NUCIS number 10. December 2001. 48 pages (full ... - IAMZ - ciheam

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UPDATE OF THE SPANISH CHESTNUT INVENTORY OF CULTIVARS Abstract. Chestnut (Catanea sativa Mill.) is a minor crop in Spain but important in some hilly areas. Until now we had found chestnut cultivars in Andalucía, Asturias, Castilla-León, Extremadura and Galicia. In the Canary Islands the presence of chestnut was described in the fifties but not its culture for nut production. During the last two years we have been surveying chestnuts in Tenerife, La Palma, Gran Canaria and El Hierro. In all islands we found old orchards with local chestnut cultivars, but it was only possible to identify some in Tenerife, La Palma and El Hierro. In Gran Canaria chestnut crop exists in the Northern slopes but growers do not recognize any longer their cultivars though they remember their grandparents grafting seedlings with local cultivars. Up to date we have found in Spain 210 local cultivars denominations, 23 of them cultivated in more than one region. We are now including cuttings in the National Germplasm Bank located in Galicia, and we are characterizing them by morphology and molecular markers to identify them and to select the best to maintain the Spanish chestnut production. Key words. germplasm resources, variability, local cultivars INTRODUCTION Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) is a minor crop in Spain, but it is important for the economy in hilly areas for nut and timber production. In most of the areas where chestnut is present, it appears naturalized and cultivated. Most of the chestnut plantings grown in Spain are found in the Northwestern part of the country in the regions of Galicia, Asturias and Castilla- León (Fig. 1). Previous papers have listed cultivars in Galicia (Fernández and Pereira, 1994; Pereira-Lorenzo and Fernández-López, 1997), Asturias (Fernández- Lamuño, 1984, Pereira et al., 2001), Castilla-León, Extremadura, and Andalucía (Pereira et al., 2001). Our long-term goal has been to establish a National Germplasm Bank of the genus Castanea and characterize the Spanish chestnut cultivars to select the most interesting for nut and/or timber production. In País Vasco and Navarra, chestnut orchards have been destroyed by chestnut blight disease, caused by the fungus Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr.) Barr, which was surely introduced with Asian chestnut seeds in 1914 and 1940 (Elorrieta, 1949), although it was first reported in 1943 (Colinas and Uscuplic, 1999). In Catalonia, coppice is predominant and orchards have been abandoned for a long time. In June of 2000 we started to study the chestnut culture in Tenerife, Canary Islands (Fig. 1). In 1949, Elorrieta reported the presence of chestnut in Canary Islands, which is common in other Atlantic archipelagos as Azores and Madeira. In July of 2001 we sampled La Palma and El Hierro islands, with the aim to complete the study. Our objectives were to localise the cultivars in Canary Islands to finish the Spanish Inventory of chestnut cultivars (Pereira et al., 2001), to characterise cultivars morphologically and isoenzymatically, and to introduce them in the Spanish chestnut Germplasm Bank. In this work the number of cultivars existing in Spain, especially in the Canary Islands is updated. Figure 2. Distribution of chestnut cultivars in Tenerife (Canary Islands) N Figure 1. Chestnut growing areas in Spain FRANCE N 5 Km. 0 Km. 5 Km. Ravelo La Matanza La Victoria Puerto de la Cruz Dh R MCg Dpa M RCg T M Do M Gr R Ma Pg MtP Pi Pc La Orotava Gr Ar M M Ds Arafo PARQUE NACIONAL DEL TEIDE Ar Cr La Esperanza Mo SANTA CRUZ DE TENERIFE Arafero Mt Matancero Corujero Mo Mollar Cg Castagrande M Mulato Dh Del haya Pc Pico Claro Dpa De pata P Picudo Ds De Sala Pi Piñero Do Donosa Pg Polegre Cir Cirande R Redondo Ma Manso T Temprano PORTUGAL SPAIN Figure 3. Distribution of chestnut cultivars in La Palma (Canary Islands) GARAFIA N Pe Ma Cueva de Agua Po El Romeral L SAN ANDRES Y SAUCES Hoya Grande Barranco de El Agua PARQUE NACIONAL CALDERA DE TABURIENTE Canary Islands MARROCO AFRICA Pl Llano de las Cuevas J M Ch Pl P Ch Pq EL PASO Me Tb Pl N J L Cabeza de Vaca Bl SANTA CRUZ DE LA PALMA BREÑA ALTA La PalmaTenerife Gomera Gran Canaria Hierro SAHARA Bl Blanco Ch Chocho J Jabudo L Lisio M Macho Ma Manso Me Menudo N Negro P Picuda Pe Peludo Pl Peloño Po Pelon Pq Piquenta Tb Tablon 5 Km. 5 Km. 0 Km. 34 FAO-CIHEAM - Nucis-Newsletter, Number 10 December 2001
MATERIALS AND METHODS Locating trees. Trees were located travelling throughout the chestnut growing areas, described by Elorrieta (1949), and asking to chestnut growers to identify representative trees of each cultivar. Each tree of a specific cultivar was marked for later sampling (Pereira et al., 2001). Data Collection. For each tree, we recorded the altitude with an altimeter and the solar orientation of the planting site with a compass. Localization of these trees is the base to collect samples for morphological characterization and isoenzymes studies. During nut sampling, the harvest time was recorded. As we have done previously for other regions in the Iberian Peninsula (Pereira et al., 2001), we compiled information of the cultivar, municipality, elevation, orientation, and time of harvest. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION With the inclusion of Canary Islands to the inventory of Spanish chestnut cultivars (Pereira et al., 2001) we have increased the number of cultivars denominations found to 210 (Table 1), being 23 of them cultivated in two or more regions: ‘Calva’ and ‘Loura’ in Galicia and ‘Asturias’, ‘Galega’, ‘Parede’ and ‘Verde’ in Galicia, Asturias and Castilla-León, ‘Inxerta’ in Galicia, Asturias, Castilla- León and Extremadura, ‘Negral’ in Galicia, Asturias, Castilla-León and La Palma, ‘Pelona’ in Andalucía, Asturias and La Palma, ‘Rapada’ in Galicia and Castilla-León, ‘Rubia’ in Andalucía and Asturias, ‘Temperá’ in Galicia, Andalucía, Castilla-León and Tenerife. That means a total of 187 different denominations in Spain from 802 accessions under study in Spain. Chestnut orchards grafted with local cultivars were found in Tenerife, La Palma, El Figure 4. Chestnut orchard in Arafo, Southern face of Tenerife Island Hierro and Gran Canaria. There are two important areas for chestnut production in Tenerife Island, the main located from La Orotava to La Esperanza, the Northern face and more humid part, and a secondary one near Arafo in the Southern face and very dry and windy. Orchards North facing are quite similar to those in the Peninsula Ibérica, based in a seedling grafted with two sticks at 0,5 m over the ground level. More surprising are orchards located in volcanic soils South facing, where grafted chestnuts appear as big bushes with branches hanging over the ground (Fig. 4). Sanitary status is very good and blight and ink diseases appear to be absent. Chestnut is cultivated from 800 to 1000 m in the Northern face and from 1000 to 1100 m in the Southern face (Table 1), normally higher altitudes than in the Peninsula (Pereira-Lorenzo et al., 2001). Orientations of the plantations are mainly North, East or West, being South the less frequent, as usually in most chestnut orchards in Spain. We found 18 cultivars, being ‘Mulata’ the most common cultivar in Tenerife Island. Only ‘Redondo’ and ‘Temprano’ are denominations reported also in the Iberian Peninsula, ‘Redondo’ in Galicia and ‘Temprano’ in Andalucía and Extremadura (Pereira et al., 2001). Ripening time observed was from 9 October to 11 November, similar to the Iberian Peninsula harvesting period (Table 1) (Pereira-Lorenzo et al., 2001). In La Palma Island, chestnuts are mainly grafted in orchards distributed all around the island except in the Southern face, though in some areas it can be found naturalised. The way to cultivate chestnut is Table 1. Number of sampled trees and chestnut denominations in Spain and some characteristics of chestnut producing areas in Spain Region Nr. Sampled Nr. Nr. of different Range of Average Harvesting Average date Trees Denominations denominations altitudes (m) altitude (m) period for harvesting Andalucía 19 13 10 470-850 643 19 Oct-5 Nov (Huelva) 25 Oct (Huelva) 15 Sep-29 Oct (Málaga) 1 Oct (Málaga) Asturias 301 66 59 10-900 383 3 Oct-23 Nov 27 Oct Canary Islands (Tenerife) 35 18 16 800-1100 894 9 Oct-11 Nov 1 Nov Canary Islands (La Palma) 25 14 11 400-1150 628 20 Oct-10 Nov 1 Nov Canary Islands (El Hierro) 3 3 3 400-1100 850 Castilla-León 25 8 2 440-950 770 13 Oct-5 Nov 17 Oct Extremadura 19 4 2 800-1300 1039 29 Oct 29 Oct Galicia 378 86 86 140-1300 1039 11 Oct - > 11 Nov 25 Oct. Total 805 212 189 10-1300 FAO-CIHEAM - Nucis-Newsletter, Number 10 December 2001 35
Page 1 and 2: N U C I S N E W S L E T T E R Infor
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS Page ARTICLES AND REPORTS
Page 5 and 6: ments in the management of orchards
Page 7 and 8: Table 13. Actives, machinery and ge
Page 9 and 10: Fruit set in the almond cross 'Desm
Page 11 and 12: • High reproducibility, and easy
Page 13 and 14: Table 1. Almond and Hazelnut variet
Page 15 and 16: HAZELNUT PRODUCTION IN CHILE INTROD
Page 17 and 18: GENETIC AND PRODUCTION IMPROVEMENT
Page 19 and 20: Big nuts with good flavour and tast
Page 21 and 22: ones, the selected 171 types were u
Page 23 and 24: a very minor problem, Pioneer Gold
Page 25 and 26: The Clusters: The number of floweri
Page 27 and 28: trations of three auxins (Isfendiya
Page 29 and 30: ‘Kerman’ and various male culti
Page 31 and 32: other parts of the tree is in progr
Page 33: Figure 7. P.khinjuk proline fluctua
Page 37 and 38: ut was also linked to the necessity
Page 39 and 40: Carob pod pulp contains a lot of su
Page 41 and 42: M. Laghezalli fostered internationa
Page 43 and 44: sed genes by the cDNA-AFLP techniqu
Page 45 and 46: Smith, D.R.; Michailides, T.J.; Sta
Page 47 and 48: NUTS Avanzato, D., 2001. Noce e pis

NUCIS number 10. December 2001. 48 pages (full ... - IAMZ - ciheam

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