山區道路邊坡崩塌防治工法最佳化研究（一） - 國家災害防救科技中心

MOTC-STAO-92-12

MOTC-STAO-92-12

MOTC-STAO-92-12

GPN1009205237
500

1009205237 MOTC-STAO-92-12
02-23492860
02-23122476
02-89195050
e-mailyh_jea@motc.gov.tw
02-86659747
e-mailweilee@tcri.org.tw
02-23492861
92.03.31
02-23122476
92.12.15
e-mailsy_hsu@motc.gov.tw
190 11
02-89195050
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
92 12 300
500
www.motc.gov.tw
I

PUBLICATION ABSTRACTS OF RESEARCH PROJECTS
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ADVISORS OFFICE
MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
TITLEThe Optimization of Mitigation for Roadway Slope Failure()
GOVERNMENT
ISBN(OR ISSN)
PUBLICATIONS PROJECT NUMBER
NUMBER
1009205237 MOTC-STAO-92-12
DIRECTOR GENERALJia,Yu-Hui
HONE02-23492860
FAX02-23122476
E-MAILyh_jea@motc.gov.tw
SPONSOR STAFFHseu,Shu-Wang
PHONE02-23492861
FAX02-23122476
E-MAILsy_hsu@motc.gov.tw
PROJECT From: Mar. 31, 2003
PERIOD To: Dec. 15, 2003
RESEARCH AGENCYTaiwan Construction Research Institute
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORDr. Lee, Wei Feng
PHONE02-89195050
FAX02-86659747
E-MAILweilee@tcri.org.tw
PROJECT STAFFLiao, Lin, and Yen
ADDRESS11F, 190, Sec. 2, Chung_Hsing Road, Hsintien,
Taipei, Taiwan 231, R.O.C.
PHONE02-89195050
PROJECT
NT $ 1,600,000
BUDGET
KEY WORDSperformance of slope, mechanism of landslide, optimization
ABSTRACT
Over the years, great efforts have been invested into the mitigation procedure for the roadway slope hazards.
This action accumulates a sufficient knowledge for repairing slope failure in Taiwan. In order to provide an
up-to-date tool, the optimization procedure has been introduced for the mitigation process. The Science and
Technology Advisors Office in Ministry of Transportation and Communications helps Taiwan Construction Research
Institute developing this optimization procedure for the risk evaluation of roadway slope safety in mountain area.
This project involves the following six major steps:
1.Classifying the slope failure type with specific mitigation technique,
2.Developing risk analysis procedure,
3.Developing model for mitigation technique with the functional and economical aspects,
4.Developing guidelines for optimized construction method for roadway slope design,
5.Applying the optimization process to an example roadway slope, and
6.Developing the manual for the optimization process of the roadway slope design.
The achievements of this project can be the following:
1.This optimization procedure benefits engineers to design project with good quality control, economy, and
conserving public resource.
2.The optimization procedure helps the risk evaluation on design.
3.The outcome of this project helps slope management by decreasing the risk level.
4.The objective evaluation procedure helps spending construction budge in a economical process.
5.This optimization procedure provides a sustainable design with considering the biological, environmental,
and cultural aspects.
6.The overall developing of this process aims to a high quality training for roadway slope design personal.
DATE OF PUBLICATION NUMBER OF PAGES PRICE CLASSIFICATION
SECRET
December 2003 300 NT $ 500 CONFIDENTIAL
UNCLASSIFIED
The views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of the Ministry of
Transportation and Communications.
II

...........................................................................................................
ABSTRACT ..............................................................................................
...........................................................................................................III
.......................................................................................................VI
..................................................................................................... VII
................................................................................................XIV
............................................................................................... 1
....................................................................................... 7
............................................................. 11
3.1
............................................21
3.2
............................................................47
.........................................75
4.1 .............................................................................77
4.1.1 ..............................................................78
4.1.2
......................................................82
4.2 .............................................................................84
.................................................................91
5.1 ........................................................................91
III

5.2 ............................................................................94
5.2.1 .................................................................95
5.2.2
.........................................95
5.3 .................................................................................98
5.4
....................................................99
5.4.1 .........................................................................99
5.4.2
...........................................100
5.4.3
...........................................100
5.4.4
...........................................101
5.5 ..........................................................................101
...................................................103
6.1
..................................................103
6.2
.................................................. 111
....................................... 115
7.1
.............................................................. 116
7.2 .......................................................................... 118
18
.....................................................121
8.1 18
....................................................122
8.2
..................................................................132
8.2.1
.......................................................134
8.2.2
.......................................................138
IV

8.2.3
.......................................................139
8.3
..........................................................140
8.3.1
.......................................................140
8.3.2
.......................................................141
8.3.3
.......................................................142
...................145
...............................................................................149
10.1 .................................................................................149
10.2
........................................................151
.................................................................................................153
.....................................................157
169
V

3.1(1)
............................................ 13
3.1(2)
............................................ 14
3.1(3)
............................................ 15
3.1(4)
............................................ 17
3.1(5)
............................................ 18
3.1(6)
............................................ 19
3.2
................................................................................. 21
3.3
..................................................................................... 25
3.4
....................................................................................... 48
3.4
........................................................................... 49
4.1
............................................................................. 81
4.2
......................................................................................... 82
4.3
..................................................................................... 82
4.4
..................................................................... 84
4.5
......................................................................................... 87
4.6
......................................................................................... 87
8.1 18
............................................................................. 123
8.2 18
............................................................. 124
9.1
................... 147
VI

1.1 21
......................................................... 2
1.2
............................................................... 5
2.1 ..................................................................................................... 10
3.1
............................................................................................. 26
3.2
2
..................................................... 26
3.3
............................................................................................. 27
3.4
8
..................................................... 27
3.5
............................................................................................. 28
3.6
230 41K
............................. 28
3.7
............................................................................................. 29
3.8
921 .................................. 29
3.9
..................................................................................... 30
3.10
230 41K
................... 30
3.11
........................................................................................... 31
3.12
186 ........................................... 31
3.13
................................................................................... 32
3.14
15 ..................... 32
3.15
................................................................................... 33
3.16
................................................... 33
VII

3.17
........................................................................................... 34
3.18
............................................................... 34
3.19
........................................................................................... 35
3.20
8 ................................................... 35
3.21
................................................................................... 36
3.22
........................................... 36
3.23
........................................................................................... 37
3.24
........................................................................................... 37
3.25
........................................................................................... 38
3.26
....................................... 38
3.27
............................................................................................... 39
3.28
21
......................................................... 39
3.29
........................................................................................... 40
3.30
1 ................................................................... 40
3.31
........................................................................................... 41
3.32
............................................................. 41
3.33
................................................................................... 42
3.34
................................................................................... 43
3.35
....................................................... 43
3.36
................................................................................... 44
VIII

3.37
....................................................... 44
3.38
........................................................................................... 45
3.39
................................... 45
3.40 ................................................................................................... 46
3.41
........................................................... 46
3.42
18
................................................. 52
3.43
............................................................................... 52
3.44
18
..................................................... 53
3.45
................................................................... 53
3.46
............................................................................... 54
3.47
9 ................................................... 55
3.48
........................................................................... 55
3.49
........................................................... 56
3.50
........................................................................... 56
3.51
3 ................................................... 57
3.52
................................................... 57
3.53
................................................... 60
3.54
............................................................... 61
3.55
3
................................................................... 61
3.56
........................................................... 62
IX

3.57
....................................................................... 62
3.58
........................................................................... 63
3.59
2K+370................................................. 65
3.60
........................................................................... 65
3.61
........................................................................... 66
3.62
....................................................................... 66
3.63
............................................................... 67
3.64
........................................................................... 67
3.65
............................................................... 70
3.66
........................................................... 70
3.67
........................................................... 71
3.68
18
................................................. 71
3.69
............................................................... 72
3.70
............................................................................... 72
3.71
9
........................................................... 74
3.72
18
......................................................... 74
4.1
................................................................................. 78
4.2
............................................................................. 79
4.3
......................................................................................... 80
4.4 ..................................................................................................... 83
X

4.5
............................................. 86
4.6 GEO1998
................................... 90
5.1 ..................................................................................................... 92
5.2
..................................................................................... 93
5.3
......................................................................... 93
5.4
............................................................................. 94
5.5
............................................................................................. 96
5.6
................................................................................................. 96
5.7
............................................. 97
5.8
..................................................... 98
5.9
................................................................. 99
5.10
........................................................................... 99
5.11
......................................................................................... 101
5.12 EPS
............................................................. 102
6.1
9
....................................... 106
6.2
9
........................................... 106
7.1
............................................................................................... 116
7.2
................................................................................... 119
8.1 18 24k+800
......................................................... 125
8.2 18 25k+600
......................................................... 125
XI

8.3 18 26k+700
......................................................... 126
8.4 18 27k+400
......................................................... 126
8.5 18 28k+200
......................................................... 127
8.6 18 57k+300
......................................................... 127
8.7 18 59k+200
......................................................... 128
8.8 18 63k+600
......................................................... 128
8.9 18 65k+000
......................................................... 129
8.10 18 65k+500
....................................................... 129
8.11 18 66k+000
....................................................... 130
8.12 18 66k+100
....................................................... 130
8.13 18 69k+000
....................................................... 131
8.14 18 70k+000
....................................................... 131
8.15 18 75k+300
....................................................... 132
8.16 18
................................................................... 133
8.17
..................................................................... 134
8.18
................................................. 135
8.19
..................................................................... 135
8.20
............................................................................. 136
8.21
................................................................. 137
8.22
............................................................................. 138
XII

8.23
................................................................. 139
8.24
................................................................. 139
8.25
............................................................................. 141
8.26
............................................................. 141
8.27
..................................................................... 142
8.28
..................................................................................... 143
8.29
..................................................................... 143
XIII

1.
2.
3.
TRBSpecial Report
XIV

247
1.
2.
TRB GEO
XV

9 18 3
XVI

1.1
1

1.1 21
2

3
TRB
1996
Special Report 247
61
1986
91
MOTC-STAO-91-11

8.5
1.2
9 18 3
18
4

5
1.2

6

1.
2.
TRBSpecial Report2471996
3.
4.
7

5.
9 18
6.
TRBSpecial Report
2471996
2.1
2.1
1.
2.
3.
8

Analytic Hierarchy Process
AHP
Discriminant
Analysis
4.
9

10
2.1
(
)
AHP

11
88
3.1
1.
2.
GPS

3.
GPS
4.
3.1 3.2
Slope Management SystemSMS
12

_______________
_______________
________ ______ ______
3.1(1)
__________K +_________ __________K +________
GPS
___________ _____________ _____________
13

3.1(2)
80
[1][2]
[2]
[2]
[3]
[3]
[1]
[3]
[2]
14

3.1(3)
mm
1 mm
mm
2 mm
mm
/
15

16

3.1(4)
[1][2]
[2]
[2]
[3]
[3]
RC
30m
17

3.1(5)
[1]
[3]
[2]
18

3.1(6)
GPS N E M
25 25~30 30~45 45~55 55
H

20

3.1
TRBSpecial Report2471996
3.2
rock debris
soil
fall topple slide spreads flow
creep
Rock
fall Rock fall
Rock
topple
topple
slide
spreads
3.2
Rock slide
Rock
spreads
Debris
Debris fall
Debris
topple
Debris slide
Debris
spreads
earth
Soil fall
Soil topple
Soil slide
Soil
spreads
Soil flow
flow Rock flow Debris flow
creep Soilcreep
1. Fall
76 HV = 0.251
21

2. Topple
3. Slide
4. Spreads
22

5. Flow
6. Creep
R
S
TRBSpecial Report
247
3.2
23

3.3
S-SL-11
S-SL-11-SP-10
24

3.3
R
FA
TO
SL
SP
FL
10
20
10
20
30
40
10
20
30
40
50
10
20
30
10
20
FA 10
TO 10
10
11
SL
12
S
20
CR
10
20
SP 10
FL 10
3.3
25

1.
Rock Fall R-FA-10
3.1 3.2 (a)
(b)
3.1
3.2
2
26

2.
Debris Fall R-FA-20
20
80
2 3.3 3.4
3.3
3.4
8
27

3.
Flexural Toppling R-TO-10
1999
3.5 3.6
3.5
3.6
230 41K
28

4.
Black Toppling R-TO-20
3.7
3.8
3.7
3.8
921
29

5.
Block-flexural Toppling R-TO-30
3.9 3.10
3.9
3.10
230 41K
30

6.
Debris Toppling R-TO-40
3.11 3.12
3.11
3.12
186
31

7.
Rotational Rock Slide R-SL-10
3.133.14
3.13
3.14
15
32

8.
Plane Slide R-SL-20
3.15 3.16
3.15
3.16
33

9.
Wedge Slide R-SL-30
3.17
3.18
3.17
3.18
34

10.
Debris Slide R-SL-40
3.19 3.20
3.19
3.20
8
35

11.
Translational Debris Slide R-SL-50
3.21 3.22
3.21
3.22
36

12.
Block Spread R-SP-10
3.23
3.23
13.
Debris Spread R-SP-30
3.24
3.24
37

14.
Rock Flow R-FL-10
3.25
3.26
3.25
3.26
38

15.
Debris Flow R-FL-20
2
2
50%
3.27 3.28
3.27
3.28
21
39

16.
Soil Fall S-FA-10
3.29
3.30
3.29
3.30
1
40

17.
Soil Topple S-TO-10
3.31 3.32
3.31
3.32
41

18.
Rotational Soil Slide
Circular
Shallow
Non-circular
1991
3.33 3.34
(1)
S-SL-10
3.35
(2)
S-SL-20
(3)
S-SL-30
Graben
3.33
42

(a)
(b)
(c)
3.34
3.35
43

19.
Translational Soil Block Slide S-SL-20
3.36 3.37
3.36
3.37
44

20.
Soil Spread S-SP-10
1999 921
3.38 3.39
3.38
3.39
45

21.
Mud Flow S-FL-10
0.1
50%
3.40 3.41
3.40
3.41
46

3.2
TRB
Special Report 247
E
I
V
D
A
3.4
47

3.4
010
020
030
040
E 050
060
070
080
090
010
011
012
020
030
040
I 050
060
070
071
072
073
074
010
020
030
V 040
050
060
070
48

3.4
010
011
012
013
014
020
021
D 022
023
024
025
026
030
031
032
010
020
A 030
040
050
1.
E
(1)
E-010
49

3.42
3.43
(2)
E-020
(3)
E-030
3.44
(4)
E-040
3.45
3.46
(5)
E-050
3.47
3.48
(6)
E-060
T
50

3.49
3.50
(7)
E-070
3.51
(8)
E-080
3.52
(9)
E-090
51

3.42
18
3.43
52

3.44
18
3.45
53

(a)
(b)
3.46
54

3.47
9
3.48
55

3.49
3.50
56

3.51
3
3.52
57

58
2.
I
(1)
I-010
3.53
I-011
I-012
3.54
(2)
I-020
3.55
(3)
I-030
3.56
(4)
I-040
3.57
(5)
I-050

(6)
I-060
3.58
(7)
I-070
A.
I-071
B.
I-072
C.
I-073
59

D.
I-074
3.53
60

3.54
3.55
3
61

3.56
3.57
62

3.58
3.
V
(1)
V-010
3.59
3.60
63

(2)
V-020
45
3.61
(3)
V-030
(4)
V-040
(5)
V-050
3.62
(6)
V-060
PE
3.63
3.64
(7)
V-070
45 65
64

3.59
2K+370
3.60
65

3.61
3.62
66

3.63
(a)
(b)
3.64
67

4.
D
(1)
D-010
A.
D-011
B.
D-012
3.65
C.
D-013
3.66
D.
D-014
3.67
(2)
D-020
68

A.
D-021
56
B.
D-022
1215 610
3.68
C.
D-023
D.
D-024
E.
D-025
F.
D-026
2
50
3.69
3.70
69

(3)
D-030
A.
D-031
B.
D-032
3.65
3.66
70

3.67
3.68
18
71

3.69
3.70
72

5.
A
(1)
A-010
line post
10
H
3.71
(2)
A-020
(3)
A-030
3.72
(4)
A-040
(5)
A-050
73

3.71
9
3.72
18
74

qualitative
quatitative
1 / year
:fatalities
fatalities / year
GEO 1997
23 41
Busy Road with a hIstory of Landslips BRIL
14 120
Annual Average Daily
TrafficAADT 450// 150,120//
1. Hazard Identification
GEO
75

2.
GEO1997 19841996
350
88
3.
BRIL ROADS
Potential Loss of LifePLL
4.
BRIL
ROADS
PLL/year
TRB GEO
76

4.1
Geographic Information SystemGIS
4.1
77

(a)
(b)
(c) (d)
4.1.1
4.1
4.1
4.2
78

4.2
4.3
4.1
4.2
79

4.3
D T = d 1 w 1 + d 2 w 2 + d n w n
d n n
w n n
4.1
4.3
80

4.1
.
20 40 60 80 100
0~50 50~75 75~100 100~150 150
0~20 20~30 30~40 40~50 50
10%
30%
10%
80% 80% 30%
.
3” 3”~12” 12”
5 5 ~10 10 ~20 20 ~30 30
.
(m) 0.5 0.5~1 1~2 2~3 3
5 45 25 ~45 15 ~25 5 ~15
.
15
15 ~25
70
25 ~35 35 ~45 45 ~70
81

4.2
20 40 60 80 100
5 45 2545 1525 515 0.25
0.25
0.4
0.1
4.3
D T
D T 85
60D T 85
45D T 60
30D T 45
D T 30
TRB
4.1.2
50m 50m
4.3
4.4 (a)(b)(c)
(d)
82

4.4
25 -45
Gr3Gc3Gp1
1,350
0.000747
4.1
4.4
83

4.4
Gr1 5~15 7777 1 0.000129
Gr2 15~25 5236 1 0.000191
Gr3 25~45 21455 5 0.000133
Gr4 >45 15255 0 0
Gc1 15304 1 0.000065
Gc2 18654 2 0.000107
Gc3 13219 4 0.000303
Gc4 2546 0 0
Gp1 10733 3 0.000279
Gp2 9579 2 0.000208
Gp3 18828 2 0.000106
Gp4 10538 0 0
4.2
Potential Loss of LifePLL
F
N
F-N
PLL
PLL = ΣF
× N = Σ f × (1 −r×
e)
× p × p × L×
E × V × S
L
1
2
f
f
f
................. [4-2]
f L
/
r
84

e
0.20 0.20 0 0 0.80
0.80 0.40 0 0 0.60
0.80 0.80 0.40 0.80 0.20
0.60 0.60 0.80 0.20 0
0.60 0.60 0.40 0.80 0
0.40 0.80 0.40 0.80 0
p
4.3 p1
87% 43%
p2
2000
43 28 18 11 0
%
p3
2 10 20 29 39
%
p4p5p6….
…
E f
AADT 85

4.5
AADT
4.5
V f
vulnerability factor
4.5 4.6
86

4.5
20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 >60
2000 0.01 0.15 0.48 0.83 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95
4.6

F-N
F = ( f
L
× (1 − r × e)
× p1 × p2
× L ) /( AADT × 365×
P)
............... [4-3]
N ×
= E
f
× V
f
S
f ................................................................. [4-4]
F-N
GEO 4.6 F-N
F-N
= PLL × L c
= ∑f
L
× (1 − r × e) × p1
× p
2
× L × p
c
× d
t
× t
c
× AADT×
Tc
× P
= ∑f × (1 − r × e) × p × p × L × p × d × t × AADT×
O
L
L c
1
2
T c
毎 GEO
NT.525/ hr
O c
GEO
NT.180/ hr
p c
c
t
c
c
88

2000 1 1 1 0.5
d c
2000 40 30 7 5
t c
%
min/day

AADT
12.980
Marin(1992)
1
GEO
NT.1
4.6 GEO1998
90

5.1
5.1
5.2
5.3
Landscaping Engineering
91

5.4
5.1
92

5.2
5.3
93

5.4
5.2
catchment ditches and barriers
wire mesh fences
mesh hung on the face of
slope
rock sheds
1MJ
2 3
94

5.2.1
Colorado
CRSP
100 1.7
5.2.2
1980
submarine netting
post
5.5 5.6
95

45
5.5
TRB 2471996
5.6
96

1
5.7
5.7
97

geofabric walls
5.3
Micro
Piles
7.5 30
5.8 5.10
5.8
98

5.9
5.10
5.4
Geosynthetics
5.4.1
99

thick needle-puncted geotextiles
in-plane
5.4.2
0.51
1030
5.4.3
5.15
100

5.4.4
Filtration
Separation
5.5
Expanded Polystyrene, EPS
470 /
5.11 5.12
EPS
5.11
101

5.12 EPS
102

6.1
1.
precipitation
runoff
storm-water drains
(1)
103

(2)
Dietrich et
al.(1986)
Keefer et al.(1987)
Kramer Seed(1988)
Soil Liquefaction
2.
/
104

(1)
Mass
Properties
Porosity
Rock Quality DesignationRQD
Slaking
Mass Strength
(2)
GIS
6.1 6.2 9
105

6.1
9
6.2
9
106

3.
Cut Slopes
Fill Slopes
Earth
Reinforcement
/
(1)
Working Hypotheses
Mapping
107

(2)
2050
100
108

50
500
10
4.6
GEO
4.
(1)
(2)
109

(3)
AASHTO 1990
(4)
(5)
110

CLSM
Control Low
Strength Material CLSM
CLSM
6.2
2000
1.
111

2.
3.
112

113

114

7.1
9 18 3
115

AHP
7.1
7.1
Analytic Hierarchy ProcessAHP
Thomas L. Saaty 1971
1973
AHP
116

Nominal Scale
Pairwise Comparisons
Priority
Consistency
AHP
AHP
AHP
AHP
AHP
AHP 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Consistency Ratio of the Hierarchy
117

CRH
7.2
7.2
118

SPSS
7.2
119

120

18
3.1
1.
2.
3.
4.
121

1.
2.
3.
4.
8.1 18
18
15
122

8.1
8.2
8.1 8.15
22k+80032k+100
28k+90031k+500
57k+30057k+400
59k+00059k+100
63k+80063k+900
65k+00065k+100
65k+50065k+600
69k+70070k+300
75k+20075k+300
75k+30075k+400
8.1 18
18 22k+80032k+100
18 28k+90031k+500
18 57k+300
18 57k+300
18 59k+070
18 63k+800
18 65k+000
18 65k+000
18 65k+000
18 65k+500
18 69k+76070k+300
18 75k+200
18 75k+320
123

8.2 18
k
24.8 N40E80W
25.6
N40W55E
26.7
N40W75W
~E-W55S
27.4
N40W50S
~
N70W50S
28.2
43.2 N45E30E
57.3 N40E75E
59.2 N60E50E
63.6
N30E80W
65
N80W55S
+
65.5
+
N70E75S
66 N55E75W
66.1
N25W60W
69
+
N40W50W
+
N75W40S
70
~
N10E60W
75.3
N70E70N~
N80W70N
124

8.1 18 24k+800
8.2 18 25k+600
125

8.3 18 26k+700
8.4 18 27k+400
126

8.5 18 28k+200
8.6 18 57k+300
127

8.7 18 59k+200
8.8 18 63k+600
128

8.9 18 65k+000
8.10 18 65k+500
129

8.11 18 66k+000
8.12 18 66k+100
130

8.13 18 69k+000
8.14 18 70k+000
131

8.15 18 75k+300
8.2
SMS
Geological Information SystemGIS
18
8.16
18
132

8.16 18
8.17
133

8.17
8.2.1
1.
8.18
8.19
134

8.18
2.
8.19
GPS
8.20
ArcGIS 135

8.20
3.
8.21
136

8.21
4.
8.22
137

8.22
8.2.2
8.23
138

8.23
8.2.3
8.24
8.24
139

8.3
User
Friendly
18
8.3.1
18 88
2
8.25
8.26
140

8.25
8.26
8.3.2
141

1
18
8.27
8.27
8.3.3
142

8.28
18
69k+40070k+000 81k+400~468 8.29
8.28
8.29
143

144

TRBSpecial Report 247
TRBSpecial Report 176
Geotechnical Manual for Slope Highway Slope Manual
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
3.1
3.2
145

3.3
3.4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
5.1
5.2
5.3
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
8.1
8.2
8.3
9.1
146

147
9.1
18
18

148

10.1
92
1.
2.
3.
4.
149

5.
18 3
6.
7.
9 18 3
8.
18
9.
150

10.2
1.
2.
GIS
3.
9 18
4.
TRB, Special Report 247
151

5.
18
93 18
152

1. Abramson, L.W., Lee, T.S., Sharma, S., and Boyce, G.M.
(1996) Slope Stability and Stabilization Methods, John Wiley
& Sons Inc., Canada.
2. Abramson, L.W., Boyce, G., and Lee, T. (1994) Advances
Technology for Soil Slope Stability, FHWA, USA.
3. Bell, F.G. (1993) Engineering Treatment of Soils, Routledge
mot E F & N Spon.
4. Bromhead, E.N. (1986) The Stability of Slopes, Chapman and
Hall, New York.
5. Chowdhury, R.N. (1978) Slope Analysis, Elsevier Scientific
Pub. Co., New York.
6. Fang, H.Y. (1991) Foundation Engineering Handbook, Van
Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
7. Geotechnical Engineering Office (2000) Highway Slope
Manual, The Government of the Hong Kong Special
Administrative Region.
8. Geotechnical Engineering Office (1995) Feasibility Study for
QRA of Boulder Fall Hazard in Hong Kong, GEO Report 80,
ERM-Hong Kong, Ltd.
9. Geotechnical Engineering Office (1998) Landslides and
Boulder Falls from Natural Terrain: Interim Risk Guidelines,
GEO Report No. 75, ERM-Hong Kong, Ltd.
10. Geotechnical Engineering Office (1997) Slope Failures along
Bril Roads: Quantitative Risk Assessment and Ranking, GEO
Report No. 81, ERM-Hong Kong, Ltd.
11. Hoek, E. and Bray, J.W. (1977) Rock Slope Engineering,
153

Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, London, pp. 150-198.
12. Huang, Y.H. (1983) Stability Analysis of Earth Slopes, Van
Nostrand Reinhold.
13. Jones, C.J.F.P. (1996) Earth Reinforcement and Soil
Structures, American Society of Civil Engineers.
14. Norris, C.H., Wilbur, J.B., and Utku, S. (1976) Elementary
Structural Analysis”, McGraw-Hill, New York.
15. Prior, D.E., Brunsden, D., and Prior, D.B. (1984) Slope
Instability, John Wiley & Sons Inc..
16. Schuster, R.L. and Krizek, R.J. (1978) Landslide Analysis and
Control, Transportation Research Board National Research
Council Special Report 176, National Academy of Sciences,
Washington, D.C.
17. Turner, A.K. and Schuster, R.L. (1996) Landslide
Investigation and Mitigation, Transportation Research Board
National Research Council Special Report 247, National
Academy Press, Washington D.C.
18. Walker, B.F. (1987) Soil Slope Instability and Stabilization, A.
A. Balkema.
19. Xanthakos, P.P., Abramson, L.W., and Bruce, D.A. (1994)
Ground Control and Improvement, Interscience.
20.
46
21.
1998
関
, Manual for Zonation on Seismic
Geotechnical Hazards, Technical Committee for Earthquake
Geotechnical Engineering, TC4, ISSMGE.
154

22.
1998
23.
2000 921
24.
2002
25.
2000
26.
2003
27.
2003
28.
2000
29.
2001
1.0
30.
2003
31.
1998
32.
2002
33. 2002
92 45-52
34. 1991
1
123-129
35.
1992
155

81-03 2-1 - 2-9
36.
1999
D96 37. 1998
12-19 38.
2002
94 81-92 39.
2001
87 59-72
40. 2001
41. 1987
75-52 36-38
156

157

158

3
159

1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
(1)
(2)
160

(3)
1.
2.
3.
4.
161

1.
1.
2.
3. 3.25 3.30
4. 3.7 Pf
5.
3.3.1
1.
2.
162
3. 87

163

164

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
165

1.
creep
Flow
23
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
9193
1.
2.
3.
166

4.
1.
2.
79 4.1
Pf
82
4.3
3.
109
4.
114
5.
1.
167

2.
111
RQD
107
168

18
18
169

170

1999
2.1 2.2
171

172
2.1
1999

2.2
1999
173

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
174

2.1.3
2.2
2.2.1
2-3
175

【 譯 改 自 香 港 大 地 工 程 處 GEO(2000)】
2.3
2.2.2
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
176

2.2.3
1.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(7) (
)
(8)
(9)
(4) (10)
(5)
(6)
2.
(1)(5)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(6)
(7)
(8)
177

2.2.4
2.3
2.3.1
(a)
(b)
2.3.2
stripping open pit open trench
adit trial excavation
1.
178

2.
3.
4.
5.
2.3.3
(a)
(b)
179

(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2.1 180

181
2.1
2003
10%
9
~
0.5~1.25
1.
2.

3.
4.
2.3.4
2001 (1)
(2)
3)
(4) (5)
2.3.5
182

183
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
2.4
2.4.1
2.2
2.2
2001
UU
Su
CU
C
C
1.
2.
C
(k)

2.4.2
2.3 2.3
2001
C
k
2.4.3
PH
2.5
184

2.5.1
SPT
63.5
76
45 1545
N
N
2.5.2
Su Sr S
2.5.3
185

2.5.4
3
2.5.5
2.6
1.
186

2.
187

,
4.3.5
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.1
4.1.1
Hydrological cycle
4.1
steeply-inclined catchment areas
runoff
evapotranspiration
subsurface underflow
188

incorporated
water balance equation
Evapotranspiration+
Runoff+
Subsurface underflow+
Change in soil moisture +
Change in groundwater storage
millimitres
field capacity
4.1.2 Runoff
,
infiltrates
percolates
189

antecedent
runoff
coefficient
runoff percentage
total depth
Water Supplies Department
Government of Hong Kong1968
catch
retention
the filling of natural depression
antecedent rainfall
Government of Hong Kong1968 43
8
3 /
curve-fitting
50%70%
saturated permeability
50%
3 /
8 /
chunamed slope
190

4.1.3 Infiltration
(
)
(1)
(2)
transpiration
evaporation
4.1.4
Groundwater Flow
aquifers
water flow
intergranular
fissure
conduit
Intergranular flow
grains
191

hydraulic head
aquifer
pore
water
aquiclude Aquitard
confined
unconfined
piezometric head
main
water tables
perched water tables
lithology
192

Fault shatter-zones
heavily-jointed rock
4.2
(open standpipe)
4.2.1
0
hydrostatic
193

4.2.2
capillarity
saturation capillary
head
hydrostatic
linear
4.3
hygroscopic zone
undisturbed samples
Wong1970
(Mid-levels area)
0 4.2.3
open standpipe
piezometer
194

piezometer
tensiometers
4.2.4
analytical
numerical
analogue graphical
Flownet construction by sketching
steady state
homogeneity
195

Todd(1980) Cedergren(1977)
homogeneous soil
physical analogue
Todd(1980)
finite differences
finite elements
transient flow
4.3
4.3.1
porosity
topography
196

porosity
groundwater modeling
extrapolation
Geotechnical Control Office
1982a
storm
response
seasonal response
aquifer
wetting
band
4.3.2 4.3.3
4.3.2
197

Geotechnical Control Office(1982a)
4.4
(a)
(b)
Critical
duration of storm
permanent perched water tables
transient
perched water tables
geological boundary
on which the water is perched
198

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
4.3.3 Wetting Band
Wetting Band
199

highest seepage trace
saturated permeability (Lumb 1962)
4.1.2
2
50%
(Nassif &
Wilson1975)
Bell & Chin (1968) Peterson & Kwong (1981)
0 31
200

saturation
trial pits
disturbance
density
Lumb(19621975)
wetting front
0.5 k ⋅ t
h = ( D ⋅ t)
+
[4.1]
n(
S − S )
h=
depth of wetting front
D=
diffusion parameter
K=
coefficient of permeability
f
0
201

n=
porosity
S 0 =
initial degree of saturation
S f =
final degree of saturation
t= duration of rainfall
Lumb(1975)
k ⋅ t
h =
n( S − S )
[4.2]
0
f
permeability
infiltration tests
with a double ring
graduated bottles
4.2
4.3.4
202

pumping dewatering
1. reservoirs
2. fresh water mains
3. flushing water mains
4. sewers
5.
storm drains
6. catchwater channels
7. water tunnels
Geotechnical Control Office,1982a
drawdown effects
203

sheet pile walls
damming effect Geotechnical
Control Office, 1982a
chunam
sprayed concrete
pore suction
dry spells
4.3.5
204

Coates,1970Hoek & Bray,1981
fissure water
pressure
4.4
cut-off
counterfort drains
(hydraulic gradient)
205

lining
unlined
collecting chambers
4.4.1
10%
75 100
perforate or slotted casing
Choi(1977)Kenney et al (1977)
Prellwitz(1978)
206

siltation
4.4.2
adits
reinforced concrete lining
Weepholes
4.4.3
207

levels of wells
4.4.4
porous pipes
tension crack
4.4.5 Counterfort Drains
1997
Hutchinson
free draining
4.5
208

4.5.1
Granular Filters
graded filter
fine grain particles
coarse silts
fine sands
finer fraction
(1953)
concrete sand
Bs 882 zone 2 natural sand
BS 882 zone
2
20% 150m sieve
decomposed volcanic
rockfill 2 3
gap-graded soils
layered
soils
filter grading
209

envelope
uniformity coefficient
20
Segregation
hard durable stone
well compacted
machine-placed
450
450
Spalding1970
slot or hole size (1955)
(a)
D85F
Slotwidth
> 1.2
[4.3]
(b)
D85F
> 1.0
hole diameter
[4.4]
D85F 85%
210

United States Bureau of Reclamation1973
D85
of filter nearest pipe
> 1.2
maximum opening of pipe drain
[4.5]
4.5.2
5
synthetic
Non-woven fabric
woven fabrics
knitted
fabrics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Rankilor(1981)
211

equivalent opening size 150m
tensile stresses
212

6.1
6.1.1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
unit hydrographs
Linsley et al1982
213

empirical equation
Rational Method
Tin1969
Q
litres/sec
KiA
Q = [6.1]
3600
i
mm/hr
A
m 2 K
K
1.0
6.1.2
topographic contours
hydrology
214

6.1.3
Bransby-Williams
L
t = 0.14465(
)
[6.2]
0.2 0. 1
H ⋅ A
t
A
H
m/100m
L
6.1.4
mean rainfall intensity
(
)
215

6.2
6.2.1
surface channels
slope geometry
platforms or berms
ponding
benches cut
surface
channels
trash grill
50%
75%
sumped
catch pit
216

ock trap
rock traps
handing-over notes
6.2.2
chevron
drains
Chunamed stone-pitched
berm
crest
toe
small benches
6.2.3
U open
concrete-lined U-channels
217

unlined trenches
French drains
cut-off drain
shallow impermeable layer
tension crack
6.2.4
gradient
1.3 /
600
Ackers(1969)
4 /
roughness
factor 0.013
V
1
0.5
= [R
0.67 ⋅ S ]
[6.3]
n
V velocity /
n
rounghness factor
R
hydraulic mean depth P/A
A
wetted cross-sectional area
P wetted perimeter
218

S
gradient of channel
energy dissipators
freeboard
6.2.5
2 /
2
/
Chow1959
hydraulic jump
6.2.6
junction
219

affle wall
catchpit
6.3
6.3.1
IVVVI
220

6.3.2
Vegetation Succession
6.3.3
Kirkby1978
prandini et al1977Grauy1978Gray &
Meahan1981Gray &Leiser1982
chunam
Gray(1978)Schiechtl(1980)
Gray & Leiser (1982)
221

6.3.4
3 5 2 9
4 6
3 8
root wedging
222

6.3.5
3 8
75% 25%
30%
whips
Schiechtl(1980)
Gray & Leiser(1982)
19711974
6.4
6.4.1
223

1.
2.
3.
6.4.2
)
224

40 50
50 1.2
6.4.3
gunite
Tynes
& McCleese1974
6.4.4
225

200 300
Geotechnical Control Office
226

227
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
7.2
2001
7.1
1.
7.1
7.2
2.
7.3
7.4

3.
7.5 7.6
7.1
7.2
228

7.3
7.4
229

7.5
230

7.6 90 V
7.2
1.
7.7 7.9
2.
7.10 7.11
7.12 7.13
3.
7.14GPS 7.15
231

7.7
7.8
232

7.9
7.10
233

7.11
7.12
234

7.13
7.14
235

7.15
GPS
7.3
1.
7.16 7.17
2.
7.18
7.19
236

7.16
237

7.17
7.18
238

7.19
7.4
1.
7.20 7.21
2.
7.22 7.23
3.
7.24 7.25
239

7.20
7.21
240

7.22
7.23
241

7.24
7.25
242