Research in the nanosciences in France

Research
in the nanosciences
in France
With more than 5,300 researchers and 240 laboratories working in the nanosciences and
nanotechnologies, French institutions are engaged in a great many nano-research projects in the
broad fields of electronics, communications, materials, energy, biotechnologies, pharmacology,
medicine, health, and the environment. Albert Fert shared the 2007 Nobel prize in physics with German
Peter Grünberg for their independent discoveries of giant magnetoresistance and their contribution to
the development of spintronics, which made possible the magnetic readers used in today’s computers.
With the research infrastructure built since the 1990s, France is one of the leaders in basic research
in the nanosciences. The country ranks second in Europe, after Germany, in the amount invested in
nanoscience research, and fifth in the world in number of publications in the field.
Nanometer: a billionth of a meter, 0.000,000,001 meter.
Nanotechnology is the study of phenomena and the manipulation of materials at the atomic, molecular, and macromolecular
levels, where properties differ significantly from those observed at larger scales.
Nanotechnologies cover the design, manufacture, and specification of nanostructures integrated within other devices,
thereby making possible new applications. The success of these nanostructures relies on tight control of the shape and size
of materials at nanometric scale.
Key sectors for applications
of nanotechnology research
Electronics: Microelectronics, embedded electronics (telephone,
touch-screen tablet, computer, home appliances), ITC (quantum
computer, nanotransistors), and flat screens, among others.
Energy: lithium-ion batteries and hydrogen cells for increased
autonomy of electric cars and motors, nanocomponents.
Environment: nanometric filtration membranes (water purification),
catalytic converters, organic chemistry (hydrocarbons, oxidation).
Materials: nanotubes, nanoparticles (paint, plastic, textiles),
nanopowders, nano-emulsions and -pigments (sunblocks, skin
care).
Medicine: nanocapsules, nanoparticles, nanomaterials (gene
therapies, tissue repair in regenerative medicine), nanostructures
(allergy-related tests, molecular tests and markers), nanometric
systems (analysis of substances in blood), implanted
nanostructured biomaterials, biochips (genetic analysis).
Public investment in nano-biotechnologies
http://investissement-avenir.gouvernement.fr
In 2012, two projects of interest were among 20 projects
selected for the national public investment program known as
Investissements d’avenir (Investments in the Future),
- The DIRAN project: The goal of the project is to explore the
potential of nanotechnologies for the development of a new
generation of medical equipment for the early detection of
hospital-acquired infections and a better understanding of their
origins.
- The FACSBIOMARKER project: This project explores the
potential of nanotechnologies for the development of new, highresolution
methods for early detection and diagnosis of invasive
cancers and for more-effective monitoring of therapeutic
processes.
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Major research organizations
Competitiveness clusters - http://competitivite.gouv.fr
6 centers of competence in the nanosciences, C’Nano were established in 2004. The C’Nano centers count on a network of firms and
institutions of higher education to support their work on technological innovations needed by industry.
• Lyonbiopôle: Lyonbiopôle is developing products and services around miniaturized intelligent solutions (micro-nanotechnologies and
embedded intelligence software) for industry. http://www.lyonbiopole.com
• Minalogic: located in Grenoble, Minalogic also offers miniaturized intelligent solutions (micro-nanotechnologies and embedded
intelligence software) for industry. http://www.minalogic.com
• Microtechniques: located in Besançon, Microtechniques is built around technology know-how derived from, among other things,
watchmaking. Its products are relevant to chip cards, telephones, remote broadcast relays, parameters, satellites, pacemakers, gears,
control panels, and aircraft and automobile engines. http://www.polemicrotechniques.fr
• POPSUD (optics and photonics): located in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur region, POPSUD specializes in complex optical and imaging
systems designed for demanding environments. http://www.popsud.org
• S2E2 (electrical energy systems and sciences): serving the Centre-Limousin regions, the S2E2 cluster performs work at every stage of
the electrical energy value chain. http://www.s2e2.fr
• SCS (secure communication solutions): operating in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur region, the SCS competitiveness cluster targets
equipment and software for transmitting, exchanging, and processing data securely and reliably. http://www.pole-scs.org
Thematic advanced research networks (known as RTRAs)
http://www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr>Stratégie et organisation
RTRAs are made up of research laboratories pursuing a shared strategy toward a common scientific objective. Three of France’s 13 RTRAs
deal with aspects of the nanosciences:
- Grenoble nanosciences network
This RTRA brings together the CNRS, the French atomic and alternative energy commission (CEA), the Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble,
and Université Joseph Fourier in their nano-related work in quantum electronics, magnetism, photonics, materials, the life sciences,
measurement and description, and modeling. http://www.fondation-nanosciences.fr
- Orsay physics triangle
The Orsay physics triangle brings together the laboratories of the Palaiseau-Orsay-Saclay region for work on specific themes (optics,
spintronics-magnetoelectronics, nanophysics) that benefit from the use of very large research instruments like the Soleil particle accelerator,
the neutron reactor at the Léon Brillouin national laboratory for neutron diffusion), or the high-powered lasers at the intense laser laboratory
(LULI) on the campus of the École Polytechnique, the wave and acoustic laboratory (LOA) in Palaiseau), and the CEA. The Orsay physics
triangle is the home base of French researcher Albert Fert, winner of the 2007 Nobel prize in physics. http://triangledelaphysique.fr
- CIRFC (The Strasbourg international center for research at the frontiers of chemistry)
Founded by Université de Strasbourg, the CNRS, the BASF companies (world leaders in chemistry), and Bruker (high-tech instrumentation),
CIRFC is a multidisciplinary center that grapples with all aspects of chemistry at the interface with physics, materials, and biology.
http://www.icfrc.fr
Institut Carnot - http://www.instituts-carnot.eu
The Carnot label is awarded to public research bodies that combine basic research with an active policy of research partnerships with
the world outside academia. Of the three Carnot Institutes working in the nanotechnologies, two—LAAS and CEA/LETI—have already been
mentioned. The third is STAR (science and technology for research applications), located in the Aix-Marseille university complex. STAR
consists of 12 research laboratories affiliated with the university and the CNRS that are engaged in R&D (Research and Development)
projects on industry-relevant topics such as energy, transportation, electronics, aeronautics, the environment, and health.
http://www.instituts-carnot.eu/fr/star
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Doctoral departments
and Research laboratories
Chemistry and physics
• Carnot-Pasteur - ED 554 - http://ed-carnot-pasteur.u-bourgogne.fr
Affiliated with doctoral department 554 at Université de Dijon, the UTINAM institute (specializing in space, transportation, interfaces,
nanostructures, the atmosphere and environment, and molecules) is organized into five teams: structured materials and surfaces;
nanoparticles, contaminants, and membranes; theoretical physics and astrophysics; spectroscopy, planetology, atmospheres, clathrates,
and the environment; and sonochemistry and surface reactivity. http://www.utinam.cnrs.fr
• EMMA (mechanical energy and materials) - ED 409 - http://www.emma.uhp-nancy.fr
The scientific domains covered by EMMA at Université de Lorraine in Nancy and Metz are mechanics, energy, matter and materials,
materials development processes, component manufacturing processes, and mechanical and energy systems.
Affiliated with EMMA, the Institut Jean Lamour (IJL) conducts research on three themes: emerging materials, nanosciences, and
nanotechnologies; theoretical physics and modeling; and hot plasma physics. http://www.ijl.nancy-universite.fr
• LP2N (digital photonics and nanosciences laboratory) - (UMR 5298)
LP2N, a joint research unit of the CNRS and Université Bordeaux, and the Optical Institute Graduate School, studies photons and
nanosystems (optical and quantum phenomena at microscopic scale), matter waves, atomic lasers, and microsystems (optical phenomena
that also use atoms). http://www.lp2n.institutoptique.fr
• 3MPL (Matter, molecules, and materials in the Pays de Loire) - ED 500 - http://www.univ-lemans.fr>Recherche>Formation doctorale
Affiliated with 3MPL at Université du Maine Le Mans, the IMN (Jean Rouxel materials institute) is a joint research unit of the CNRS and
Université de Nantes that carries out research on three themes: nanostructures, nanocomposites (nanowires, nanoparticles, etc.), and their
applications (such as transparent electrodes, special artificial glasses, OLEDs); nano-bio-systems (and hybrid nano-bio-systems); complex
materials with nonconventional electronic properties (such as insulator–metal transitions induced by an electric field). http://www.cnrsimn.fr
• PHAST (Lyon physics and astrophysics) - ED 52 - http://phd-physics.universite-lyon.fr
This doctoral department at the Université de Lyon covers the fields of astrophysics, subatomic physics, optics and lasers, optical and
optoelectronic materials, the nanosciences and nanomaterials, and nonlinear physics, as well as the interfaces between physics and
health and physics and biology. Affiliated with the department is PMCN (the laboratory of condensed matter physics and nanostructures),
which studies and develops solid materials and soft matter. http://www-lpmcn.univ-lyon1.fr
• Physics and chemistry of materials - ED 397 - http://www.ed397.upmc.fr
The main research themes of this doctoral department at Université Pierre et Marie Curie are reactive materials, catalysis, organic-inorganic
hybrids, functional materials (optics, magnetism, biomaterials), polymers, nanostructures (nanomagnetism, spintronics), and the
mesoscopic physics of granulars, aggregates, and surfaces. Affiliated with doctoral department 397 is the INSP (Paris nanosciences
institute), which performs basic nanoscience research focused on optoelectronics, telecommunications, the earth and environmental
sciences, catalysis, and medical diagnostics. http://www.insp.jussieu.fr
• P2MC (particle and condensed matter physics) - ED 389 - http://www.ed389.upmc.fr
This doctoral department of physics at Université Pierre et Marie Curie explores the nanosciences, particularly through the study of
plasmonics and metallic nanostructures.
• Physics in the Paris region - ED 107 - http://www.phys.ens.fr/Ecole.Doctorale/
This doctoral department at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris pursues research on the manipulation and use of unique microscopic
objects (such as atoms, molecules, quantum boxes), condensed matter at small sizes, and nanophysics.
• Physics and sciences of matter - ED 352 - http://ed352.sciences.univmed.fr
The research fields covered by this doctoral department at Aix-Marseille Université are astrophysics, cosmology, particle physics,
theoretical physics, mathematical physics, optics, photonics, hot plasmas, lasers, materials science, condensed matter, and the
nanosciences and their relation to biophysics. Affiliated with doctoral department 352 is CINaM (Marseille interdisciplinary center for
nanoscience), which performs research in six areas: molecular engineering and functional materials, nanomaterials and reactivity, punctual
sources and waves, the science and technology of nano-objects, and digital theory and simulation. http://www.cinam.univ-mrs.fr
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• Sciences of matter - ED 482 - http://www.edsdm.ups-tlse.fr
Affiliated with doctoral department 482 is CEMES (center for materials development and structural research), which conducts scientific
research in three broad areas: crystalline materials under constraints, nanomaterials, and nanosciences. http://www.cemes.fr
Electronics
• EEA (electronics, electrotechnics, and automation) - ED 160 - http://edeea.ec-lyon.fr
The EEA doctoral department at Université de Lyon has 3 specialties: energy and systems, information and communication technologies
for health, and micro- and nanotechnologies. Affiliated with EEA is INL (Lyon institute of nanotechnologies), which performs multidisciplinary
technological research in micro- and nanotechnologies, materials, and systems. http://inl.cnrs.fr
• EEATS (electronics, electrotechnics an signals) - ED 220 - http://www.edeeats.grenoble-inp.fr
This Doctoral Department of the Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble covers 5 specialties including Nanoelectronics and
Nanotechnology: training in physics of semiconductors and components, microelectronics technology, logic and analog integrated circuit
design, modeling and simulation of integrated circuits, microsystems.
• GEET (electrical engineering, electronics, and telecommunications from system to nanosystem) - ED 323 - http://educ.laas.fr/GEET/
This doctoral department at Université de Toulouse does research on micro-nano systems, microwaves, electromagnetism, and optoelectronics,
as well as in electrical engineering, radiophysics, and medical imaging. Affiliated with GEET and located at INSA Toulouse is LPCNO (laboratory
of the physics and chemistry of nano-objects). LPCNO studies the physical properties of nano-objects (nanostructuring, nanomagnetism,
synthesis of nanoparticles), nanomanufacturing techniques for microelectronics, and applications to information and communication
technologies and to biomedicine. http://lpcno.insa-toulouse.fr
• I-MEP2 (engineering of materials, mechanics, environment, energetics, and production) - ED 510 - http://edimep2.grenoble-inp.fr
I-MEP2 is a doctoral department of the Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble that carries out research in microanalysis, quantitative analysis
of microstructures, and microscopy.
• Materials of Lyon - ED 34 - http://ed34.universite-lyon.fr
This multidisciplinary doctoral department at Université de Lyon performs research into the microstructure and properties of materials.
Fields of application include nanoelectronics, nano-optics, and nanobiotechnologies. Various materials are studied: structural materials
(metals and alloys, ceramics, polymers, composites), functional materials (for electronics and optoelectronics), and natural materials
(particularly those pertinent to the study of geology).
• Physics for engineers and microtechniques - ED 37 - http://ed-spim.univ-fcomte.fr
This doctoral department at Université de Franche-Comté focuses its research efforts on optical and electronic, mechanical, and energy
systems; materials; automation; and computer-aided manufacturing of computers, and frequency times. Cutting-edge microtechnical
sectors are emphasized. Affiliated with the doctoral department is FEMTO-ST (the Franche-Comté institute for the science and technology
of electronics, mechanics, thermics, and optics), which focuses on automation and microrobotics, materials and surfaces, and energy. The
department of micro- and nanosciences and systems operates in three sites: Besançon, Montbéliard, Belfort. http://www.femto-st.fr
• SPI (engineering sciences) - ED 72 - http://edspi.univ-lille1.fr
SPI covers six areas of research in the engineering sciences, including micro- and nanotechnologies, acoustics, and telecommunications.
Affiliated with SPI is IEMN (the institute of electronics, microelectronics, and nanotechnology, which conducts research on five themes:
physics of nanostructures; micro- and nanosystems; micro-, nano-, and optoelectronics; communication systems and microwave
applications; and acoustics. http://exploit.iemn.univ-lille1.fr
• Engineering sciences: mechanics, physics, micro- and nanoelectronics - ED 353 - http://ed353.univ-mrs.fr
Research at this doctoral department at Aix-Marseille Université spans several disciplines: micro- and nanoelectronics, mechanics and
physics of continuous media (solid mechanics, fluid mechanics, acoustics, thermics, energetics, biomechanics). Fields of application
include materials, transportation, energy, the environment, health, and musical creation. IM2NP (the Provence institute of materials,
microelectronics, and nanosciences) is composed of two departments: the department of materials and nanosciences, and the department
of micro- and nanoelectronics. http://www.im2np.fr
Health
• SCBS (chemical and biological sciences for health) - ED 168 - http://ecole-doctorale-cbs2.igh.cnrs.fr
Affiliated with the SCBS doctoral department, the host team known as Bio-health and nanosciences (EA 4203) pursues research on
biomaterials and biophysics.
• Sciences, technologies, health - ED 358 - http://www.univ-reims.fr>Recherche>Écoles doctorales>L’École Doctorale STS
Affiliated with doctoral department 358, LRN (the nanosciences research laboratory) embraces three research themes: development and
application of nanomaterials; nanocharacterization and methodological developments; nanobiotechnologies.
http://www.univ-reims.fr/site/laboratoire-labellise/lrn/
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The network of major
technological research centers
http://www.rtb.cnrs.fr
What makes French nanoscience research unique is the very dense network of specialized technological facilities necessary for
applications. A national network of large centers for basic technological research was established in 2003 to implement a plan to support
a network of nanomanufacturing centers and to enable laboratory research teams to make use of a set of globally competitive
nanomanufacturing methods.
The national network is coordinated by CEA, France’s commission on atomic and alternative energies, and CNRS, the national center for
scientific research. Research focuses on five themes:
• Integration of technologies and heterogeneous systems
• Micro-, nano-, and biosystems
• Micro- and nanoelectronics and ultimate (single-molecule) electronics
The centers are clustered at 5 sites:
• The Rhône-Alpes cluster includes the CEA-LETI center and the Upstream Technological Platform, known as PTA. Research themes
include quantum nanoelectronics, nanomagnetism, and spin electronics, as well as the interface between biology, on the one hand, and,
on the other: nanoelectronics, nanophotonics, molecular electronics, mechanical nanosystems, and nanomaterials. These are
complemented by the principal research themes of LETI: Above IC, microelectronics, photonic systems, and biochips.
The Rhône-Alpes cluster also includes several other structures on various sites:
- the Minatec cluster, created at initiative of CEA-LETI Grenoble and INP Grenoble, organizes the activities of 4,000 individuals.
http://www.minatec.org
- the Crolles site, which also houses the STMicroelectronics company, has the only 300 µm nanoelectronics factory in France, with about
1,000 research personnel, working on transistor and integrated circuit architectures, manufacturing processes, and design methodologies.
This center manufactures experimental circuits for laboratories throughout the world. http://www.st.com
- FMNT, the micro- and nanotechnologies federation, operates six laboratories. http://fmnt.online.fr
• The Nord cluster is home to the IEMN (institute of electronics, microelectronics, and nanotechnology) center created in 1992 by the
CNRS, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille (USTL), Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut Cambrésis (UVHC), and the
Institut Supérieur d’Électronique et du Numérique (ISEN). It brings together physicists, electronics specialists, and acousticians around
studies of materials and nanostructures, microtechnologies and microsystems, and micro- and optoelectronics.
http://www.iemn.univ-lille1.fr
• The Sud-Ouest cluster, which includes the LAAS (laboratory for systems analysis and architecture) in Toulouse is labeled by the Institut
Carnot and is a full-fledged CNRS research unit affiliated with the Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse 3, INSA-Toulouse, and INP-Toulouse.
Within LAAS-CNRS, 17 research groups are organized into four groups:
- the micro- and nanosystems group (MINAS)
- the robotics and artificial intelligence group (RIA)
- the systems modeling, optimization, and operation group (MOCOSY) - the critical computer systems group (SINC)
http://www.laas.fr
• The Île-de-France cluster is made up of 3 institutions:
- the LPN center (laboratory of photonics and nanostructures)
LPN is a CNRS research unit. Its research covers the fields of quantum information processing, optical communications, optic signal
processing, high-density information storage, and microfluidics combined with the use of nanostructures, a field that is at the interface of
physics, chemistry, and biology. http://www.lpn.cnrs.fr
- the IEF center (institute for fundamental electronics)
A joint CNRS–Université Paris Sud-XI research unit, IEF is located at the Orsay scientific center. Its research agenda includes silicon III-V
nanoelectronics (semiconductor-based micro-nanoelectronics), nanomagnetism, micro- and nanophotonics, microsystems, and
equipment-centered and software-centered systems. http://www.ief.u-psud.fr
- the IOGS (optical institute graduate school)
Located on the Palaiseau campus of the Ecole Polytechnique and labeled by the Institut Carnot, the IOGS specializes in atomic and quantum
optics, nanophotonics, nonlinear materials, lasers, and optic systems. It is currently the leading western center for master’s-level training in
optics as measured by the number of graduates. http://www.institutoptique.fr
• The Grand-Est cluster is based on the FEMTO-ST center (Franche-Comté electronics, mechanics, thermics, and optics–science and
technology). A joint CNRS research unit, it is affiliated with Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), the École Nationale Supérieure de
Mécanique et de Microtechniques (ENSMM), and Université Technologique de Belfort-Montbéliard (UTBM). Research is carried out in the
fields of mechanics, optics, telecommunications, electronics, frequencies, energetics, and fluidics. http://www.femto-st.fr
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• Nanotechnologies, nanomagnetism, nanomaterials
• Optoelectronics and photonics

Useful links
• ABS, Algorithmics and structural biology for macro-molecular
systems: http://www.inria.fr/equipes/abs
• Database of nanomaterials organizations in France:
http://www.nanomateriaux.org
• Admission of doctoral candidates and postdoctoral fellows,
RTRA Grenoble:
http://www.fondation-nanosciences.fr/RTRA/fr/6/recrutement.html
• Center for competence in the nanosciences of the Rhône-Alpes
region: http://www.cnano-rhone-alpes.org
• Research center for vegetal macromoleculars (CERVAM):
http://www.cermav.cnrs.fr
• CIME nanotech, Universitary center in microelectronics and nanotechnology:
http://www.cime.inpg.fr
• “Des nanotechnologies à la biologie de synthèse,” Annales
des Mines 2010:
http://www.annales.org/ri/2009/ri_fevrier_2010.html
• European School On Nanosciences & Nanotechnologies
(ESONN): http://esonn.fr
• FMNT, micro- and nanotechnology research federation:
http://fmnt.online.fr
• FEMTO-ST (Franche-Comté institute for the science
and technology of electronics, mechanics, thermics, and optics):
http://www.femto-st.fr
• Framework program of the European Commission:
http://cordis.europa.eu/nanotechnology/
• French group for polymer research and applications:
http://www.gfp.asso.fr
• French ministry of the economy, finance, and industry:
http://www.industrie.gouv.fr/portail/politiques/index_nanotech.html
• Grenoble Institut des Nanosciences (GIN):
http://neurosciences.ujf-grenoble.fr
• ICON (International Council of Nanotechnology):
http://icon.rice.edu
General information
• ABG-L’intelli’agence, promoting career opportunities for young
PhDs: http://www.intelliagence.fr
• ANDèS, national association for Science PhD:
http://www.andes.asso.fr
• ANRT, national agency for research and technology:
http://www.anrt.asso.fr
• CNRS, national center for scientific research: http://www.cnrs.fr
- Directory of laboratories and researchers:
http://www.cnrs.fr/fr/une/annuaires.htm
- CNRS international magazine (in English):
http://www2.cnrs.fr/en/2.htm
• INAC (nanosciences and cryogenics institute): http://inac.cea.fr
• Institute for New Energy Tecnologies: http://www-liten.cea.fr
• Laboratoire des technologies de la microélectronique:
http://www.ltm-cnrs.fr
• MESCAL, calcul haute performances pour les nanoscience:
http://www.inria.fr/equipes/mescal
• Micro & nanomagnetism group:
http://neel.cnrs.fr>Le Laboratoire>Équipes de Recherche>MNM
• MINATEC, innovation campus for micro- and nanotechnologies:
http://www.minatec.com
• Nano-D, modélisation et simulation de nano-systèmes:
http://nano-d.inrialpes.fr
• Nanofab, centrale de développement de procédés de micro et
nanofabrication pour la recherche fondamentale:
http://neel.cnrs.fr>Le Laboratoire>Pôles technologiques>Nanofab
• Nano-Micro technologies club: http://www.clubnano.asso.fr
• Nanomat, an international network for the study of nanomaterials:
http://www.nanomat.fr
• NanoLyon, the technology platform of the Lyon region:
http://inl.cnrs.fr>Plateforme NanoLyon
• NANOFORUM, the European nanotechnology forum:
http://www.nanoforum.org/
• Nano Safe, a consortium for the production and utilization of
nanomaterials: http://www.nanosafe.org
• Nanosciences foundation: http://www.fondation-nanosciences.fr
• Nanospintronique et transport moléculaire (NanoSpin):
http://neel.cnrs.fr>Le Laboratoire>Équipes de Recherche>NanoSpin
• Plateforme Technologique Amont (PTA): http://pta-grenoble.com
• STMicroelectronics: http://www.st.com
• Surfaces, Interfaces et Nanostructures (SIN):
http://neel.cnrs.fr>Le Laboratoire>Équipes de Recherche>SIN
• Théorie et Nanosciences (ThNano):
http://neel.cnrs.fr>Le Laboratoire>Équipes de Recherche>ThNaNo
• EURAXESS, mobility for researchers in Europe:
http://ec.europa.eu/euraxess/index_en.cfm
• Fondation Alfred Kastler, hospitality and support for foreign
researchers in France: http://www.fnak.fr
• Ministry of Higher Education and Research:
http://www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr
• Oséo Innovation, the French innovation agency: http://www.oseo.fr
• Website for mobile European researchers in France:
http://www.eurosfaire.prd.fr/mobility
• THESA, website for thesis of (CGE): http://thesa.inist.fr
• A complete list of Doctoral Departments in France can be found online at
www.campusfrance.org>Find your program>Level Doctoral
The online catalog provides direct links to the research units within each Doctoral department.
A bilingual (French and English) search engine enables users to obtain results by selecting from
among 20,000 keywords and 80 disciplinary themes. Departmental profiles are also provided.
• CampusBourses, directory of grant programs: www.campusfrance.org>Finance your program
Mars 2013
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