Synopsis of Use and Economic Value of Pesticides and Chances for ...

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Table 1: Registered Pesticides in Nepal Insecticides Oxydemeton methyl Tridemorph Acephate Permethrin Validamycin Alphamethrin Phorate Herbicides Aluminium phosphide Quinalphos 2,4-D Sodium salt Azadirachtin Triazophos Anilophos Bacillus thuringiensis Fungicides Atrazine Carbofuran Benomyl Butachlor Chlorpyrifos Captan Fluchloralin Cyfluthrin Carbendazim Glyphosate Cypermethrin Carboxin Isoproturon Deltamethrin Thiram Metribuzim Dichlorvos Copper oxychloride Oxyfluorfen Dimethoate Copper sulphate Paraquat dichloride Ensosulfan Dinocap Pendimethalene Ethion Edifenphos Acadricides Fenitrothion Kitazin Dicofol Fenthion Mancozeb Rodenticides Fenvalerate Metalaxyl Bromadiolone Lambda-cyhalothrin Metiram Zinc phosphide Malathion Sulphur Others Methomyl Thiphonate Alpha naphthyl acetic acid Methyl prathion Triadimefon Chlormequat chloride Monocrotophos Tricyclazole Dazomet Source: Directorate of Plant Protection (DOPP) (2001a) Most of the pesticides (98 %) are imported from India. A few are also imported from China. Very few (2 %) are formulated in Nepal (Manandhar and Palikhe, 1999). Due to open boarder with India, it is very difficult to control the illegal entry of pesticides into Nepal. As a result the total quantity of imported pesticides is unknown. However, the import figures for the year 2000 have been presented in Table 2. Table 2: Imported Pesticides (Technical Products), 2000 Pesticides Quantity (Mt) Fungicides 54.5 Insecticides 47.0 Rodenticides 4.0 Herbicides 2.6 Total 108.1 Source: DOPP (2001a) The consumption of pesticides in terms of commercial formulation (commercial product) per unit area is only 142 g/ha (Dahal, 1995) which is perhaps one of the lowest in the HKR. 2
On ecological basis, highest average number of land holdings use pesticides in Terai (12.6 %) followed by Hills (4.9 %) and Mountains (0.7 %) on the following crops: rice, maize, wheat, potato and vegetables (Kanskar et al., 2001). These figures are from the National Sample Census of Agriculture (CBS, 1993) and very old by now. Pesticide consumption in the country has changed a lot during this one-decade period. The largest quantity of pesticides is used in rice (40 – 50 %) followed by grain legumes (14 – 20 %), fiber crops (13 – 15 %), and vegetables and fruits (10 – 20 %), and the use of various pesticides has been found in the following order: insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, others. Pesticide use pattern on crops is as follows: use after pest outbreak (59 %) followed by preventive control (39 %) and post-harvest control (2 %) (Manandhar, and Palikhe, 1999). Pesticides are marketed by Agriculture Input Corporation (AIC), a government enterprise which was the main dealer of fertilizers, pesticides and seed for the whole country until 1994 and several private wholesalers and retailers (Palikhe and Mahat, 2001). At the district and village levels, agro-chemicals including pesticides are distributed by some agricultural cooperatives and private agro-veterinary dealers. In Terai districts, some Indian dealers also illegally distribute pesticides directly to the farmers. These days there are complains from farmers about the low efficacy of various pesticides they have been using. It has been assumed that the imported pesticides from India as well as formulated within Nepal are substandard. There is very limited facility for pesticide analysis in the country (Nepal Environmental Scientific Services, Private Limited, Thapathali, Kathmandu has limited facility). The DOPP has started checking the quality of some of the common pesticides from the above company. There has been misuse of pesticides resulting into poison cases and deaths of people mainly due to ignorance and carelessness. The Pesticide Act and Regulation (Table 9) have been introduced about a decade ago (DOPP, 2001). But the government has not been able to enforce it effectively. Table 3 presents some pesticides that have been banned in Nepal. 3
Page 1 and 2: Synopsis of Use and Economic Value
Page 3: 1. INTRODUCTION The major crops gro
Page 7 and 8: private dealers. The example of var
Page 9 and 10: Table 7. Restricted and Banned Pest
Page 11 and 12: The average per hectare consumption
Page 13 and 14: B. Botanical Pesticides There are e
Page 15 and 16: Hence their demand has been ever in
Page 17 and 18: (Edited by H. Schumutterer and K.R.

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