e-conservation the online Magazine 16, oct 2010.pdf

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ABDELRAZEK ELNAGGAR et al. Fungi Cedar oil concentration (%) Mean 0 0.5 1.0 2.5 5.0 Aspergillus niger Hormodendrum viride Penicillium corylophilum 100.0 100.0 75.5 70.8 60.0 100.0 100.0 80.2 20.0 0.0 100.0 85.6 76.8 65.9 65.0 81.3 60.0 78.7 oil. These results are in total agreement with those reported by other researches on several fungi [31]. Cleaning procedures Removal of microbial stains and growths over the mummies has been carried out using scalpels and soft brushes accompanied with an extraction system, to reduce the spore's contamination in the working area (figure 4). Cleaning started from the middle to the edges to easily collect the fungal growths and dirt particles without the spread of the microbial contamination (figure 5). Isopropyl alcohol has been used to sterilize the cleaning equipment and the surrounding environments during and after cleaning (figures 6-7). White free acid papers have been place below the mummy to better collect the fungal conidia. Benlate fungicide (200 ppm) has been applied on the mummy's wrapping using a sprayer. After cleaning, mummies were covered by polyethylene to protect them from further contamination. For health and safety issues, the conservator must wear a mask, coat, goggles and gloves during cleaning to avoid inhalation of the microbial contaminants (figure 8). Figure 4. Mummy's head wrappings during cleaning. Figure 5. Mummy's wrappings after cleaning. Conclusion After isolation of the microbial species from Egyptian mummies, experimental studies confirmed the efficiency of some of mummification materials on the inhibition of fungal growth, indicating that mummification materials may also function as biocides. The study indicates the ability of the Figure 6. Sterilization of the surrounding air during cleaning. 46 e-conservation
MICROBIAL STUDY OF EGYPTIAN MUMMIES Figure 7. Collecting and removal of dirt particles and fungal growths from a mummy. Figure 8. The necessary tools for conservator' health and safety (masks, gloves, goggles). isolated fungal strains from the Egyptian mummies to produce various amounts of extracellular enzymes (Avicelase, CMCase and cellobiase) which may lead to the decomposition of the mummy materials. Benlate, thymol and cedar oil show an ability to inhibit fungal growth. The authors would like to recommend creating better preventive conservation procedures in order to preserve the mummies from future damage. References [1] A. E. David, “Conservation of mummified Egyptian Remains”, in A. R. David (ed.), in Science in Egyptology: proceedings of the Science in Egyptology Symposia, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1986. [2] A. Arya, A. R. Shah, and S. Sadasivan, “Indoor aeromycoflora of Baroda museum and deterioration of Egyptian mummy”, Current Science 81(7), 2001, URL [3] P.H. Gregory, Microbiology of the Atmosphere, Leonard Hill Books, Aylesbury, England, 1973, pp. 377 [4] A. F. Sahab, F. Tawfic, S. Sahaba, and S. Mous- tafa, “Indoor fungal airospora and microorganisms communities associated with old manuscripts of GEBO of Egypt”, Journal of Agricultural Sciences 28(8), Mansoura University, 2003, pp. 6055- 6063 [5] K. Zielinska-Jankiewicz, A. Kozajda, M. Piotrowska, and I. Szadkowska-Stanczyk, “Microbiological contamination in moulds in work environment in libraries and archive storage facilities”, Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine 15, 2008, pp. 71-78 [6] R. López-Martínez, F. Hernández-Hernández, B.E. Millán-Chiu, P. Manzano-Gayosso, and L. J. Méndez-Tovar, “Effectiveness of imazalil to control the effect of fungal deterioration on mummies at the Mexico City Museum ‘El Carmen’” (article in Spanish), Revista Iberoamericana de Micología 24, 2007, pp. 283-288 [7] R. A. Zabel, and J. J. Morrell, Wood microbiology: decay and its prevention, Academic Press, San Diego, 1992 [8] T. Reinikainen, K. Henriksson, M. Siika-aho, O. Teleman and K. Poutanen, “Low-level endoglucanase contamination in a Trichoderma e-conservation 47
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