth of business parks and big boxes containing retail and
recreational activities at the edge of cities along highways and beltways. These areas are perceived as ugly. Next
to this, they are car dependent, as there is no support for high quality, convenient transit as a result of their low
building density. However, they are needed: Research of demand and supply of office space for companies in the
professional services shows that there is a preference to settle in urban environments, but that often scarcity of
space and accessibility of offices in urban environments is the reason to settle in city edge locations. b This
accessibility is important for both their clients and their workers, that often commute from other cities and their
subdivisions in the region. In the United States, the city edge locations have grown to huge proportions for the
same reasons. They function as a second center in larger urbanized areas compared to Dutch urbanized areas.
American so-called "edge cities" have made it possible for double income households to have access to a number
of job opportunities within a reasonable distance of their homes.
The Dutch spatial policy, as defined in the fifth memorandum, part three, will be to stimulate the formation of
new centers in urban networks. These centers should contain next to primary functions such as living and
working, also a wide range of amenities such as medical care, arts, culture, sports, recreation etc.. The
development of these new centers should take place at existing and possibly new nodes of transit and roads. Mass
transit should be more frequent and faster. c
Park cities can serve as a model for these second centers in urban networks. Park cities are intended to provide a
new, more desirable and less car dependent urban extension model, that fulfills this demand for conveniently
accessible housing and office space in an urban environment. As a result, they have to meet the dilemma of how
to profit from the nearness of infrastructure and transit, but not to suffer from their impact on the quality of life in
a Source: Ministerie van VROM, http://www.vrom.nl/pagina.htmlid=5868, Accessed October 2, 2002.
b research on preferences for settlement and use of of moved companies in the Netherlands: BCI (1997)
Locatievoorkeur en ruimtegebruik van verhuisde bedrijven, Den Haag. Rephrased in: Ministerie van
Economische Zaken, Nota Ruimtelijk Economisch Beleid - Dynamiek in Netwerken. Den Haag, Ministerie van
Economische Zaken, 1999, p. 78.
c Source: Ministerie van VROM, http://www.vrom.nl/pagina.htmlid=5868, Accessed October 2, 2002.
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this area. This gives three requirements to park cities: First, they have to be of considerable size, which makes
solutions for a nice integration of infrastructure financially feasible. Next, as there should be transit, it should be
high quality transit otherwise people will still prefer their cars. Concluding, there should be a day round, large
number of people that lives and works there to support high quality transit.
The social economic function of park cities: An ambivalent environment to live and work
Social research shows that there are two types of urban dwellers: a Urbanites and suburbanites. Urbanites are
looking for nearness to urban amenities, whereas suburbanites do need a lot of space in and around their house or
office. However , there is also a group of ambivalent households and companies, who would like a combination
of as well urban as suburban living and working. This group would like both nearness to a wide range of
amenities and nearness to open space. b Research of demand and supply in the current Dutch housing market
shows that there is more demand than supply for both central urban and green urban living environments. This
situation will continue to exist if current plans for new housing development are realized. c
Park cities are intended to give a solution for these market demands. As for housing, park cities do provide an
ideal living environment for the ambivalent households, that prefer to live in an urban environment with a
richness of amenities, but also want to be near to recreational open landscape. As for office space, park cities do
provide an urban environment in which the ambivalent types of companies will find amenities and relationships
that they cannot house themselves, and which represents their preference for settlement in urban environments.
As a consequence of these intentions of park cities, it follows that park cities can only be successful if they
provide a high level of diversity in urban amenities. As a result, they should be within ten minutes traveling time
of an existing city center to provide for a high level of amenities from the beginning. Later on, a park city can
develop itself as a more independent, second center for a larger urbanized area.
To fulfill this function, there should be a critical mass of people throughout the day to support a richness of
amenities. To attract people throughout the day, both residents and workers are needed in certain numbers to
support for example cafees, restaurants, shops, services, schools, cultural institutions. This means a mix of
primary functions, such as dwellings and offices, is needed in a park city.
Next to this need for density to provide a high level of diversity in urban amenities, the diversity itself is also
needed as a compensation for the high density. High density in itself is not a quality, but it can provide an
advantage for an urban environment when it supports a richness of amenities in urban neighborhoods.
a ph.D. Thesis of E. de Wijs, Wonen op stand. Amsterdam: Spinhuis 1999. On the correlation between life style
and desired living environment for the economic and cultural elite in the Netherlands. Advisor: Professor Dr. R.
van Engelsdorp Gastelaars, University of Amsterdam.
b For further details please refer to appendix 4f of research proposal of Annet Jantien Smit, August 22, 2002,
part 1a, p. 18-22
c There will be a shortage of 40.000 dwellings in central urban environments (in urban centers) and 35.000
dwellings in green urban environments (at city edges) if existing plans for future housing development until 2010
are realized. Ministerie van VROM, Samenvatting ‘Mensen, wensen, wonen’, Nota Wonen, wonen in de 21e
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The characteristics of park cities as a result of the environmental, regional and social economic
functions
Park cities are neighborhoods, that have the following features:
- location at the edge of an urbanized area, within ten minutes traveling time from an existing urban center;
- liveliness and diversity, made by a concentration of amenities, like shops, jobs, schools and recreational
activities;
- average high density, which means a floor space index of 2.0 or more of the built-over and open areas, measure
at the city district level;
- connection to open space within close distance, like open landscape or water, a landscape park, a city park or a
park system.
Although a park city is an extension of an existing urbanized area, a park city is called a "city" because of its
function as a second center of this urbanized area.
eeuw Den Haag, Ministerie van VROM 2001, p. 8. (National Policy Document on housing in the 21st century in
the Netherlands)
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Back Bay a Central Park Vondelpark
neighborhood b neighborhood c
Location
Boston, United States of New York, United States Amsterdam,) the
America
of America
Netherlands
Size 81 hectares approximately 65
hectares
Residential percentage 50-70 percent 50-80 %
Inhabitants and working
17000 inhabitants,
spaces
14000 working spaces
Measured at city district
level
Floor-space index approximately 2.0 approximately 1.5
Units per hectare approximately 100 70-100
Average unit size 150 m2 160 m2
Lot size 7 m/ 25 m/ 175 m2 6.5 m/ 18 m/ 120 m2
Size of open space
Central Park is 800 to
4000 meters.
Haagse
Beemden d
Breda, the Netherlands
Figure 1 Four examples of park cities
a Picture: Land Lines, Volume 14, no. 3, July 2002 by the Lincoln Institute of Land policy, Cambridge, Massachusetts, p. 1.
Numbers: Urhahn, G. B. and M. Bobiæ, A pattern image - A typological tool for quality in urban planning. Bussum: Toth, 1994.
b Picture: Tummers, L.J.M. en J.M. Tummers-Zuurmond Het land in de stad - de stedenbouw van de grote agglomeratie. Bussum: Toth
1997, p. 214.
Numbers: Tummers, L.J.M. en J.M. Tummers-Zuurmond Het land in de stad - de stedenbouw van de grote agglomeratie. Bussum: Toth
1997, p. 214, p. 215.
c
Picture: Urhahn, G. B. and M. Bobiæ, Strategie voor stedelijkheid - Een studie over het thema stedenbouwkundige kwaliteit en
opdrachtgever. Bussum: Toth, 1996, p. 40.
Numbers: Urhahn, G. B. and M. Bobiæ, A pattern image - A typological tool for quality in urban planning. Bussum: Toth, 1994, p. 57.
d Picture: Tummers, L.J.M. en J.M. Tummers-Zuurmond Het land in de stad - de stedenbouw van de grote agglomeratie. Bussum: Toth
1997, p. 133.
Numbers: Tummers, L.J.M. en J.M. Tummers-Zuurmond Het land in de stad - de stedenbouw van de grote agglomeratie. Bussum: Toth
1997, p. 133.
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Plaatsen in een breder perspectief van andere stedelijke uitbreidingsvormen
In de Nederlandse stedelijke uitbreidingen van de afgelopen 30 jaar zijn drie vormen aan de orde geweest:
gebundelde deconcentratie, compacte stad en corridorvorming.
Figuur 1 Nederlandse principes van stedelijke uitbreiding
1mln mensen op vier verschillende manieren gespreid binnen een straal van respectievelijk
30km en 10km. De regionale dichtheid is in alle gevallen gelijk: ca. 300inw/km2. In het geval
CC is het bebouwde oppervlak echter op beide niveaus geconcentreerd (C 30km C 10km ) in een
hoge agglomeratiedichtheid: ca. 6000inw/km2. In het geval CD is alleen binnen een straal
van 10km gedeconcentreerd (C 30km D 10km ) naar een gemiddelde agglomeratiedichtheid van
ca. 3000 inw/km2. In het geval D 30km C 10km zijn de inwoners wel geconcentreerd in steden
(concentraties van 3km straal in een straal van 10km), maar gespreid over de regio. De
stedelijke dichtheid blijft ca. 3000 inw/km2.In het geval D 30km D 10km zijn ze op beide niveaus
gespreid.
Neemt men daarbij de regionale schaal en het omringende landschap mede in beschouwing, dan kan men
verschillende invloed op het omringende landschap constateren door de spreidingstoestand in ‘concentratieaccoorden’
op verschillende schaal uit te drukken. a
Parksteden als fysieke aansluiting op Vinex en Vinac wijken
De kritiek op de recente Nederlandse Vinexwijken b richt zich op geringe onderlinge verscheidenheid en te lage
dichtheid om draagvlak voor openbaar vervoer en voorzieningen te creëeren en om open landschap te behouden.
Gegeven deze recente stadsuitbreidingen en hun beperkingen, ontstaat er in de steeds grotere verstedelijkte
gebieden de noodzaak tot het vormen van subcentra in deze periferie. Bij het plannen van deze subcentra moet
dan wel rekening worden gehouden met de vraag naar diversiteit van de leefomgeving en behoud van landschap.
a Zie Jong, T.M. (red) (2002) Grondgebied, Ecologie en Techniek (Delft) Faculteit Bouwkunde, hoofdstuk 2 Vocabulaire, ook
beschikbaar op internet http://www.bk.tudelft.nl/urbanism/TEAM Publications.
b Richard Koekoek, afstudeerder bij Meyer, Rosemann en De Jong heeft in hoofdstuk 8 van zijn voorlopig afstudeerrapport een
interessant overzicht gegeven van ‘De verander(en)de positie van de periferie’, toegespitst op de de uitbreidingen bij Den Haag
Ypenburg/Leidschenveen.
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In de Verenigde Staten, waar jarenlange spreiding op regionale schaal in lage dichtheden nu al heeft gezorgd
voor uitgestrekte verstedelijkte gebieden, heeft in de periferie de vorming van de zogenaamde edge cities
plaatsgevonden. Dit zijn subcentra voor deze grote verstedelijkte gebieden. Deze subcentra bestaan uit
bedrijventerreinen of corridors langs snelwegen van kantoorgebouwen, big box retail en parkeervlakten, maar
zijn ook voorzien van banken, restaurants, bioscopen en theaters. Het metropolitane gebied van Boston en
omgeving heeft bijvoorbeeld straal van 48 kilometer en heeft 9 van deze edge cities. Edge cities zijn ontstaan
vanuit de noodzaak voor bedrijven, commerciële dienstverlening en winkelcentra om zich dichter bij de
werknemers en de klanten te vestigen. Door de vorming van edge cities is de gemiddelde reistijd - per auto - van
Amerikanen naar hun werk twintig minuten. Daardoor is het voor stellen mogelijk worden om beide te werken,
wat niet had gekund als de reistijd tussen werk, woning en winkels een veel grotere belasting op het functioneren
van gezinnen wat had gelegd.
Park cities zijn bedoeld als subcentra voor de steeds grotere perifere gebieden in Nederland. Echter in
tegenstelling tot de amerikaanse edge cities gaat het park cities concept uit van het ontwikkelen van deze
subcentra in hoge dichtheden gekoppeld aan openbaar vervoer, met een menging van wonen, werken en andere
functies, en van het tegelijkertijd ontwikkelen van open ruimte als onderdeel van de park city en omgeving. (Zie
voor verdere onderbouwing van de functies van park cities voor de regio, het milieu en de woningmarkt:
'Definition of Park Cities'.)
Park cities als randverdichting in verstedelijkte gebieden
Het park cities concept gaat in geval van het principe ‘compacte stad’, zoals dat in de praktijk gerealiseerd is, uit
van randverdichting. In de praktijk is het beleid van de compacte stad (CC) uitgepakt als CD, geconcentreerde
deconcentratie zoals dit hierboven is gedefinieerd: er is binnen een straal van tien kilometer gedeconcentreerd,
maar binnen een straal van dertig kilometer geconcentreerd. Voorbeelden van dit type verstedelijking zijn de
grote steden zoals bijvoorbeeld Amsterdam en Rotterdam. Een park city kan bijvoorbeeld in Amsterdam-Zuid
worden ontworpen, om aan te sluiten op de ontwikkelingsrichting van de verstedelijking van dit gebied. Deze
ontwikkelingsrichting is de richting waarin de stad zich het meest succesvol heeft ontwikkeld in de afgelopen
dertig jaar. Voor Amsterdam is dit het zuidelijke gebied, door de goede verbinding met het oude centrum, zonder
al teveel barrières van infrastructuur of minder veilige gebieden. Door de uitbreiding van de stad met vele
nieuwbouwwijken, ontstaat draagvlak voor een tweede centrum met een hoog voorzieningenniveau en
tegelijkertijd een behoefte aan recreatief landschap op kleine afstand. Daarin kan een park city voorzien, doordat
het een combinatie is van een dicht bebouwd gebied met een rijkdom aan voorzieningen en een open, recreatief
landschap.
Het park cities concept is ook bruikbaar binnen een ander principe van uitbreiding in regionaal verband, namelijk
DC, gedeconcentreerde concentratie, wat gedefinieerd is als: De inwoners zijn wel geconcentreerd in steden,
maar gespreid over de regio. De steden zijn concentraties met een straal drie kilometer in een straal van tien
kilometer. Een park city zou kunnen aansluiten op de spontane verdichting die nu plaatsvindt in sommige van
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deze gebieden, bijvoorbeeld in de oude villawijken van het Gooi of de duingebieden in Zuid-Holland. Tussen
Hilversum, Bussum en Laren vindt spontane verdichting plaats, aangedreven door de bestaande kwaliteiten zoals
een hoog voorzieningenniveau nabij groen. Door deze verdichting verschuift de kwaliteit van het gebied naar een
hoger voorzieningenniveau en minder groen. Op deze ontwikkeling kan een park city aansluiten. Enerzijds kan
de park city profiteren van het reeds aanwezige voorzieningenniveau en de basis hiervoor vergroten. Anderzijds
kan de park city een bepaald gebied aan groen veilig stellen, door dat dit onderdeel uitmaakt van een park city.
De lokatie van een park city zou in dit geval zijn aan de rand van een van de deze bestaande steden. Het
functioneren van de park city als subcentrum is dan ook gericht op de andere omliggende steden.
In beide gevallen, randverdichting van de compacte stad (CD) of randverdichting in een verstedelijkte regio
(DC), heeft een park city een aantal functies, die aansluiten op actueel ruimtelijk beleid: het behoud van open
ruimte, het vormen van subcentra in stedelijke netwerken en het creëeren van nieuwe, aantrekkelijke woonmilieus
in de steden. (Zie voor verdere onderbouwing: 'Definition of Park Cities'.)
Voorwaarden voor de locaties van park cities
Een belangrijke voorwaarde voor de lokatie van een park city is dat de park city past in de spontane
ontwikkelingsrichting van verstedelijking in een gebied. Deze ontwikkelingsrichting is moeilijk te normeren,
maar moet getaxeerd worden aan de hand van recente ontwikkelingen.
Bovendien moet de lokatie van een park city nabij een karaktervol en gevarieerd, bestaand stedelijk centrum met
een hoog voorzieningenniveau zijn. Zo'n bestaand stedelijk centrum moet bijvoorbeeld voorzien zijn van goede
boekhandels, cafés en restaurants, een theater etcetera. De reistijd tussen zo'n bestaand stedelijk centrum en een
park city moet zo laag zijn, dat de reistijd niet als barrière wordt gezien om spontaan van park city naar bestaand
centrum te reizen. Dit is in eerste instantie van belang voor het slagen van een park city als leefmilieu, omdat dit
voorzieningenniveau één van de compensaties is voor de hoge dichtheid van een park city. Later kan een park
city een onafhankelijk subcentrum vormen voor het omliggende verstedelijkte gebied.
The difference between Park cities and Garden Cities
The concept of park cities, lively, high density neighborhoods in close connection to open space, is derived from
experiences with as well European garden city planning as American open space planning. By planning park
cities, a combination of these types of planning is searched for. In this chapter, I will amplify on what the
theoretical and methodological relations of garden city planning with park cities are.
Garden cities: Its social, regional and environmental functions
Howard described his concept of garden cities in his manifesto 'Garden Cities of To-morrow' in 1902: A ring of
low rise, low density small cities surrounding a major city and connected with each other by train.
Howard's garden city concept was a reaction to the terrible housing conditions in 19th century industrial England.
These conditions lead to opposition of intellectuals and the workers themselves.
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The initiative to build garden cities was often taken by housing corporations or patrons, providing housing for
their workers. The intent of garden cities was to provide better and cheap housing for the lower middle class. The
housing stock existed mainly of low rise housing with gardens. The inhabitants shared amenities such as a
community center and public baths.
Next to this social function, a garden city had a function in regional planning: Garden cities should reduce the
size and density of the major city they surrounded. Garden cities existed ideally of 30.000 inhabitants.
The third function of a garden city was to provide its inhabitants with more opportunity to reach and enjoy the
surrounding landscape, as a garden city was small in size.
Relation between garden cities and park cities: Different functions, different forms
Park cities are different from garden cities in a few ways, as their environmental, regional and social function
differ from garden cities:
- park cities are built in a higher density than garden cities to allow for open space in the vicinity of the park
cities;
- park cities are part of an urbanized area, and serve as a second center of this area, next to the city center;
- park cities are intended for people who like to live or work in an urban environment rich in amenities, but still
be near to recreational landscape. This probably means that they are intended for the middle and upper class, and
not for the lower middle class, as garden cities did.
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4. Relation with existing and ongoing research of the advisors and the faculty of
Architecture of Delft University of Technology
This research has relations with urban typology (Stedebouwkundig Ontwerpen), demand oriented research
(Ruimtelijke Planning), studies of density and environmental differentiation (Technische Ecologie) and the
development of study by design as a methodological challenge of the Faculty of Architecture as a whole. Please
refer to appendix B for the research of the chair Technische Ecologie.
This research elaborates on existing research, including the research of Mr. and Mrs. Tummers, who wrote their
doctoral thesis on forms and values of park systems in metropolitan areas. a Relations with external research
programmes are organized by a visiting scholarship at the Harvard Design School.
Field of research to which the project is considered to lie
This research covers various forms of research concerning city extensions areas in higher densities than usual.
Part 1 of the research will be retrospective research and will include descriptive research, design research,
typology, programming research. Part 2 of the research will be prospective research and includes design study,
study by design and evaluative research.
Integration with the research of Prof. Dr. Ir. T.M. de Jong
The project will be included in the theme Urbanism,
Programme 1 Techniques for sustainable urban design,
.............................................Sub-programme Methodology of design research, design study and study by design b ,
....................................................................... project 4 Scale articulated impact analysis of designed interventions
The proposed doctoral research programme will elaborate the methodological categories design research,
evaluation, typological research, design study and study by design as described in Jong, T.M. de; Voordt, D.J.M.
van der (eds.) (2002) Ways to study and research urban, architectural and technical design (Delft) DUP Science
(project 1 from the sub-programme mentioned in 6a). It wil contribute to project 2, Scale articulated town
ecology for designers and 3 Image Archive Architectural Interventions IAAI from the sub-programme mentioned
in 6a.
Its results then could play an important rôle in
Programme 2 Delta design,
a Tummers, L.J.M. en J.M. Tummers-Zuurmond Het land in de stad - de stedenbouw van de grote agglomeratie. Bussum: Toth 1997.
b See http://www.bk.tudelft.nl/urbanism/TEAM Research
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searching landscaped housing projects of high density in different types of regional urban expansion as discussed
in enclosure 1.
The research group has brought earlier to a successful conclusion project 1 Ways to study, project 2 IAAI and the
PHD of D.Th.M. de Jong this year as a first contribution to project 6 Urbanism from hygienism to technical
ecology. De Jong made many successful contributions to the Delta Metropolis a he can use in his new rôle as
professor of ‘design town and region’ and thus Programme 2 Delta Design.
Integratie met het onderzoek van Prof. Dr. R. van Engelsdorp Gastelaars
Prof. Dr. R. van Engelsdorp Gastelaars is momenteel hoogleraar in de Geografie van Stad en Platteland aan de
Faculteit van Maatschappelijke en Gedragswetenschappen aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam. Zijn
onderzoeksactiviteiten vinden plaats binnen het Onderzoeksinstituut AME (onderzoeksschool NETHUR).
Zijn velden van onderzoek zijn:
- ...................Studies naar de relatie mens-omgeving gespecificeerd voor verschillende typen huishoudens en voor
verschillende typen woonmilieus (stedelijk, suburbaan, landelijk e.d.).
- ..Toekomstverkenningen ten aanzien van de ruimtelijke inrichting van Nederland in het bijzonder betreffende de
verhouding tussen stedelijk en landelijk grondgebruik.
Dissertaties waarvoor hij de laatste jaren (mede) als promotor is opgetreden of nog optreedt zijn onder meer:
- ........... K. Dignum. Senior en Stad , 1997, AME UvA Amsterdam; overde betekenis van het wonen in stedelijke
woonmilieus voor de sociale netwerken van ouderen.
- ..............E. de Wijs. Wonen op stand , 1999, Spinhuis Amsterdam; over het verband tussen lifestyle en gewenste
woonsituatie bij de economische en culturele elite in Nederland.
- ... J. Gadet. Publieke ruimte, parochiale plekken en passanten-openbaarheid, 1999, DRO Gem. Amsterdam; over
de wijze waarop verschillende categorieën jonge alleenstaanden de openbare ruimte in de stad beheren en
gebruiken.
- .....P. Gramberg. De school als spiegel van de omgeving, 2000, AME, UvA Amsterdam; over het verband tussen
het sociale profiel van de basisschool en woonbuurt (‘zwart’, ‘gemengd’, ‘wit’) en de schoolcarrière van de
betrokken jongeren.
In voorbereiding:
-A. Brand. Verstedelijkingsprocessen in de Randstad; over het verband tussen de veranderende
levensomstandigheden van Randstadbewoners, hun veranderende ruimtebeslag en mobiliteit, en hun
veranderende woonpatroon. Promotie december 2002.
- ............ H.J. Korthals Altes. De woonkwaliteit van tuindorpen; literatuurstudie en veldwerkondrzoek betreffende
de kwaliteiten van het tuinstad- en tuindorpconcept als woon- en leefmilieu. Afronding voorjaar 2003.
a See http://www.bk.tudelft.nl/urbanism/TEAM Publications
15

Integratie met het onderzoek van de Faculteit Bouwkunde
In de titels van de Wetenschappelijke Verslagen 1997-2001 van de Faculteit zoals aangehaald in Appendix D
‘Related publications from the Faculty’ van het onderzoeksvoorstel zijn veel verbanden met de past performance
van de Faculteit aan te wijzen.
Het onderzoekvoorstel is aangeboden aan Meyer en Steenbergen. Zij verklaarden mondeling dat het voorstel
huns inziens uitstekend past bij het voorgenomen onderzoek van hun leerstoel Urban Design en Landscape-
Architecture and Environment in het kader van Programma 1. Het overlapt niet en is complementair. In het kader
van Programma 2 Delta Design kunnen andere stedelijke uitbreidingsvormen aan de orde komen. Naast dit
voorstel kunnen zij in verband gebracht worden met Programma 3 Urban Transformations voor zover het gaat
om veranderingen in de bestaande stedelijke gebieden als oorzaak of gevolg van stedelijke uitbreidingen.
Bijdragen aan de Research School for Design
Wanneer wij ons baseren op de plannen voor een Delft School for Design zoals publiek gemaakt door de Decaan
Beunderman van de Faculteit Bouwkunde op 1 september 2002 (ten tijde van het voorstel nog niet beschikbaar),
dan interpreteren wij de term research by design als design study en study by design, zoals nader uitgewerkt in
het inmiddels gepubliceerde Ways to study and research. Design research interpreteren wij als design research
in engere zin, typology en evaluation (impact analysis vooronderstellend, zie bijlage 4, project 4 van het
programma waarin dit proefschrift wordt gepaatst) zoals eveneens onderscheiden in Ways to Study and research.
Het voorgenomen proefschrift kan in deze school een voorbeeldproject worden hoe verschillende methoden van
onderzoek kunnen worden onderscheiden in een onderzoeksproject. Ways to study and research biedt nu meer
nauwkeurige verwijzingsmogelijkheden wanneer men in het onderzoek, zoals gebruikelijk en terecht besluit tot
een mix. Door de gebruikelijke kluwen van methoden te ontwarren wordt een betere verantwoording van het
onderzoek in zijn onderdelen mogelijk. Dit is al conform de terminologie van Ways to study and research in het
onderzoeksvoorstel terecht gekomen. Hiermee wordt een bijdrage mogelijk aan de ambitie om een forum voor
wetenschappelijk debat te mobiliseren en te organiseren in de vorm van een belangrijk agendapunt voor dat
forum.
Een bijdrage aan de ambitie om gegenereerde kennis publiek te maken is te verwachten doordat nu het interactief
beeldarchief IAAI in werkende vorm via het Internet beschikbaar is als resultaat van de inspanningen van de
promotor in kwestie. Hierin zijn tekeningen als wetenschappelijke documenten terugzoekbaar door een
contextgevoelige documentatie per tekening in de vorm van syntactische trefwoorden (volzinsfuncties). a Het
a Zie http://www.bk.tudelft.nl/urbanism/TEAM Education of Pubications: Ways to study and research in education.
16

gebruik van volzinsfuncties voor het terugzoeken van redeneerlijnen in tekst is al in de index van het voorstel
gedemonstreerd (blz. 63).
Deze terugzoekbaarheid in de vorm van wetenschappelijke documentatie van projectonderdelen is weer
voorwaarde voor de ambitie meetbare en verifieerbare prestatie-indicatoren te ontwikkelen die recht doen aan het
specifieke karakter van ontwerponderzoek.
Hoewel het proefschrift zoals uit bijlage 4 van deze toelichting blijkt, deel uitmaakt van (bij Beunderman 2002)
Programma 5 Techniques for sustainable urban design is direkt impact te verwachten op het Programma 6 Delta
Design en indirect op de vier programma’s Theme Architecture. De laatste impact kan allereerst betrekking
hebben op de methodologie, maar het is ook waarschijnlijk dat Park Cities nieuwe architectonische opgaven aan
een context helpen. Deze opgaven kunnen in afstudeerprojecten en laboratoria als direkt gevolg van het
onderzoek worden uitgewerkt en op hun beurt een verrijking van het proefschrift leveren.
Voor de wetenschappelijke kwaliteitsmaatstaven van onderzoek zoals aan de orde in hoofdstuk 5 (Beunderman
2002) verwijzen wij graag naar Jong, T.M.; Voordt, D.J.M. van der (2002) Criteria for scientific study and
design, hoofdstuk 3 blz. 19 in Jong, T.M.; Voordt, D.J.M. van der (eds.) (2002) Ways to study and research
urban, architectural and technical design (Delft) DUP Science. Hierin zijn niet alleen criteria voor
wetenschappelijk onderzoek ex post beschreven, maar ook voor onderzoeksvoorstellen ex ante (mogelijk van
meer algemeen belang voor de VCW). In beide komen de prestatie-indicatoren als publicaties, designs,
receivables en presence zoals genoemd door Beunderman (2002) in hoofdstuk 5 meer nauwkeurig in het kader
van een definitie van wetenschap (validity, reliability, critical potency) aan de orde.
Het streven naar key guest critics en externe relaties (hoofdstuk 6) wordt in dit project geoperationaliseerd door
te zoeken naar een hoogleraar uit de USA als derde promotor.
Het streven naar integratie met het onderwijs is reeds in het voorstel voorzien.
17

5. Justification of the research plan
5a. Novelty: What innovative contribution will the proposed doctoral research project make to ongoing
research (approx. 100 words)......................................................................................................................... 18
5b. Scientific relevance: What contribution will the proposed doctoral research project make to the
solving of significant theoretical and methodological issues (approx. 100 words)..................................... 18
5c. Social relevance: On what current problem in the real world of designing, constructing and managing
the build environment will the proposed doctoral research project impinge, and what contribution will it
make to solving that problem (approx. 100 words)...................................................................................... 19
5d. Applicability perspectives: What prospect does the proposed doctoral research project have of
generating concrete applications, either in research and/or in practice (approx. 100 words) ................. 19
5a. Novelty: Innovative contribution of the proposed doctoral research project
The proposed research, how the design of park cities contributes to both individual and collective interests, fits in
the goal of the research portfolio of Urbanism, which is to develop a "sustainable environment in urban areas".
The proposed research also contributes innovatively to ongoing research by combining the two basic
methodologies of the research portfolio of Urbanism: Retrospective, analytical research (research driven design)
and prospective, synthetic research (study by design).
The retrospective research consists of coupling of social scientific research to spatial models. This coupling is
new. It allows to investigate in spatial and functional terms what users, providers and civic authorities do value
about the spatial model of - in this case - park cities. The prospective research consists of study by design, which
will be based in these lessons of existing designs. The study by design will explore to what extent it is possible to
develop urban patterns for park cities, that address both individual preferences and interests and the collective
interest of using space more efficiently.
In this way, the proposed research develops new, possible forms of sustainable environment in urban areas.
5b. Scientific relevance: Contribution of the proposed doctoral research project to the solving of
significant theoretical and methodological issues
The proposed research will explore if the combination of analytical and synthetic research methods (research
driven design and study by design) leads to formally and functionally innovative urban designs. In this way, the
proposed research will help solving the methodological issues of how to use research driven design and study by
design as a scientific basis to address current urban questions.
As such, the proposed research contributes to the goal of "innovations in techniques of urban design". Providing
these innovations is the goal of programme 1 "techniques of urban design", in which professor De Jong
collaborates with other chairs.
18

5c. Social relevance: contribution to current problems in the real world of designing, constructing
and managing the build environment
Increasing urbanization in Europe and the United States leads to an enormous surface of suburban areas at a fair
distance from both lively city centers and green, open landscape. Most people, however, would like to live in
either city centers or at the city edge, with work, facilities and nature nearby. Moreover, this continuous
expansion of cities proceeds at the expense of open space and natural resources.
Both urban planners, politicians and environmental organizations have recognized these problems and are
looking for ways to increase the livability of cities, to use space more efficiently and to preserve valuable green
landscape near urban areas.
From a perspective of both individual and collective interests, the proposed research will evaluate, analyze and
develop urban patterns of neighborhoods, that address these goals and give a solution for at least several decades.
The urban patterns I want to focus on are "park cities": compact, lively urban areas that are within close distance
of open space. 161
5d. Applicability perspectives: Prospect of the proposed doctoral research project of generating
concrete applications, either in research and/or in practice
The goal of this research is to develop the supposed spatial model of park cities into future, more space efficient
urban patterns of park cities. The outcome will be an investigation of existing, Dutch park cities and the
development of urban patterns of future park cities.
For practice these concrete, intensively researched examples of spatial models will give valuable, directly usable
information in urban planning processes: A successful recipe for inspiration, instead of more general knowledge.
For further research, the proposed research will provide a framework, to research and to develop alternative ways
for mediating between existing physical, spatial contexts (situation) and new cultural, societal processes
(programme).
19

APPENDIX A: PLAN OF ACTION
1a Coupling social scientific research to spatial models ................................................................................ 23
Which user groups of households and companies have a demand for park cities, and what is their exact
demand .......................................................................................................................................................... 23
Preliminary definition of park cities................................................................................................................ 23
Actual demand for park cities ......................................................................................................................... 24
Lifestyles of urbanites and suburbanites.......................................................................................................... 24
Lifestyle and living preferences of the target groups of park cities................................................................. 24
Lifestyles of ambivalent types of households.................................................................................................. 24
Lifestyles of ambivalent types of companies................................................................................................... 25
Literature......................................................................................................................................................... 25
Planning .......................................................................................................................................................... 26
1b Coupling spatial models to social scientific research ................................................................................ 27
Which spatial and functional principles of existing park cities represent the desirability of existing park cities
........................................................................................................................................................................ 27
Plan analysis through the eyes of three types of stakeholders ......................................................................... 27
Stakeholders and their interests....................................................................................................................... 28
Case studies to explore if the different interests of the concerned parties lead to different spatial and functional
principles......................................................................................................................................................... 28
Spatial and functional principles of existing park cities as a translation of the desirability of park cities for
users ................................................................................................................................................................ 29
Spatial and functional principles of existing park cities as a translation of the desirability of park cities for
providers ......................................................................................................................................................... 29
Spatial and functional principles of existing park cities as a translation of desirability of park cities for civic
authorities........................................................................................................................................................ 30
Educational project: Comparative analysis of the Dutch case studies.............................................................30
Results of the comparative analysis................................................................................................................. 30
Applicability of the results .............................................................................................................................. 31
Methodology ................................................................................................................................................... 31
American case study to try out the representation and process types .............................................................. 31
Literature......................................................................................................................................................... 32
Planning .......................................................................................................................................................... 33
2a. Study by design............................................................................................................................................ 34
20

Which urban patterns for future park cities, as a translation of functional and spatial principles, do optimally
meet the demand of users, providers and civic authorities ............................................................................ 34
Why a study by design................................................................................................................................... 34
What is a study by design .............................................................................................................................. 35
Variation of interests as variable context in this study by design.................................................................... 35
Study by design as Educational project........................................................................................................... 35
Study by design related to effect analysis in part 2b ....................................................................................... 36
Study by design as design project ................................................................................................................... 36
Literature......................................................................................................................................................... 36
Planning .......................................................................................................................................................... 36
2b Evaluation of designs ................................................................................................................................... 37
To what extent do future park cities contribute to political goals and collective interests like using space more
efficiently....................................................................................................................................................... 37
Testing of developped urban patterns: Do they have the desired performance ............................................. 37
Literature......................................................................................................................................................... 37
Planning .......................................................................................................................................................... 38
The proposed research consists of two parts: In the first part, I will investigate for whom, why and in what ways
park cities are a desirable urban neighborhood. Therefore I will analyze by literature research and design
research: Which user groups do have an existing demand for park cities What spatial and functional principles
in existing park cities represent their desirability In the second part, I will measure what the design of existing
and future park cities can contribute to the collective interest of using space more efficiently. To develop designs
of future park cities, I will do a designing study. The designing study has the purpose to develop possible (maybe
even not probable) urban patterns of park cities, to explore if the concept of park cities gives more possibilities
for using space in an efficient way than is realized in the existing park cities.
These two parts of the research give four components for the research plan:
1a. Coupling social scientific research to spatial models:
Which user groups of households and companies have a demand for park cities, and what is their
exact demand
1b. Coupling social scientific research to spatial models:
Which spatial and functional principles of existing park cities represent the demand for park cities
2a. Designing study:
Which urban patterns for future park cities, using the obtained functional and spatial principles, do
optimally meet the demand of users
2b. Evaluation of designs:
21

To what extent do future park cities contribute to political goals and collective interests like using
space more efficiently, increasing the livability of cities and preserving open landscape
I will now specify per component which questions are important, what the goal of each phase is, which questions
are important and how I will answer them. A detailed planning follows at the end of each section.
22

1a Coupling social scientific research to spatial models
Which user groups of households and companies have a demand for park cities, and what is their
exact demand
Basic question Which user groups do have an existing demand for park cities
Daily advisor
prof. dr. van Engelsdorp Gastelaars (UVA)
Type of research Literature research
Literature Brink 1997, Myers 2001, Dunham Jones 2000, Becker 2000
Time frame October 2002 - May 2003
Output
Research article on results and methodology in a scientific magazine such as Housing
Policy Debate;
Articles on results in professional magazine such as Blauwe Kamer, Bouw, Places,
Architecture, Urban Land.
Figure 2 Studying existing social research
The goal of this study phase is to investigate which user groups have a demand for park cities and what are their
reasons for settlement in especially park cities. In short: What is the target group for park cities What do they
like about it
This phase of the research substantiates the spatial and functional concept of park cities as compact, mixed-use,
lively urban neighborhoods closely connected to open space, from a social scientific perspective. This means
the arguments are searched for in a demand of users, as reflected by their lifestyle and living preferences.
Otherwise this idea of park cities could be undermined as a new utopia, like the high rise housing projects of the
60s once were. Also, it is important to question the common sense argument that everybody just wants a
detached house with a garden.
Preliminary definition of park cities
Park cities are neighborhoods that have the following features:
-liveliness, made by a concentration of amenities, like shops, jobs, schools and recreational activities;
-average high density, which means a floor space index of 1.0 or more of the built-over and open areas;
-connection to open space within close distance, like open landscape or water, a landscape park, a city park or a
park system.
Although I define park cities that the scale of neighborhoods like the Vondelpark neighborhood in Amsterdam or
the Back Bay in Boston, a park city is called a 'city' by its influence of livability accessibility from surrounding
neighborhoods and city districts.
23

Actual demand for park cities
Preliminary research gives positive answers: There is a demand for living and working in urban neighborhoods
with plenty of amenities and near open space.
Just like the concept of park cities is ambivalent; the target group for park cities consists of ambivalent types of
both households and companies. Park cities are not urban and not suburban, but do have some spatial and
functional characteristics of both. As well lively, compact neighborhoods as nearness to open space.
The target group of park cities, households and companies, is also ambivalent in the functional and spatial
characteristics of their lifestyle. They behave both like the real urbanites and like the real suburbanites. The
difference in behavior between the real urbanites and the real suburbanites is the extent to which they externalize
respectively internalize their amenities and relationships inside their house or office.
Lifestyles of urbanites and suburbanites
The urbanites, like students and little companies, do have a lot of amenities and relationships outside of their
house or office. They externalize amenities like places for lunch, conference rooms, parking spots, copy shops,
bars, restaurants and relationships like friends and family or free-lance employees, accountants, cleaning
personnel. As a result, they do not have a lot of space in their house or office.
On the other side of the spectrum are the suburbanites, like families and big companies and corporations, that
have internalized in their house or building much more amenities and relationships. For example, families have
internalized a few important relationships within their house. As for amenities, families internalize for example
private outdoor space, a parking spot for their car, rooms for family meetings, watching television, working at
home, having a workout, doing odd jobs (klussen).
Suburbanite companies internalize in their office building for example amenities like conference rooms, parking
spots, printing facilities, a company restaurant etc. As for relationships, they internalize personnel like for
example accountants, lawyers, janitors, a personnel and public relations department, secretaries etc.. As a result,
the suburbanites do have more space in and around their house or office building.
Lifestyle and living preferences of the target groups of park cities
The ambivalent types of households and companies would probably like to internalize in their house or office a
lot of amenities, but on the other hand they are strongly dependent on amenities and relationships that they cannot
house themselves. Also they often prefer to have an urban life style. Therefore they need to live in a more
compact neighborhoods, where amenities like shops, bars, child care, schools, jobs and parks have a bearing
surface and are within close distance. This group consists of for example doubleincome families, empty nesters,
elderly people and knowledge-based and more cultural oriented companies. All these five types of households
and companies represent growing groups.
Lifestyles of ambivalent types of households
Through emancipation, the number of double income families is growing. Double income families, with or
without kids, do have specific lifestyles and living preferences: "Particularly career-minded families live in the
vicinity of the inner city. That is the place where jobs, urban amenities and facilities for kids are located in short
24

distance of each other." (Brink 1997, p. 144). According to Brink, the double income households require an
extremely efficient time - spatial arrangement.
Another societal trend is the growing number of seniors. An American study finds: "The aging of the baby
boomers is an inexorable force likely to increase the number of households desiring denser residential
environments." (p. 649) "... older households are especially receptive to decreased auto dependence. Easy access
to public transportation is either very or somewhat important (71 percent), as is living within walking distance
of a food store (49 percent), a drugstore (45 percent), and their doctor's office (53 percent). (p. 642) This study
concludes that given the aging of the baby boom generation, and taking into account additional trends shaping
preferences for density, there will be a " growing market impact of home seekers who prefer compact-city
alternatives."(Myers 2001, p. 657)
Lifestyles of ambivalent types of companies
Ambivalent types of companies are for example culturally oriented, high tech and other knowledge-based
companies. In knowledge-based companies, the employees - as human capital - are the main form of capital. This
capital is also called "defection capital", which means the capital (read: employees) is able to quit his job and
start up a new, competing company him or herself. Therefore knowledge-based companies try hard to keep their
employees happy. As a result, a new trend in the United States is to settle the company in a lively, urban
neighborhood, near amenities like shops, sports, day care, transit and recreational open space. Examples of this
are the new Microsoft and Adidas campus in Portland, Oregon and the new mixed-use, compact neighborhood
Playa Vista in Los Angeles. (Dunham Jones 2000 p. 8, Becker 2000 p. 68-69).
In this way, knowledge-based companies settle in urban areas because they need certain facilities and they want
to externalize these amenities, because this externalization gives extra qualities: The feeling of being part of a
thriving, not so corporate world. This trend of urban corporate campuses represents, in my view, an existing
demand of companies to settle in neighborhoods like park cities.
Summarizing these results, the ambivalent types of households and companies do have a demand for living in
park cities. On the one hand, they need certain amenities and relationships within close distance because they
cannot house them themselves. On the other hand, they sometimes also like to externalize these amenities and
relationships as they prefer to have an urban life style.
Literature
Becker, Bill, "High-Tech Mixed Use". Urban Land, January (2000), p. 68-69.
Brink, Gabriël van den, Hoge eisen, ware liefde - De opkomst van een nieuw gezinsideaal in Nederland. Utrecht:
Nederlands Instituut voor Zorg en Welzijn Uitgeverij, 1997.
Dunham - Jones, Ellen, “75 percent - the next big architectural project”. Harvard Design Magazine “sprawl and
spectacle”, 22 (fall 2000), p.5-11.
25

Myers, Dowell and E. Gearin, "Current Preferences and Future Demand for Denser Residential Environments."
Housing Policy Debate, volume 12, issue 4 (2001), p. 633-659.
Ministerie van VROM, Samenvatting ‘Mensen, wensen, wonen’, Nota Wonen, wonen in de 21e eeuw Den Haag,
Ministerie van VROM 2001.
Planning
October 2002
October 2002
October - November 2002
November 2002 - January 2003
December 2002 - February 2003
February - March 2003
April 2003
April 2003
May 2003
Orientation on Literature
choose types of data to collect, regarding also next components of the
research
orientation on methodology for data collection
choose methodology and make a model for data collection
select and read usable Literature
collect data in model
write chapter of Ph.D. thesis on results
write chapter of Ph.D. thesis on methodology
write articles on methodology and results for several scientific a
professional magazines.
Figure 3 Planning the study of existing social scientific research
26

1b Coupling spatial models to social scientific research
Which spatial and functional principles of existing park cities represent the desirability of existing
park cities
Basic question
Which spatial and functional principles of existing park cities
represent the value of park cities
Daily advisor
prof. dr. ir. de Ridder (TUD)
prof. dr. van Engelsdorp Gastelaars (UVA),
Type of research
Literature research, design research
Literature Alexander 1995, Alexander 1997, Calthorpe 2000, Crompton 2001,
Garvin, Alexander and Berens 1997, Gillham 2002, Jacobs 1961,
Harnik 2000, Lynch 1984, Steinitz 1990, Tummers and Tummers-
Zuurmond 1997, Urhahn and Bobiæ 1994
Time frame methodology/American case study: November 2002 - June 2003
literature research: September 2003 - November 2003
design research/educational project: October 2003 - June 2004
Output Design research: Educational project
Literature and Design research: articles in scientific magazines
like the Journal of the American Planning Association, Urban
Studies, and professional magazines such as Blauwe Kamer,
Bouw, Landscape Architecture.
Methodological research: Research article in a scientific
magazine such as Landscape Journal, and a reader for students.
Figure 4 Studying spatial types
Plan analysis through the eyes of three types of stakeholders
The previous component 1a gives knowledge about the need for parks cities as expressed by users like
households and companies: Who would like to live and work there And why In this part 1b I propose to
analyze a few plans of existing case studies of park cities through the eyes of these users, but also through the
eyes of other important parties involved in development of park cities. I divide the involved parties in 3
categories:
Users (households, companies);
providers ( developers, housing corporations, real estate investors) and
civic authorities .
27

This multiple - perspective plan analysis will lead to spatial and functional principles as a translation of the
desirability and value of park cities for the 3 different types of stakeholders.
It is important to look at the interests of all parties involved at the development and use of park cities, because
they have - sometimes slightly - different interests that will influence their spatial form and functioning. When it
comes to development of park cities, the primary reason will be that a need for them exists. Still other financing
and regulating parties also influence the urban patterns of park cities, by giving their preconditions for
development. For example, they want to be sure of selling or renting the buildings, safety of the area, cheap
upkeep of the public space. In the United States, financing comes with preconditions: "... for all building types.
The banks and insurance companies that lend money for many suburban commercial and residential projects
dictates size, uses, the number of parking spaces, mechanical systems, and even the materials to be used in
construction. Lenders want to be sure they have a marketable commodity in case they end up owning the project
and "marketable" usually means something that has been successfully sold across the country. " (Gillham 2002 ).
As a result , if the next component of the research (2a) should be the development of functionally innovative
urban patterns of park cities, it is needed to explore the different interests of the concerned parties in this
development.
Stakeholders and their interests
Users, like households and companies, want to live and work in nice, safe, accessible neighborhoods, while these
qualities must stay for a long term.
Providers, like developers, housing corporations and real estate investors, are interested in earning money in a
short term when they sell the buildings, but they are also interested in earning money in the long term when they
will rent the buildings. Therefore they will be interested in how nice, safe and accessible a neighborhood will be
in a short term and/or also in a long term.
Civic authorities, like the social services, police and management department of the public space, are interested
in a safe and socially stable neighborhoods in the long term.
Case studies to explore if the different interests of the concerned parties lead to different spatial
and functional principles.
I plan to look at at least 3 case studies, to explore if different interests of stakeholders lead to different spatial and
functional principles that represent the desirability and value of park cities for them. This part of the research will
be based in case studies. The case studies will be existing Dutch park cities. This perspective of looking at
different interests will give restrictions to the choice of case studies: Knowledge about the desirability for
households and companies should already be available from social research and it should be possible to interview
the concerned civic authorities and providers. However, this comparative analysis will be an exploration if this
method helps to obtain spatial and functional principles based on the different interests of the stakeholders.
Therefore the comparative analysis will be limited to an amount of 3 case studies.
At least one of the 3 case studies should be a bad example of a park city, otherwise the outcome of the research
will be very predictable: Good park cities give good spatial and functional principles. Also, a bad example gives
useful information on the fine line between what works and what does not work any more.
28

Spatial and functional principles of existing park cities as a translation of the desirability of park
cities for users
To obtain spatial and functional principles that represent the desirability for users, such as households and
companies, of existing parks cities, I will do a literature research and design research on concrete, existing park
cities of which the desirability has already been researched by social scientists.
From a period of the previous fifteen years, there are about ten studies of existing, Dutch park cities.
I will first do a literature research on these case studies. This social scientific research will present how desirable
these park cities are and why, but not necessarily in spatial and functional terms. For example, the parks city will
be evaluated in terms of
presence of facilities,
quality of housing,
lively or peaceful neighborhoods,
safety,
accessibility from region,
verdant streets,
nearness to open space.
While doing a design research on the same concrete, existing park cities I want to find out the spatial and
functional principles that make the desirable qualities at work for users. The question is: If these park cities are
desirable for people to live and work in, how does that work
Spatial and functional principles of existing park cities as a translation of the desirability of park
cities for providers
To find out what providers, like developers, housing corporations and real estate investors, would be interested
in while developing park cities, I plan to interview providers that were or are still involved in the development
and/or management of the same case studies. The question is: What was their interest in providing money to
develop and further manage these existing park cities By what spatial and functional characteristics of these
existing park cities are their interests most endorsed Did they have special preconditions for the spatial or
functional layout of the park city
In which part of the park city did their buildings sell better than others, and why was that Was there a reason to
be found in the spatial and functional planning of the parks city In which parts of the park city is renting
buildings and building management easier than in other parts, and why is that If there a reason to be found in the
direct spatial environment Is a mix of functions better or worse for the management of specific buildings in this
existing park city Is the characteristic of compactness, and nearness to open space, increasing or decreasing the
values of real estate in this existing park city
29

Spatial and functional principles of existing park cities as a translation of desirability of park
cities for civic authorities
To find out what civic authorities, like the city development and management departments, would be interested in
while developing park cities, I plan to interview civic authorities that were or are still involved in the
development and/or management of the same case studies. The question to civic authorities is: What do they
value about these existing park cities Are they safe, easy to keep up and keep clean, are they socially stable Is
there a reason to be found in the spatial setup of (parts of) the parks city Did they have special preconditions for
the spatial or functional layout of the parks city Do parts of the parks city that are very compact, or near open
space, perform better or worse in terms of safety and social stability
Educational project: Comparative analysis of the Dutch case studies
I plan to do this comparative analysis as an educational project, for example as a "Thematische Oefening". The
question is: If these park cities are desirable, how does that work How does that work from a perspective of
users, providers and civic authorities
To answer this question, another question comes first: What are these park cities exactly So in this phase of the
research, I will first describe and document the 3 selected park cities in text, tables, schemes and drawings.
Second I will investigate how they operate. The result will be a comparative analysis of how they operate and
how they are evaluated by the different stakeholders.
There are six scale levels I propose to analyze:
Radius
(km)
regional 30
subregional 10
local 3
district 1
neighbourhood 0.3
ensemble 0.1
users providers civic authorities
Figure 5 Matrix of evaluation by stakeholders on different levels of scale
Results of the comparative analysis
From this comparative analysis I will extract correlations between how these 3 existing park cities operate and
how they are evaluated. This will lead to lessons for future programming and designing of park cities, formulated
in spatial and functional principles per scale level.
The comparative analysis therefore has to be an in-depth analysis of a limited amount of case studies. For each
single case study and 6 scale levels, I will obtain for 3 types of stakeholders 18 spatial and 18 functional
principles. For 3 case studies I will obtain 54 spatial and 54 functional principles. Per scale level I will obtain for
30

3 case studies and 3 types of stakeholders 9 spatial and 9 functional principles. In the comparative analysis I will
synthesize this per scale level into at maximum 3 spatial and 3 functional principles, 1 principle per stakeholder
per scale level.
Applicability of the results
These principles will give answers to design problems, specific to the design of park cities:
(How) is it possible to obtain a relatively high density, when there is also a relatively high amount of open
space in the park city, compared to current city extension neighborhoods
(How) is it possible to combine a relatively high density of the neighborhood with a high desirability
(How) is it possible to make a park city lively Which distribution patterns of facilities, housing typologies ,
companies and open space increase or decrease the character of liveliness
(How) is it possible to combine compact housing and office areas with sufficient parking spots in a safe and
desirable way
What is the best practice of combining mixed use, lively urban areas with housing, that possibly requests a
more peaceful environment
The output of the literature and design research will be an article, in for example scientific magazines like the
Journal of the American Planning Association, Urban Studies, and professional magazines such as Blauwe
Kamer or Bouw. Furthermore, I plan to do the design research - the documentation and comparative analysis of
the park cities - in an educational project together with students.
Methodology
For the description of what park cities are, and for understanding how they work, I will use existing
representation and process types. These types should be based in usable and valid, or presumed to be valid,
theory. I want to use types that include different scale levels. Next to this, they should give quantitative and
qualitative output in schemes, drawings, text and numbers.
A representation type defines what the language of representation is, how qualities get represented, what effective
media of representation are, what elements and attributes constitute an urban neighborhood (for example
function, form, space, etc.). A process type presumes how well we understand how an urban neighborhood
works, how well we understand how it is perceived and used, how we describe these relationships, how our
process knowledge is stable over time and space, or over cultural geography, and how the urban landscape
interacts with other city shaping forces like economics, sociology, technology, law or architecture. (Steinitz 1990,
p. 137)
To choose a type, I will first compare a few existing types and then select one. The output of this methodological
research will be an article, in for example Landscape Journal, and a reader for students.
American case study to try out the representation and process types
To try out how to translate the desirability of existing park cities (as documented in existing social scientific
research, and extracted from interviews with providers and civic authorities) into spatial and functional
31

principles, I plan to do an American case study during my first year of my Ph.D. that I live and work in the
United States. In this way I will be able to test the chosen representation and process types on a short term. Also
it is possible to test the feasibility of the extraction of spatial and functional principles as a translation of the
value of park cities for different stakeholders.
Next to these practical reasons, doing an American case study will influence the representation and process types
and give later on a fresh perspective on the Dutch case studies.
For example in the United States, much research has been done on the increasing of real estate prices as a result
of nearness of buildings to a park. Examples of this effect are Battery Park and Central Park in New York and
Postoffice Square in Boston. Also in some cities, for buildings in front of a park extra property tax has to be paid,
for example in Kansas. (Harnik 2000)
When it comes to the desirability of housing in a mixed use neighborhoods, research on New urbanism -
neighborhoods has proved that mixed use projects are selling faster relatively to conventional (monofunctional)
subdivisions. (Calthorpe 2000) The New Urbanism is an influential group in the United States of designers, civic
authorities and businessmen that searches for, and builds, alternatives for urban sprawl.
In short, doing an American case study to set up and try out the framework, before starting with the Dutch case
studies, will clarify the feasibility of this part of the research. Next to this, it will - by interviewing American
stakeholders who are by tradition more aware of the influence of parks and open space on neighborhoods and
real estate value- broaden my view on answering the question:
What is why, per stake holder, of value in these case studies, translated in spatial and functional characteristics
What is the relation between spatial form, function and value
Literature
Alexander, Christopher, Een patroontaal. Drachten: Educare, 1995.
(Dutch translation of: A Pattern Language. New York: Oxford University Press 1977).
Calthorpe, Peter, "New Urbanism and the Apologists for Sprawl". Places, 13:2 (2000), p. 67-69.
Crompton, John L., "Parks and Economic Development". PAS report, (nr. 502, november 2001)
Garvin, Alexander, Berens, Gayle, et al, Urban Parks and Open Space. Washington, D.C.: ULI- the Urban Land
Institute, 1997.
Gillham, Oliver, "Money, Cities, and Suburbanization." ArchitectureBoston, Volume 5: Number 2 (2002), p. 16 -
19.
Jacobs, Jane, The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Vintage books, 1961. Used edition:
1992.
Harnik, Peter, Inside City Parks. Washington, D.C.: ULI- the Urban Land Institute, 2000.
Lynch, K., Good city form. Cambridge: MIT Press, paperback edition of 1984.
Steinitz, Carl, "A Framework for Theory Applicable to the Education of Landscape Architects (and Other
Environmental Design Professionals)". Landscape Journal, volume 9, issue 2 (1990), p. 136-143.
32

Tummers, L.J.M. en J.M. Tummers-Zuurmond Het land in de stad - de stedenbouw van de grote agglomeratie.
Bussum: Toth 1997.
Urhahn, G. B. and M. Bobic, A pattern image - A typological tool for quality in urban planning. Bussum: Toth,
1994.
Urhahn, G. B. and M. Bobic, Strategie voor stedelijkheid - Een studie over het thema stedenbouwkundige
kwaliteit en opdrachtgever. Bussum: Toth, 1996.
Planning
November 2002
December 2002
January 2003
February 2003
March 2003
April 2003
May 2003
June 2003
July 2003
August 2003
September - November 2003
December 2003 - April 2004
May 2004
June 2004
July 2004
orientation on methodology: Existing representation and process types
selection of a few types and compare them
selection of representation and process type for research
write chapter of Ph.D. thesis on methodology
write article on methodology for scientific magazine
select case study of American park city, visit American park city
test representation and process types on American park city
write chapter of Ph.D. thesis on American case study
write articles for professional magazines on American case study
orientation on Dutch case studies: Usability
preparation of educational project
educational project: Comparative analysis of Dutch park cities
conclusions: Spatial and functional principles
write chapter of Ph.D. thesis on results
write articles on results for several scientific and professional magazines.
Figure 6 planning the study of spatial types
33

2a. Study by design
Which urban patterns for future park cities, as a translation of functional and spatial principles,
do optimally meet the demand of users, providers and civic authorities
Basic question
Which urban patterns for future park cities, as a translation of
functional and spatial principles, do optimally meet the demand of
users, providers and civic authorities
Daily advisor:
prof. dr. ir. De Jong (TUD),
prof. dr. ir. de Ridder (TUD)
Type of research
Study by design
Literature Jong and Voordt (2002), Jong (1992), Krieger (1991), Lynch (1984)
Time frame methodology: September - November 2004
preparation educational project: November - March 2005
Study by design as educational project: April - December 2005
Output
Study by design: Educational project
Study by design: Articles in several scientific magazines, such as Journal
of Urban Design, and in several professional magazines.
Study by design: Design of urban patterns of future parks cities
Figure 7 Study by design
Why a study by design
This study by design has the goal to develop new urban patterns for park cities, with the intention to meet - more
than the existing park cities - the collective interest of using space more efficiently.
This component of the research is important, because much research already criticized urban sprawl and asks for
better alternatives of urban development. I will illustrate the need for research and development of alternative
urban patterns by two statements of American scholars: "Consequently, we continue to build - and live in - vast
tracts undifferentiated development that form neither neighborhoods, towns, or cities. There is no shortage of
criticism levelled at such modern development. Alternatives however, are in short supply - especially ones which
retain the qualities that have made such development desirable and economically advantageous for so many."
(Krieger 1991) "From the standpoint of city design, research should give priority to the development and analysis
of new prototypes. The design stock is depleted, and some shelves are empty. (...) The creation of new models,
linked to context and desired performance, and their testing in simulation and reality, are crucial for city design."
(Lynch 1981, p. 324)
34

next to providing new urban patterns, the goal of this research is to influence decisions of providers and designers
and civic authorities. Therefore it is needed to make plans as an example, to explore and show the possibilities of
park cities.
What is a study by design
A study by design is a design process in which the object which will be designed, as well as the context in which
the object is designed, are both variable.
The object as a variable is a normal condition in a studying design. A studying design is the everyday practice of
a designer. For example, it can be the design process of an urban area: The area has to be designed, the context of
location, social environment, financial conditions, a program of requirements, etc. is determined.
The context as a variable is a normal condition in a typological research. Typological research looks for object
constancy in a variable context.
Both the object and the context as a variable is the condition in a designing research. This can be executed by
doing alternately a studying design and a typological research. This means the object respectively the context will
alternate as a variable.
Variation of interests as variable context in this study by design
In this study by design, the object which has to be designed is not determined, as it is a new urban pattern for a
park city. Also the context in which the object has to be designed will be variable: I propose to alternate the
context of the values of different stakeholders at different scale levels of design. The different scale levels are the
same scale levels as I used in the comparative analysis of existing park cities: Regional (radius 30 kilometers),
subregional (radius 10 kilometers), local (radius 3 kilometers), area (radius 1 kilometer), neighborhood (radius
300 meter), ensemble (radius 100 meters). In this way, I will be able to use the developed spatial and functional
principles per scale level and per stakeholder that emerged from the comparative analysis in part 1b.
In the study by design, I will develop urban patterns for future park cities from a perspective that alternates
during the study: The perspective of what is desirable for users, such as households and companies, a perspective
of what is of value for providers, and a perspective of what is of value for civic authorities. This will lead to new
urban patterns of park cities that will address the interests of these 3 stakeholders at various scale levels.
Designing urban patterns at various scale levels is important for the next step in the research: Measuring the
contribution of each design of a park city to the collective interest of using space more efficiently. It is important
to measure this contribution at various scale levels, because it is possible to use space very efficient at the scale
of for example a neighborhood (by designing a very dense neighborhood), but still have an overall low density at
the scale of the area around the neighborhood (because of infrastructure and open space around the neighborhood
can be designed very inefficient and spacious).
Study by design as Educational project
I plan to do this study by design as an educational project for students. For the students, the study by design will
be a way to explore the study by design as a means to unify several interests of different stakeholders in a design
proposal for an urban area. Also, it is interesting for them to evaluate the influences of the different stakeholders
35

at different scale levels on the design of an urban area. Furthermore, this project will give the students insight in
their possibilities in their further career.
Study by design related to effect analysis in part 2b
The study by design as an educational project will also be part of part 2b of this research: The effect analysis of
urban patterns of park cities. When the study by design has led to these results, I plan to measure together with
the students if these urban patterns do use space more efficiently than the urban patterns of existing park cities.
Study by design as design project
Next to the educational project, I plan to do a design project for a municipal government and a project developer
together. If possible, also a group of users will be involved in the design process. These civic authorities and the
project developer should be interested in a park city as a further city extension. This will be in interesting way to
check whether the study by design leads to a design that satisfies both interests. I will try to shift perspective
during the study by design from one contractor to the other.
Literature
Jong, Taeke de, et al. (eds), Ways To Study architectural, urban and technical design. Delft: Delft University
Press 2000.
Jong, Taeke de, Kleine methodologie voor ontwerpend onderzoek. Meppel: Boom, 1992.
Krieger, Alex, "Since (and before) seaside." Town and town making principles. Edited by Alex Krieger with
William Lennertz, pp. 9-16. Rizzoli International Publications: 1991.
Lynch, K., Good city form. Cambridge: MIT Press, paperback edition of 1984.
Planning
September - November 2004
November - December 2004
January - June 2005
July 2005
August 2005
September 2005
October 2005
orientation on methodology
preparation educational project
study by design: Educational project
write chapter of Ph.D. thesis on methodology
write article on methodology for scientific magazine
write articles on result for scientific magazines
write articles on results for professional magazines
36

2b Evaluation of designs
To what extent do future park cities contribute to political goals and collective interests like using
space more efficiently
Basic question
To what extent do future park cities contribute to political goals
and collective interests like using space more efficiently
Daily advisor
prof. dr. ir. De Jong (TUD),
prof. dr. ir. de Ridder (TUD)
Type of research
Effect analysis of urban patterns
Literature Jong and Voordt 2002, Jong 1992, Jong 2002
Time frame methodology: November - December 2005
Effect analysis/educational project: January - March 2006
Output
Educational project: Effect analysis
Articles in scientific and professional magazines
Figure 8 Evaluation of designs
Testing of developped urban patterns: Do they have the desired performance
This testing should evaluate the developped park cities to the goal of using space more efficiently. Questions for
example will be: Is it possible to obtain a higher overall density of built-over and open areas than average now in
suburbs What is the overall density of the urban patterns at the various scale levels Do the interests of the
different stakeholders influence the density of the developped park cities
I will use the developped park cities of the study by design to answer these questions. Also, I will compare them
with the case studies of part 1b of my research. In that way, it is possible to see if the study by design provided
new urban patterns that do better, compared to the case studies of existing park cities, satisfy the goal of using
space more efficiently.
I plan to execute this part of the research as an educational project, as a follow-up of the study by design as an
educational project.
Literature
Jong, Taeke de, et al. (eds), Ways To Study architectural, urban and technical design. Delft: Delft University
Press 2000.
Jong, Taeke de, et al. (eds), Ways To Study and Research urban, architectural and technical design. Delft: Delft
University Press 2002.
Jong, Taeke de, Kleine methodologie voor ontwerpend onderzoek. Meppel: Boom, 1992.
Jong, Taeke de, Het metropolitane debat - een vocabulaire voor besluitvorming over de kaart van Nederland.
Zoetermeer: Stichting MESO, 1998.
37

Planning
November - December 2005
January - March 2006
April 2006
May 2006
June 2006
July 2006
August - September 2006
October 1, 2006
orientation on methodology
educational project: effect analysis of urban patterns of study by design
write chapter of Ph.D. thesis on methodology
write article on methodology for scientific magazine
write articles on results for scientific magazines
write articles on results for professional magazines
prepare Ph.D. thesis for press, copyrights
graduation
38

APPENDIX B: RESEARCH PROGRAMME CHAIR TECHNICAL
ECOLOGY AND METHODOLOGY
Onderzoeksprogramma
leerstoel technische ecologie en methodologie
39

APPENDIX C: RELATED PUBLICATIONS FROM THE FACULTY
Earlier possibly relevant Dissertations............................................................................................................ 40
Earlier possibly relevant scientific publications from the secton Ruimtelijke Planning:............................ 41
Earlier possibly relevant scientific publications from the secton Stedebouwkundig Ontwerpen: ............. 42
Earlier possibly relevant scientific publications from the secton Landschapsarchitectuur en milieu:...... 43
Earlier possibly relevant Dissertations
Caso, O.; The City, The Elderly and Telematics. Design aspects of telematic applications in a residential
neighbourhood. Technische Universiteit Delft. Promotor(s): prof.dr. P. Drewe. Uitgave: Delft University
Press, Delft, 1999, 246 p. ISBN: 9040719454.
Hoeven, F.D. van der; RingRing ondergronds bouwen voor meervoudig ruimtegebruik boven en langs de Ring in
Rotterdam en in Amsterdam. Technische Universiteit Delft. Promotor(s): prof.ir. H.C. Bekkering. 369 p.
Jacobs M; Multinodal Urban Structures. A comperative analysis and strategies for design. Transfomations 3.
Technische Universiteit Delft. Promotor(s): prof.dr. P. Drewe. Uitgave: Delft University Press, Delft,
2000, 216 p. ISBN: 90-407-2091-6.
Jong, M.D.Th.M. de; Scheidslijnen in het denken over Natuurbeheer in Nederland Technische Universiteit Delft.
Promotors: Prof.dr.ir. T.M. de Jong, Prof.dr. S.S. Blume. Uitgave DUP Science Delft, 2002; 328 p. ISBN
90-407-2295-1.
Kooijman, D.; Machine en theater. Ontwerpconcepten van winkelgebouwen. Technische Universiteit Delft.
Promotor(s): prof.dr.ir. H. Priemus, prof.ir. H. de Jonge, prof.dr.ir. G. Zeijl. Uitgave: 010 Publishers,
Rotterdam, 1999, 304 p. ISBN: 9064503567.
Loon, P.P.J. van; Interorganisational design - a new approach to team design in architecture and urban planning.
Technische Universiteit Delft. Promotor(s): prof.ir. H. de Jonge, prof.dr.ir. L.A. van Gunsteren. Uitgave:
Publicatiebureau Bouwkunde, Delft, 1998, 345 p. ISBN: 90 5269 252 1.
Meel J.J. van; The European Office. Office design and national context. Technische Universiteit Delft.
Promotor(s): prof.ir. H. de Jonge. Uitgave: 010 Publishers, Rotterdam, 2000, 182 p. ISBN: 90-6450-382-
6.
Meyer, V.J.; De stad en de haven. Stedebouw als cultuele opgave Londen, Barcelona, New York, Rotterdam.
Technische Universiteit Delft. Promotor(s): prof.dipl.ing. H.J. Rosemann, prof.ir. J. Heeling.Uitgave:
Uitgeverij Jan van Arkel, Utrecht, 21-1-97, 432 p. ISBN: 90-6224-380-0.
Reisen, A.A.J. van; Ruim baan door telewerken Effecten van flexibele werkvormen op ruimtelijke ordening en
mobiliteit als gevolg van veranderend tijd-ruimtegedrag. Technische Universiteit Delft. Promotor(s):
40

prof.dr. P. Drewe. Uitgave: NederlandseGeografische Studies, Utrecht, 20-5-97, 228 p.
ISBN: 90-6809-246-4.
Tisma, A.; Delta M. A tool for metropolitan designing systems. Technische Universiteit Delft. Promotor(s):
prof.ir. D.H. Frieling. Uitgave: DUP Science, Delft, 2001, 237 p. ISBN: 90-407-2229-3.
Tummers, L.J.M.; Het land in de stad. De stedebouw van de grote agglomeratie (hst. 1,2,3,5 en 6). Technische
Universiteit Delft. Promotor(s): prof.ir. D.H. Frieling, prof.dr.ir. C.M. Steenbergen. Uitgave: THOTH,
Bussum, 21-10-97, 267 p. ISBN: 90-6868-187-7.
Tummers-Zuurmond, J.M.; Het land in de stad. De stedebouw van de agglomeratie (hst 1,2,3 en 4). Technische
Universiteit Delft. Promotor(s): prof.ir. D.H. Frieling, prof.dr.ir. C.M. Steenbergen. Uitgave: THOTH,
Bussum, 21-10-97, 267 p. ISBN: 90-6868-187-7.
Vollers, K.; Twist&Build. Creating non-orthogonal architecture. Technische Universiteit Delft. Promotor(s): prof
dr ir A.C.J.M. Eekhout, prof.ir. J. Brouwer. Uitgave: 010 Publishers, Rotterdam, 2001, 287 p. ISBN: 90
6450 410 5.
Wigmans G; De facilitaire stad. Rotterdams grondbeleid en postmodernisering. TU Delft. Promotor(s):
prof.dipl.-ing. H.J. Rosemann. Uitgave: Delft University Press, Delft, 1998, 295 p. ISBN: 90 407 1703 6.
Earlier possibly relevant scientific publications from the secton Ruimtelijke
Planning:
Drewe P.; The Network City. Contributions of Information Technologies to New Concepts of Spatial Planning.
In: G.G. Serra (eds.); Technologia Arquitectura Urbanismo. NUTAU/USP, Sao Paulo, Brazilië, 1997, p. 21-37.
Jong T.M. de; Regionale ontwerpen vergelijken. Agenda's, legenda's en variabelen. In: Stedebouw & Ruimtelijke
Ordening, Jaargang: 78, 5, 1997, p. 9-13. ISSN: 1384-6531.
Drewe P., E.D. Hulsbergen; Een veranderende maatschappelijke context, nieuwe stedebouwkundige opgaven. In:
E.D. Hulsbergen, V.J. Meyer, M.R.J. Paasman (eds.); Stedelijke Transformaties. Delft University Press, Delft,
1998, p. 37-54. ISBN: 90 407 1715 X.
Jong T.M. de; Ontwerpen begint waar het waarschijnlijke ophoudt. In: Ontwerpmethodologie.
Ontwerpmethodologie (Delft, 5/28/98), Faculteit Bouwkunde, TU Delft, Delft, 1998, p. #1-#16. ISBN: 90 5269
255 6.
Tacken M.H.H.K., H.J. Rosenboom; Mobility of Elderly Persons in Time and Space in the Netherlands: Flexible
Public Transport for the Elderly. In: J. Graafmans, V. Taipale, N. Charness (eds.); Gerontechnology. A
Sustainable Investment in the future. IOS Press, Amsterdam, 1998, p. 195-203. ISBN: 90 5199 367 6.
41

Drewe P.; The Network City: Contribution of Information Technologies to New Concepts of Spatial Planning - A
European Approach. In: C. Andrew, P. Armstrong, A. Lapierre (eds.); World Class Cities: can Canada play
(tevens in Frans). University of Ottawa Press, Ottawa, Canada, 1999, p. 105-129. ISBN: 2760305082.
Drewe P.; ICT and urban form. In: A. Langenhuizen, M.K. van Ouwerkerk, H.J. Rosemann (eds.); Proceedings B
Research by Design. International Conference Faculty of Architecture Delft University of Technology in cooperation
with the EAAE/AEEA (Delft), DUP Satellite, Delft, 2001, p. 115-121. ISBN: 90-407-2214-5.
Earlier possibly relevant scientific publications from the secton Stedebouwkundig
Ontwerpen:
Klaasen I.T., M. Jacobs; Plaatswaarde: basisbegrip bij stedelijk-regionaal ontwerpen. In: H.J. Ebels, F. le Clercq
(eds.); Verstedelijking en vervoersplanologische concepten. AME/UvA, Amsterdam, 1997, p. 47-64.
ISBN: 90-75246-13-7.
Bekkering H.C.; Betekenis en traditie. In: E.D. Hulsbergen, V.J. Meyer, M.R.J. Paasman (eds.); Stedelijke
Transformaties. Delft University Press, Delft, 1998, p. 179-186. ISBN: 90 407 1715 X.
Hoeven F.D. van der, R.A.A. van der Krogt, J. Edelenbos, R. Monnikhof, J. Haasnoot, E. Horvat; Strategic
Study on the Utilization of Underground Space in the Netherlands. In: D. Ahrens (eds.); Pergamon, Jaargang: 13,
2, 1998, p. 159-165. ISSN: 0886-7798.
Meyer V.J.; Urban architecture with open spaces: Kop van Zuid / Städtebau mit Freiräumen: Kop van Zuid. In:
R. Schäfer (eds.); Topos European Landscape Magazine, 25, 1998, p. 57-71. ISSN: 0942-752X.
Calabrese L.M.; Progetto e pratica professionale nel New Urbanism. In: B. Bonfantini (eds.); Urbanistica,
Jaargang: 1999, 113, 2000, p. 64-72. ISSN: 0042-1022.
Hermans W.J.A., D. Ryan; Globe 750: Seattle / The Hague lessons. In: S. Boyle, C. Enlow, D. Ryan (eds.);
Arcade, Jaargang: 17, 3, 1999, p. 14-17.
Hermans W.J.A., R. Koek; Paradijs en pragmatiek; een andere visie op verstedelijking rond het Groene Hart. In:
Planologische discussiebijdragen 1999 deel 1. Stad/landStichting Planologische Discussiedagen, 1999, p. 181-
194. ISBN: 9074744117.
Klaasen I.T., M. Jacobs; Relative location value based on accessibility: application of a useful concept in
designing urban regions. In: J.E. Rodiek (eds.); Landscape and Urban Planning, Jaargang: 1999, 45, 1999, p. 21-
35. ISSN: 01692046.
42

Meyer V.J.; City and Port. Transformation of Port Cities London, Barcelona, New York, Rotterdam. H. Pel
(eds.); Uitgave: International Books. Utrecht, 1999, 424 p. ISBN: 905727020x.
Bekkering H.C.; Urbanism, Modern Architecture and Tradition. In: I. Tagliaventi (eds.); International
Conference and Exibition The Other Modern. A Vision of Europe III Triennale Internazionale di Architecttura
Urbanistica di Bologna (Bologna, 3/9/2000), la Prefettura e la Procura di Bologna, Bologna, 2000, p. 241-249.
Frieling D.H.; Amsterdam-Zuidoost and the City Centre. In: M. Buurman, M. Kloos (eds.); Amsterdam
Architecture 1997-99. ARCAM, Amsterdam, 2000, p. 70-71. ISBN: 90-76863-01-6.
Klaasen I.T.; Relationships between designing and researching. In: T.M. de Jong, Y.J. Cuperus, D.J.M. van der
Voordt (eds.); Ways to Study. Architectural, urban and technical design. Congress version. Research by Design
(Delft, 11/1/2000), Faculteit Bouwkunde, TU Delft, Delft, 2000, p. 263-272.
Meyer V.J.; An Atlas of the Dutch Watercity. In: R Bruttomesso (eds.); Aquapolis, Jaargang: VI, 1-2, 2001, p.
14-17. ISSN: 88-317-7723-8.
Meyer V.J.; In between cities: periphery (ook op CD-rom). In: Europan 6 - european results - in between cities.
Sixth session of the european competitions for new architecture / In between cities, architectural dynamics and
new urbanity (Karlskrona), Europan, Paris, 2001, p. 114-119. ISBN: 2-914296-06-1.
Meyer V.J.; The Port as Public Domain. In: A.D. Graafland (eds.); Cities of transition. 010 Publishers,
Rotterdam, 2001, p. 161-167. ISBN: 90-6450-415-6.
Earlier possibly relevant scientific publications from the secton
Landschapsarchitectuur en milieu:
Steenbergen C.M.; De kantlijn van de stad. Het singelpark als type en uitdaging. In: E.A. de Jong, C.M.
Steenbergen. E.T. van der Vlist (eds.); Eene aangename publieke wandeling. Een schets van historische stads- en
singelparken. Walburg Pers, Zutphen, 1997, p. 11-28. ISBN: 90-6011-828-6.
Aben R.A.A.J, S.I. de Wit; De omsloten tuin - Geschiedenis en ontwikkeling van de hortus conclusus en de
herintroductie ervan in het hedendaagse stadslandschap (tevens verschenen in Engelse editie: 'The enclosed
garden', ISBN 90 6450 349 4). S. de Jong (eds.); Uitgave: 010 Publishers. Rotterdam, 1998, 256 p. ISBN: 90
6450 348 6.
Landschapsecologie. Natuur en landschap in een veranderende samenleving. D. van Dorp, K.J. Canters, J.T.R.
43

Kalkhoven, P. Laan (eds.); Uitgave: Uitgeverij Boom. Amsterdam, 1999, 440 p. ISBN: 9053525165.
Aben R.A.A.J., S.I. de Wit; The Enclosed Garden. Uitgave: 010 Publishers. Rotterdam, 1999, 256 p. ISBN:
9064503494.
Teunissen A.T.J.; Nieuwe concepten voor regionale planning van stad en land. In: Planologische
discussiebijdragen 1999 deel 1. Stad/landStichting Planologische Discussiedagen, 1999, p. 85-94. ISBN:
9074744117.
Balvers E., M.J. van Dorst; Ruigoord als intergratiecase. In: M.A. Kaiser (eds.); De ecologische stad:van illusie
naar realiteit. Aeneas, Best, 2000, p. 217-219. ISBN: 90-75365-34-9.
Steenbergen C.M.; Buitenplaats: exurb. In: C.M. Steenbergen, A.D. Graafland, H. Mihl, W. Reh, D. Hauptmann,
F. Aerts (eds.); Architectural Design and Research. THOTH, Bussum, 2000, p. 118-124. ISBN: 90 6868 265 2.
Tjallingii S.P.; Ecology on the edge: Landscape and ecology between town and country. In: J.E. Rodiek (eds.);
Landscape and Urban Planning, Jaargang: 48, 3-4, 2000, p. 103-119. ISSN: 01692046.
Aben R.A.A.J., S.I. de Wit; The Enclosed Garden (2e druk, herziene uitgave). Uitgave: 010 Publishers.
Rotterdam, 2001, 256 p. ISBN: 90-6450-349-4.
Kooij E.. van der; Research studio 'Buiten Plaats': Exurb / Transformation of an archetype. In: A. Melis, J. van
Bergen (eds.); The sustainable city of the new economy. Publikatieburo Bouwkunde, Delft, 2001, p. 31-33.
ISBN: 90-6809-246-4.
Steenbergen C.M.; Buiten plaats: exurb (niet eerder opgenomen). In: C.M. Steenbergen, A.D. Graafland, H.
Mihl, W. Reh, D. Hauptmann, F. Aerts (eds.); Architectural Design and Research: Composition, Education,
Analysis. THOTH, Bussum, 2000, p. 118-123. ISBN: 90-6868-265-2.
Steenbergen C.M., A.B. van der Weijde, E. van der Kooij, A. Homan; Research studio Buiten plaats: High-rise
landscape. In: H.C. Bekkering, A.D. Graafland, H. de Jonge, J. van Bergen, A. Luz Melis (eds.); The
Architecture Annual 1999-2000 Delft University of Technology. 010 Publishers, Rotterdam, 2001, p. 55-61.
ISBN: 90-6450-420-2.
Toorn M. van den; Infralandscapes / The design of acceleration and deceleration. In: Conference proceedings
Larenstein The Netherlands 2001 / Eclas. The Eclas 2001 conference (Velp, 9/13/2001), p. 91-107.
44

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45

INDEX
60s ....................................................23
ambivalent concept...........................24
ambivalent types...............................24
ambivalent types of companies.........25
amenities...........................................24
amenities(externalization).................25
arrangement(time-spatial).................25
baby boomers....................................25
Becker........................................ 23; 25
Brink.......................................... 23; 25
campuses(urban corporate)...............25
capital(defection)..............................25
career minded families......................24
compact ............................................23
companies(ambivalent types)............25
companies(knowledge based, cultural oriented) .......................24
company(competing) ........................25
concept(ambivalent) .........................24
defection capital................................25
demand oriented research .................14
denser residential environments........25
density ..............................................14
descriptive research ..........................14
design research .................................14
design study......................................14
differentiation(environmental)..........14
Dunham Jones ........................... 23; 25
Ecologie(Technische) .......................14
elderly people....................................24
emancipation ....................................24
employees .........................................25
empty nesters ....................................24
environmental differentiation ...........14
externalization(amenities).................25
families(career minded) ....................24
families(double income) ...................24
families(kids(with, without)) ............24
high rise housing...............................23
house(detached, garden) .................. 23
households(ambivalent types).......... 24
housing(high rise) ............................ 23
lifestyle ............................................ 23
lifestyle(ambivalent characteristics(functional, spatial)).......... 24
lively urban neighborhoods.............. 23
living preferences............................. 23
methodology(challenge)................... 14
mixed-use......................................... 23
Myers............................................... 23
Ontwerpen(Stedebouwkundig) ........ 14
park cities(demand, target group) .... 23
park cities(urban, suburban) ............ 24
Planning(Ruimtelijke)...................... 14
programming research ..................... 14
public transportation........................ 25
research(demand oriented)............... 14
research(descriptive)........................ 14
research(design)............................... 14
research(programming).................... 14
Ruimtelijke Planning ....................... 14
Stedebouwkundig Ontwerpen .......... 14
study by design ................................ 14
study(design).................................... 14
suburbanite companies..................... 24
suburbanites..................................... 24
target group...................................... 23
Technische Ecologie ........................ 14
time-spatial arrangement.................. 25
transportation(public) ...................... 25
types(ambivalent)............................. 24
typology ........................................... 14
typology(urban)................................ 14
urban corporate campuses................ 25
urban typology................................. 14
urbanites .......................................... 24
utopia............................................... 23
46