best practices in sustainable land management (slm) theme on ...

BEST PRACTICES IN SUSTAINABLE 

LAND MANAGEMENT (SLM) 

THEME ON COMMUNITY PROTECTED AREAS 

BACKGROUND 

The M<strong>in</strong>istry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) through the 

Susta<strong>in</strong>able Land Management Project has identified one hundred potential 

<strong>best</strong> <strong>practices</strong> <strong>in</strong> susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>land</strong> <strong>management</strong> (SLM). Best <strong>practices</strong> <strong>in</strong> SLM 

are def<strong>in</strong>ed as: "Measures, methods or activities; that perform <strong>best</strong> or 

achieve the highest impact (<strong>in</strong> SLM) accord<strong>in</strong>g to predef<strong>in</strong>ed criteria 

assessed through a validation process." (UN Convention to Combat 

Desertification or UNCCD) 

Information on Best Practices aims to guide policy makers and planers on 

what successful strategies may be promoted on a wider scale. At the same 

time, development workers can use them directly as "models" that may be 

adapted <strong>in</strong> somewhat similar situations. 

There are 5 <strong>theme</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Best Practices: (1) Susta<strong>in</strong>able Agriculture; (2) 

Community Forestry; (3) Community Fisheries (4) Community Protected 

Areas; and (5) Local authorities work <strong>in</strong> Natural resources <strong>management</strong>. 

Best Practices were identified <strong>in</strong> consultation with NGO partners. The key 

criteria used were relevance to issues on <strong>land</strong> degradation; the extent of 

adoption and current spread of the Best Practice. 

There are two types of potential <strong>best</strong> <strong>practices</strong>: "technologies" and 

"approaches". Specific farm<strong>in</strong>g “techniques” (e.g. <strong>in</strong>tegrated farm<strong>in</strong>g 

systems etc) are examples of technologies 

On the other hand, "approaches" can refer to “plann<strong>in</strong>g and facilitat<strong>in</strong>g 

tools" such as rapid appraisal tools, extension methods, efforts to improve 

security of tenure etc. This article discusses the Best <strong>practices</strong> under the 

Theme on Community Protected Areas 

BEST PRACTICES 

Twenty sites with <strong>best</strong> practice were identified by MOE‐based partners 

<strong>in</strong> collaboration with the SLM Project and consultation with NGO 

partners. The process used the follow<strong>in</strong>g criteria: 

Community effort is at least 5 years old and recognized by the 

M<strong>in</strong>istry of Environment ( MOE). 

Demonstration of active participation and good <strong>management</strong>. 

Representation of CPAs <strong>in</strong> coastal low‐<strong>land</strong> and up<strong>land</strong> areas. 

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The consultative process also took <strong>in</strong>to consideration how communities 

and their partners are positively implement<strong>in</strong>g CPA by address<strong>in</strong>g or 

cop<strong>in</strong>g with the challenges cited above. Table 1 is a list of the 20 CP sites 

identified through the process described above. Five CPA sites were 

further documented because of their potential to be models of CPA: 

Partnerships between Park officials, commune and community 

to protect a portion of the Bokor National Park through 

community organizations and value addition to NTFP 

Community‐based ecotourism <strong>in</strong> Chambok, Kampong Speu 

susta<strong>in</strong>ed through benefit shar<strong>in</strong>g and re<strong>in</strong>vestment. 

Community based enforcement based on respect<strong>in</strong>g 

traditional access to natural resources <strong>in</strong> Romany Commune, 

Preah Vihear Prov<strong>in</strong>ce. 

Multi sectoral collaboration to protect the Giant Ibis and 

White Shoulder Ibis for eco‐tourism and livelihood 

improvement, Preah Vihear Prov<strong>in</strong>ce 

Mangrove reforestation through eco‐tourism development <strong>in</strong> 

Peam Krosob Commune, Koh Kong Prov<strong>in</strong>ce. 

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OTHER SOURCE OF INFORMATION ON BEST PRACTICES FOR SLM IN 

CPAS 

Aside from the list of 20 <strong>in</strong> Table 1, there are other sources of <strong>in</strong>formation on vary<strong>in</strong>g 

stages of <strong>best</strong> <strong>practices</strong>. Some of them are still young (newly developed but with 

strong potential), some are mature and proven (many years of test<strong>in</strong>g). 

The CBNRMLI is a source of <strong>in</strong>formation on potential <strong>best</strong> <strong>practices</strong> demonstrated by 

communities that served as venue for action research of the concept of CBNRM. 

The Cambodia Community Based Ecotourism Network (CCBEN) is a network of 30 

<strong>in</strong>stitutional members who are promote and share knowledge on community based 

ecotourism. At least 14 Community based ecotourism (CBET) sites are presently 

<strong>in</strong>volved and at least 6 of them are covered or partially covered by CPAs. 

POLICY IMPLICATIONS 

In pilot sites, relevant <strong>in</strong>terventions that were designed <strong>in</strong> collaboration with 

communities and stakeholders are produc<strong>in</strong>g the desired results of natural resources 

and biodiversity protection while at the same time contribut<strong>in</strong>g to poverty alleviation. 

Value addition of NTFP based livelihood as well as community based ecotourism are 

becom<strong>in</strong>g important sources of employment and <strong>in</strong>come. 

The presence of both government and non government facilitators <strong>in</strong> CPA areas has 

<strong>in</strong>creased the confidence of communities to implement measures <strong>in</strong> spite of some of 

the uncerta<strong>in</strong>ties <strong>in</strong> the policy and regulatory framework for CPAs. However, to ensure 

the susta<strong>in</strong>ability and rapid spread of the current and future effective actions <strong>in</strong> CPAs, 

there is a need to accelerate efforts to address the rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g gaps <strong>in</strong> the policy and 

regulatory framework. This would <strong>in</strong>crease the <strong>in</strong>centive level for local communities 

and stakeholders to <strong>in</strong>vest their time and own resources for ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g CPAs. 

KEY ISSUES 

Protected Areas contribute to 

ensur<strong>in</strong>g water supply and 

irrigation, ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g 

nutrient flows and regulat<strong>in</strong>g 

flood events <strong>in</strong> adjacent 

agricultural <strong>land</strong>s. At the 

same time, they contribute to 

the diversity of species some 

of which support agricultural 

concerns such as crop 

protection (e.g. botanical 

pesticides). 

Community Protected Areas 

(CPAs) help ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> 

Protected Areas while at the 

same time address<strong>in</strong>g poverty 

alleviation. There are 

challenges <strong>in</strong> CPA 

implementation. As CPA 

guidel<strong>in</strong>es have yet to be 

formalized, there is 

uncerta<strong>in</strong>ty <strong>in</strong> the process of 

formulat<strong>in</strong>g CPA <strong>management</strong> 

plans that ensure a balance 

between protection and 

poverty alleviation objectives. 

Also facilitation capacity of 

both government officials and 

NGO staff to ensure effective 

CPA establishment require 

further strengthen<strong>in</strong>g. 

Another challenge is 

enhanc<strong>in</strong>g equity at different 

levels: between the CPA comanagers, 

community and 

state, and amongst the CPA 

members. Ma<strong>in</strong>stream<strong>in</strong>g 

CPA <strong>in</strong>itiatives <strong>in</strong>to 

development plans is needed 

<strong>in</strong> order to ensure its long 

term f<strong>in</strong>ancial susta<strong>in</strong>ability. 

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TABLE 1. LIST OF 20 CF SITES WITH BEST PRACTICES (ADOPTED FROM ORIGINAL TABLE OF CF STUDY 

TEAM AND CF DATA BASE, 2010) 

Name and Location of CPA site 

Brief Description and Facilitat<strong>in</strong>g Organization 

1 Prek Thnot 

Prek Tnout commune, Tek Chhou district, Kampot 

prov<strong>in</strong>ce 

2 Cham Bak 

Chombak commune, Phnom Srouch district, Kampong 

Speu prov<strong>in</strong>ce 

3 O' Tung 

Kok Lak commune (four villages) <strong>in</strong> Veusai district, 

Ratanakiri prov<strong>in</strong>ce. 

4 Prey Thom Popeal 

Knong Phnom commune, Svay Loeur district, Seam 

Reap prov<strong>in</strong>ce (one village) 

5 Chi Ok Boeung Prey 

Chiouk village, Romany commune, Roveang district, 

Preah Vihear prov<strong>in</strong>ce 

6 Koh Srolav 

Koh Kapik commune, Mondolseima district, Koh Kong 


7 Peam Krosob 

Peam Krosob commune, Mondolseima district, Koh 

Kong prov<strong>in</strong>ce 

8 Kor Duntey 

Trapa<strong>in</strong>g Chor commune, Aural district, Kampong Spue 


9 Phnom Choeungleang 

Chomkar Mrech village, Cheab commune, Touk Pos 

district, Kampong Chnnang prov<strong>in</strong>ce 

Population: 837 families 

CPA size: 2006 ha, established 2003 

Facilitator : M<strong>in</strong>istry of Environment and 

Save Cambodia Wildlife (SCW) organization 


CPA size: 1260ha, established 2002 

M<strong>in</strong>istry of Environment 

Mlup Baitong organization 

Population : 461 families of Kavet <strong>in</strong>digenous People 

CPA size 9862ha, established 2002 but stated <strong>in</strong> 2006 

BPAMP‐MoE, 

The Learn<strong>in</strong>g Institute 


CPA size 96ha, established 2003 

FAO‐CF development <strong>in</strong> Northwestern Cambodia 



M<strong>in</strong>istry of Environment 

Community Forestry Research (CFRP) project 



MoE/PMCR project 

Population 278 families 


 

MoE/PMCR project and IUCN 



Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Department of Environment 

Fauna and Flora International 


CPA size 268, established 2006 



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10 Phum Sleng 

Touk Pos district, Kampong Chnnang prov<strong>in</strong>ce 

11 Pachek Chrom‐Cherteal Chrom 

Pramouy commune, Vealveng district, Porsat prov<strong>in</strong>ce 

12 Phum Tompor 

Pramouy commune, Vealveng district, Porsat prov<strong>in</strong>ce 

13 Phnom Toeuk Thleak 

Tatouk commune, Somlot district, Battambang prov<strong>in</strong>ce 

14 O'Ampil 

Toul Pongro commune, Malai district, Banteay 

Meanchey prov<strong>in</strong>ce 

15 Thmat Poeuy TheanKrasa<strong>in</strong>g 

Thmat Poeuy village, Pryng Thom commune, Choam 

Ksan district, Prah Vihea prov<strong>in</strong>ce 

16 Srei Thom Maloeung 

Sre Thom village, Sok San commune, Koh Nhek district, 

Mondul Kiri prov<strong>in</strong>ce 

17 Trapian Thlok 

Banteay Chhma, Tmor Pouk district, Banteay Meanchey 










Cardamom Mounta<strong>in</strong> Wildlife Sanctuary 

Project/Fauna and Flora International 




Cardamom Mounta<strong>in</strong> Wildlife Senctuary Project/Fauna 

and Flora International 

 







 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


Seila Program 

Population <strong>in</strong>volved: 223 families 

CPA size: 1763ha 

Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Department of Environment, 

Seila program 

Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) 

209 families of Pnong <strong>in</strong> Mondul Kiri 

Jo<strong>in</strong>tly supported by WWF and NTFP‐EP 

 




Seila Program 

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18 Toul Neang Sav 

Phhat Sanday commune, Kampong Svay district, 

Kampong Thom prov<strong>in</strong>ce 





Tonle Sap Environmental Management project 

REFERENCES 

Cambodia Community Based Ecotourism Network (2009). Community Based Ecotourism Supply Cha<strong>in</strong> Analysis <strong>in</strong> Cambodia. 

Phnom Penh. 

Community Forestry Research Project (2006). Cambodia’s Community Forestry Research project: Selected Experiences and 

Lessons Learned. Phnom Penh. 

Community Protected Areas Office (2010). Unpublished update sheet for CPA data monitor<strong>in</strong>g. Phnom Penh M<strong>in</strong>istry of 

Environment. 

Kim, S. and Sy, M. (2010). Protected Area Mapp<strong>in</strong>g Initiative: Community Participation <strong>in</strong> Def<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Management Zones. In 

Rural Livelihoods and Natural Resources Development Research Programme, (2010). Social Landscapes and Rural 

Livelihoods: Cambodian Communities <strong>in</strong> Transition. Phnom Penh: The Learn<strong>in</strong>g Institute 

NIS (2008). Cambodia National Census, 2008. Phnom Penh. 

International Centre for Environnemental Management (2003). Cambodia National Report on Protected Areas and 

Development. Queen Land, Australia, ICEM. 

RECOFTC and CBNRMLI, 2010. Country Profile of Community Forestry and Community Protected Area Management <strong>in</strong> 

Cambodia. 

Royal Government of Cambodia (2008). Law on Protected Areas. Phnom Penh. 

San, S.L. (2006). Indicat<strong>in</strong>g success: evaluation of community protected areas <strong>in</strong> Cambodia. In: Mahanty, S. (2006). Hang<strong>in</strong>g 

<strong>in</strong> the balance: equity <strong>in</strong> community‐based natural resource <strong>management</strong> <strong>in</strong> Asia. RECOFTC Bangkok 

Sy Ramony et al. 2010. Inception Report for Selection of Best Practices for Community <strong>in</strong> Protected Areas. Phnom Penh 

Va, M.; Lay, Kh.; Chhum, S. (unknown). Susta<strong>in</strong>able Management of Environmental resources for Poverty Reduction: A case 

study of Chambok Community Based Ecotourism (CBET) <strong>in</strong> Cambodia. Phnom Penh 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

This study on was made possible by the jo<strong>in</strong>t effort of the M<strong>in</strong>istry of Agriculture , Forestry and Fisheries or MAFF, United 

Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Global Environment Facility ( GEF) for the Project entitled Build<strong>in</strong>g 

Capacity and Ma<strong>in</strong>stream<strong>in</strong>g Susta<strong>in</strong>able Land Management Project <strong>in</strong> Cambodia. The study partly used the guidel<strong>in</strong>es set 

by the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as well as technical suggestions provided by the 

World Overview on Conservation Approaches and Technologies (WOCAT). The Global Mechanism ( GM ) provided support 

<strong>in</strong> technical studies that on <strong>land</strong> degradation. 

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