Sandalwood Biblio - Cropwatch

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Jain S.H. Angadi V.G., Shankaranarayana K.H. & Ravikumar G. (2003) "Relationship between girth and percentage of oil in trees of sandal (Santalum album L.) provenances." Sandalwood Research Newsletter 18. Abstract. In three provenance areas of sandal viz. Bangalore, Thangli (Karnataka) and Maryoor (Kerala), studies have been made in respect of GBH and oil. It was observed that percentage of oil remains nearly constant at 4 % after 80 cm girth and that rise in oil percentage beyond 80 cm girth was found to be just marginal. Jain S.H., Angadi V.G., Ravikumar G., Thegrajan K.S. & Shankaranarayana (1999) “Studies on cultivation & chemical utilisation of sandal (Santalum album L.).” PAFAI Journal 1, 49-53. Jain S.H., Angadi V.G., Rajeevalochan A.N., Shankaranarayana K.H., Theagarajan K.S. & Rangaswamy C.R. (1998) "Identification of provenances of Sandal in India for genetic conservation" ACIAR Proceedings, No.84, 1998, 117-120. Jain S.H. Augundi V.G. Rajeevalochan K.H., Shankaranarayana K.H., Theagarajan K.S. & Rangaswamy C.R (1992) “Identification of provenances of sandal in India for genetic conservation.” In: Sandal & Its Products ACIAR Proceedings 84, 117-120. . Jain S.H. & Rangaswamy C.R. (1998). "Soil properties and their relationship to the growth of Sandal (Santalum album L) in three study areas in Karnataka." My Forest 24, 141-146. Jirovetz L, Buchbauer G, & Jager W. (1992) “Analysis of fragrance compounds in blood samples of mice by gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, GC/FTIR and GC/AES after inhalation of sandalwood oil.” Biomed. Chromatography 6, 133-134. Abstract. After inhalation experiments with sandalwood oil and the pure fragrance compounds coumarin and alpha-terpineol, substances were detected and measured in the blood samples of test animals (mice) using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) (MID) in connection with GC/FTIR (SWC), GC/AES (carbon and oxygen trace) and flame ionization detection/gas chromatography. Using tiglinic acid benzyl ester as the internal standard the following concentrations in serum could be found: alphasantalol 6.1 ng/mL, beta-santalol 5.3 ng/mL and alpha-santalene 0.5 ng/mL. In separate inhalation experiments with coumarin and with alpha-terpineol the corresponding concentrations were 7.7 ng/mL and 6.9 ng/mL, respectively. Jones C.G., Ghisalberti E.L., Plummer J.A. & Barbour E.L. (2006) "Quantitative co-occurrence of sesquiterpenes; a tool for elucidating their biosynthesis in Indian sandalwood, Santalum album." Phytochemistry. 67(22), 2463-8. Abstract. A chemotaxonomic approach was used to investigate biosynthetic relationships between heartwood sesquiterpenes in Indian sandalwood, Santalum album L. Strong, linear relationships exist between four structural classes of sesquiterpenes; alpha- and beta-santalenes and bergamotene; gamma- and beta-curcumene; beta-bisabolene and alpha-bisabolol and four unidentified sesquiterpenes. All samples within the heartwood yielded the same co-occurrence patterns, however wood from young trees tended to be more variable. It is proposed that the biosynthesis of each structural class of sesquiterpene in sandalwood oil is linked through common carbocation intermediates. Lack of co-occurrence between each structural class suggests that four separate cyclase enzymes may be operative. The biosynthesis of sandalwood oil sesquiterpenes is discussed with respect to these cooccurrence patterns. Extractable oil yield was correlated to heartwood content of each wood core and the oil composition did not vary significantly throughout the tree. Jones C.G., Keeling C.I., Ghisalberti E.L., Barbour E.L., Plummer J.A., Bohlmann J.(2008) "Isolation of cDNAs and functional characterisation of two multi-product terpene synthase enzymes from sandalwood, Santalum album L." Arch Biochem Biophys. 2008 May 27. Abstract. Sandalwood, Santalum album (Santalaceae) is a small hemi-parasitic tropical tree of great economic value. Sandalwood timber contains resins and essential oils, particularly the santalols, santalenes and dozens of other minor sesquiterpenoids. These sesquiterpenoids provide the unique sandalwood fragrance. The research described in this paper set out to identify genes involved in essential oil biosynthesis, particularly terpene synthases (TPS) in S. album, with the long-term aim of better understanding heartwood oil production. Degenerate TPS primers 48
amplified two genomic TPS fragments from S. album, one of which enabled the isolation of two TPS cDNAs, SamonoTPS1 (1731bp) and SasesquiTPS1 (1680bp). Both translated protein sequences shared highest similarity with known TPS from grapevine (Vitis vinifera). Heterologous expression in Escherichia coli produced catalytically active proteins. SamonoTPS1 was identified as a monoterpene synthase which produced a mixture of (+)-alpha-terpineol and (-)-limonene, along with small quantities of linalool, myrcene, (-)-alpha-pinene, (+)-sabinene and geraniol when assayed with geranyl diphosphate. Sesquiterpene synthase SasesquiTPS1 produced the monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol germacrene D-4-ol and helminthogermacrene, when incubated with farnesyl diphosphate. Also present were alpha-bulnesene, gamma-muurolene, alpha- and beta-selinenes, as well as several other minor bicyclic compounds. Although these sesquiterpenes are present in only minute quantities in the distilled sandalwood oil, the genes and their encoded enzymes described here represent the first TPS isolated and characterised from a member of the Santalaceae plant family and they may enable the future discovery of additional TPS genes in sandalwood. Jones C.G (2008) The best of Santalum album: Essential oil composition, biosynthesis and genetic diversity in the Australian tropical sandalwood collection. PhD thesis for Univ W Australia June 2008. Abstract. An investigation into the heartwood and essential oil content of Australian plantation sandalwood, Santalum album was undertaken. Genetic diversity of 233 S. album five S. austrocaledonicum and fifteen S. macgregorii trees growing in the Forest Products Arboretum, Kununurra WA, was assessed using nuclear and chloroplast RFLPs. Nuclear genetic diversity of the S. album collection was very low with expected and observed heterozygosity levels of 0.047. This was lower than the results previously reported in the bliterature for trees in India, however a different technique was used. Based on allelic patterns, the collection was able to be catagorised into 19 genotypes: each representing some shared genetic origin. Some groups were highly redundant, with 56 trees being represented, whilst others were populated by just one tree. The essential oil yield and heartwood contents of trees from these genetic groups were compared. Yields were highly variable both within and between groups of trees which share a common genetic history, suggesting a significant environmental component was contributing to the observed phenotype despite identical soil and climatic oconditions. Ancestral lineages were tested using chloroplast RFLP’s, although a lack of shared mutations between species made this difficult. Only one S. album tree from S. Timor was resolved using nuclear RFLPs, with the other trees being grouped with material sourced from India. There was no resolution of Indian S. album from Timorese using chloroplast RFLPs, however one S. album tree grown from Indian seed possessed a single unique mutation. The low genetic diversity of the Ausatralian S. album collection is likely to be a combination of incomplete seed sourcing and highly restricted gene flow during the evolution of the species. Combined with information gathered on the phylogeny of the genus by other researchers, S album is postulated to have arisen from an over-sea dispersal out of northern Australia or Papua New Guinea 3 to 5 million years ago. Essential oil yield & composition was assessed for 100 S. album trees growing in the collection, ranging in years from 8 to 17 years. Oil content of the heartwood ranged from 30mg.g -1 to 60mg.g -1 and the transition zone 36mg.g -1 to 90mg.g -1 . Sapwood contained almost no sesquiterpene oils. Despite the highly variable total yields, the chemical profile of the oil did not vary, suggesting there was limited genetic diversity within this region of the genome. Strong positive correlations existed between sesquiterpenoids in the essential oil of S. album. This was particularly evident in the santalenes and α-bergamotene, although trends were also seen in the curcumenes, bisabolene and bisabolol, and an unidentified group of sesquiterpenes. Cooccurrence patternes indicate shared chemical intermediates from which compounds are partitioned, resulting in multiple product formation. To further test the multiple product hypothesis two terpene synthase (TPS) genes werte isolated from S. album leaf and wood cDNA. These were cloned and the enzymes were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. One enzyme sasesquiTPS1 converted the universal sesquiterpene precursor farnesyl diphosphate into germacrene D-4-ol, helminthogermacrene, α-bulnescene, γ-muurolene and α- andβ-selinene. The other enzyme samonoTPS1 converted geranyl diphosphate into (+)-α-terpineol, and (-)- limonene, with small amounts of sabinene, linalool, α-terpinolene, myrcene and geraniol. These 49
Page 1 and 2: www.cropwatch.org THE FIRST TRULY I
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Page 7 and 8: commerical crop of Indian sandalwoo
Page 9 and 10: there was no interaction between pa
Page 11 and 12: CALM (2001) (Dept of Conservation &
Page 13 and 14: and four putatively autopolyploid e
Page 15 and 16: seedlings had a tendency to grow be
Page 17 and 18: Robson K. (2003). “Sandalwood spe
Page 19 and 20: Talbot L. (1983) "Wooden gold. Earl
Page 21 and 22: Soc of Western Australia 85, 37-42.
Page 23 and 24: Yu J.G., Cong P.Z., Lin J.T., Fang
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Page 27 and 28: Products May 2010. Abstract. Three
Page 29 and 30: An S., Lee A.Y., Lee C.S., Kim D.W.
Page 31 and 32: Cancer Prev. 14(5), 473-6. Abstract
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Page 37 and 38: Lawrence B. M. (1991) “Progress i
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Page 43 and 44: Bieri S., Monastyrskaia K. & Schill
Page 45 and 46: Desai V. B., Hiremath R.D., et al.
Page 47: Heuberger E., Hongratanaworakit T.,
Page 51 and 52: large-scale harvesting of the remai
Page 53 and 54: Parthasarathi K., Rangaswamy C.R. &
Page 55 and 56: Rai V.R. & McComb J. (2002) “Dire
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Page 59 and 60: host plants. Differences in K, Ca,
Page 61 and 62: Wilson C.C. (1915) “Sandalwood (a
Page 63 and 64: Merlin M. & VanRavenswaay D. (1990)
Page 65 and 66: Alpha T., Raharivelomanana P., Blan
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Page 75 and 76: Radomiljac, A. M. & Bosimbi, D. (19
Page 77 and 78: the Institute of Wood Science and T
Page 79: Nagaraja Rao (1939) J Ind Chem Soc

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