Sandalwood Biblio - Cropwatch

in association with Eucalyptus stands. It is suggested that the water-shedding properties of the
granite exposures are less important to sustaining sandalwood than the presence of preferentially
parasitised host species.
George, A. S. (1984). “Santalum.” in Flora of Australia, vol. 22. Bureau of Flora and Fauna.
Australian Government Publishing Service. Canberra, Australia.
George, A.S 1996) “Sandalwoods and quandongs of Australia.” Australian Plants 13, 318-319
Gearon V. (2000) at
http://www.essentiallyoils.com/Newsletters/October_2000_Newsletter/october_2000_newsletter.h
tml
Gearon V. (2002) Aromatherapy Today 24, Dec 2002 p21
Gowda D. (2008) “Detergents“Decline in the Supply of Natural Sandalwood oil: deforestation,
adulteration and synthetics.” Sandalwood Conference 2008 at The Kimberley Grande,
Kununurra, W. Australia 13-15 May 2008. Cropwatch Comments: Gowda maintains that in spite
of the official figures, the current (2008) annual production of sandalwood is 3,000 - 4,000 tons
and for sandalwood oil is 120-150 tons, of which 80 tons/annum of sandalwood oil is consumed
by the domestic market. Gowda is employed by Karnataka Soaps & Detergents Ltd. (KSDL) once
the largest producers of sandalwood oil E.I. Gowda informs us that sandalwood oil distillation
commenced in 1916 in Mysore, and 2 years later the essential oil was incorporated into
sandalwood soap by KSDL. Gowda lists polyethylene glycols, African sandalwood oil, castor oil
and coconut oil amongst the adulterants of E.I. Sandalwod oil.
Grant, W.J.R. & Buttrose, M.S. (1978) "Domestication of the quandong, Santalum
acuminatum.”" Australian Plants 9, 316-318
Harbaugh D. (2007) "A taxonomic revision of Australian northern sandalwood (Santalum
lanceolatum, Santalaceae)." Australian Systematic Botany 20(5) 409–416. Abstract. A previously
published molecular phylogenetic analysis of the sandalwood genus, Santalum L. (Santalaceae),
identified that the Australian endemic northern sandalwood, S. lanceolatum R.Br., is not
monophyletic and contains a distinct, yet cryptic, lineage within it as currently circumscribed. This
study examines nuclear ribosomal gene sequences of additional specimens from across its
geographic range, and 30 morphological characters, in order to revise the taxonomy of S.
lanceolatum sensu lat. (s.l.) and the segregate species that should bear the name S. leptocladum
Gand. Santalum lanceolatum sensu stricto (s.s.) is distributed in the humid to subhumid regions
of northern Australia north of 20°S latitude, whereas S. leptocladum occurs in the arid and
temperate regions of central and southern Australia. Putative interspecific hybrids were
discovered in two localities, and may represent either natural or human-mediated hybridisation.
The results of this study have major economic and conservation implications because S.
lanceolatum s.s., which is known to have higher levels of fragrance compounds than S.
leptocladum, has a much more restricted range than previously thought.
Harbaugh D.T. (2008) "Polyploid and Hybrid Origins of Pacific Island Sandalwoods (Santalum,
Santalaceae) Inferred from Low-Copy Nuclear and Flow Cytometry Data." Int. J Plant Sci.
169(5), 677–685. Abstract. It has been argued that polyploids are better adapted than diploids for
long-distance dispersal to and establishment on oceanic islands. To address this issue in a
molecular phylogenetic framework, the extensive history of auto- and allopolyploidization in
Santalum (Santalaceae), the sandalwood genus, was studied by sequencing the low-copy
nuclear gene waxy and investigating the ploidy level of all 16 species. Ploidy level was estimated
by measuring the C value (total amount of DNA per nucleus) using flow cytometry and calibrating
it by known chromosome numbers and new root-tip chromosome counts of several taxa. Results
indicate four ploidy levels in Santalum: diploid (n=10), tetraploid (n=20), hexaploid (n=30), and
octoploid (n=40). The waxy phylogeny suggests that at least six independent polyploid events
occurred in the history of Santalum: two allopolyploid events between distantly related species
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