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JANUARY 2009<br />
<strong>SIPANEWS</strong><br />
THE LATIN<br />
AMERICA ISSUE
<strong>SIPANEWS</strong><br />
VOLUME XXII No. 1 JANUARY 2009<br />
Published biannually by <strong>Columbia</strong> University <strong>School</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>International</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Public</strong> <strong>Affairs</strong><br />
From the Dean<br />
The year 2008 marked the end <strong>of</strong> an era—for<br />
<strong>Columbia</strong>’s SIPA, for the United States, <strong>and</strong> for<br />
the world—including Latin America, the focus <strong>of</strong><br />
this issue.<br />
For SIPA, 2008 brought a comprehensive<br />
curriculum reform, the first since SIPA began<br />
exp<strong>and</strong>ing rapidly two decades ago; the first<br />
steps towards transforming SIPA into an independent<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>essional school, with the academic<br />
<strong>and</strong> financial autonomy its needs to thrive; <strong>and</strong><br />
the University’s commitment to build a new SIPA<br />
building in Manhattanville. More on all these<br />
developments in future issues <strong>of</strong> SIPA News.<br />
Meanwhile, the United States elected its first<br />
African-American president, who has promised to<br />
end a costly <strong>and</strong> unnecessary war; stop <strong>of</strong>ficially<br />
sanctioned abuse <strong>and</strong> torture <strong>of</strong> prisoners in U.S.<br />
custody; return to the internationalism <strong>and</strong> respect<br />
for world opinion that won the Cold War; lead<br />
the country out <strong>of</strong> its worst recession since the<br />
1930s, with massive investments in human development<br />
<strong>and</strong> physical infrastructure; end assaults<br />
on pr<strong>of</strong>essional integrity <strong>and</strong> scientific progress in<br />
U.S. federal agencies; <strong>and</strong> adopt comprehensive<br />
immigration reform, among many other tasks.<br />
The Obama administration faces a world<br />
transformed by the collapse <strong>of</strong> U.S. leadership<br />
<strong>and</strong> credibility; the nearly catastrophic meltdown<br />
<strong>of</strong> the U.S. financial system; a global recession<br />
that may last longer than any since the Great<br />
Depression <strong>of</strong> the 1930s; <strong>and</strong>, the relative erosion<br />
<strong>of</strong> the U.S. capacity to dominate or even influence<br />
economic developments. The weakness <strong>and</strong><br />
irrelevance <strong>of</strong> the institutions, regulatory regimes,<br />
<strong>and</strong> policy norms <strong>of</strong> the post–World War II<br />
Bretton Woods system, the loss <strong>of</strong> confidence in<br />
U.S. financial <strong>and</strong> economic management, <strong>and</strong><br />
the failure or incapacity <strong>of</strong> U.S. policymaking in<br />
areas <strong>of</strong> crucial importance to the global economy<br />
confront critical needs for global coordination<br />
<strong>and</strong> cooperation to mitigate the effects <strong>of</strong> global<br />
climate change, restore economic growth, <strong>and</strong><br />
reduce both interstate <strong>and</strong> internal violence.<br />
New U.S. administrations have <strong>of</strong>ten found<br />
Latin America a convenient (<strong>and</strong> usually low-risk)<br />
arena for signaling <strong>and</strong> even experimenting with<br />
new policy directions. Kennedy’s new emphasis<br />
on counterinsurgency, Carter’s commitment to<br />
human rights, <strong>and</strong> Reagan’s “second” Cold War all<br />
focused their initial energies on Latin America. As<br />
the essays in this volume suggest, Latin America<br />
<strong>of</strong>fers multiple opportunities for the United States<br />
to play a constructive role in restoring economic<br />
growth, reducing poverty <strong>and</strong> inequality, developing<br />
new strategies for addressing climate change,<br />
facilitating Cuba’s peaceful transition <strong>and</strong> reintegration<br />
into inter-American institutions, <strong>and</strong> coping<br />
with drugs <strong>and</strong> violence.<br />
Latin America <strong>of</strong>fers the new U.S. administration<br />
more opportunities for achieving crucial foreign<br />
policy goals, at less cost <strong>and</strong> with lower risks,<br />
than any other world region. Restoring <strong>and</strong> leveraging<br />
sources <strong>of</strong> “s<strong>of</strong>t power” by <strong>of</strong>fering a “New<br />
Partnership,” as the recent Brookings Institute<br />
report suggested, or even the prospect <strong>of</strong> a more<br />
institutionalized “Community,” as others have<br />
suggested, might help not only to rebuild relations<br />
throughout the hemisphere, but also serve to<br />
mobilize support for similarly farsighted initiatives<br />
elsewhere in the world.<br />
John H. Coatsworth<br />
Dean
contents<br />
FEATURES<br />
INSIDE SIPA<br />
p. 2<br />
How Will Latin<br />
America Fare in the<br />
Global Recession<br />
By Thomas J. Trebat<br />
p. 6<br />
Latin America Gets<br />
Heated: Tensions<br />
Rise as Regional<br />
Climate Warms<br />
By Sasha Chavkin<br />
p. 9<br />
Migration: No Country<br />
Is an Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
By Caroline Stauffer<br />
p. 11<br />
Factories as a<br />
Solution Dominican<br />
President Weighs in<br />
on Haitian Migration<br />
Rights<br />
By Eamon Kircher-Allen<br />
p.12<br />
Quality Upgrading<br />
<strong>and</strong> Wage Inequality in<br />
Mexico<br />
By Eric Verhoogen<br />
p.15<br />
Br<strong>and</strong>ing Peace in<br />
Brazil<br />
By Massimo Alpian<br />
p.18<br />
Education in Latin<br />
America: Great<br />
Achievements <strong>and</strong><br />
Even Greater Deficits<br />
By Miguel Urquiola<br />
p.20<br />
Pushing for Peace<br />
By Jake Rollow <strong>and</strong> Dan<br />
Green<br />
p.24<br />
The Whole Bean:<br />
Guatemalan Coop<br />
Claims Fair C<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
Production Process—<br />
Not Just Fair Trade<br />
By Gwyneth Fries<br />
p. 28<br />
Cuba Policy for a New<br />
U.S. Administration<br />
By Dóra Beszterczey<br />
p. 32<br />
The Postrevolutionary<br />
Generation: Finding<br />
a Space for Youth<br />
Activism in Raúl<br />
Castro’s Cuba<br />
By Rebecca Rouse<br />
p. 34<br />
A Comeback for<br />
Inflation<br />
By Mariano Castillo<br />
p. 38<br />
After Controversial<br />
Expulsions, Evo<br />
Morales Defends His<br />
Policies<br />
By Jamie Holmes<br />
p. 39<br />
Mexico City on the<br />
Move<br />
By Eamon Kircher-Allen<br />
p. 40<br />
The SIPA Alumni<br />
Council Sets<br />
Priorities for<br />
2008–2009<br />
p. 42<br />
New Fellowship<br />
Program for New York<br />
City Employees<br />
p. 42<br />
Brazilian<br />
Philanthropist<br />
Donates $3 Million<br />
for Student<br />
Exchanges<br />
p. 42<br />
Julius G. Blocker,<br />
MIA ’56, Donates<br />
$3.5 Million for<br />
Exchange Program<br />
p. 43<br />
Class Notes Fall<br />
2008<br />
p. 49<br />
Donor List
How Will Latin<br />
America Fare<br />
in the Global<br />
Recession<br />
By Thomas J. Trebat<br />
Celebration about recent growth in Latin<br />
America has quickly given way to near-universal<br />
alarm about economic prospects. Stock<br />
markets are collapsing. Latin American currencies<br />
are under great pressure. More weakness<br />
almost certainly lies ahead. Real indicators <strong>of</strong> employment<br />
<strong>and</strong> economic activity have turned negative almost uniformly<br />
across the region.<br />
Make no mistake about it. With the global financial<br />
system in disarray, Latin America clearly st<strong>and</strong>s in harm’s<br />
way. The question is how severely the region will be damaged<br />
by a change in the external factors that pushed overall<br />
Latin American economic growth to near 6 percent per<br />
annum over the last six years. Is this record—the best in<br />
40 years, no less—now at risk<br />
2 SIPA NEWS
SIPA NEWS 3
The answer depends upon the depth <strong>and</strong> duration<br />
<strong>of</strong> the global shock waves. It will also be a<br />
function <strong>of</strong> the skill <strong>of</strong> Latin American policymakers<br />
in defusing facile temptations to water down<br />
the economic reforms that have helped to deliver<br />
the recent economic growth. But defensive moves<br />
will not suffice. Latin America must consider<br />
adopting aggressive policy steps to protect domestic<br />
employment <strong>and</strong> income.<br />
Two points need to be emphasized. First,<br />
Latin American economies (with some exceptions)<br />
have enacted reforms in the last ten to<br />
fifteen years that should strengthen the ability<br />
<strong>of</strong> the individual countries in the region to withst<strong>and</strong><br />
the global turmoil. Second, thanks to the<br />
breathing space provided by the recent prosperity,<br />
many countries in Latin America have at<br />
least some capacity to cushion the blows caused<br />
by collapsing commodity prices <strong>and</strong> a drying up<br />
<strong>of</strong> global credit flows. Let’s look at these two<br />
points in turn.<br />
Economic Reform Legacy Could Buffer the Region<br />
Latin America’s zeal for reform has generally<br />
waned in recent years as the economy <strong>of</strong> the<br />
region has been lifted by global growth. Still,<br />
the economic policy environment in the region is<br />
much more robust <strong>and</strong> much less vulnerable than<br />
it has been on the eve <strong>of</strong> other global economic<br />
storms.<br />
Two developments deserve particular mention.<br />
Latin America (on aggregate) has generated a<br />
fiscal surplus in the last six years <strong>of</strong> about 1 percent<br />
<strong>of</strong> GDP on the strength <strong>of</strong> rising government<br />
revenues <strong>and</strong> some (albeit not enough) spending<br />
moderation. Moreover, the region has generated<br />
a significant surplus in the balance <strong>of</strong> payments,<br />
which has converted the region into a net lender<br />
to (rather than borrower from) the global community.<br />
Foreign exchange reserves are now in excess<br />
<strong>of</strong> $450 billion. The implications <strong>of</strong> these “twin<br />
surpluses” (fiscal <strong>and</strong> balance <strong>of</strong> payments) are<br />
clear: Latin America on the eve <strong>of</strong> this 2008 global<br />
crisis is not heavily indebted; its fiscal position<br />
is relatively well-consolidated (although in need <strong>of</strong><br />
shoring up); <strong>and</strong> it has a very substantial foreign<br />
exchange cushion to buffer the domestic economy<br />
from the credit crunch.<br />
To be sure, the protections provided by the<br />
twin surpluses are far from ironclad. Collapsing<br />
commodity prices <strong>and</strong> withdrawals <strong>of</strong> foreign<br />
credit could quickly eat into Latin American tax<br />
revenues <strong>and</strong> erode trade balances with lightning<br />
speed. Exchange rates throughout the region are<br />
under severe pressure. Brazil <strong>and</strong> Peru, among<br />
other countries, have been forced to intervene,<br />
selling international reserves to ease the sudden<br />
currency shocks.<br />
At the same time, it is well to remember that<br />
reforms have been enacted in Latin America that<br />
also provide breathing space. Monetary policy,<br />
for example, has played a leading role in pushing<br />
inflation rates down in this region, which was<br />
once infamous for high rates <strong>of</strong> inflation. Trade<br />
A clothing store promotes sales <strong>of</strong>fering discounts in a shopping mall in Caracas. The economy <strong>of</strong> Venezuela is constantly growing due to international oil prices <strong>and</strong> public expenditure,<br />
but at the same time, its inflation is the largest in Latin America, according to analysts.<br />
4 SIPA NEWS
liberalization has helped to improve competitive<br />
environments, though the region is still far too<br />
dependent on natural resources (more a “curse”<br />
than a “blessing”) for export earnings. While small<br />
<strong>and</strong> concentrated, the region’s banking sector is<br />
hardly exposed to the toxic assets associated with<br />
the U.S. subprime crisis <strong>and</strong> has not invested<br />
heavily in risky investments or complex derivatives.<br />
Finally, most governments in the region<br />
have taken steps to reduce the dollar component<br />
<strong>of</strong> public sector debt, to fund more <strong>of</strong> the public<br />
debt in local currency, <strong>and</strong> to issue debt at longer<br />
maturities than had been the case in the past.<br />
One need not argue, <strong>and</strong> I do not, that the<br />
region has done all <strong>of</strong> its reform homework or that<br />
its reform gains are solid <strong>and</strong> irreversible. Reforms<br />
are <strong>of</strong> relatively recent vintage everywhere, <strong>and</strong><br />
backsliding has occurred in countries ranging from<br />
Venezuela to Argentina, <strong>of</strong>ten accompanied by<br />
anti-U.S. rhetoric. While Brazil has largely resisted<br />
such pressures <strong>and</strong> is a star performer in terms <strong>of</strong><br />
growth, it has been resting on its oars in terms <strong>of</strong><br />
implementing deeper fiscal reforms as well as in<br />
investing in energy, education, <strong>and</strong> health—the<br />
long-term determinants <strong>of</strong> economic growth.<br />
What More Can Be Done<br />
Four policy initiatives need to be considered<br />
in Latin America for the region to reinforce the<br />
levees against the rising waters.<br />
First, fiscal policy plans for 2009 need to be<br />
reexamined with the goal <strong>of</strong> adapting expenditures<br />
downward (or reducing their planned growth) in<br />
line with a likely deterioration in tax bases. Latin<br />
American budgets, as experience has taught<br />
us, can swiftly switch back into deficits as tax<br />
revenues wither in a crisis <strong>and</strong> expenditures programmed<br />
during times <strong>of</strong> prosperity prove politically<br />
impossible to reduce following the onset<br />
<strong>of</strong> a crisis. <strong>Public</strong> investment spending probably<br />
should be spared from cuts, but not so most other<br />
categories <strong>of</strong> government spending.<br />
Second, monetary policy must be vigilant with<br />
respect to the established inflation targets, which<br />
are already under pressure due to rising food prices<br />
<strong>and</strong> depreciating exchange rates. At a time when<br />
private sector investment is already under pressure<br />
due to faltering global confidence <strong>and</strong> weakening<br />
currencies, the last thing Latin America needs is<br />
further pressure on domestic interest rates due to<br />
inflation uncertainty. While Latin America seeks to<br />
protect private investment spending to the extent<br />
possible, regulatory <strong>and</strong> supervisory structures need<br />
to be strengthened to cool <strong>of</strong>f the rapid growth <strong>of</strong><br />
Top: Brazilian stock traders negotiate in the future market<br />
at the Future Stock in São Paulo. Right: A worker fills the<br />
back <strong>of</strong> a pickup with bunches <strong>of</strong> bananas at a market in<br />
Tegucigalpa.<br />
consumer credit, which characterizes many markets<br />
in Latin America.<br />
Third, while Latin America does have the luxury<br />
<strong>of</strong> large international reserve levels, these are<br />
perishable assets, <strong>and</strong> they are also costly for the<br />
region to maintain as they require a counterpart<br />
issuance <strong>of</strong> domestic public debt. The countries<br />
<strong>of</strong> the region should examine the possibility <strong>of</strong> lining<br />
up contingent lines <strong>of</strong> credit with multilateral<br />
lenders, including the IMF <strong>and</strong> the World Bank,<br />
as a form <strong>of</strong> insurance policy if the global credit<br />
freeze is prolonged. This will not be a politically<br />
popular move in any country, but the quicker<br />
Latin America acts, the calmer markets are likely<br />
to be when the crisis worsens.<br />
Fourth, in addition to trimming public spending<br />
while protecting public sector investment, it<br />
will be important to ease the impact <strong>of</strong> slowing<br />
growth <strong>and</strong> employment on the most vulnerable<br />
populations in Latin America, especially<br />
the unemployed, the less well educated, <strong>and</strong><br />
the so-called “working poor.” Latin American<br />
countries have made a great deal <strong>of</strong> progress over<br />
the last decade in devising conditional income<br />
transfer programs (e.g., Bolsa Familia in Brazil,<br />
Oportunidades in Mexico) to direct spending at<br />
these at-risk groups. Efforts to maintain this flow<br />
<strong>of</strong> spending, <strong>and</strong> to improve its targeting, are<br />
critical in tough times to prevent these vulnerable<br />
groups from swelling the ranks <strong>of</strong> the extremely<br />
poor in Latin America.<br />
No aspects <strong>of</strong> this four-point emergency<br />
agenda will be easy. Fiscal cuts needed to<br />
protect investment <strong>and</strong> the poor will provoke<br />
fierce political resistance. Temptations will<br />
abound to swell public sector indebtedness, to<br />
preserve middle- <strong>and</strong> upper-class entitlements,<br />
to impose price controls, to ease interest rates<br />
artificially, <strong>and</strong> to prevent the exchange rate from<br />
depreciating. These temptations will exist, but<br />
if indulged by policymakers, they can erode the<br />
institutional basis so painfully put in place over<br />
the last fifteen years <strong>and</strong> which is the best hope<br />
for a recovery <strong>of</strong> economic growth when the global<br />
credit crunch finally relents.<br />
Thomas J. Trebat is executive director <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Latin American Studies at <strong>Columbia</strong><br />
University.<br />
SIPA NEWS 5
A boy waits on his bike in a flooded street after the overflowing <strong>of</strong> the Chamelecon<br />
river in the municipality <strong>of</strong> La Lima, some 255 km north <strong>of</strong> Tegucigalpa, Honduras,<br />
on October 21, 2008. Heavy rains battering the country left at least 14 people dead<br />
<strong>and</strong> two missing <strong>and</strong> forced thous<strong>and</strong>s from their homes.
LATIN AMERICA<br />
GETS HEATED:<br />
TENSIONS RISE AS REGIONAL CLIMATE WARMS<br />
By Sasha Chavkin<br />
In the city <strong>of</strong> Gonaïves, Haiti, residents’ meager livelihoods<br />
have been washed away. Neighborhoods accustomed to hardship now confront<br />
hunger <strong>and</strong> desperation, after an onslaught <strong>of</strong> hurricanes <strong>and</strong> tropical storms<br />
whose names, New York Times journalist Marc Lacey wrote, “Haitians spit out like<br />
curses: Fay, Gustav, Hanna <strong>and</strong> Ike.” Climate disasters always seem to come as<br />
a shock, but scenes like those in Gonaïves have become increasingly common<br />
across Latin America. As the frequency <strong>of</strong> extreme weather events in the region<br />
has risen more than tw<strong>of</strong>old in the past 40 years alone, the growing damage has<br />
led Latin American leaders to set their sights on a culprit: the greenhouse gas<br />
emissions <strong>of</strong> the industrialized world.<br />
The impact <strong>of</strong> global warming is rapidly emerging as a powerful political grievance.<br />
From Presidents Rafael Correa <strong>of</strong> Ecuador <strong>and</strong> Evo Morales <strong>of</strong> Bolivia st<strong>and</strong>ing<br />
before the United Nations to call for climate reparations by the industrialized<br />
world, to sharp statements from Peru <strong>and</strong> Chile urging wealthy nations to help<br />
finance developing countries’ adaptation to climate change, regional leaders are<br />
dem<strong>and</strong>ing accountability for damages <strong>and</strong> voicing growing frustration with U.S.<br />
policies. When Barack Obama assumes <strong>of</strong>fice, he must be prepared to confront the<br />
impact <strong>of</strong> climate change in Latin America—both as a humanitarian priority <strong>and</strong> as<br />
a political controversy that is heating up as surely as the temperatures.<br />
SIPA NEWS 7
Left: Gonaïves residents queue for water after floods devastated the northern Haitian town. Health care workers <strong>and</strong> rescuers from around the world struggled to meet the needs <strong>of</strong><br />
survivors <strong>of</strong> the floods unleashed by Tropical Storm Jeanne. Right: A general view <strong>of</strong> the 28th session <strong>of</strong> the Nobel Peace Prize winner organization, the Intergovernmental Panel on<br />
Climate Change (IPCC) in Budapest April 9, 2008, during its first plenary meeting.<br />
Latin America’s indignation on climate change<br />
stems in part from the spiraling costs imposed by<br />
climate disasters. Last year, United Nations relief<br />
teams in the region confronted a record-setting<br />
eight extreme weather catastrophes, from floods<br />
in Mexico to hurricanes striking Nicaragua <strong>and</strong> El<br />
Salvador. Such disasters cause humanitarian crises<br />
that devastate local economies, deplete government<br />
treasuries with costly relief operations, <strong>and</strong><br />
disproportionately affect the poorest <strong>and</strong> most<br />
vulnerable citizens.<br />
The tipping point, however, was the release <strong>of</strong><br />
last year’s assessments by the Intergovernmental<br />
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The panel’s<br />
report on Latin America found that the frequency<br />
<strong>of</strong> climate disasters such as floods, cyclones, <strong>and</strong><br />
mudslides had increased by a factor <strong>of</strong> 2.4 from<br />
1970–1999 to 2000–2005. The IPCC also projected<br />
that much <strong>of</strong> the Amazon basin would<br />
turn to savannah, glaciers in the Andes would<br />
disappear, <strong>and</strong> hurricanes in the tropical Atlantic<br />
would increase in intensity—events that threaten<br />
devastating social <strong>and</strong> economic consequences to<br />
the region.<br />
Suddenly, Latin America’s leaders found not<br />
only that they could expect their hardships to get<br />
worse, but also that their perspective was shared by<br />
many <strong>of</strong> the world’s leading scientists. “The tragedy<br />
<strong>of</strong> all this,” says Adil Najam, author <strong>of</strong> a section on<br />
policy options in the award-winning IPCC report,<br />
“is that those <strong>of</strong> us who are least responsible for the<br />
mess we are in are going to pay the most.”<br />
The strongest voices dem<strong>and</strong>ing accountability<br />
from industrialized nations—<strong>and</strong> particularly from<br />
the United States—belong to the leftist leaders<br />
who have recently come to power across much<br />
<strong>of</strong> the region. After the IPCC found with an 80<br />
percent certainty that Bolivia’s escalating seasonal<br />
floods are linked to climate change, Evo Morales<br />
addressed the United Nations to dem<strong>and</strong> that<br />
“certain regions, <strong>and</strong> certain countries, think <strong>of</strong><br />
how they can pay the ecological debt” incurred<br />
by their historical contributions to the buildup<br />
<strong>of</strong> greenhouse gasses. Leaders <strong>of</strong> Ecuador, Cuba,<br />
Nicaragua, <strong>and</strong> Venezuela have joined Bolivia<br />
in broadly condemning capitalist development,<br />
exemplified in the region by U.S. economic influence,<br />
for creating what Morales has described as a<br />
“system that destroys the planet.”<br />
But leftists are not the only ones speaking out.<br />
At a United Nations forum that took place last year<br />
shortly after extreme heat waves <strong>and</strong> drought in<br />
central Brazil, the Brazilian environment minister<br />
denounced “the slow-moving . . . response to the<br />
alarming impacts <strong>of</strong> climate change, especially by<br />
those countries that are historically most responsible<br />
for the problem.” At the same event, leaders<br />
from Chile, Peru, <strong>and</strong> even Colombia delivered<br />
pointed appeals to wealthy nations to finance adaptation<br />
in the developing world, a step that President<br />
Michelle Bachelet <strong>of</strong> Chile described as an “ethical<br />
obligation.” The impact <strong>of</strong> climate change is becoming<br />
a potent wedge issue in the region, uniting<br />
opponents <strong>of</strong> U.S. influence, <strong>and</strong> leading moderate<br />
allies to distance themselves by criticizing policies<br />
that they consider to be indefensible.<br />
The greatest condemnation has focused on<br />
the U.S. rejection <strong>of</strong> the Kyoto Protocol. This has<br />
left the United States alone among industrialized<br />
nations in refusing to contribute to Kyoto-based<br />
adaptation programs in the developing world, which<br />
the United Nations estimates save $7 for every $1<br />
spent on natural disaster prevention activities. The<br />
United States also acted this August to shut down<br />
the Center for Capacity Building, a federal program<br />
that helped poor countries to forecast <strong>and</strong> withst<strong>and</strong><br />
extreme climate events. Thus, although the United<br />
States is a leading provider <strong>of</strong> humanitarian <strong>and</strong><br />
development aid to Latin America, its repudiation<br />
<strong>of</strong> responsibility for the impact <strong>of</strong> climate change<br />
leaves a bitter taste in the region.<br />
In reaching out to Latin America, President<br />
Barack Obama could send no clearer signal <strong>of</strong><br />
changed priorities than striking a different tune on<br />
climate adaptation. By providing swift <strong>and</strong> meaningful<br />
aid for adaptation projects from levees to<br />
public education materials to modern meteorological<br />
stations, the president would send a resounding<br />
message to the region. “I think reparations<br />
<strong>and</strong> blame are a losing discussion,” says Pr<strong>of</strong>essor<br />
Steven Cohen, executive director <strong>of</strong> <strong>Columbia</strong>’s<br />
Earth Institute. “But the United States is responsible<br />
for making the resources <strong>and</strong> technology<br />
available to save lives <strong>and</strong> help people rebuild.”<br />
In addition to establishing President Obama<br />
as a substantive reformer, a new adaptation policy<br />
would lessen the hardship that threatens millions<br />
<strong>of</strong> people if the impact <strong>of</strong> climate change continues<br />
to go unaddressed. In a future defined by inaction,<br />
the region would look increasingly like the flooded<br />
city <strong>of</strong> Gonaïves, where the Times’ Marc Lacey<br />
describes how child laborers known as restaveks<br />
waited silently during aid h<strong>and</strong>outs to scoop up<br />
specks <strong>of</strong> food that fell to the ground. “Those who<br />
will be constantly forgotten are those poorest who<br />
will be impacted by climate change today,” says<br />
the IPCC’s Adil Najam. “They are the ones who<br />
are paying for all <strong>of</strong> our sins.”<br />
Sasha Chavkin ’10 was a 2007–2008 Middlebury<br />
Fellow in Environmental Journalism. He is currently a<br />
dual degree student at SIPA <strong>and</strong> the Graduate <strong>School</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
Journalism.<br />
8 SIPA NEWS
Migration: No Country Is an Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
Migration: No Country Is an Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
By Caroline Stauffer<br />
An Uruguayan U.N. peacekeeper<br />
st<strong>and</strong>s guard next<br />
to the door that controls<br />
the pass for Haitians <strong>and</strong><br />
Dominicans at the border<br />
in Dajabón.<br />
SIPA NEWS 9
Haitians try to cross the Rio Masacre before the authorities open the pass for Haitians <strong>and</strong> Dominicans at the border in Dajabón.<br />
Dajabón, on the Dominican side <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Haitian-Dominican border, is not far from the<br />
site <strong>of</strong> the first European settlement in the New<br />
World. Christopher Columbus’s quest for treasure<br />
overseas wrecked havoc on Hispaniola’s native<br />
civilization <strong>and</strong> altered the course <strong>of</strong> history in the<br />
region known today as Latin America. More than<br />
500 years after the Santa Maria ran aground on<br />
the northern coast <strong>of</strong> Hispaniola <strong>and</strong> 200 years<br />
after former slaves declared Haiti an independent<br />
nation, the isl<strong>and</strong>’s modern inhabitants, still burdened<br />
by the complications <strong>of</strong> colonialism, come<br />
to Dajabón seeking their own treasure.<br />
On Mondays <strong>and</strong> Fridays, Haitians legally cross<br />
into Dajabón to sell goods in a colorful street market.<br />
On the day <strong>of</strong> my visit last August, rucksacks<br />
filled with purchases were balanced precariously<br />
on top <strong>of</strong> guaguas (public transportation vans).<br />
The overloaded vans were not the road’s only<br />
distraction. Dominican soldiers stalled traffic by<br />
pulling over many <strong>of</strong> the passersby <strong>and</strong> searching<br />
their vehicles. Dajabón’s welcome mat for its<br />
neighbors to the west does not extend beyond the<br />
market; these soldiers were looking for Haitians.<br />
An estimated one million Haitians now live in<br />
the Dominican Republic, approximately 10 percent<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Dominican population. Traditionally, Haitian<br />
workers in the Dominican Republic live in rural<br />
slums known as bateyes <strong>and</strong> take on the backbreaking<br />
job <strong>of</strong> cutting cane on Dominican sugar<br />
plantations. They are also finding work in construction,<br />
<strong>and</strong> the Dominican government has ironically<br />
become the largest employer <strong>of</strong> Haitians laborers.<br />
Across the Dominican Republic, deportations<br />
to Haiti have actually increased since my visit,<br />
according to Michele Wucker, executive director<br />
<strong>of</strong> the World Policy Institute. Wucker, SIPA<br />
’93, authored Why the Cocks Fight: Dominicans,<br />
Haitians, <strong>and</strong> the Struggle for Hispaniola<br />
<strong>and</strong> LOCKOUT: Why America Keeps Getting<br />
Immigration Wrong When Our Prosperity Depends<br />
on Getting It Right. She believes that global economic<br />
stress is eroding Dominican tolerance for<br />
Haitian immigrants. “I would say that the tensions,<br />
whether immigration is increasing or not, are definitely<br />
rising because Dominicans are under a lot<br />
more pressure right now,” Wucker notes.<br />
Dominican treatment <strong>of</strong> Haitian immigrants<br />
has long been the focus <strong>of</strong> international condemnation.<br />
A 2002 Human Rights Watch report<br />
condemned Dominican <strong>of</strong>ficials for not allowing<br />
Haitians to collect their belongings or contact<br />
their families prior to being shipped across the<br />
border. In the 2005 case Dilcia Yean <strong>and</strong> Violeta<br />
Bosico v. Dominican Republic, the Inter-American<br />
Court <strong>of</strong> Human Rights (IACHR) called for the<br />
Dominican Republic to issue birth certificates<br />
for the children <strong>of</strong> Haitian immigrants. Rather<br />
than follow the IACHR, the Dominican Republic’s<br />
Supreme Court issued a decision interpreting its<br />
own constitution to mean that the children <strong>of</strong><br />
Haitian workers are “in transit” <strong>and</strong> therefore not<br />
guaranteed rights as Dominican citizens.<br />
“The focus has been so much on the issue <strong>of</strong><br />
rights, <strong>and</strong> very much like the immigration debate<br />
in this country [the U.S.], it’s <strong>of</strong>ten turned into the<br />
same conversation over <strong>and</strong> over <strong>and</strong> over again,”<br />
Wucker says. “The question that Haitians <strong>and</strong><br />
Dominicans both need to be asking is, ‘is it in the<br />
Dominican Republic’s own best interest to deny<br />
recognition to these children’ That strips away the<br />
moral reasons for it, the rights <strong>of</strong> it, which the two<br />
sides are never going to come closer together on.”<br />
Dajabón is one <strong>of</strong> only four guarded crossing<br />
points between Haiti <strong>and</strong> the Dominican Republic.<br />
The nearly open border is surprising, considering<br />
that tensions between the two l<strong>and</strong>s have been<br />
palpable since Spain <strong>and</strong> France staked claims on<br />
opposite sides <strong>of</strong> the isl<strong>and</strong> 400 years ago, <strong>and</strong><br />
migration clearly remains a polarizing issue. The<br />
lone Dominican guard, stationed on the bridge over<br />
the river that forms a natural border between the<br />
two countries, explained to me that Dominican soldiers,<br />
like those we had seen from the car earlier,<br />
focus on catching fugitives rather than monitoring<br />
entries <strong>and</strong> exits in Dajabón. Even the river’s name<br />
raises historical sensitivities on both sides, <strong>and</strong> the<br />
guard hesitated when I asked him for it. “Well,”<br />
he said, stalling, “it has had various [names].” In<br />
1937, notorious Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo<br />
called for the elimination <strong>of</strong> Haitians <strong>and</strong> started<br />
the slaughter in Dajabón. Trujillo’s army threw<br />
corpses into the Río Masacre (Massacre River),<br />
as the river had been christened after Spaniards<br />
killed a group <strong>of</strong> French pirates on the river’s banks<br />
in 1728.<br />
More recently, the United Nations Stabilization<br />
Mission in Haiti installed lights along the riverbank,<br />
hoping to decrease the number <strong>of</strong> deaths by drown-<br />
10 SIPA NEWS
ing as Haitians attempt to cross the murky waters<br />
into Dajabón at night. The narrative <strong>of</strong> people slipping<br />
across a river to start a new life on the opposite<br />
side may sound familiar. In a 2005 essay in<br />
Collapse, Jared Diamond, pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>of</strong> geography at<br />
UCLA, wrote <strong>of</strong> hearing comments in the Dominican<br />
Republic such as, “those Haitians bring AIDS, TB,<br />
<strong>and</strong> malaria”; “they speak a different language <strong>and</strong><br />
look darker-skinned”; <strong>and</strong> “we have no obligation<br />
<strong>and</strong> can’t afford to provide medical care, education,<br />
<strong>and</strong> housing to illegal immigrants.” Dominicans<br />
argue that as a country <strong>of</strong> limited means, they can<br />
only do so much to help their struggling neighbor.<br />
Though sneaking into the Dominican Republic<br />
across the Massacre River is potentially dangerous,<br />
it is less perilous than taking to the Caribbean on a<br />
flimsy raft. Unrest <strong>and</strong> poverty result in increased<br />
migration to the United States from both sides <strong>of</strong><br />
Hispaniola, according to Wucker. Because <strong>of</strong> that<br />
correlation, <strong>and</strong> due to the tremendous influence<br />
<strong>of</strong> U.S. immigration policy on policymakers around<br />
the world, U.S. leadership on migration is especially<br />
important now. “What the United States does on<br />
immigration sends out a huge message to the rest<br />
<strong>of</strong> the world, <strong>and</strong> the consequences <strong>of</strong>ten come<br />
back to haunt the United States—particularly with<br />
a country that is so close by,” she says.<br />
Wucker notes that while Haiti’s crises are<br />
certainly not its neighbor’s fault, the Dominican<br />
Republic’s own interests call for a new policy<br />
toward immigrants. “When any country fails to<br />
provide for the needs <strong>of</strong> the people who live in<br />
that country <strong>and</strong> upon whom it relies, the policy<br />
results <strong>of</strong>ten aren’t very good.” Wucker adds<br />
that policy discussions should be reframed to<br />
emphasize the interests Dominicans <strong>and</strong> Haitian<br />
immigrants share, such as health care <strong>and</strong> education.<br />
“When health care is denied to people<br />
living in a particular country, it impacts everyone<br />
around them,” she says. “And when it comes to<br />
education, it’s a question <strong>of</strong> what do you want the<br />
people working for you to be able to do.”<br />
On the bridge in Dajabón, I continued to<br />
watch the stream <strong>of</strong> vendors <strong>and</strong> buyers. With<br />
the future <strong>of</strong> immigration policy unclear, isl<strong>and</strong>ers<br />
searching for improved livelihoods continued<br />
on their way. Casting politics, economics, <strong>and</strong><br />
history aside, the calm <strong>and</strong> steady flow <strong>of</strong> people<br />
transporting goods back <strong>and</strong> forth across the<br />
open border seemed as natural as the casual flow<br />
<strong>of</strong> the river’s currents below.<br />
Factories as a Solution Dominican President Leonel<br />
Fernández Weighs in on Haitian Migrant Rights<br />
BY EAMON KIRCHER-ALLEN<br />
Dominican President Leonel Fernández grew up on 95th <strong>and</strong> Amsterdam, practically around<br />
the corner from <strong>Columbia</strong>’s Morningside Heights campus. As something <strong>of</strong> a hometown<br />
hero, he had a sympathetic audience when he spoke on September 25 at Low Library on the<br />
<strong>Columbia</strong> campus, as part <strong>of</strong> the University’s World Leaders Forum.<br />
But even at this friendly venue, Fernández couldn’t escape questions about Dominican policies<br />
toward Haitian migrants. Pressed on the issue <strong>of</strong> Haitian migrants’ rights in the Dominican<br />
Republic, he argued that his country can help by investing in labor-intensive activities in Haiti.<br />
“One <strong>of</strong> the most important challenges that you face is the role <strong>of</strong> the human rights<br />
<strong>of</strong> migrant workers that come from Haiti,” said John Coatsworth, dean <strong>of</strong> the <strong>School</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>International</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Public</strong> <strong>Affairs</strong>, to Fernández at the event. Fernández’s reformist administration<br />
has been hailed as a break with Dominican political history, which was marred by<br />
years <strong>of</strong> repression under various strongmen, the most notorious <strong>of</strong> them Rafael Trujillo, who<br />
held sway over the country from 1930 to 1961. Trujillo brutally repressed Haitians in the<br />
Dominican Republic. The worst episode was a five-day massacre in 1937 that killed between<br />
17,000 <strong>and</strong> 35,000 people, including the deaths at Río Masacre.<br />
Coatsworth asked how things will be different in the new Dominican Republic. Fernández<br />
painted a history in which the Dominican Republic was once a victim <strong>of</strong> Haitian oppression,<br />
not the other way around.<br />
“There has been a historical tension with Haiti because we had not gained independence<br />
from European power but Haiti had,” Fernández said, referring to a period in the early 19th<br />
century. “We were a colony <strong>of</strong> Haiti. There is a list <strong>of</strong> atrocities from the Haitians.” But<br />
Fernández added that things had changed significantly in the 20th century. Now, he said,<br />
the relationship between the two countries is “at its all-time best.”<br />
Fernández argued that the migrant problem is rooted in Haiti’s poverty—something that<br />
the Dominican Republic can help by outsourcing unskilled labor to its neighbor.<br />
“Haiti has an economic <strong>and</strong> social situation which is almost unsustainable,” he said. “We<br />
have to figure out what can be done on Haitian soil [to stem migration].”<br />
“I don’t think the answer could be building a wall,” he added. “We can move textile factories<br />
to Haiti, where we have lower wages <strong>and</strong> labor st<strong>and</strong>ards. Much <strong>of</strong> the labor-intensive<br />
activities will be moved to Haiti from the Dominican Republic in coming years.”<br />
The answer may not have warmed the hearts <strong>of</strong> rights activists in the audience. But<br />
Americans could hardly point fingers—the Haitian-Dominican dynamic that Fernández hopes<br />
for is similar to what the United States has long pursued with Mexico. If the U.S. example is<br />
any indicator, the Dominican-Haitian debate is far from over.<br />
Eamon Kircher-Allen, MIA ’09, SIPA News co-editor, is concentrating in <strong>International</strong><br />
Media <strong>and</strong> Communications.<br />
Caroline Stauffer, MIA ’10, is concentrating<br />
in <strong>International</strong> Media <strong>and</strong> Communications. She<br />
worked for the Dominican Republic Education <strong>and</strong><br />
Mentoring Project from June 2006 to August 2007.<br />
More than 2,500 Haitian employees work at ODEVI’s factory making Levi’s jeans <strong>and</strong> Hanes br<strong>and</strong> clothing<br />
at Ouanaminthe.<br />
SIPA NEWS 11
QUALITY UPGRADING<br />
A worker at VW’s Puebla plant assembles one <strong>of</strong> the final<br />
editions <strong>of</strong> the original Beetle on July 11, 2003. The<br />
original Beetle went out <strong>of</strong> production in 2003 after being<br />
available for almost 70 years.<br />
12 SIPA NEWS
AND WAGE INEQUALITY<br />
IN MEXICO<br />
By Eric Verhoogen<br />
The wave <strong>of</strong> optimism about<br />
international integration that<br />
accompanied the signing <strong>of</strong><br />
the North American Free<br />
Trade Agreement (NAFTA)<br />
in Mexico <strong>and</strong> other trade<br />
agreements across Latin<br />
America has been receding. In part, this disappointment<br />
derives from a widespread perception<br />
that international integration exacerbates<br />
income inequality <strong>and</strong> social polarization. In a<br />
recent review article in the Journal <strong>of</strong> Economic<br />
Literature, Penelopi Goldberg <strong>of</strong> Princeton <strong>and</strong><br />
Nina Pavcnik <strong>of</strong> Dartmouth have found that this<br />
perception is based in fact: opening to trade has<br />
consistently been accompanied by rising income<br />
inequality in developing countries. 1<br />
The coincidence <strong>of</strong> exp<strong>and</strong>ing trade <strong>and</strong> rising<br />
wage inequality in developing countries fits awkwardly<br />
into economists’ st<strong>and</strong>ard trade models.<br />
The simplest version <strong>of</strong> the most common model,<br />
called the Heckscher-Ohlin model, predicts that<br />
wage inequality will fall in poor countries that<br />
integrate with rich ones, as they specialize in producing<br />
goods that require a high proportion <strong>of</strong><br />
low-skilled workers, thereby increasing dem<strong>and</strong><br />
for such workers. A common reaction among<br />
economists has been to argue that rising inequality<br />
is likely due to factors that have little to do<br />
with trade, like technological change. In a recent<br />
work, I have advanced an alternative hypothesis<br />
linking trade <strong>and</strong> wage inequality in developing<br />
countries through the product-quality decisions<br />
<strong>of</strong> manufacturing plants. 2 Let me explain the idea<br />
using the example <strong>of</strong> a particularly well-known<br />
plant, the Volkswagen plant in Puebla, Mexico.<br />
The VW-Puebla plant was established in 1964,<br />
mainly to sell to the Mexican domestic market,<br />
which was largely closed to automobile imports.<br />
Over time, the company also started producing<br />
for export at the plant, <strong>and</strong> for many years the<br />
Puebla plant was the company’s only plant in<br />
North America, with primary responsibility for the<br />
U.S. as well as the Mexican market. In the early<br />
1990s, it produced the Jetta <strong>and</strong> the Golf, mainly<br />
for export, as well as the original Beetle, known in<br />
Mexico as the Sedan or, more affectionately, the<br />
Vochito, mainly for the domestic market. When<br />
the company introduced the New Beetle in 1998<br />
aimed at the U.S. market, the Puebla plant became<br />
the sole world producer. There are marked differences<br />
in quality between the original Beetle <strong>and</strong> the<br />
newer exported models, the New Beetle <strong>and</strong> Jetta.<br />
The New Beetle <strong>and</strong> Jetta have automatic windowraising<br />
mechanisms; the windows <strong>of</strong> the original<br />
Beetle had to be cranked up by h<strong>and</strong>. The seats <strong>of</strong><br />
the New Beetle <strong>and</strong> Jetta consist <strong>of</strong> polyurethane<br />
foam; the seats <strong>of</strong> the original Beetle were made<br />
partly <strong>of</strong> lower-quality foam <strong>and</strong> partly <strong>of</strong> coconut<br />
fibers, a cheaper substitute. The quality differences<br />
are reflected in the prices <strong>of</strong> the models: in<br />
July 2003, when production <strong>of</strong> the original Beetle<br />
ceased, the New Beetle <strong>and</strong> the Jetta were selling<br />
for approximately US$17,750 <strong>and</strong> US$15,000 in<br />
both countries; the original Beetle was selling for<br />
approximately US$7,500 in Mexico.<br />
Perhaps the most remarkable feature <strong>of</strong> the<br />
plant, until production <strong>of</strong> the original Beetle was<br />
discontinued in 2003, was the juxtaposition <strong>of</strong><br />
the production lines for the New Beetle <strong>and</strong> Jetta,<br />
which relied on state-<strong>of</strong>-the-art technology, <strong>and</strong><br />
the production line for the original Beetle, which<br />
employed essentially the same technology that<br />
had been transplanted from Germany in 1964,<br />
technology that dated back to the 1950s. When<br />
I visited in May 2003, for instance, the conveyor<br />
belt in the welding area on the original Beetle<br />
line had been in continuous operation since 1967.<br />
The welding was done by h<strong>and</strong>, with sparks flying,<br />
<strong>and</strong> line-workers banged irregularities into<br />
shape with mallets. Under the same ro<strong>of</strong>, perhaps<br />
twenty yards away, the welding for the Jetta<br />
body was performed entirely by robots. The only<br />
workers in the area (<strong>and</strong> then only occasionally)<br />
were engineers to program the robots <strong>and</strong> skilled<br />
maintenance workers to repair the machines in<br />
case <strong>of</strong> mechanical failure. The line-workers on<br />
the original Beetle were mainly in the category<br />
<strong>of</strong> técnicos (technicians), who had a starting wage<br />
<strong>of</strong> about $11 per day. The skilled maintenance<br />
workers on the Jetta <strong>and</strong> New Beetle lines were<br />
mainly classified as especialistas (specialists), with a<br />
starting wage <strong>of</strong> about $18 per day.<br />
Now consider the effects <strong>of</strong> increased trade<br />
on product quality at the VW-Puebla plant. It is<br />
common in the trade economics literature to use<br />
changes in tariffs—for instance under NAFTA—<br />
to examine the effects <strong>of</strong> increased trade. But<br />
in my work I have mainly used the massive<br />
exchange rate devaluation <strong>of</strong> December 1994 <strong>and</strong><br />
the ensuing recession—the peso crisis—because<br />
the enormity <strong>of</strong> the shock makes it easier to trace<br />
the effects. The accompanying figure illustrates<br />
the effect <strong>of</strong> the peso crisis on the mix <strong>of</strong> car<br />
models produced in the plant. Between 1994<br />
<strong>and</strong> 1995, exports as a share <strong>of</strong> total production<br />
rose sharply, due both to a decline in domestic<br />
sales <strong>and</strong> to an increase in exported cars, which,<br />
SIPA NEWS 13
The coincidence <strong>of</strong><br />
exp<strong>and</strong>ing trade <strong>and</strong><br />
rising wage inequality in<br />
developing countries<br />
fits awkwardly into<br />
economists’ st<strong>and</strong>ard<br />
trade models.<br />
because <strong>of</strong> the decline in the real value <strong>of</strong> the<br />
peso, were relatively cheap to produce in dollar<br />
terms. Domestic production was mostly <strong>of</strong> original<br />
Beetles, <strong>and</strong> export production was mainly <strong>of</strong><br />
Jettas <strong>and</strong> Golfs (<strong>and</strong>, later, New Beetles). So the<br />
increase in the export share also entailed a sharp<br />
increase in production <strong>of</strong> the higher-quality models<br />
as a share <strong>of</strong> output, a process I have referred<br />
to as quality upgrading.<br />
This shift toward sales <strong>of</strong> higher-quality<br />
models also meant a greater reliance on more<br />
advanced technologies on the Jetta, Golf <strong>and</strong><br />
New Beetle lines. Although I was not able to persuade<br />
the company to share detailed personnel<br />
data, it also appears from conversations with the<br />
former human resources director <strong>and</strong> the head <strong>of</strong><br />
the union at the plant that dem<strong>and</strong> for especialistas<br />
rose relative to técnicos, <strong>and</strong> dem<strong>and</strong> for s<strong>of</strong>tware<br />
engineers rose relative to less-specialized supervisors<br />
on the original Beetle line.<br />
Generalizing from the VW example, it appears<br />
that this mechanism contributed to an overall<br />
increase in the dem<strong>and</strong> for skill in Mexico, raising<br />
overall wage inequality. There was a second<br />
effect, which requires some explanation. Within<br />
each industry in Mexico, only the most modern,<br />
productive, technologically sophisticated plants,<br />
usually fewer than 20 percent <strong>of</strong> plants in an<br />
industry, are able to export pr<strong>of</strong>itably. These<br />
plants also tend to employ the most skilled people<br />
within occupational categories <strong>and</strong> to pay high<br />
wages relative to other plants in the industry. The<br />
peso crisis hit the solely domestic-oriented plants<br />
harder than the export-oriented plants, <strong>and</strong> wages<br />
fell more in the domestic-oriented plants, which<br />
already tended to be lower wage. This tended to<br />
increase the dispersion <strong>of</strong> wages in the manufacturing<br />
sector <strong>and</strong> to raise inequality overall.<br />
So is increased international integration a<br />
good thing The verdict is mixed. On the one<br />
h<strong>and</strong>, quality upgrading may boost the rate <strong>of</strong><br />
learning <strong>and</strong> improve productivity while generating<br />
good jobs. On the other h<strong>and</strong>, it may increase<br />
inequality, which in turn, strains the social fabric.<br />
There are relative winners <strong>and</strong> losers from trade<br />
liberalization—different from the ones suggested<br />
by economists’ traditional trade models. Many<br />
<strong>of</strong> the poorest <strong>and</strong> least skilled in developing<br />
countries view globalization with pessimism. This<br />
research suggests that their concerns may make<br />
economic sense after all.<br />
1. See Goldberg <strong>and</strong> Pavcnik (2007).<br />
2. See Verhoogen (2008).<br />
References<br />
Davis, Bob, John Lyons, <strong>and</strong> Andrew Batson (2007).<br />
“Globalization’s Gains Come with a Price.” The Wall Street<br />
Journal (May 24), 1.<br />
Goldberg, Penelopi Koujianou, <strong>and</strong> Nina Pavcnik (2007).<br />
“Distributional Effects <strong>of</strong> Globalization in Developing<br />
Countries.” Journal <strong>of</strong> Economic Literature 45 (1) (March),<br />
39–82.<br />
Hanson, Gordon, <strong>and</strong> Helen Shapiro (1994). “Volkswagen<br />
de Mexico’s North American Strategy.” Harvard Business<br />
<strong>School</strong> Case No. 9-794-104.<br />
Verhoogen, Eric. “Trade, Quality Upgrading <strong>and</strong> Wage<br />
Inequality in the Mexican Manufacturing Sector ” (2008).<br />
Quarterly Journal <strong>of</strong> Economics 123 (2), 489–530.<br />
Eric Verhoogen is assistant pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>of</strong> <strong>International</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>Public</strong> <strong>Affairs</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Economics at <strong>Columbia</strong> University’s<br />
<strong>School</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>International</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Public</strong> <strong>Affairs</strong>.<br />
14 SIPA NEWS
Brazilian girls wear “peace” headb<strong>and</strong>s during a march for “Brazil Without<br />
Weapons” at Copacabana beach in Rio de Janeiro.<br />
BRANDINGPEACE<br />
INBRAZIL BY MASSIMO ALPIAN<br />
It was a hot August afternoon in Rio de Janeiro’s Favela Rocinha. I was rushing to the school where I was volunteering<br />
for the summer amidst the smells <strong>and</strong> sounds that define the alleys <strong>of</strong> the shantytown: samba music,<br />
marijuana, <strong>and</strong> home-cooked stew called feijoada.<br />
I turned the corner <strong>and</strong> came to an abrupt stop. A boy, not more than 11 years old, stood with an AK-47<br />
strapped to his chest. He was the youngest person I had ever seen br<strong>and</strong>ishing a weapon.<br />
There was part <strong>of</strong> me that wanted to stop this boy in his tracks <strong>and</strong> ask him why he needed a gun. But I already<br />
knew—from my experience working with young drug traffickers at an after school program in the favela—that he<br />
would tell me the violent world <strong>of</strong> the favelas requires extreme measures.<br />
SIPA NEWS 15
What is even more disturbing is that his<br />
answer might make a kind <strong>of</strong> sense. As I came to<br />
underst<strong>and</strong>, guns themselves are not the problem<br />
in Brazil’s slums. Rather, it is the systemic poverty<br />
<strong>and</strong> lack <strong>of</strong> social <strong>and</strong> economic alternatives<br />
that push children to violence.<br />
Now, a h<strong>and</strong>ful <strong>of</strong> nongovernmental organizations<br />
(NGOs) think they have the answer in educational<br />
programs that train for peace.<br />
RIO DE JANEIRO: VIOLENCE, BEAUTY,<br />
INEQUALITY<br />
The paradox <strong>of</strong> Rio is that it is at once one <strong>of</strong> the<br />
most violent <strong>and</strong> one <strong>of</strong> the most naturally beautiful<br />
cities in the world. Nurturing the violence is<br />
a poverty that thrives, jarringly, alongside Rio’s<br />
splendor. In fact, the problem is countrywide:<br />
Brazil displays one <strong>of</strong> the highest rates <strong>of</strong> social<br />
inequality in the world despite rapid economic<br />
development. The top 10 percent <strong>of</strong> the population<br />
earns 50 percent <strong>of</strong> the national income, <strong>and</strong><br />
about 34 percent <strong>of</strong> the population lives below<br />
the poverty line. The government estimates that<br />
20 percent <strong>of</strong> the population lives in favelas,<br />
though the real figure could be even higher.<br />
Not surprisingly, the history <strong>of</strong> the favelas is<br />
deeply rooted in Brazil’s history <strong>of</strong> inequality,<br />
which has had both socioeconomic <strong>and</strong> racial<br />
overtones for centuries. In the world <strong>of</strong> the favelas,<br />
people struggle daily to defend themselves,<br />
either from drug traffickers or from the violence<br />
<strong>and</strong> the unpredictability <strong>of</strong> police agents who,<br />
according to groups like Human Rights Watch,<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten violate their human rights.<br />
This complex situation has led to an extremely<br />
troubling situation for Rio <strong>and</strong> its youth. A recent<br />
study published by British anthropologist Luke<br />
Dowdney confirms that more young people below<br />
the age <strong>of</strong> 18 are killed by guns each year in Rio<br />
than in many areas <strong>of</strong> the world that are <strong>of</strong>ficially<br />
at war. The study showed that there are strong<br />
similarities between children involved in drug<br />
wars in Rio’s favelas <strong>and</strong> child soldiers in other<br />
parts <strong>of</strong> the world. Drug gangs run the favelas,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Dowdney’s report describes how they employ<br />
youths as guards.<br />
The result is a war zone. In the period between<br />
1988 <strong>and</strong> 2002, almost 4,000 youths under<br />
18 years <strong>of</strong> age were killed by firearms in Rio.<br />
Currently, there are between 5,000 <strong>and</strong> 6,000<br />
armed children in Rio alone.<br />
THE FIGHT FOR PEACE<br />
So what can be done in order to reduce youth<br />
violence in cities like Rio where social inequalities<br />
<strong>and</strong> exclusion are so powerful<br />
The answer can be found in “peace education,”<br />
according to Viva Rio, one <strong>of</strong> Brazil’s most<br />
renowned NGOs in the field <strong>of</strong> youth violence in<br />
favelas. Other NGOs are increasingly sharing the<br />
same perspective.<br />
“The introduction <strong>of</strong> a different perspective<br />
through peace education, conflict mediation <strong>and</strong><br />
other tools can make a difference in contexts<br />
where youth violence is reaching immense proportions,”<br />
says Clarissa Huguet, a program coordinator<br />
with the Children <strong>and</strong> Youth in Organized<br />
Armed Violence (COAV) project at the Rio-based<br />
NGO. According to Huguet, there is an immense<br />
need to promote peace <strong>and</strong> multicultural education<br />
in areas where violence is epidemic <strong>and</strong><br />
traditional schools face difficulties in fulfilling<br />
their main tasks. Huguet believes the result <strong>of</strong> her<br />
organization’s peace education will be a peaceful<br />
<strong>and</strong> progressive generation <strong>of</strong> children that build a<br />
different environment in their communities.<br />
Dowdney, who formerly worked with Viva Rio,<br />
has started his own initiative in a similar vein. But<br />
his program, Fight for Peace (FFP), takes things a<br />
step further, combining education programs with<br />
marketing tools to promote lifestyle changes for<br />
the youth <strong>of</strong> the slums. FFP works to include atrisk<br />
youth in sports, education, job training, youth<br />
leadership <strong>and</strong> conflict resolution programs. The<br />
project also unites community-based grassroots<br />
projects with big-time corporate sponsors. Nike<br />
has donated soccer equipment, boxing gear <strong>and</strong><br />
cash.<br />
With these resources, FFP has managed to<br />
borrow a concept—br<strong>and</strong>ing—from the world <strong>of</strong><br />
marketing. The organization’s br<strong>and</strong> is peaceful<br />
living. Just like sports gear, this lifestyle br<strong>and</strong><br />
has some heavy-hitting spokespeople. FFP recruits<br />
sports celebrities—among them Brazilian Formula<br />
One champ Emmerson Fittipaldi <strong>and</strong> boxing<br />
star Acelino “Popó” Freitas—to visit the favela<br />
16 SIPA NEWS
From left to right: Residents gather near the body<br />
<strong>of</strong> a man killed during a police operation against<br />
drug gangs at Complexo do Alemao slum in Rio<br />
de Janeiro. Surfers returning from the beach <strong>of</strong><br />
São Conrado. In the Favela Rocinha, the largest<br />
favela in South America, sports are an alternative<br />
to armed violence <strong>and</strong> drug-trafficking. Brazilian<br />
army soldiers catalogue illegal guns that will be<br />
burned in an iron furnace in São Paulo. Laureus<br />
World Sports Academy legend Emerson Fittipaldi<br />
plays football with children from the Meninos Do<br />
Morumbi project during the first day <strong>of</strong> the Laureus<br />
Sport for Good Foundation South American<br />
tour.<br />
<strong>and</strong> go on retreat weekends. Their visits aim to<br />
counter the allure <strong>of</strong> the streets <strong>and</strong> eradicate<br />
youth involvement in crime, drug trafficking <strong>and</strong><br />
organized armed violence. The stars have a direct<br />
dialogue with the youth involved in the project,<br />
but organizers say their presence has a wider<br />
impact—media coverage <strong>of</strong> their visits means<br />
that favela children are aware <strong>of</strong> another world to<br />
which they can aspire.<br />
But it’s not all celebrity h<strong>and</strong>shakes <strong>and</strong> soccer<br />
weekends. To stay in the popular project,<br />
children must also attend citizenship classes.<br />
Preteens in any country are not famous for their<br />
enthusiasm for such classes, but the promises <strong>of</strong><br />
meeting stars <strong>and</strong> participating in other activities<br />
seem to be enticing attendance. The project’s<br />
child beneficiaries say the citizenship classes help<br />
to change mindsets. The classes combine a range<br />
<strong>of</strong> topics—citizenship values, rights <strong>and</strong> responsibilities,<br />
sex education <strong>and</strong> conflict-mediation<br />
strategies.<br />
Dowdney says another important part <strong>of</strong> the<br />
project is the personal work done with each beneficiary.<br />
There is a focus on the individual—taking<br />
into account her background <strong>and</strong> special needs—<br />
to form tailor-made programs that create a culture<br />
<strong>of</strong> peace. The markers <strong>of</strong> success are entrance<br />
into a university, getting a good job or providing<br />
for one’s family.<br />
It’s too early to tell what kind <strong>of</strong> broader<br />
impact these programs are having on the favelas,<br />
but at least some individual cases point to real<br />
The result is a war zone. In the period between<br />
1988 <strong>and</strong> 2002, almost 4,000 youths under 18 years<br />
<strong>of</strong> age were killed by firearms in Rio.<br />
success. One 19-year-old woman I met has been<br />
with the FPP project since its inception. She<br />
began taking boxing classes, <strong>and</strong> then signed up<br />
for English, Spanish <strong>and</strong> computer classes. She<br />
is now working full-time as an assistant program<br />
director at the center, <strong>and</strong> she’s on track to get a<br />
secondary-school certificate.<br />
PROGRAMS NOT ENOUGH<br />
Civic <strong>and</strong> peace education can be powerful, but<br />
even program leaders say that their efforts are<br />
only one part <strong>of</strong> a larger picture. A Brazilian<br />
state strategy must, in its public policy, embrace<br />
the eradication both <strong>of</strong> violence <strong>and</strong> poverty,<br />
particularly in its educational <strong>and</strong> social planning.<br />
As it st<strong>and</strong>s, activists say that the Brazilian<br />
government’s education spending is subpar—a<br />
fact evinced by the country’s low literacy rate<br />
compared to others in Latin America. Huguet <strong>and</strong><br />
activists working in another NGO serving the favelas,<br />
Observatorio de Favelas, say that this means<br />
peace education, citizenship classes, conflict<br />
resolution <strong>and</strong> sex education must be part <strong>of</strong> every<br />
school curriculum. Only an approach involving<br />
multiple stakeholders, they say, will give young<br />
favelados the confidence—<strong>and</strong> the reason—to tote<br />
books rather than assault rifles.<br />
Massimo Alpian completed his MIA in<br />
December 2008. During the summer <strong>of</strong> 2008,<br />
he worked at the Children in Organized Armed<br />
Violence project <strong>of</strong> the Viva Rio organization in<br />
Rio de Janeiro.<br />
SIPA NEWS 17
Education in Latin America:<br />
Great Achievements<br />
<strong>and</strong> Even Greater Deficits<br />
By Miguel Urquiola<br />
Latin American countries have long struggled to improve their educational systems’<br />
reach <strong>and</strong> effectiveness. In recent decades, many governments have introduced<br />
reforms aimed at improving children’s educational achievements. Evaluations <strong>of</strong><br />
these initiatives reveal both tremendous progress <strong>and</strong> daunting challenges.<br />
The Good News<br />
Over the last century, the region has made enormous<br />
strides in terms <strong>of</strong> simply getting children<br />
into school. At the most basic level, governments<br />
have devoted significant resources to the provision<br />
<strong>of</strong> “free” public (or at least publicly-funded)<br />
schooling, particularly at the primary level.<br />
Households have in turn responded by taking<br />
up this supply <strong>and</strong> in many cases by paying<br />
for additional private schooling. Research by<br />
Suzanne Duryea <strong>and</strong> Miguel Székely reveals much<br />
progress between 1938 <strong>and</strong> 1970 in the number<br />
<strong>of</strong> grades that males passed in school. While<br />
there is variation in the gains observed across<br />
countries, the overall picture is one <strong>of</strong> significant<br />
improvement. For example, in Mexico men born<br />
70 years ago have on average about four years <strong>of</strong><br />
schooling, while those born 40 years ago have<br />
approximately nine years (see Figure 1).<br />
While initially progress was faster for boys in<br />
many countries, girls have largely caught up, <strong>and</strong><br />
at present girls even do slightly better than boys<br />
in many areas.<br />
Despite this progress, numerous challenges<br />
remain. Many countries still need to do a better job<br />
<strong>of</strong> getting children into school promptly, <strong>of</strong> reducing<br />
dropout rates, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> reducing the number <strong>of</strong> times<br />
grades are repeated, so that the time children spend<br />
in school turns into actual years <strong>of</strong> schooling.<br />
There are grounds for optimism regarding at<br />
least some <strong>of</strong> these challenges. The educational<br />
opportunities <strong>of</strong>fered by public <strong>and</strong> private educational<br />
systems in Latin America continue to<br />
grow. To improve the corresponding dem<strong>and</strong> for<br />
education, governments are using creative tools<br />
like conditional cash transfers—cash payments made to<br />
poor parents in exchange for, among other things,<br />
enrolling their children in school—to further raise<br />
enrollments. These initiatives are being rigorously<br />
tracked <strong>and</strong> evaluated for their efficacy, which<br />
is unusual for educational interventions in Latin<br />
America (or anywhere, for that matter).<br />
18 SIPA NEWS
Figure 1: Average years <strong>of</strong> schooling for the 1938–40 <strong>and</strong> 1968–70 birth cohorts.<br />
Figure 2: Percentage <strong>of</strong> students who<br />
attain given levels <strong>of</strong> reading pr<strong>of</strong>iciency.<br />
1938–40 1968–70<br />
Note: The data are for males <strong>and</strong> are drawn from Duryea <strong>and</strong> Székely (2000). The data for<br />
Argentina are only for Buenos Aires; those for Bolivia <strong>and</strong> Uruguay cover only urban areas.<br />
The Bad News<br />
Rapid growth in the amount <strong>of</strong> time individuals<br />
spend in school has not necessarily translated<br />
into substantial increases in learning. This trend is<br />
clear, despite significant data limitations in many<br />
countries. For example, in many cases an evaluation<br />
<strong>of</strong> achievement over time is not possible due<br />
to the absence <strong>of</strong> time series data.<br />
Despite the data deficiencies, international testing<br />
results suggest learning outcomes are deficient,<br />
to say the least. For example, st<strong>and</strong>ardized tests<br />
recently administered in Latin America measured<br />
varying levels <strong>of</strong> achievement in literacy. These<br />
included students’ basic abilities to underst<strong>and</strong> texts<br />
(Level 1, Figure 2-A); to reproduce the elements <strong>of</strong> a<br />
text in their own words (Level 2, Figure 2-B); <strong>and</strong> to<br />
“fill in the blanks,” demonstrating an underst<strong>and</strong>ing<br />
<strong>of</strong> advanced concepts like causation (Level 3, Figure<br />
2-C). The data are displayed to show the percentage<br />
<strong>of</strong> public <strong>and</strong> private school children that attain<br />
different levels <strong>of</strong> reading readiness.<br />
As the figures show, the majority <strong>of</strong> third<strong>and</strong><br />
fourth-graders in the region have attained<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>iciency at Level 1. Still, more than one in ten<br />
children is unable to fulfill this benchmark in all<br />
countries save Argentina, Brazil, <strong>and</strong> Chile. More<br />
than half <strong>of</strong> all children fail to attain Level 3 pr<strong>of</strong>iciency<br />
everywhere except Argentina <strong>and</strong> Chile.<br />
The picture becomes even more discouraging<br />
when the region is compared to wealthier<br />
countries. Research by Lant Pritchett <strong>of</strong> Harvard’s<br />
Kennedy <strong>School</strong> <strong>of</strong> Government compares educational<br />
achievement in Latin America with that<br />
in Organisation for Economic Co-operation <strong>and</strong><br />
Development (OECD) countries. Only about<br />
three percent <strong>of</strong> Brazilian students outperform the<br />
average Danish student. The average Brazilian<br />
student’s level <strong>of</strong> achievement is comparable<br />
to the lower two percent <strong>of</strong> Danish students’<br />
achievements. By both absolute <strong>and</strong> relative<br />
measures, therefore, learning in Latin America’s<br />
educational system is lacking.<br />
Unfortunately, our knowledge <strong>of</strong> how to<br />
improve learning (including in the United States)<br />
is rather limited. There is simply little rigorous<br />
research on what works <strong>and</strong> what does not. Latin<br />
American countries need to do more to evaluate<br />
the success <strong>of</strong> their own educational policies <strong>and</strong><br />
initiatives. Countries in the region have undertaken<br />
a large number <strong>of</strong> innovative <strong>and</strong> interesting<br />
programs. To make progress, though, these<br />
programs, from the outset, should be designed<br />
with high-quality, experimental methods. This<br />
collaboration between educators struggling to<br />
build better programs <strong>and</strong> scholars skilled in<br />
program evaluation would allow the identification<br />
<strong>of</strong> successful models <strong>and</strong>, one hopes, lead<br />
to the improvement <strong>of</strong> education for millions <strong>of</strong><br />
children throughout the region.<br />
References<br />
Duryea, S., <strong>and</strong> M. Székely (2000). “Labor Markets in Latin<br />
America: A Look at the Supply Side.” Emerging Markets Review<br />
1, 199–228.<br />
Laboratorio Latinoamericano de Evaluación de la Calidad de la<br />
Educación (2001). “Primer estudio internacional comparativo<br />
sobre lenguaje, matemática y factores asociados para alumnus<br />
de tercer y cuarto grado de la educación básica.” UNESCO.<br />
Source: Laboratorio Latinoamericano de Evaluación<br />
de la Calidad de la Educación (2001).<br />
McEwan, P., M. Urquiola, <strong>and</strong> E. Vegas (2008). “<strong>School</strong> Choice,<br />
Stratification, <strong>and</strong> Information on <strong>School</strong> Performance: Lessons<br />
from Chile. Economia 8 (2), 1–28.<br />
Pritchett, L. (2004). “Towards a New Consensus for Addressing<br />
the Global Challenge <strong>of</strong> the Lack <strong>of</strong> Education.” Copenhagen<br />
Consensus Challenge Paper.<br />
Urquiola, M., <strong>and</strong> V. Calderón (2006). “Apples <strong>and</strong> Oranges:<br />
Educational Enrollment <strong>and</strong> Attainment Across Countries in<br />
Latin America <strong>and</strong> the Caribbean.” <strong>International</strong> Journal <strong>of</strong> Educational<br />
Development 26 (6): 572–90.<br />
Miguel Urquiola is assistant pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>of</strong> <strong>International</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>Public</strong> <strong>Affairs</strong> <strong>and</strong> Economics at <strong>Columbia</strong> University’s<br />
<strong>School</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>International</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Public</strong> <strong>Affairs</strong>.<br />
SIPA NEWS 19
Colombian peace advocate <strong>and</strong> former guerrilla Francisco Galán<br />
20 SIPA NEWS
Pushing for<br />
Peace<br />
By Jake Rollow <strong>and</strong> Dan Green<br />
It was one morning in July, while riding to a Colombian conflict<br />
zone in an armored SUV trailed by two armed bodyguards, that<br />
Francisco “Pacho” Galán, the former spokesman <strong>and</strong> central comm<strong>and</strong>er<br />
<strong>of</strong> the ELN guerrillas, first learned <strong>of</strong> tectonic plates.<br />
“How thick are they” Galán asked his 22-year-old assistant.<br />
“How fast do they move”<br />
The assistant couldn’t answer all the questions. Plates are enormous<br />
masses inching forward, he told the ex-guerilla. Over time, they move<br />
mountains.<br />
It’s a process that explained the bright green mountains <strong>of</strong> the Colombian<br />
Cordillera that whizzed by the darkly tinted, thumb-thick bulletpro<strong>of</strong> windows<br />
<strong>of</strong> the SUV. It’s also an apt metaphor for the work <strong>of</strong> Galán, who<br />
began this year to try to inch Colombia’s political plates toward a new<br />
geography <strong>of</strong> stability. This spring, after more than three decades fighting<br />
the state, the nearly 60-year-old former university pr<strong>of</strong>essor renounced<br />
Colombia’s civil war <strong>and</strong> parted paths with the ELN (Ejército de Liberación<br />
Nacional). Then, he devoted himself to building peace.<br />
Galán seeks something beyond a ceasefire or the armed struggle’s<br />
end. He wants a truly tectonic change—to build a national peace movement,<br />
he says, that will “transform” Colombian society as a whole.<br />
SIPA NEWS 21
“After working more than 35 years to destroy the state, I understood<br />
The only thing possible<br />
From top: Pacho Galán speaking at an organizational planning meeting at the Casa de Paz.<br />
At a meeting in Pasto, the capital <strong>of</strong> Nariño province, which has high levels <strong>of</strong> violence <strong>and</strong> poverty, representatives<br />
<strong>of</strong> a local barrio vote for the leader <strong>of</strong> their communa (district). The winner was Aulo Erazo, a friend <strong>of</strong> Pacho’s <strong>and</strong> a<br />
former member <strong>of</strong> the ELN.<br />
For the last 44 years, Colombia’s war has tortured<br />
the country with erratic <strong>and</strong> brutal bursts <strong>of</strong><br />
violence. Perpetrators include left-wing guerrillas,<br />
such as the ELN <strong>and</strong> FARC (Fuerzas Armadas<br />
Revolucionarias de Colombia); right-wing paramilitary<br />
groups; criminal organizations such as<br />
narcotics traffickers, armed gangs, <strong>and</strong> hired assassins;<br />
<strong>and</strong> the Colombian military. Among such a<br />
multifaceted, complicated conflict, “the enemy” is<br />
almost always hidden. A rural peasant who farms<br />
yucca by day may carry an assault rifle at night.<br />
Supposedly demobilized paramilitaries coordinate<br />
criminal activities remotely from their prison cells.<br />
And the Colombian military has been repeatedly<br />
accused <strong>of</strong> collaborating with death squads that<br />
steal, rape, <strong>and</strong> murder. While the war may simmer<br />
beneath jungle canopies <strong>and</strong> in urban alleys most<br />
<strong>of</strong> the time, on occasions it emerges. The result is<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten tragic for people caught in the way.<br />
Yet recent events in the country have hinted<br />
that peace may be only a military surge or two<br />
away. In March, Manuel Marul<strong>and</strong>a, the founder<br />
<strong>and</strong> leader <strong>of</strong> FARC, died <strong>of</strong> a heart attack. The<br />
same month, the group’s spokesman Raúl Reyes<br />
was killed by the Colombian armed forces. And<br />
in July, Ingrid Betancourt, the French-Colombian<br />
former presidential c<strong>and</strong>idate <strong>and</strong> the FARC’s most<br />
prized hostage for six years, was freed by a military<br />
operation so successful that not a single shot was<br />
fired. In fact, the Colombian government claims<br />
the conflict is over. Its position, <strong>of</strong>ficially, is that<br />
the country is already in a postconflict period.<br />
Galán sees things differently. Even if the government<br />
military were to wipe out all the insurgents,<br />
he says, it would not be nearly enough<br />
to create a lasting peace. Colombian society is<br />
structured around the four-decades-long war, <strong>and</strong><br />
the seeds <strong>of</strong> violence that have already been sown<br />
would find the ground fertile for sprouting into<br />
new conflicts.<br />
“After working more than 35 years to destroy<br />
the state, I understood that today in Colombia a<br />
22 SIPA NEWS
that today in Colombia a military victory is not possible.<br />
is to work with the state <strong>and</strong> civil society for a victory in peace.”<br />
military victory is not possible,” Galán says. “The<br />
only thing possible is to work with the state <strong>and</strong><br />
civil society for a victory in peace.”<br />
While his turnaround would seem fundamental<br />
for a former guerrilla fighter, Galán says that only<br />
his tactics have changed, <strong>and</strong> not his ideologies.<br />
“The objectives that I sought when I entered<br />
the war <strong>and</strong> I didn’t achieve are the same ones<br />
we need to raise up to achieve peace,” he says. “I<br />
think that today, the big task for those who have<br />
entered into peace-building is to make it so that<br />
Colombians can participate in the exercise <strong>of</strong> their<br />
government.”<br />
But even if Galán’s personal reform is only<br />
tactical, he says the decision to pursue it came to<br />
him in a pr<strong>of</strong>ound way. Captured by the state <strong>and</strong><br />
enduring a torture session before he was thrown in<br />
jail, Galán had what he calls a moment <strong>of</strong> clarity.<br />
His arms were tied behind his back at the time,<br />
<strong>and</strong> the rope, thrown over the branch <strong>of</strong> a tree,<br />
was pulled so hard it lifted him <strong>of</strong>f the ground. He<br />
admits that his realizations may have been induced<br />
by the unbearable pain, but nonetheless, he never<br />
forgot them. He says he decided three things then.<br />
He needed to discover who he was, to reconnect<br />
with his family, <strong>and</strong>, lastly, to find peace.<br />
Galán began his transformation while in prison,<br />
where, during two periods <strong>of</strong> incarceration, he<br />
spent a total <strong>of</strong> nearly 15 years. Both times he was<br />
placed in solitary confinement, but he was hardly<br />
alone. He estimates that he had at least 5,000 visits<br />
during those years <strong>and</strong> says that in the latter stages,<br />
although he was still the spokesman for the ELN,<br />
he used the meetings to advocate peace. (He currently<br />
has no connection with the ELN, nor any<br />
political party affiliation.)<br />
Today, as a free man, his habits are not that<br />
different. He continues to pack his schedule with<br />
meetings, but now he travels the country to make<br />
them. With his long, graying beard <strong>and</strong> tight,<br />
protruding belly—<strong>and</strong> the weight <strong>of</strong> his experience<br />
behind him—Galán cuts an imposing figure.<br />
In many parts <strong>of</strong> the country, he is greeted as a<br />
celebrity. On one <strong>of</strong> his trips in July, this one to<br />
a conflict zone in the coastal province <strong>of</strong> Nariño,<br />
people whipped out cell phones to photograph<br />
“Don Francisco.” Later, a group <strong>of</strong> men flocked<br />
around the SUV, all eager to shake his h<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
exchange a kind word.<br />
His stature helps promote his efforts at dialogue.<br />
During that week in July when he traveled<br />
from Medellín, where his nonpr<strong>of</strong>it organization,<br />
La Casa de Paz (The House <strong>of</strong> Peace) is based,<br />
to Nariño, Galán met with a diverse collection <strong>of</strong><br />
people. Among them were university students <strong>and</strong><br />
pr<strong>of</strong>essors, staffers <strong>of</strong> other nonpr<strong>of</strong>it groups seeking<br />
peace, representatives from the Swiss Embassy,<br />
<strong>and</strong>, last but not least, Lina Moreno de Uribe, the<br />
country’s first lady. (He’d met with Mr. Uribe just<br />
a few months prior.)<br />
Most <strong>of</strong> Galán’s meetings start as macrolevel<br />
discussions <strong>of</strong> how to bring peace to Colombia.<br />
He listens to the opinions <strong>of</strong> others on the issue<br />
<strong>and</strong> then shares his own. But before the meeting<br />
ends he <strong>of</strong>ten seeks agreement on a next step. For<br />
the university students, for example, he suggested<br />
creating a network <strong>of</strong> supporters <strong>of</strong> the Colombian<br />
peace process. With the pr<strong>of</strong>essors he asked for<br />
participation in a conference <strong>and</strong> for new curricula<br />
on peace studies. And he pressed for coordination<br />
with <strong>and</strong> among the other peace-builders. (The<br />
meetings with the Swiss Embassy <strong>and</strong> the first lady<br />
were held behind closed doors.)<br />
It’s hard to say, however, how effective Galán’s<br />
work is. The conflict is complicated, the time<br />
period uncertain, <strong>and</strong> he’s one person, with a small<br />
staff, attempting to rally a nation’s population.<br />
Still, in Colombia, it’s a pretty big deal that he’s<br />
doing what he’s doing. While other ex-guerrillas<br />
now work in government, journalism, <strong>and</strong> other<br />
forms <strong>of</strong> public service, none but Galán have dedicated<br />
themselves solely to peace. And, certainly,<br />
none <strong>of</strong> them are striving, the way he is, to change<br />
fundamentally the way Colombians think.<br />
“We have to break definitively the historic<br />
cycle <strong>of</strong> violence,” he says. “Casa de Paz first creates<br />
consciousness <strong>of</strong> the possibility <strong>of</strong> living in<br />
peace.”<br />
But perhaps what makes Galán unique is his<br />
particularly nonmilitant persona. Although he can<br />
bark like an army captain if a member <strong>of</strong> his staff<br />
frustrates him, he is more likely to be found engaging<br />
them—reading aloud the day’s newspaper, for<br />
example—or hustling them (the cooks <strong>and</strong> gardeners<br />
too) to Casa de Paz’s dining room table for a<br />
meal, where he’s bound to start cracking jokes.<br />
In his meetings, too, he is articulate, charismatic,<br />
<strong>and</strong> thoughtful. He does not come across as an<br />
ex-soldier who knows only life in the mountains,<br />
but as a person who just may be capable <strong>of</strong> pulling<br />
together all Colombia’s communities—unarmed<br />
<strong>and</strong> armed.<br />
Dan Green, MIA ’09, is concentrating in Economic <strong>and</strong><br />
Political Development. He worked in the fields <strong>of</strong> negotiation<br />
<strong>and</strong> conflict resolution training <strong>and</strong> consulting prior to<br />
attending SIPA. This past summer he worked at la Casa de<br />
Paz, becoming the first intern since Francisco Galán <strong>and</strong> the<br />
organization’s split with ELN.<br />
Jake Rollow, MIA ’09, is concentrating in <strong>International</strong><br />
Media <strong>and</strong> Communications. He worked as a journalist<br />
prior to attending SIPA. Last summer he spent 10 days traveling<br />
in Colombia with Francisco Galán <strong>and</strong> staff members<br />
<strong>of</strong> la Casa de Paz.<br />
SIPA NEWS 23
24 SIPA NEWS
The Whole Bean:<br />
GUATEMALAN COOP CLAIMS FAIR COFFEE<br />
PRODUCTION PROCESS—NOT JUST FAIR TRADE<br />
By Gwyneth Fries<br />
For Americans who pay higher prices for a morning cup <strong>of</strong> fair-trade<br />
c<strong>of</strong>fee, the feel-good boost they get from buying into social responsibility<br />
can be almost as energizing as the caffeine. Even gigantic<br />
c<strong>of</strong>fee retailers have had to take notice: An estimated 6 percent <strong>of</strong><br />
c<strong>of</strong>fee at Starbucks is marketed as fair trade. The fair-trade model,<br />
which uses a certification process for producers that is designed to<br />
ensure an equitable relationship between consumers <strong>and</strong> producers, is supposed<br />
to guarantee a fair price <strong>and</strong> access to markets for all bean growers—not just the<br />
big plantations.<br />
But increasingly, farming advocates are saying that—at least for c<strong>of</strong>fee growers—the<br />
fair trade model is not enough. The steps between growing <strong>and</strong> brewing<br />
create a series <strong>of</strong> middlemen, colonial-era plantation models remain strong, <strong>and</strong><br />
wages are stuck at minimum levels. Big farmers may be able to make it work, but<br />
small growers have a hard time plugging in to fair-trade benefits.<br />
At Finca Santa Julia, near the Mexican border, workers pick c<strong>of</strong>fee to be dried <strong>and</strong> processed. Finca Santa Julia produces<br />
only high-end quality c<strong>of</strong>fee <strong>and</strong> sells to markets like Starbucks <strong>and</strong> USCAFE. These companies bring along working<br />
regulations, which improve the quality <strong>of</strong> the c<strong>of</strong>fee as well as working conditions for the country <strong>and</strong> its people.<br />
SIPA NEWS 25
Fair-trade c<strong>of</strong>fees claim<br />
to make sure the benefits<br />
<strong>of</strong> the boom are well<br />
distributed, but a closer<br />
look reveals that fair<br />
trade labeling may be a<br />
bit misleading.<br />
In Guatemala, where c<strong>of</strong>fee is experiencing<br />
something <strong>of</strong> a rebirth, the farmers have plenty<br />
to be unsatisfied about. Starbucks, for example,<br />
buys about 25 percent <strong>of</strong> Guatemala’s annual<br />
production, which Starbuck cites as evidence <strong>of</strong><br />
its commitment to helping the country’s c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
industry grow. However, critics say that the beneficiaries<br />
<strong>of</strong> the high volume <strong>of</strong> sales are largely<br />
fincas, or plantation owners, <strong>and</strong> the roasters. Small<br />
farmers—many <strong>of</strong> whom are part <strong>of</strong> the more<br />
than 50 percent <strong>of</strong> Guatemalans living below the<br />
poverty line—see relatively little benefit.<br />
There’s no doubt, however, that many in<br />
Guatemala are pr<strong>of</strong>iting from the c<strong>of</strong>fee trade.<br />
After a severe drop in prices in 2001, industry<br />
leaders sought price stability through the promotion<br />
<strong>of</strong> specialized c<strong>of</strong>fees <strong>and</strong> the search for<br />
new markets willing to pay more for distinctiveness.<br />
The National Association <strong>of</strong> C<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
in Guatemala, Anacafé, has designated eight<br />
different c<strong>of</strong>fee-producing regions, with diverse<br />
climates <strong>and</strong> soils, producing unique flavors. Half<br />
<strong>of</strong> the 3 million-strong labor force in Guatemala<br />
is devoted to agriculture, with 9 percent devoted<br />
specifically to c<strong>of</strong>fee production. The country<br />
boasted an annual production <strong>of</strong> about 488 million<br />
kilograms <strong>of</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee in 2007.<br />
Fair-trade c<strong>of</strong>fees claim to make sure the<br />
benefits <strong>of</strong> the boom are well distributed, but a<br />
closer look reveals that fair trade labeling may<br />
be a bit misleading. For example, fair-trade certification<br />
only guarantees an already insufficient<br />
minimum wage for c<strong>of</strong>fee farmers <strong>and</strong> only certifies<br />
green, unprocessed c<strong>of</strong>fee, which is then<br />
sent to U.S. roasters. From green to roasted, the<br />
price <strong>of</strong> a pound <strong>of</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee can jump by three to<br />
eight times—but farmers don’t benefit from the<br />
increase. Also, basic fees for fair trade certification<br />
through FLO <strong>International</strong>, the international<br />
agency responsible for certification, can amount<br />
to up to $4,000, triple the annual income <strong>of</strong> some<br />
small farmers, making certification unattainable<br />
for all but large fincas who amass pr<strong>of</strong>its through<br />
a production structure reminiscent <strong>of</strong> a colonial<br />
era plantation. Most fincas, h<strong>and</strong>ed down through<br />
generations <strong>of</strong> wealthy l<strong>and</strong>owners, are run as<br />
they have been for the past 100 years—by hiring<br />
outside seasonal workers <strong>and</strong> paying a low<br />
price—between 10 <strong>and</strong> 20 cents per pound <strong>of</strong><br />
cereza, or c<strong>of</strong>fee berry.<br />
A GRASSROOTS ANSWER<br />
From 2005 to 2008, I lived in the village San<br />
Miguel Escobar, outside Antigua, Guatemala, <strong>and</strong><br />
worked with the nongovernmental organization<br />
(NGO) Familias de Esperanza, showing around<br />
teams <strong>of</strong> donors <strong>and</strong> volunteers who had come<br />
to visit the organization. During one <strong>of</strong> these<br />
trips, I discovered As Green As It Gets (AGAIG),<br />
an organization that approaches the small-scale<br />
c<strong>of</strong>fee farmer dilemma from a different angle—<br />
through organization at the production level as<br />
much as through advertising at the consumer<br />
level. The lynchpin <strong>of</strong> their efforts is a microloan<br />
program that is funded primarily through private<br />
donations, loans by individuals <strong>of</strong> as little as $125,<br />
product sales, <strong>and</strong> donations from NGOs, including<br />
Familias de Esperanza.<br />
The director <strong>of</strong> AGAIG, Franklin Voorhes,<br />
works closely with two small-scale c<strong>of</strong>fee farmers,<br />
Filiberto Salazar <strong>and</strong> Felix Porón, who explained<br />
to me the nuts <strong>and</strong> bolts <strong>of</strong> the organization.<br />
Voorhes leads but doesn’t run the show at the<br />
AGAIG cooperative. Porón <strong>and</strong> Salazar, in addition<br />
to 18 other farmers, have been able to obtain<br />
start-up capital through a clear, fair microloan<br />
program, share skills <strong>and</strong> equipment, <strong>and</strong> provide<br />
employment to other villagers, all while learning<br />
<strong>and</strong> practicing good business.<br />
As small-scale c<strong>of</strong>fee farmers, Salazar <strong>and</strong><br />
Porón have problems similar to those <strong>of</strong> many<br />
unskilled workers the world over: limited education,<br />
few possibilities for job advancement, <strong>and</strong><br />
nothing to use as collateral for loans. AGAIG has<br />
given them the small amount <strong>of</strong> capital they need<br />
to st<strong>and</strong> on their own feet, while avoiding the<br />
worst <strong>of</strong> the <strong>of</strong>ten corrupt Guatemalan business<br />
environment.<br />
Voorhes, an American who originally hails<br />
from Nebraska, started AGAIG with the hopes <strong>of</strong><br />
giving farmers an alternative to a system that—<br />
despite the dem<strong>and</strong> for c<strong>of</strong>fee—denies them real<br />
chances to prosper. Deeply interested in development,<br />
Voorhes found that c<strong>of</strong>fee <strong>of</strong>fered some<br />
unique opportunities.<br />
“I tried my h<strong>and</strong> at development with some <strong>of</strong><br />
the programs that are popular in [development]<br />
literature: solar stoves, water filters, gardening<br />
programs, <strong>and</strong> the like,” he says. But the programs<br />
left Voorhes unsatisfied. He had wanted to run<br />
them using inexpensive, locally produced goods,<br />
but found that difficult.<br />
Then, he discovered c<strong>of</strong>fee.<br />
“In the world <strong>of</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee, an hour or a dollar<br />
invested returned many times the initial investment,”<br />
he says. “It was immediately obvious that<br />
I should be focusing on small c<strong>of</strong>fee businesses<br />
rather than my prior programs.”<br />
AGAIG got its start with a one-year, $10,000<br />
loan from the charity Common Hope. Voorhes<br />
26 SIPA NEWS
says the loan has been repaid in full—with<br />
interest—in c<strong>of</strong>fee. He was able to continue his<br />
efforts in Guatemala, with an additional grant <strong>of</strong><br />
$10,000 from Common Hope.<br />
Voorhes didn’t want just any microloan program.<br />
Contrary to the hype, he notes, many<br />
microloans take advantage <strong>of</strong> small investors.<br />
Sums like $100 can carry interest rates up to 20<br />
percent <strong>and</strong> even 36 percent—rates higher than<br />
what many U.S. banks are legally allowed to<br />
charge. Voorhes adds that traditional banks, on<br />
the other h<strong>and</strong>, take advantage <strong>of</strong> uneducated<br />
campesinos with complicated <strong>and</strong> misleading loan<br />
contracts.<br />
Voorhes, by contrast, acquires $1,000 loans<br />
for the farmers with a 5 percent interest rate that<br />
is payable in kind, as c<strong>of</strong>fee. One thous<strong>and</strong> dollars<br />
allows farmers to pay for resources such as<br />
a small roaster, a depulper, or cement for a drying<br />
patio that can actually increase quality <strong>and</strong><br />
production capacity. In addition, Voorhes meets<br />
with farmers weekly to help them keep track <strong>of</strong><br />
their goals.<br />
Business in Guatemala is generally informal,<br />
<strong>and</strong> many small business owners lack basic<br />
accounting <strong>and</strong> management skills.<br />
Salazar says the AGAIG system works. “We<br />
have to be responsible too,” he told me. “Every<br />
individual has an accounting book . . . Franklin<br />
taught us that—how to manage our accounts.”<br />
As the AGAIG cooperative has grown, the<br />
farmers have been able to employ neighbors,<br />
many <strong>of</strong> them women badly in need <strong>of</strong> part-time<br />
work. For sorting beans, village women receive<br />
double, <strong>and</strong> sometimes up to six times the hourly<br />
minimum wage required for fair-trade c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
certification.<br />
“Now we can create sources <strong>of</strong> work—<strong>of</strong>fer<br />
an opportunity, <strong>and</strong> papers aren’t necessary,” says<br />
Salazar. “There is no pressure, just a mutual agreement<br />
to help.” Inspired by their male counterparts,<br />
wives <strong>and</strong> daughters <strong>of</strong> the AGAIG farmers<br />
have also started their own small businesses <strong>and</strong><br />
employ neighbors at real living wages.<br />
Voorhes says he encourages the AGAIG farmers<br />
to think in the long term <strong>and</strong> reinvest to grow<br />
their business. Porón <strong>and</strong> Salazar have learned<br />
to prioritize. “It’s the culture <strong>of</strong> many people to<br />
think in the short term <strong>and</strong> not in the long term,”<br />
Porón says. He chose to build fermentation tanks<br />
for his c<strong>of</strong>fee before replacing the corrugated tin<br />
surrounding his house with cement walls.<br />
Salazar’s long-term thinking has influenced his<br />
hopes for his 11 children. He doesn’t necessarily<br />
want them to leave farming, but he does want<br />
them to have an easier life than he has had. “They<br />
can be campesinos, but they’ll have the technical<br />
experience <strong>and</strong> studies,” he says. His modest<br />
prosperity has paid <strong>of</strong>f for his children, he notes,<br />
including a daughter who is working part time at<br />
a bookshop while studying to become a lawyer.<br />
Through acquisition <strong>of</strong> low-interest loans,<br />
mastery <strong>of</strong> the production process, <strong>and</strong> direct<br />
contact with buyers, AGAIG farmers say they<br />
are building small businesses that can truly be<br />
called sustainable. Oxfam, the InterAmerican<br />
Development Bank, <strong>and</strong> the NGO Cup <strong>of</strong><br />
Excellence all support small farms. But foreign<br />
markets don’t distinguish between cooperatives<br />
like AGAIG <strong>and</strong> small farms that maintain an old,<br />
exploitive production pattern. Until we know<br />
more about the circumstances <strong>of</strong> our c<strong>of</strong>fee’s<br />
production, even savvy consumers will likely face<br />
the challenge <strong>of</strong> wading through misinformation<br />
to answer the question: Just how can I know if my<br />
purchase actually helps small farmers in Central<br />
America If the AGAIG model is any kind <strong>of</strong> indicator,<br />
perhaps the answer will include a labeling<br />
system with information about the fairness <strong>of</strong> the<br />
entire production process, not just the price paid<br />
for roasted beans.<br />
Gwyneth Fries, MIA ’10, is concentrating in Urban<br />
Policy. She is originally from Washington D.C., <strong>and</strong> lived<br />
for three years in Guatemala before returning to the United.<br />
States this past August.<br />
A waitress serves c<strong>of</strong>fee at a c<strong>of</strong>fee bar<br />
in Guatemala City. In 2007, Guatemalan<br />
c<strong>of</strong>fee registered the best harvest <strong>of</strong><br />
the last seven years, with incomes <strong>of</strong><br />
US$545 million.<br />
SIPA NEWS 27
Cuba Policy<br />
FOR A NEW U.S. ADMINISTRATION<br />
By Dóra Beszterczey<br />
Since the end <strong>of</strong> the Cold War, a democratic transition in Cuba—not<br />
always qualified by the adjective “peaceful”—has been at the front <strong>and</strong><br />
center <strong>of</strong> U.S. policy toward Havana. Cuba has remained one <strong>of</strong> the only<br />
countries in Latin America that had openly poor relations with the United<br />
States, <strong>and</strong> the vocal, largely anti-Castro Cuban-American community<br />
has lobbied strongly for his removal.<br />
But 17 years after its Soviet patron fell, the Castro regime is sailing<br />
on: as Fidel formally stepped down from power on February 24, 2008, the<br />
Cuban National Assembly named his younger brother, Raúl, 77, president<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Councils <strong>of</strong> State <strong>and</strong> Ministers.<br />
28 SIPA NEWS
A man cycles past a Cuban flag in Havana.<br />
U.S. President Barack Obama’s promise <strong>of</strong><br />
change reached across the Florida Straits as<br />
Cubans said his victory over John McCain gave<br />
them hope for better relations with the United<br />
States <strong>and</strong> improvement in their own lives.<br />
SIPA NEWS 29
The name <strong>of</strong> ailing Cuban president Fidel Castro is seen written with fireworks on January 8, 2008, in celebrations<br />
marking the 49th anniversary <strong>of</strong> Castro’s return to Havana after years <strong>of</strong> exile in Sierra Maestra, eastern Cuba.<br />
Even before the transition, a new U.S. policy<br />
toward Cuba was long overdue. For years, the personalized<br />
animosity governing U.S.-Cuba relations<br />
has only served to elevate the regime’s symbolic<br />
predicament as an “underdog” in the international<br />
arena. Now, the pieces required to enact a reorientation<br />
<strong>of</strong> U.S. policy may finally be in place: a Cuban<br />
regime undertaking tentative economic reforms,<br />
exp<strong>and</strong>ing its international outlook, <strong>and</strong> diversifying<br />
trading partners; a new U.S. administration taking<br />
stock <strong>of</strong> a subcontinent moving ever further from<br />
Washington’s orbit; <strong>and</strong> demographic <strong>and</strong> ideological<br />
shifts inside Miami’s Cuban-American community<br />
whose vote is increasingly turning blue.<br />
Politics as Usual<br />
The transition from Fidel to Raúl has resulted in<br />
a shift away from one-person charismatic leadership,<br />
to one with wider institutional buy-in from<br />
the Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR) <strong>and</strong> the<br />
Communist Party (PCC), the guardian institutions<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Revolution. According to a Brookings<br />
taskforce on Cuba, Raúl’s operating mode will be<br />
calculated pragmatism—liberalizing within bounds<br />
<strong>and</strong> undertaking reforms in a stop-<strong>and</strong>-go fashion<br />
while avoiding disruptive structural reforms.<br />
Disseminating <strong>and</strong> enforcing the current reform<br />
process through the PCC <strong>and</strong> FAR will be important<br />
in an environment where increased economic<br />
openness may create new, unpredictable challenges<br />
to the status quo.<br />
Under either Castro, Cuba remains a dictatorship.<br />
To the wide acclaim <strong>of</strong> the international<br />
community, Raúl ratified the <strong>International</strong><br />
Covenant on Civil <strong>and</strong> Political Rights <strong>and</strong> the<br />
<strong>International</strong> Covenant on Economic, Social, <strong>and</strong><br />
Cultural Rights. He also released 15 political prisoners<br />
(with 219 remaining), effectively removing<br />
attention from the increase in short-term detentions<br />
<strong>and</strong> intimidation <strong>of</strong> dissidents <strong>and</strong> human<br />
rights activists. Marifeli Pérez-Stable at the Inter-<br />
American Dialogue says that neither brother has<br />
anything but disdain for civil liberties, nor brooks<br />
political opposition. State security maintains a<br />
close check on all Cubans, not only on potential<br />
political threats. As a result, Cuban civil society<br />
has not been granted the space to develop. It<br />
lacks broad-based networks <strong>and</strong> the capacities<br />
to organize <strong>and</strong> develop cohesive movements<br />
for change.<br />
The Challenge <strong>of</strong> Reforms<br />
Since assuming the presidency, Raúl has implemented<br />
widely publicized reforms to address<br />
economic grievances, raising the bar <strong>of</strong> popular<br />
expectations to unprecedented levels. He removed<br />
restrictions on cell phone <strong>and</strong> computer purchases<br />
<strong>and</strong> allowed Cubans access to tourist facilities.<br />
While mostly cosmetic in nature, their psychological<br />
impact should not be underestimated: reforms<br />
will elevate purchasing power <strong>and</strong> consumption<br />
<strong>and</strong> increase access to communications <strong>and</strong><br />
contact with the outside world. More recently,<br />
reforms to lease idle state l<strong>and</strong>s to independent<br />
cooperatives <strong>and</strong> lift wage caps on state salaried<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>essions—the latter put <strong>of</strong>f in the aftermath <strong>of</strong><br />
last summer’s hurricanes—are intended to create<br />
much-needed labor <strong>and</strong> productivity incentives,<br />
<strong>and</strong> ease burdening food imports in light <strong>of</strong> soaring<br />
global prices. Cuba currently imports 80 percent<br />
<strong>of</strong> its food.<br />
The regime’s fundamental challenge will be to<br />
respond to popular expectations for improved living<br />
conditions without undercutting the authority<br />
<strong>of</strong> the state. Will partial economic liberalization<br />
simply reduce the pressure for political change, or<br />
will it create pressures for broader <strong>and</strong> more rapid<br />
change, possibly forcing the Cuban hierarchy to<br />
move beyond its comfort zone<br />
Such reforms, in either case, do little to<br />
address empty state c<strong>of</strong>fers <strong>and</strong> the public perception<br />
<strong>of</strong> a revolution whose social achievements<br />
are crumbling away to reveal rising inequalities.<br />
Severe economic distortions linger from<br />
the “Special Period”—the term in Cuba for the<br />
economic crisis that followed the fall <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Soviet Union—when a dual currency <strong>and</strong> multiple<br />
exchange rates sustained a thriving black<br />
market <strong>and</strong> forced some state-owned industries<br />
into bankruptcy. Further, with a global downturn<br />
likely to affect the isl<strong>and</strong>’s principal sources <strong>of</strong><br />
hard currency in tourism <strong>and</strong> nickel, <strong>and</strong> with<br />
productivity shortfalls particularly acute in agriculture,<br />
the cash-strapped regime’s shortcomings<br />
in providing the hallmark goods <strong>and</strong> services <strong>of</strong><br />
Cuban children attend a computer class at a school in<br />
Havana. Cuba recently legalized the sale <strong>of</strong> computers,<br />
microwaves, DVDs <strong>and</strong> other appliances, so long as sales<br />
are in state-run stores that only take hard currency.<br />
30 SIPA NEWS
the Revolution—food, education, health care, <strong>and</strong><br />
pensions—will become increasingly visible.<br />
The existing inequalities between those in<br />
possession <strong>of</strong> the convertible currency (CUCs,<br />
available to those with access to remittances <strong>and</strong><br />
employment in the tourism industry), <strong>and</strong> those<br />
without, are worsening. Ration cards only supply<br />
half a month’s basic foodstuffs, <strong>and</strong> households<br />
have to purchase the remainder on the black<br />
market in CUCs. Everyday staples priced in CUCs,<br />
however, are out <strong>of</strong> reach for most people, who<br />
earn state wages <strong>of</strong> $18 a month. The social<br />
impact <strong>of</strong> these changes is resonating far <strong>and</strong><br />
wide in a society that was, until now, deeply integrated.<br />
The economic pressures are amplifying<br />
racial <strong>and</strong> generational divides, <strong>and</strong> driving thous<strong>and</strong>s<br />
<strong>of</strong> Cubans each year to vote with their feet<br />
<strong>and</strong> take to the Florida Straits in search <strong>of</strong> better<br />
opportunities.<br />
If the regime can juggle these political challenges<br />
<strong>and</strong> popular expectations for reform, it may<br />
be able to put <strong>of</strong>f socially disruptive structural<br />
reforms for some time. In the short term, the<br />
international community, with Brazil <strong>and</strong> Mexico<br />
at the helm, are showing considerable sympathy<br />
toward Raúl’s reform efforts, granting the regime<br />
vast lines <strong>of</strong> credit <strong>and</strong> investment. With a cash<br />
injection on the horizon in the medium term, the<br />
regime may be banking on weathering this initial<br />
period <strong>of</strong> reforms to ensure political survival.<br />
According to Jorge Piñon, an energy fellow<br />
with the Center for Hemispheric Policy at the<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Miami, should the projected 10 to<br />
15 billion barrels <strong>of</strong> oil reserves in the Gulf <strong>of</strong><br />
Mexico be proven, the regime would be provided<br />
with revenues far exceeding Venezuelan oil subsidies<br />
that currently amount to 100,000 barrels per<br />
day. With such revenues, Cuba’s vulnerability to<br />
outside pressure will diminish—from the United<br />
States as well as from Venezuela—<strong>and</strong> state<br />
power will be reinforced through top-down revenue<br />
distribution mechanisms, likely bolstering the<br />
regime’s credibility <strong>and</strong> confidence in maintaining<br />
political control.<br />
Cuban Americans<br />
U.S. policy toward Cuba cannot change without<br />
support in the Cuban-American community.<br />
Traditionally a staunch Republican base with<br />
a strong lobby driving Washington’s isolationist<br />
policy, the Cuban-American community is<br />
undergoing a demographic <strong>and</strong> ideological transformation.<br />
Young Cuban Americans, together<br />
with the more recent wave <strong>of</strong> economic migrants<br />
<strong>and</strong> some <strong>of</strong> the old guard, are increasingly<br />
promoting a policy <strong>of</strong> engagement <strong>and</strong> a focus<br />
on improving living conditions on the isl<strong>and</strong>.<br />
Joe Garcia, chairman <strong>of</strong> the Miami-Dade County Democratic<br />
Party in Kendall, Fla., announced in February<br />
2008 that he was running for the Congressional seat<br />
held by Rep. Lincoln Diaz-Balart, R-Fla.<br />
According to Florida <strong>International</strong> University<br />
polls, conducted annually since 1991, last<br />
year a 55 percent majority <strong>of</strong> Florida’s Cuban-<br />
American population supported unrestricted<br />
travel <strong>and</strong> the sale <strong>of</strong> medicine <strong>and</strong> food to the<br />
isl<strong>and</strong>. Forty-two percent opposed the embargo<br />
outright, an increase <strong>of</strong> 8 percent since 2004.<br />
And, for the first time, the three Cuban-American<br />
representatives from South Florida faced credible,<br />
well-funded Democratic opponents in the<br />
2008 elections. While all three lost, the alarm<br />
has sounded for the next election in 2010:<br />
Democratic congressional c<strong>and</strong>idate Joe Garcia,<br />
spearheading the old guard’s ideological shift,<br />
lost by only 5.6 points.<br />
Options for U.S. Policy<br />
Without losing sight <strong>of</strong> a democratic Cuba, U.S.<br />
policy should use the window <strong>of</strong> opportunity<br />
afforded by the succession from Fidel to Raúl<br />
constructively. Taking a realpolitik approach, neither<br />
Cuba’s commitment to a democratic transition<br />
nor a unilateral lifting <strong>of</strong> the U.S. embargo is<br />
needed to start moving away from the deadlock.<br />
The United States can now look beyond the<br />
embargo’s seemingly inflexible margins.<br />
Barack Obama’s administration may be dealing<br />
with a more economically-viable Cuba, with<br />
diversified trade <strong>and</strong> investment partners as<br />
well as exploited energy reserves. Limited U.S.<br />
leverage over Cuba may diminish further, making<br />
unilateral sanctions irrelevant to the isl<strong>and</strong>’s<br />
economic <strong>and</strong>/or political stability. Within this<br />
framework, the United States should act on the<br />
openings afforded by Raúl. Washington should<br />
push for immediate unilateral liberalization<br />
in order to create pressures on the isl<strong>and</strong> for<br />
greater freedoms. Most importantly, policymakers<br />
should encourage the wider dissemination <strong>of</strong><br />
wealth across the isl<strong>and</strong> by taking creative steps<br />
to exploit the dichotomy between the growth in<br />
revenue for the regime <strong>and</strong> the lack <strong>of</strong> economic<br />
benefits to the wider population.<br />
Whatever the exact scope <strong>of</strong> President Obama’s<br />
approach to Cuba, certain basic principles should<br />
guide policy beyond the current deadlock to<br />
ensure greater leverage with a Raúl-led government.<br />
First, U.S. policy should engage the Cuban<br />
government on issues <strong>of</strong> bilateral interest (migration,<br />
organized crime <strong>and</strong> counternarcotics, disaster<br />
management, public health, environment) to<br />
foster enhanced information flows about key decision-makers<br />
<strong>and</strong> decision-making mechanisms in<br />
the regime. Second, it should lift all elements <strong>of</strong><br />
the “communications embargo” (including travel<br />
restrictions, capped remittances, <strong>and</strong> trade restrictions<br />
governing media <strong>and</strong> culture). Prohibiting<br />
information flow into Cuba only reinforces the prerogatives<br />
<strong>of</strong> Cuban state security. Third, it should<br />
more widely disseminate USAID assistance to<br />
support <strong>and</strong> engage all potential reformers. This<br />
would avoid the risk that single-h<strong>and</strong>ed support to<br />
dissidents might jeopardize their legitimacy in a<br />
potential transition. Embedding such a reorientation<br />
<strong>of</strong> U.S. policy within a regional framework<br />
will only further boost its chances <strong>of</strong> success—<br />
<strong>and</strong>, importantly, demonstrate to the region the<br />
renewed commitment <strong>of</strong> the United States to<br />
peace <strong>and</strong> prosperity in the Americas.<br />
Dóra Beszterczey, MIA ’09, is concentrating in<br />
Advanced Policy <strong>and</strong> Economic Analysis <strong>and</strong> is a<br />
research assistant at the Brookings Institution.<br />
SIPA NEWS 31
Raúl Castro, Cuba’s president, <strong>and</strong> brother <strong>of</strong><br />
Revolution leader Fidel Castro, delivers a speech<br />
in front <strong>of</strong> the Moncada military complex during a<br />
celebration <strong>of</strong> the 55th anniversary <strong>of</strong> the attack on<br />
the Moncada Barracks <strong>and</strong> the Cuban Revolution<br />
(July 26, 2008) in Santiago de Cuba.<br />
By Rebecca Rouse<br />
The Postrevolutionary Generation:<br />
FINDING A SPACE FOR YOUTH ACTIVISM IN RAÚL CASTRO’S CUBA* BY REBECCA ROUSE<br />
Last January, Cuban university student Eliécer Ávila Cicilia took the floor during the question<strong>and</strong>-answer<br />
portion <strong>of</strong> a student conference <strong>and</strong> unwittingly launched himself into the<br />
international spotlight. A video <strong>of</strong> the meeting between students <strong>of</strong> Havana’s University <strong>of</strong><br />
Computer Science <strong>and</strong> Ricardo Alarcón, president <strong>of</strong> Cuba’s National Assembly, shows the<br />
fourth-year computer science student grilling the politician with a c<strong>and</strong>idness that Cuban leaders<br />
are unaccustomed to. “It seems to us a revolution cannot advance without a plan,” Ávila is<br />
shown saying, st<strong>and</strong>ing at a microphone in a room full <strong>of</strong> students. “I’m sure it exists; we just want<br />
to know what it is.” As Ávila goes on to question the Cuban government’s restrictive policies on<br />
everything from travel to Internet access, Alarcón is visibly taken aback <strong>and</strong> struggles to respond,<br />
in some cases feigning ignorance <strong>of</strong> the problems in question.<br />
*The names <strong>of</strong> interview subjects have been changed to protect their identities.<br />
32 SIPA NEWS
It was a rare example <strong>of</strong> public discontent<br />
on the isl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> Eliécer Ávila was suddenly<br />
being called a hero by followers <strong>of</strong> Cuban politics<br />
abroad. He was labeled a young anti-Castro activist<br />
<strong>and</strong> a youth leader; the video <strong>of</strong> the encounter<br />
was leaked to the international press <strong>and</strong> circulated<br />
quickly on the Internet through YouTube,<br />
CNN, <strong>and</strong> the BBC, though most Cubans on the<br />
isl<strong>and</strong> never saw it.<br />
However, just as surprising as Ávila’s seeming<br />
defiance, what happened after was even more<br />
complicated. There were reports that the young<br />
man had been taken into government detention<br />
from his home in Las Tunas province. Ávila finally<br />
reemerged on February 11, nearly a month after his<br />
now infamous confrontation with Ricardo Alarcón,<br />
in an appearance on the state television program<br />
“CubaDebate,” where he denied that he had been<br />
arrested or harassed by the police. Ávila went on to<br />
accuse critics <strong>of</strong> the Cuban government <strong>of</strong> manipulating<br />
his words, saying that any questions that he<br />
<strong>and</strong> his fellow students posed to Alarcón during<br />
the January event were meant to “better strengthen<br />
socialism, not to destroy it. Anything that there<br />
is to be fixed or changed, we will do it within the<br />
Revolution.” Was he pressured into denying his dissent,<br />
or did he never intend to make such a strong<br />
political statement in the first place<br />
Fidel Castro was 26 years old when he stormed<br />
the Moncada Barracks in Santiago de Cuba back<br />
in 1953, beginning the Cuban Revolution <strong>and</strong><br />
turning himself into one <strong>of</strong> the most divisive<br />
figures in recent history. The Cuban Revolution<br />
had its base among students <strong>and</strong> youth, <strong>and</strong><br />
the University <strong>of</strong> Havana had long been a focal<br />
point <strong>of</strong> the resistance against dictators Gerardo<br />
Machado <strong>and</strong> Fulgencio Batista during the first<br />
half <strong>of</strong> the 20th century. Castro himself graduated<br />
from the University <strong>of</strong> Havana in 1950 with a<br />
degree in law, <strong>and</strong> his portrait lords over the lobby<br />
<strong>of</strong> the school, above a stately marble staircase<br />
that leads to dingy classrooms with small wooden<br />
desks <strong>and</strong> slatted windows.<br />
In July 2006, Fidel Castro shocked the world<br />
by ceding power to his brother Raúl <strong>and</strong> disappearing<br />
from the public eye. As months passed,<br />
it became clear that Fidel, nearly killed by what<br />
appears to be a disease <strong>of</strong> the digestive tract,<br />
would not return to power. His brother Raúl Castro<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficially became his successor as president <strong>of</strong><br />
Cuba in February 2008. A political <strong>and</strong> economic<br />
transition is slowly gaining ground in Cuba, but<br />
for now, change continues to come from the top.<br />
While history suggests that the next wave <strong>of</strong> revolution<br />
will be found in youth movements, the reality<br />
is far more complex. In today’s Cuba, the word<br />
“revolution” has all but lost its original meaning.<br />
It comes with a capital R now. “Revolution” is a<br />
lot <strong>of</strong> things—not the least <strong>of</strong> which is Fidel—<strong>and</strong><br />
it certainly doesn’t mean change.<br />
Marisely Fraga, an economist in her early 30s<br />
living in Havana, is a self-described Communist<br />
<strong>and</strong> Fidelista. After graduating from the University<br />
<strong>of</strong> Havana, she worked as an economics teacher<br />
but soon became disillusioned with the lack <strong>of</strong><br />
space for progressive political dialogue in her<br />
school. “You become afraid <strong>of</strong> the person who is<br />
at your side because you never know who will end<br />
up calling you a counterrevolutionary,” Fraga says.<br />
“But really, who is the counterrevolutionary,<br />
the person who speaks out or the person who<br />
says nothing So finally you realize that you don’t<br />
have a future, <strong>and</strong> in the end I decided to give<br />
up, because I realized that if I am going to live, I<br />
might as well do something that I like. That was<br />
my escape, but the problem is, not everyone is<br />
able to find their escape.”<br />
The Cuban Revolution was built around the<br />
principles <strong>of</strong> collective struggle <strong>and</strong> equality. And<br />
while Fidel Castro still waits for history to absolve<br />
him, a new generation <strong>of</strong> youth has been born <strong>and</strong><br />
educated, trained in the ideals <strong>of</strong> the Revolution<br />
but come <strong>of</strong> age with only the slightest memory<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Soviet Union <strong>and</strong> a time when a new kind<br />
<strong>of</strong> Latin American unity seemed possible. For this<br />
generation, an intimate knowledge <strong>of</strong> need <strong>and</strong><br />
oppression was nurtured under the very Revolution<br />
that was sworn in an ideological battle to defeat<br />
it. The result, say many, is an individualistic generation<br />
that has detached itself from politics.<br />
In Havana Province, 21-year-old Yadira<br />
Hern<strong>and</strong>ez lives on the remittances she receives<br />
from her father in Tampa, Florida. She hopes<br />
eventually to join him in the United States. “Cuban<br />
youth have no future here,” Hern<strong>and</strong>ez says, calling<br />
her generation materialistic. Her friend Josue<br />
joins the conversation. “They have no future,” he<br />
adds, “but they also have no opinion about their<br />
own future. There is no political consciousness.”<br />
While the social <strong>and</strong> political climate in Cuba<br />
today is far different from that <strong>of</strong> nearly 50 years<br />
ago, when a young Fidel Castro overthrew a dictator,<br />
it remains to be seen whether Eliécer Ávila<br />
<strong>and</strong> his peers at the University <strong>of</strong> Havana represent<br />
a burgeoning youth movement in Cuba, <strong>and</strong><br />
if so, if it has the force it needs to survive. Still,<br />
the parallels between the two generations are too<br />
strong to be ignored. As young men <strong>and</strong> women<br />
discuss the possibility <strong>of</strong> a political transition on<br />
the isl<strong>and</strong>, many cite figures from the Revolution<br />
such as Che Guevara, Celia Sanchez, <strong>and</strong> even<br />
Fidel himself as their inspiration for change.<br />
“We are going to grow,” says Reinaldo Perez,<br />
a self-described dissident in his late 20s living in<br />
Havana. “Not as a person, but as an idea. A person<br />
dies but an idea only grows. This is how [Fidel]<br />
got started, <strong>and</strong> he is no better than me. But we<br />
need help . . . we Cubans who live in Cuba cannot<br />
fight alone against an apparatus that is designed to<br />
crush the man who wants to fight for change.”<br />
Rebecca Rouse, MPA ’09, is concentrating in<br />
Advanced Policy <strong>and</strong> Economic Analysis. She is a<br />
program assistant at <strong>Columbia</strong>’s Institute <strong>of</strong> Latin<br />
American Studies <strong>and</strong> attended the University <strong>of</strong><br />
Havana in 2003.<br />
Images that circulated cl<strong>and</strong>estinely on television show the president <strong>of</strong> the Cuban National Assembly Ricardo Alarcón<br />
(left) during a question-<strong>and</strong>-answer session with University <strong>of</strong> Computer Science student Eliécer Ávila (right).<br />
SIPA NEWS 33
INFLATION<br />
A COMEBACK FOR<br />
By Mariano Castillo<br />
The tianguis, or street market, in the working-class Copilco<br />
neighborhood in south Mexico City is abuzz with activity<br />
that appears to stretch endlessly down two thin aisles,<br />
block after block. Everything from shoes to fruits, vegetables <strong>and</strong><br />
meats can be found under the market’s red tents.<br />
But underneath the cacophony <strong>of</strong> vendors loudly advertising<br />
their goods a noticeable grumble persists—voices <strong>of</strong> dissatisfaction<br />
that are growing h<strong>and</strong>-in-h<strong>and</strong> with a sharp increase in the<br />
prices <strong>of</strong> many basic foods. During an extended trip to Mexico<br />
this summer, I saw the debate up close.<br />
“Before, we sold 10 crates <strong>of</strong> apples. Today, we only sell two,”<br />
says Joel Martinez Lopez, a longtime merchant who has seen<br />
his volume <strong>of</strong> sales reduced by half. In the past six months, the<br />
price <strong>of</strong> a crate <strong>of</strong> apples doubled from about 200 pesos to 400<br />
pesos (roughly from $20 to $40). Prices for staple foods such as<br />
corn <strong>and</strong> beans also have dramatically increased. By how much<br />
depends on whom you ask—the government or the producers.<br />
34 SIPA NEWS
SIPA NEWS 35
Top <strong>and</strong> center: A street market in the Copilco<br />
neighborhood <strong>of</strong> Mexico City<br />
Bottom: Demonstrators <strong>and</strong> members <strong>of</strong> social<br />
organizations protest against the price increase<br />
<strong>of</strong> staple food, including milk, eggs, <strong>and</strong> corn<br />
tortillas, at the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Finance.<br />
36 SIPA NEWS
Everyone’s affected, but it is Mexico’s poorest<br />
who find themselves forced to change their spending<br />
<strong>and</strong> eating habits. At the market, I stop to<br />
speak with Maria Elisa Jimenez Magos, who complains<br />
that she can no longer buy food in bulk,<br />
even for the week. She purchases what she can,<br />
when she can.<br />
The rising food prices in Mexico are just one<br />
scene from a drama that is unfolding around the<br />
globe, what Newsweek has called an “inflation<br />
explosion.” Half <strong>of</strong> the world currently is living<br />
with double-digit inflation. In the face <strong>of</strong> this<br />
global challenge, the Latin American case merits<br />
special attention.<br />
With few exceptions, it was only as recently<br />
as 15 years ago that the region tamed its<br />
infamously high inflation. After several failed<br />
attempts, prices finally stabilized after the region<br />
adopted market-oriented economic policies (no<br />
easy political task) <strong>and</strong> began the practice <strong>of</strong> setting<br />
inflation targets.<br />
The current global inflation is a real test for<br />
many Latin American governments. These governments<br />
are debating their responses to the rising<br />
prices, especially for food, <strong>and</strong> finding that there<br />
are no easy answers.<br />
A REGION-WIDE PHENOMENON<br />
Overall, market reforms have created a cycle<br />
<strong>of</strong> growth in Latin America reaching its fifth<br />
year, though critics give the credit to what had<br />
been—until this fall—a rosy global economic<br />
outlook. Still, the specter <strong>of</strong> inflation, always a<br />
risk when economies are overheated, hovers over<br />
the region.<br />
The rising prices caught some countries like<br />
Peru by surprise. “What began as a food inflation<br />
shock is threatening to become widespread inflation,<br />
driven by domestic dem<strong>and</strong> growing well<br />
above potential GDP growth, as well as wage pressures,”<br />
according to a report released by financial<br />
services provider Morgan Stanley.<br />
The regional average inflation rose to 7.5 percent<br />
in April, from 5.2 percent a year before. In<br />
recent months, Chile, Colombia, Peru, <strong>and</strong> Mexico<br />
have experienced levels <strong>of</strong> inflation above their<br />
inflation targets. In Venezuela, inflation is in the<br />
double digits.<br />
Worries are exacerbated because some<br />
countries are inaccurately reporting their inflation<br />
rates. Most observers, for instance, place<br />
Argentina’s true inflation rate at twice the <strong>of</strong>ficially<br />
reported rate <strong>of</strong> nearly 9 percent. During<br />
the summer, these inflation worries were on the<br />
forefront <strong>of</strong> public debate, not to mention making<br />
headlines in international media outlets.<br />
The central banks aren’t st<strong>and</strong>ing by idly. In<br />
Mexico, Chile, Colombia, <strong>and</strong> Peru they responded<br />
by raising interest rates. These orthodox methods<br />
<strong>of</strong> curbing inflation seem satisfactory, <strong>and</strong> forecasts<br />
for 2009 predict that inflation will decrease<br />
from current levels in most countries.<br />
Nonetheless, the managing director <strong>of</strong> the<br />
<strong>International</strong> Monetary Fund (IMF), Dominique<br />
Strauss-Kahn, spoke over the summer about the<br />
risks the region faces if it succumbs to the temptation<br />
<strong>of</strong> returning to the old ways <strong>of</strong> fighting<br />
rising prices—things like printing more money<br />
to raise wages, or widespread subsidies to<br />
various sectors.<br />
“Latin America has built greater credibility<br />
over the last decade in its economic policy, <strong>and</strong><br />
this credibility is going to be tested now as inflation<br />
rates have risen everywhere,” Strauss-Kahn<br />
said in a June press conference.<br />
A CLOSER LOOK<br />
If countries are following the recommended<br />
reform policies, why is there an underlying tension<br />
In other words, why the need for a warning<br />
from the IMF<br />
In Mexico, it starts in the street market.<br />
Consumers like Patricia Illesks complain that the<br />
government is underplaying the severity <strong>of</strong> the<br />
high prices.<br />
“I was buying good quality cooking oil for 22<br />
[pesos]. Now the good oil is at 40, so I buy one<br />
bottle <strong>and</strong> I buy a little less cheese, I buy less<br />
ham,” she says. “The government needs to stop<br />
promising <strong>and</strong> do something.”<br />
The effects <strong>of</strong> higher food prices are hurting<br />
the poorest citizens, <strong>and</strong> political pressure<br />
to act resulted in a number <strong>of</strong> policies reminiscent<br />
<strong>of</strong> the old days. In Mexico, the government<br />
implemented price freezes on about 150 foods.<br />
It increased subsidies to certain agricultural<br />
producers, as well as to welfare programs. And,<br />
among other steps, it created tariff-free import<br />
quotas on key grains to avoid shortages. The first<br />
two responses are the type that the IMF warns<br />
about. People on the street, however, told me they<br />
wanted more help.<br />
Felipe Torres Torres, an economic researcher<br />
at the National Autonomous University <strong>of</strong> Mexico<br />
(UNAM), agrees that the state needs to do more.<br />
I met him at his <strong>of</strong>fice at the expansive UNAM<br />
campus at the end <strong>of</strong> the summer.<br />
The scope <strong>of</strong> the price freezes is so small that<br />
its effect is minimal, Torres says. The increases in<br />
welfare are far too small to <strong>of</strong>fset the higher food<br />
prices. The pressure to reduce farming subsidies<br />
comes from U.S. interests <strong>and</strong> not their own, says<br />
Torres—a popular sentiment predominant during<br />
the premarket reform period in Latin America.<br />
“Agriculture, by its nature, is a sector that has<br />
to be subsidized,” notes Torres. “And the U.S.<br />
economy subsidizes its farmers more than anyone.”<br />
For now, the region is still enjoying positive growth<br />
<strong>and</strong> the rewards <strong>of</strong> high commodity prices. With a<br />
slowdown looming <strong>and</strong> inflation on the rise in the<br />
short term, how Latin American governments respond<br />
could reopen a debate over economic policies that<br />
was thought to have been resolved in the 1990s.<br />
The timing may prove to be fortuitous. With the<br />
U.S. financial meltdown this fall, the worldwide<br />
economic game has changed. For Latin American<br />
governments, all options are on the table.<br />
Mariano Castillo, MIA ’09, is concentrating in<br />
<strong>International</strong> Media <strong>and</strong> Communications.<br />
SIPA NEWS 37
INSIDE SIPA<br />
After Controversial Expulsions, Evo Morales Defends His Policies By Jamie Holmes<br />
With U.S.-Bolivian relations deteriorating<br />
after the recent expulsions <strong>of</strong> the<br />
U.S. ambassador <strong>and</strong> Drug Enforcement<br />
Agency agents from Bolivia, President Evo Morales<br />
defended his vision <strong>of</strong> democratic growth at the<br />
<strong>Columbia</strong> University World Leaders Forum on November<br />
18. Introducing Morales, University President<br />
Lee Bollinger emphasized the importance <strong>of</strong><br />
allowing students <strong>and</strong> citizens to “make up their<br />
own minds about controversial issues.”<br />
In September, Bolivia expelled U.S. ambassador<br />
Philip Goldberg, accusing him <strong>of</strong> involvement<br />
with political agitators. Before a packed<br />
Low Library audience, Morales recalled an earlier<br />
conversation he had with the ambassador.<br />
“The only thing I’m asking is respect. You are<br />
an ambassador, do your work as ambassador,”<br />
Morales said he told Goldberg. “But you cannot<br />
get involved in my internal political issues.”<br />
Morales added that he was unhappy with the<br />
current tensions. “I want to improve our relations<br />
[with the United States],” he added.<br />
Morales’s appearance was his second at <strong>Columbia</strong><br />
since becoming Bolivia’s first indigenous<br />
president. His first visit was in September 2006.<br />
In 2005, his platform advocating indigenous<br />
rights, agrarian reform, <strong>and</strong> higher taxes on natural<br />
gas exports won him an historic 54 percent <strong>of</strong> the<br />
vote. This time, bolstered by winning 67 percent<br />
approval in August in a national referendum on<br />
his administration, Morales spoke confidently <strong>and</strong><br />
hopefully about his life, capitalism, equality in<br />
Bolivia, <strong>and</strong> his aspirations for a new constitution.<br />
“Little by little, thanks to social struggles,<br />
things change,” he said.<br />
The son <strong>of</strong> a coca farmer, Morales worked as a<br />
llama shepherd, baker, <strong>and</strong> bricklayer before rising<br />
to power through the coca growers’ movement <strong>and</strong>,<br />
later, his political party MAS (Movement toward Socialism).<br />
His focus on equal rights is longst<strong>and</strong>ing.<br />
His mother, who was illiterate, was barred in her<br />
youth from walking in a local town’s main square.<br />
“You know, dear students, that I come from<br />
the most hated sector <strong>of</strong> society,” Morales said,<br />
describing the prejudices that his indigenous<br />
mother faced.<br />
The increasing audacity <strong>of</strong> his opponents has<br />
added to the Morales government’s problems. In<br />
the indigenous highl<strong>and</strong>s, Morales is popular, but<br />
he faces serious opposition in the more prosperous<br />
lowl<strong>and</strong>s in eastern Bolivia, where opponents<br />
recently resorted to bombing one <strong>of</strong> Bolivia’s main<br />
natural gas pipelines, disrupting exports to Brazil.<br />
His international critics—in the United States <strong>and</strong><br />
elsewhere—are vocal, <strong>and</strong> the global economic crisis<br />
now threatens to put new pressure on the Bolivian<br />
economy. Opponents claim that his redistributionist<br />
policies are harmful, that his nationalization <strong>of</strong> the<br />
hydrocarbon industry—including oil <strong>and</strong> gas—has<br />
abjectly failed, <strong>and</strong> that his policies resemble those<br />
<strong>of</strong> Fidel Castro, Hugo Chavez, <strong>and</strong> Rafael Correa.<br />
At <strong>Columbia</strong>, Morales defended nationalizing<br />
the hydrocarbon industry, pointing to Bolivia’s<br />
budgetary turnaround in 2006 from fiscal deficit<br />
to surplus. According to his administration, Bolivia<br />
increased its revenues in the industry from $300<br />
million in 2005 to $2 billion in 2007. In Latin<br />
America, he added, anti-capitalism sentiment is<br />
on the rise.<br />
“In Bolivia we believe that basic services are<br />
a human right,” he said, arguing that privatization<br />
can be pr<strong>of</strong>oundly immoral. “Our forefathers<br />
never thought about Bolivia. They only wanted<br />
people’s votes. They wanted the palace, just to<br />
plunder from the palace . . . this is our experience<br />
as Bolivians.”<br />
Politics should be “the science <strong>of</strong> being able to<br />
serve people,” he added.<br />
One <strong>of</strong> Morales’s top priorities is the ratification<br />
<strong>of</strong> the newly drafted constitution. Holding<br />
up a small white-bound draft, Morales spoke<br />
passionately about his hopes that the constitution<br />
become law. Slated for a national vote on January<br />
25, 2009, the draft stipulates that there be no<br />
foreign military bases in Bolivia. It would also give<br />
Bolivia’s indigenous population greater control over<br />
traditional l<strong>and</strong>s. Bolivia has had 18 constitutions<br />
since the republic was established in 1825.<br />
Still, Morales acknowledged the strength <strong>of</strong> his<br />
political rivals <strong>and</strong> the struggles ahead.<br />
“There’s an opposition that is accusing us <strong>of</strong><br />
everything,” he said. “Of course, we cannot please<br />
everybody. We’re not going to please everybody.<br />
That’s impossible.”<br />
Jamie Holmes, MIA ’09, SIPA News co-editor,<br />
is concentrating in Economic <strong>and</strong> Political<br />
Development.<br />
38 SIPA NEWS
INSIDE SIPA<br />
Mexico City on the Move By Eamon Kircher-Allen<br />
For Americans, Mexico City has long conjured<br />
up images <strong>of</strong> sprawl, traffic, <strong>and</strong> isolated,<br />
poverty-stricken neighborhoods.<br />
But if Mayor Marcelo Ebrard has his way, that<br />
picture could soon change to one <strong>of</strong> a wealthy city<br />
with a thriving technology sector, beautiful public<br />
spaces, <strong>and</strong> cutting-edge urban planning.<br />
Ebrard, who has been mayor since 2006,<br />
spoke at <strong>Columbia</strong> on November 17 to outline<br />
his vision for transforming Mexico’s capital into a<br />
“city for the 21st century.” The event, sponsored<br />
by SIPA, the Institute <strong>of</strong> Latin American Studies,<br />
<strong>and</strong> the Urban Policy concentration, was the first<br />
lecture in the SIPA Mayors’ Speakers Series.<br />
Ebrard’s talk revealed a civic leader eager to<br />
learn from the experiences <strong>of</strong> world-class cities<br />
but determined to create policies tailor-made to<br />
Mexico City’s unique circumstances.<br />
“What we are essentially trying to do is change the<br />
way we see the future <strong>of</strong> our city,” the mayor said.<br />
In Ebrard’s ideal future, the city <strong>of</strong> nearly 9<br />
million—there are more than 19 million in the<br />
greater metropolitan area, making it one <strong>of</strong> the<br />
largest cities on earth—will be economically vigorous<br />
<strong>and</strong> eminently livable.<br />
The economic vitality shouldn’t be difficult.<br />
Even accounting for its poorer districts, Mexico<br />
City has immense aggregate wealth—its gross domestic<br />
product <strong>of</strong> more than $300 billion in 2005<br />
made it the eighth-richest city in the world. But<br />
Ebrard said that much work is needed to ensure<br />
that the city remains a leader.<br />
“In Mexico, we are discussing oil, but what<br />
about science <strong>and</strong> technology” Ebrard asked,<br />
adding that he is pursuing partnerships with<br />
universities in Mexico <strong>and</strong> abroad to elevate the<br />
research sector in his city.<br />
He also criticized the focus <strong>of</strong> the international<br />
dialogue on Mexico’s economy, <strong>of</strong> which the capital’s<br />
output is a major component. <strong>International</strong><br />
trade policies had not helped Mexico rebound out<br />
<strong>of</strong> the “lost decade” <strong>of</strong> the 1980s, he noted.<br />
“We were told that the recipe <strong>of</strong> the Washington<br />
Consensus would end the economic crisis [<strong>of</strong><br />
the 1980s] for good,” he said. “But we soon found<br />
out that we were in Disneyl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> it was only a<br />
fairytale.”<br />
“We need real changes in our relationship with<br />
the U.S.,” he added. “There need to be discussions<br />
about Mexico that are not just about immigration<br />
<strong>and</strong> narcotics . . . We need to work more<br />
closely together.”<br />
The deeper challenge for Ebrard—but one for<br />
which people are praising him, for attacking head<br />
on—is solving Mexico City’s social issues. Chief<br />
among them, Ebrard said, is the fact that rich <strong>and</strong><br />
poor residents rarely mingle—their neighborhoods<br />
are far apart, <strong>and</strong> there are few public spaces that<br />
encourage face-to-face interactions.<br />
“We are 9 million people, but we are lonely<br />
as never before,” he said. “Nobody talks to their<br />
neighbor.”<br />
Ebrard hopes to change that with initiatives<br />
like the temporary ice skating rink he built last<br />
year in Zócalo, the enormous main plaza <strong>of</strong> Mexico<br />
City. It is the world’s biggest ice-skating rink, <strong>and</strong><br />
hundreds <strong>of</strong> thous<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> people visited it during<br />
the winter <strong>of</strong> 2007. The rink—<strong>and</strong> other initiatives<br />
like street closures for bicycles—are supposed to<br />
bring people <strong>of</strong> all social classes together <strong>and</strong> create<br />
a more durable civic spirit.<br />
Underlying Mexico City’s class divide are<br />
deeper issues that Ebrard said must be addressed<br />
with equal vigor, including a disproportionate number<br />
<strong>of</strong> youths in jails <strong>and</strong> a high school graduation<br />
rate that needs improvement.<br />
Even for those who don’t see eye-to-eye<br />
politically with the left-leaning Ebrard, his visit to<br />
<strong>Columbia</strong> seemed to make a positive impression.<br />
“I didn’t vote for him, <strong>and</strong> many <strong>of</strong> us don’t<br />
like his policies,” said Marco Frias, a Master <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Public</strong> <strong>Affairs</strong> c<strong>and</strong>idate <strong>and</strong> one <strong>of</strong> several Mexican<br />
students from SIPA who had the chance to<br />
meet Ebrard after the mayor’s talk. “But we should<br />
recognize his willingness to st<strong>and</strong> in front <strong>of</strong> an<br />
auditorium full <strong>of</strong> students <strong>and</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>essors <strong>and</strong><br />
answer difficult questions.”<br />
Frias, who is a member <strong>of</strong> Iniciativa Mexicana,<br />
a Mexican students’ organization, even may have<br />
been won over on some <strong>of</strong> Ebrard’s plans.<br />
“To be honest, the [integration plan] is one<br />
<strong>of</strong> the best programs his government is trying to<br />
implement,” he said. “<strong>Public</strong> spaces in Mexico<br />
City have been lost, <strong>and</strong> it’s important for any<br />
society to recover these.”<br />
“So far, it seems like a good idea.”<br />
The video <strong>of</strong> Mayor Ebrard’s talk can be<br />
viewed online at sipa.columbia.edu/multimedia.<br />
SIPA NEWS 39
INSIDE SIPA<br />
The SIPA Alumni Council Sets Priorities for 2008–2009<br />
Dean John H. Coatsworth (center) with SIPA alums at the Americas Society reception.<br />
Launched in the spring <strong>of</strong> 2007, the Alumni<br />
Council is now in its second year <strong>of</strong> operation.<br />
The Council was created with the goals<br />
<strong>of</strong> strengthening the SIPA alumni community<br />
<strong>and</strong> serving in an advisory capacity to the dean<br />
<strong>of</strong> the <strong>School</strong>. Under the leadership <strong>of</strong> Roger<br />
Baumann (MIA ’85), the Council has identified<br />
three areas it will focus on during the 2008–2009<br />
academic year <strong>and</strong> for which it will solicit SIPA<br />
alumni volunteer participation: development/<br />
fund-raising initiatives, communications (including<br />
events planning activities), <strong>and</strong> networking <strong>and</strong><br />
mentoring. The Alumni Relations Office, working<br />
with the Council <strong>and</strong> the Office <strong>of</strong> Career Services,<br />
is also exploring career mentoring initiatives to address<br />
the economic implications <strong>of</strong> the tough job<br />
market on SIPA’s mid-career alumni pr<strong>of</strong>essionals.<br />
Please stay tuned for SIPA alumni broadcast<br />
e-mails as specific events <strong>and</strong> volunteer opportunities<br />
for alumni are confirmed or e-mail sipaalum@<br />
columbia.edu for more details.<br />
The Alumni Council events calendar is also well<br />
under way. On October 14, 2008, the Council held<br />
40 SIPA NEWS<br />
a Welcome Reception at the Americas Society in<br />
New York for SIPA dean John H. Coatsworth. More<br />
than 200 SIPA alumni, spanning 54 graduation<br />
years, were in attendance to hear Dean Coatsworth<br />
speak <strong>and</strong> take the opportunity to catch up with<br />
former classmates. On April 25, 2009, the Council,<br />
working with SIPA’s Office <strong>of</strong> Alumni Relations, will<br />
launch the first annual SIPA Alumni Day. The event<br />
will build on the momentum <strong>of</strong> the SIPA MPA 30th<br />
Anniversary Alumni Celebration, which was held<br />
last February. As event planning gets under way,<br />
alumni will be encouraged to volunteer.<br />
SIPA Alumni around the World<br />
Are Reconnecting<br />
Whether hearing pr<strong>of</strong>essorial lectures in Panama,<br />
or meeting friends for drinks in Moscow, SIPA<br />
alumni around the world are reconnecting. Below<br />
is a snapshot, which is by no means exhaustive, <strong>of</strong><br />
the various SIPA led initiatives around the globe.<br />
(For a complete list <strong>of</strong> CAA-related activities in<br />
your area, please see: http://alumni.columbia.edu/<br />
connect/s1_1.html).<br />
While spanning the globe, let’s begin in London.<br />
On May 21, SIPA pr<strong>of</strong>essor Robert Lieberman<br />
spoke with CAA London club members on “Race<br />
<strong>and</strong> Politics in the U.S. Presidential Election.” On<br />
September 4, Abyd Karmali, Merrill Lynch’s global<br />
head <strong>of</strong> carbon emissions <strong>and</strong> president <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Carbon Markets <strong>and</strong> Investors Association (CMIA),<br />
spoke to alumni on how carbon emission trading<br />
has become the preferred policy tool in the EU,<br />
Australia, <strong>and</strong> New Zeal<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> also with both U.S.<br />
presidential c<strong>and</strong>idates. Taking the Eurostar from<br />
St. Pancras Station, we head to the City <strong>of</strong> Lights,<br />
Paris, where the CAA Club, under the leadership<br />
<strong>of</strong> Julien Regnault (MIA ’01), has been extremely<br />
busy. Some recent club activities included a lecture<br />
by SIPA pr<strong>of</strong>essor Arvind Panagariya on the Indian<br />
economy (April 17), a Cinco de Mayo Fiesta (May<br />
5), a special Cannes Happy Hour (May 17), a performance<br />
<strong>of</strong> Porgy <strong>and</strong> Bess at the Opéra-Comique<br />
(June 4), <strong>and</strong> a CAA Happy Heure (June 24). Flying<br />
over to Eastern Europe, we l<strong>and</strong> in Prague, where<br />
SIPA alumnus Captain Jeffrey Holachek (MIA ’93)<br />
<strong>and</strong> his wife Nina graciously hosted SIPA <strong>and</strong> CU
INSIDE SIPA<br />
alumni in their home on July 17, for an evening <strong>of</strong><br />
mingling with distinguished guests from the Czech<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Foreign <strong>Affairs</strong> <strong>and</strong> Ministry <strong>of</strong> Defense.<br />
Moving further east to Moscow, SIPA alumna Eun<br />
Joo Allison (MIA ’03), working with the <strong>Columbia</strong><br />
University Club <strong>of</strong> Moscow, held an alumni summer<br />
picnic on July 27. We leave Europe for the Middle<br />
East, where on June 19, U.S. ambassador Richard<br />
Jones spoke on “Progress <strong>of</strong> the Peace Process<br />
in Israel” with CAA Club members in Tel Aviv.<br />
<strong>Columbia</strong> Provost Alan Brinkley was in attendance<br />
as well. Turning back to the Western hemisphere<br />
<strong>and</strong> to warmer climates, we l<strong>and</strong> in Panama, where<br />
on October 14, Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Guillermo Calvo, director<br />
<strong>of</strong> the SIPA mid-career Program in Economic Policy<br />
Management, lunched with <strong>and</strong> lectured CU alumni<br />
on the current financial crisis <strong>and</strong> its effects on<br />
emerging markets.<br />
If all this traveling has made you homesick,<br />
let’s head back to the U.S. to the nation’s capital.<br />
SIPA Washington, D.C., alumni <strong>and</strong> their families<br />
explored the White House through a self-guided<br />
tour on August 16. Alumni also networked with<br />
classmates at the SIPA Alumni Happy Hour at<br />
Café Asia (September 17) <strong>and</strong> participated in a<br />
CIA recruiting event targeted specifically to SIPA<br />
mid-level pr<strong>of</strong>essionals (September 18).<br />
Finally, we return home to our hub, New York<br />
City, where alumni attended a variety <strong>of</strong> events this<br />
summer <strong>and</strong> fall. Some <strong>of</strong> these included Happy<br />
Hour networking events (June 5 <strong>and</strong> September<br />
10), an <strong>International</strong> Security Policy (ISP) Network<br />
Dinner (June 23) on “The Race to the White House:<br />
Campaign Politics <strong>and</strong> Foreign Policy,” a CIA<br />
National Cl<strong>and</strong>estine Recruiting Session for alumni<br />
on July 23, a Welcome Reception for John H.<br />
Coatsworth at the Americas Society (October 14),<br />
<strong>and</strong> a SIPA Policy Forum sponsored by Dr. Susan A.<br />
Gitelson (MIA ’66), on November 6, with Pr<strong>of</strong>essor<br />
Shang-Jin Wei, on “China’s Sex Ratio Imbalance<br />
<strong>and</strong> Its Implications for the Domestic <strong>and</strong> Global<br />
Economies.”<br />
We hope that you have enjoyed this brief whirlwind<br />
tour. Be sure to stay connected with your<br />
former classmates so that you can find out about<br />
all the exciting events that SIPA alumni <strong>and</strong> your<br />
local CAA Clubs are organizing.<br />
Save the Dates<br />
Reconnect with Fellow Alums<br />
Thursday, April 23, 2009<br />
NINTH ANNUAL GLOBAL LEADERSHIP<br />
AWARDS DINNER<br />
Honoring<br />
Arminio Fraga<br />
Former President, Central Bank <strong>of</strong> Brazil<br />
M<strong>and</strong>arin Oriental, New York<br />
<strong>and</strong><br />
Saturday, April 25, 2009<br />
SIPA ALUMNI DAY<br />
Come <strong>and</strong> Join Fellow Classmates for<br />
This Annual Event<br />
on the <strong>Columbia</strong> University Campus<br />
More information on both events will be available at<br />
www.sipa.columbia.edu<br />
SIPA NEWS 41
INSIDE SIPA<br />
New Fellowship Program for New York City Employees<br />
The City <strong>of</strong> New York employs more than<br />
300,000 people across dozens <strong>of</strong> sectors—<br />
education, law enforcement, urban planning,<br />
transportation, environmental policy, public health,<br />
social services, <strong>and</strong> many more. In today’s rapidly<br />
changing world, pr<strong>of</strong>essionals in these publicsector<br />
fields must be lifelong learners, acquiring<br />
skills <strong>and</strong> broadening their horizons throughout<br />
their careers.<br />
Beginning in the fall <strong>of</strong> 2009 <strong>Columbia</strong><br />
University’s <strong>School</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>International</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Public</strong> <strong>Affairs</strong><br />
(SIPA) will <strong>of</strong>fer employees <strong>of</strong> New York City<br />
exp<strong>and</strong>ed opportunities to pursue its Executive<br />
Master <strong>of</strong> <strong>Public</strong> Administration (EMPA) degree.<br />
The new fellowship program generously created<br />
by the Branta Foundation serves as a living legacy to<br />
former SIPA dean Harvey Picker. It provides fellowship<br />
support to a small number <strong>of</strong> the most competitive<br />
<strong>and</strong> promising applicants from among the city’s<br />
vast pool <strong>of</strong> talent. Fellowships will range from partial<br />
to full support, depending on the number <strong>of</strong> applicants<br />
admitted to the fellowship program.<br />
“The new fellowship program will strengthen<br />
the long-st<strong>and</strong>ing bonds between SIPA <strong>and</strong> the<br />
City <strong>of</strong> New York <strong>and</strong> further develop the capacity<br />
<strong>of</strong> city government employees to design <strong>and</strong><br />
implement superior public policies,” said Arvid<br />
Lukauskas, director <strong>of</strong> the <strong>International</strong> Economic<br />
Policy <strong>and</strong> Management concentration at SIPA’s<br />
Picker Center for Executive Education.<br />
The EMPA program trains pr<strong>of</strong>essionals to be<br />
competent <strong>and</strong> sophisticated public managers by<br />
incorporating into the curriculum broad questions<br />
<strong>of</strong> public affairs along with specific analytic,<br />
managerial, <strong>and</strong> communication skills. Its rigorous<br />
curriculum <strong>and</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s-on approach to policy <strong>and</strong><br />
management problem solving will be <strong>of</strong> great use<br />
to New York City government employees, especially<br />
those who work closely with nonpr<strong>of</strong>it groups or<br />
the private sector. And, in turn, Lukauskas adds,<br />
“the fellowship program creates an avenue for<br />
SIPA students to interact with <strong>and</strong> learn from the<br />
most talented <strong>and</strong> experienced city <strong>of</strong>ficials.”<br />
For more information, contact the EMPA Office:<br />
212-854-5124 or empa@columbia.edu.<br />
Brazilian Philanthropist Donates $3 Million for Student Exchanges<br />
A<br />
Brazilian entrepreneur has pledged $3<br />
million to <strong>Columbia</strong> University’s <strong>School</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>International</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Public</strong> <strong>Affairs</strong> to facilitate<br />
student exchanges. The gift will be used to establish<br />
the Jorge Paulo Lemann Fund at SIPA <strong>and</strong><br />
will provide fellowships <strong>and</strong> grants for Brazilian<br />
students to study at SIPA <strong>and</strong> for SIPA students to<br />
study in Brazil.<br />
Jorge Paulo Lemann was ranked among the<br />
200 wealthiest men in the world by Forbes magazine.<br />
Born in Brazil, he received his bachelor’s<br />
degree from Harvard University in 1961 <strong>and</strong> his<br />
MBA from that institution. In 1971, Lemann <strong>and</strong><br />
three partners founded the Brazilian investment<br />
banking firm Banco Garantia, which grew into one<br />
<strong>of</strong> Brazil’s most prestigious <strong>and</strong> innovative investment<br />
banks.<br />
Lemann <strong>and</strong> his partners later purchased control<br />
<strong>of</strong> a Brazilian brewery that merged with Interbrew <strong>of</strong><br />
Belgium in 2004. The new company, InBev, is now<br />
one <strong>of</strong> the world’s largest beverage producers. In<br />
November 2008, shareholders <strong>of</strong> Anheuser-Busch,<br />
the makers <strong>of</strong> Budweiser <strong>and</strong> other many beverages,<br />
approved a $52 billion sale to InBev, which will create<br />
the world’s largest brewer.<br />
The new exchange program complements<br />
SIPA’s existing strengths in the research, teaching,<br />
<strong>and</strong> discussion <strong>of</strong> Latin America. The Institute <strong>of</strong><br />
Latin American Studies (ILAS) is one <strong>of</strong> the nation’s<br />
foremost centers in the field. Within ILAS,<br />
the Center for Brazilian Studies serves as a key focal<br />
point for students <strong>and</strong> faculty with an interest<br />
in Brazil. Established in 2001, the Center <strong>of</strong>fers<br />
scholars a place to pursue their research on Brazil<br />
<strong>and</strong> provides a regular forum for lectures <strong>and</strong> conferences<br />
by visiting Brazilian government <strong>of</strong>ficials,<br />
business leaders, politicians, <strong>and</strong> representatives<br />
<strong>of</strong> civil society.<br />
Julius G. Blocker, MIA ’56, Donates $3.5 Million for Exchange Program<br />
SIPA is pleased to announce the Julius Blocker<br />
Scholars Fellowship Program. Through a $3.5<br />
million bequest from the estate <strong>of</strong> alumnus Julius<br />
G. Blocker, MIA ’56, SIPA will endow a program<br />
to “fund <strong>and</strong> foster an international student exchange<br />
program between SIPA <strong>and</strong> a German university.”<br />
Mr. Blocker was a Fulbright scholar in West<br />
Berlin while he was at <strong>Columbia</strong> University. Of the<br />
Fulbright experience, Mr. Blocker stated that “it<br />
was one <strong>of</strong> the best years <strong>of</strong> my life.” He strongly<br />
valued the experience <strong>and</strong> the opportunity to immerse<br />
himself fully in the language <strong>and</strong> culture<br />
<strong>of</strong> Germany <strong>and</strong> Berlin. His gift to SIPA will allow<br />
students to have the same opportunities that he<br />
had studying abroad.<br />
As part <strong>of</strong> the Global <strong>Public</strong> Policy Network<br />
(GPPN), SIPA has a partnership with the Hertie<br />
<strong>School</strong> <strong>of</strong> Governance in Berlin <strong>and</strong> will implement<br />
the Blocker Scholars program in the next<br />
academic year.<br />
This scholarship will cover the cost <strong>of</strong> tuition,<br />
transportation, room, board, health insurance, <strong>and</strong><br />
living expenses. Students will be selected in a<br />
publicly announced competition.<br />
Mr. Blocker divided his estate between his<br />
undergraduate school, Hobart <strong>and</strong> William Smith<br />
College, <strong>and</strong> SIPA. The <strong>School</strong> is truly grateful for<br />
this transformational gift.<br />
42 SIPA NEWS
CLASS NOTES SIPA<br />
Class Notes Compiled by Tania Tanvir<br />
In Memoriam<br />
Arthur R. Dornheim, Foreign Service Officer<br />
Arthur Rieper Dornheim, MIA ’48, a Foreign Service <strong>of</strong>ficer who retired in 1977 <strong>and</strong> spent 11 years<br />
as an executive <strong>of</strong> the Japan-America Society <strong>of</strong> Washington, died <strong>of</strong> pneumonia at the age <strong>of</strong> 87 on<br />
June 23 at Suburban Hospital, in Bethesda, Maryl<strong>and</strong>. Mr. Dornheim joined the State Department<br />
in 1949 <strong>and</strong> became a Foreign Service economics <strong>of</strong>ficer. His assignments included Hong Kong,<br />
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, <strong>and</strong> Taipei, Taiwan. In retirement, he became the first full-time staff member<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Japan-America Society, serving as executive director <strong>and</strong> later as associate director.<br />
Mr. Dornheim was a 1942 graduate <strong>of</strong> Yale University. He attended the Navy’s Japanese<br />
language school during World War II <strong>and</strong> served in the Pacific as a translator <strong>and</strong> escort <strong>of</strong> Japanese<br />
prisoners. After the war, he was involved in the occupation <strong>of</strong> Japan.<br />
Survivors include his wife <strong>of</strong> 55 years, Charleen Egan Dornheim <strong>of</strong> Bethesda, a son, Daniel<br />
Dornheim <strong>of</strong> Los Angeles, <strong>and</strong> a sister.<br />
1952<br />
Christopher (Nikolakopoulos)<br />
Nichols, MIA<br />
After a long career with Esso<br />
(now Exxon) beginning in 1966<br />
in Thessaloniki, Chris has had<br />
the opportunity to work in<br />
various assignments around the<br />
globe. This has included stints<br />
as head <strong>of</strong> the Social <strong>and</strong> Institutional<br />
Division <strong>of</strong> the Greek<br />
Federation <strong>of</strong> Industries. During<br />
this period, he was a member<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Arbitration Court. His<br />
last employment was in human<br />
resources as director <strong>of</strong> Mobil<br />
Oil Hellas, until his retirement<br />
in 1987. Currently a self-employed<br />
business consultant, he<br />
is eager to reconnect <strong>and</strong> reminisce<br />
with former classmates<br />
after all these years. Please feel<br />
free to contact him in Greece<br />
at cnichols@otenet.gr.<br />
1963<br />
Anthony H. Horan, <strong>International</strong><br />
Fellow<br />
Sterling Press <strong>of</strong> Pittsburgh will<br />
be publishing Anthony’s book<br />
in the second half <strong>of</strong> 2009.<br />
The title is The Big Scare: The<br />
Truth Behind Prostate Cancer <strong>and</strong><br />
Big Business. The book is about<br />
the international spread <strong>of</strong><br />
an epidemic <strong>of</strong> overdiagnosis<br />
<strong>and</strong> overtreatment <strong>of</strong> prostate<br />
cancer <strong>and</strong> how the culture determines<br />
the response <strong>of</strong> those<br />
concerned. <strong>Columbia</strong>’s College<br />
<strong>of</strong> Physicians <strong>and</strong> Surgeons is<br />
mentioned.<br />
1967<br />
Loren (Meyer) Stephens,<br />
MIA<br />
Loren Stephens (Alice Stetten<br />
Fellow) is president <strong>of</strong> Write<br />
Wisdom <strong>and</strong> Provenance Press,<br />
which she established to help<br />
her clients write <strong>and</strong> publish<br />
their life stories. Her clients<br />
include a Holocaust survivor,<br />
a lifetime enlisted Air Force<br />
man who served in World War<br />
II <strong>and</strong> Vietnam, a couple who<br />
began their 63-year marriage<br />
on the isl<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Guam, <strong>and</strong> a<br />
nationally recognized nephrologist,<br />
born in Germany, who<br />
lived in Palestine/Israel during<br />
the 1948 Arab-Israeli war.<br />
Loren is also an award-winning<br />
documentary fi lmmaker with<br />
Legacy <strong>of</strong> the Hollywood Blacklist,<br />
Sojourner Truth, <strong>and</strong> the bilingual<br />
Los Pastoresâ to her credits.<br />
Her personal essays have been<br />
published in literary journals<br />
<strong>and</strong> newspapers throughout<br />
the country. She is currently<br />
at work on a biography <strong>of</strong> her<br />
Japanese mother-in-law. You<br />
can reach Loren at loren@<br />
writewisdom.com.<br />
1971<br />
Sharon Epstein, MIA<br />
Sharon has held diverse positions<br />
in sustainable development<br />
with substantial representational,<br />
management, <strong>and</strong> technical<br />
assistance responsibilities. In<br />
1984, Sharon joined the U.S.<br />
Agency for <strong>International</strong> Development<br />
(USAID) as a U.S.<br />
foreign service <strong>of</strong>ficer, specializing<br />
in health <strong>and</strong> population.<br />
As an agency representative,<br />
a long-term resident advisor<br />
or on short-term assignments<br />
<strong>and</strong> consultancies, Sharon has<br />
worked in many countries in<br />
Asia, Africa, Latin America, <strong>and</strong><br />
in Egypt, Turkey, <strong>and</strong> Georgia<br />
(in the Caucasus). Her main<br />
geographical area <strong>of</strong> expertise<br />
is South Asia. She has worked<br />
on numerous occasions in all<br />
the countries in that subregion,<br />
as well as in Southeast Asia<br />
<strong>and</strong> the Pacific. In Africa, she<br />
has worked repeatedly in the<br />
Sudan, Ethiopia, <strong>and</strong> Kenya,<br />
<strong>and</strong> in Tanzania <strong>and</strong> Zambia.<br />
She is currently on assignment<br />
in Haiti.<br />
1977<br />
Gordon Bock, <strong>International</strong><br />
Fellow<br />
Gordon <strong>and</strong> Kathleen Bock are<br />
proud to announce the birth <strong>of</strong><br />
a baby girl, Gabrielle Morrow<br />
Bock. She was born on October<br />
7, 2008, in Northfi eld, Vermont,<br />
<strong>and</strong> weighed 8 pounds,<br />
13.5 ounces. She joins sister<br />
Hadarah, now 7, at the Bock<br />
homestead in Northfi eld.<br />
1978<br />
George Worthington, MIA<br />
George is the new president <strong>of</strong><br />
the MBA Council <strong>of</strong> Houston.<br />
He holds an MIA from SIPA<br />
<strong>and</strong> an EMBA from <strong>Columbia</strong><br />
Business <strong>School</strong> (1993). He<br />
also was a Revson Fellow,<br />
among the University’s most<br />
prestigious intramural fellowships,<br />
from 1990 to 1991. He is<br />
founder, president, <strong>and</strong> owner<br />
<strong>of</strong> Worthington Associates<br />
Worldwide. George’s fi rm<br />
helps organizations effectively<br />
respond to unique challenges<br />
confronting the nonpr<strong>of</strong>i t sector<br />
globally through a variety<br />
<strong>of</strong> services.<br />
1979<br />
Gabriel Plesea, MIA<br />
Gabriel has just published a<br />
novel called Twisted Destinies. The<br />
narrative <strong>of</strong>fers the reader an<br />
insight in the lives <strong>of</strong> post-<br />
Communist era emigrants from<br />
Eastern Europe <strong>and</strong> their efforts<br />
to integrate in the United<br />
States. Gabriel’s latest novel is<br />
now available from any <strong>of</strong> these<br />
online sellers: www.barnesnoble.<br />
com, www.amazon.com, <strong>and</strong><br />
www.iUniverse.com.<br />
Lawrence Weiss, MIA<br />
The board <strong>of</strong> Bank Leumi (UK)<br />
plc has appointed Lawrence<br />
Weiss as CEO. Lawrence is an<br />
American who resides in the<br />
UK. Prior to joining Glencore<br />
in 1990, he served as vice<br />
president at Chase Manhattan<br />
Corporation. Bank Leumi (UK)<br />
is headquartered in London <strong>and</strong><br />
has a branch in Manchester,<br />
<strong>of</strong>fshore subsidiaries Bank<br />
Leumi (Jersey) Ltd. <strong>and</strong> Leumi<br />
Overseas Trust Corporation<br />
Ltd., <strong>and</strong> a Brighton-based subsidiary,<br />
Factoring <strong>and</strong> Invoice<br />
Discounting Ltd. The core<br />
business <strong>of</strong> Bank Leumi (UK)<br />
is the financing <strong>of</strong> international<br />
trade, especially with Israel,<br />
<strong>and</strong> the fi nancing <strong>of</strong> real estate<br />
transactions <strong>and</strong> business activity<br />
in the UK.<br />
1980<br />
David Cooper, MIA<br />
David Cooper <strong>and</strong> Beth<br />
Rosenberg are writing I Am<br />
My Beloved’s: Jewish-American<br />
Couples Talk about Their Marriages,<br />
a collection <strong>of</strong> interviews <strong>and</strong><br />
photographs <strong>of</strong> Jewish-American<br />
couples that explores the<br />
intersection <strong>of</strong> each couple’s<br />
identities as a couple <strong>and</strong> as<br />
Jews <strong>and</strong> refl ects the diversity<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Jewish-American community.<br />
Couples interested in<br />
being interviewed <strong>and</strong> photographed<br />
for the book <strong>and</strong> publishers<br />
interested in publishing<br />
it are welcome to contact them.<br />
Donations <strong>of</strong> sky miles to help<br />
reduce their travel costs will be<br />
gratefully accepted.<br />
David’s eBooks were published<br />
by PulpBits in 2003 (PulpBits<br />
went out <strong>of</strong> business in 2007;<br />
e-mail him for free copies), <strong>and</strong><br />
his poems are anthologized in<br />
XY Files: Poems on the Male Experience<br />
(Sherman Asher Publishing,<br />
1997). His translation <strong>of</strong> Israeli<br />
poet Rachel Eshed’s second<br />
SIPA NEWS 43
CLASS NOTES SIPA<br />
book, Havtachot Ktanot (Little<br />
Promises), is published by<br />
Mayapple Press. You can contact<br />
David at dfc32@<br />
columbia.edu.<br />
1981<br />
Andrew Jampoler, MIA<br />
Andrew C. A. Jampoler’s third<br />
book, The Last Lincoln Conspirator,<br />
John Surratt’s Flight from the<br />
Gallows, will be published in<br />
October 2008. Surratt (whose<br />
mother Mary was hanged in<br />
1865 for her part in John Wilkes<br />
Booth’s conspiracy) fled the<br />
United States after Lincoln’s<br />
assassination. He was caught in<br />
1866 in Alex<strong>and</strong>ria, Egypt, <strong>and</strong><br />
returned to the United States<br />
for trial. Andrew (CC ’62 <strong>and</strong><br />
SIPA ’81) has been writing nonfi<br />
ction since retiring from the<br />
aerospace industry. He <strong>and</strong> his<br />
wife live in Leesburg, Virginia.<br />
1984<br />
Brent Feigenbaum, MIA<br />
Brent was hired as director <strong>and</strong><br />
chief marketing <strong>of</strong>fi cer for the<br />
J. E. Robert Companies (JER).<br />
In this role, he will be responsible<br />
for public relations, advertising,<br />
br<strong>and</strong>ing, <strong>and</strong> marketing<br />
communications for the real<br />
estate investment management<br />
company, bringing greater<br />
consistency <strong>and</strong> awareness to<br />
its global operations.<br />
1985<br />
Walter Judge, MIA<br />
Walter, a 1990 graduate <strong>of</strong><br />
Boston College Law <strong>School</strong>,<br />
was recognized as a Leading<br />
Business Lawyer in the<br />
prestigious Chambers USA<br />
2008 directory. Selections are<br />
based on extensive research,<br />
including peer <strong>and</strong> client evaluations.<br />
Walter joined Downs<br />
Rachlin Martin PLLC (DRM)<br />
in 1992. He focuses his practice<br />
in business <strong>and</strong> commercial<br />
litigation; intellectual property,<br />
Internet <strong>and</strong> technology law,<br />
<strong>and</strong> related insurance coverage<br />
disputes; <strong>and</strong> product liability<br />
disputes. As an adjunct pr<strong>of</strong>essor<br />
at Vermont Law <strong>School</strong>,<br />
Walter teaches the trade secrets<br />
section in an introduction to<br />
the intellectual property law<br />
course. He also serves as an advisory<br />
member <strong>of</strong> the Tri-State<br />
Defense Lawyers Association,<br />
an affi liate organization <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Defense Research Institute.<br />
Walter recently joined the<br />
<strong>International</strong> Association <strong>of</strong><br />
Defense Counsel, whose membership<br />
includes approximately<br />
2,500 invitation-only, peer-reviewed<br />
member attorneys with<br />
advanced skills <strong>and</strong> practice<br />
representing corporations <strong>and</strong><br />
insurers in defense law.<br />
1986<br />
Jay Fridkis, MIA<br />
Jay lives in <strong>Columbia</strong>, Maryl<strong>and</strong>,<br />
<strong>and</strong> works as a business<br />
technology consultant at CentreTEK<br />
Solutions, a diversifi ed<br />
IT company. His duties focus<br />
on performing technology<br />
analysis <strong>and</strong> “due diligence”<br />
functions when a company<br />
is being acquired. He has a<br />
12-year-old daughter.<br />
1987<br />
Suleyman “Sam” Tombul,<br />
MIA<br />
In 1991, a few unremarkable<br />
years after graduation, Sam left<br />
the New Jersey–New York area<br />
<strong>and</strong> moved to Istanbul, Turkey,<br />
where he worked at various<br />
investment banks <strong>and</strong> brokers.<br />
He joined Citibank in 1999 <strong>and</strong><br />
was responsible for marketing<br />
banking <strong>and</strong> investment products<br />
at the Consumer Bank. In<br />
2001, he moved again, this time<br />
to Zurich, Switzerl<strong>and</strong>, with his<br />
wife (Yesim) <strong>and</strong> two boys (Ali,<br />
9, <strong>and</strong> Emir, 8.) After transitioning<br />
into private banking, he<br />
remained at Citibank until moving<br />
onto Clariden Leu in 2004,<br />
where he is currently a senior<br />
vice president covering Eastern<br />
Europe. Sam looks back at his<br />
days at SIPA as some <strong>of</strong> his best<br />
ever. He would be thrilled to<br />
reconnect <strong>and</strong> catch up with<br />
old friends, classmates, <strong>and</strong><br />
other SIPA grads at stonbul@<br />
hispeed.ch.<br />
1988<br />
Andrew H<strong>of</strong>er, MIA<br />
Andrew has recently been<br />
named chairman <strong>of</strong> the<br />
National Board <strong>of</strong> Directors<br />
<strong>of</strong> Recording for the Blind &<br />
Dyslexic (RFB&D). Andrew<br />
states that RFB&D provides<br />
an amazingly effective <strong>and</strong><br />
cost-effi cient service that<br />
helps Americans with visual<br />
impairments <strong>and</strong> learning disabilities<br />
gain equal access <strong>and</strong><br />
opportunity for education<br />
<strong>and</strong> lifelong learning. He was<br />
elected to RFB&D’s National<br />
Board in January 2004 <strong>and</strong><br />
became board chairman in July.<br />
He is also a managing director<br />
at Brown Brothers Harriman &<br />
Co. Investment Management.<br />
Dilip Samarasinghe, MIA<br />
Dilip is director (Media & <strong>Public</strong>ity)<br />
at the Board <strong>of</strong> Investment<br />
<strong>of</strong> Sri Lanka, the department<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Government <strong>of</strong> Sri<br />
Lanka responsible for promoting<br />
foreign direct investment. In this<br />
capacity, Dilip has served as Sri<br />
Lanka’s delegate at international<br />
conferences such as the Sri Lanka<br />
Economic Forum in 2006 <strong>and</strong><br />
2007, the SAARC Summit in<br />
2008, the Partnership Summit<br />
in India in 2007, <strong>and</strong> the<br />
United Nations Conference on<br />
Trade <strong>and</strong> Development’s expert<br />
meeting on the Globalization <strong>of</strong><br />
R&D <strong>and</strong> Developing Countries<br />
in 2005. He is also a visiting<br />
lecturer in international affairs<br />
at the B<strong>and</strong>aranaike Center for<br />
<strong>International</strong> Studies, the premier<br />
think tank in Colombo, where<br />
he teaches a course on current<br />
affairs <strong>and</strong> modern conflicts.<br />
Dilip has authored many articles<br />
on international <strong>and</strong> strategic<br />
issues, notably on foreign direct<br />
investment. Among his recent<br />
44 SIPA NEWS
CLASS NOTES SIPA<br />
published research papers are<br />
“Strategic <strong>and</strong> Political Dimensions<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Geoeconomic World<br />
Order,” “Airpower: Strategic<br />
Implications <strong>of</strong> the Development<br />
<strong>of</strong> Modern Combat Aircraft by<br />
Asian States,” “Foreign Direct<br />
Investment—A New Strategic<br />
Resource for South Asia,” <strong>and</strong><br />
“FDI <strong>and</strong> R&D—Sri Lanka’s<br />
Experience.”<br />
1989<br />
John Turnbull, MIA<br />
John has served as lead editor<br />
for a University <strong>of</strong> Nebraska<br />
Press Anthology <strong>of</strong> World<br />
Soccer literature, The Global<br />
Game: Writers on Soccer. The book<br />
contains 56 entries, with contributions<br />
describing football<br />
cultures in Peru, Greenl<strong>and</strong>,<br />
Kosovo, Burma, <strong>and</strong> in many<br />
other l<strong>and</strong>s.<br />
1990<br />
Christine (Wrona)<br />
Giallongo, MIA<br />
Christine recently accepted a<br />
position at the U.S. Embassy<br />
in Tirana, Albania as Assistant<br />
<strong>Public</strong> <strong>Affairs</strong> Officer. She<br />
previously was employed with<br />
the U.S. Peace Corps as a programming<br />
<strong>and</strong> training <strong>of</strong>ficer.<br />
Christine recently completed<br />
her five-year tour with the Peace<br />
Corps in Albania. She is proud<br />
to have been a part <strong>of</strong> opening<br />
the Albania post <strong>and</strong> establishing<br />
programs <strong>and</strong> systems that<br />
have provided a foundation for<br />
its development. As her husb<strong>and</strong><br />
is a medical <strong>of</strong>ficer with the<br />
State Department, they have<br />
stayed in Albania, with Christine<br />
working at the U.S. Embassy<br />
in Tirana on educational<br />
<strong>and</strong> cultural programs. She had<br />
previously lived in Mumbai,<br />
India, <strong>and</strong> hopes to reconnect to<br />
her roots in the microenterprise<br />
field, while focusing primarily<br />
on raising their two children.<br />
1993<br />
Linda L. Gerlach, MIA<br />
Linda has launched a new<br />
fragrance, LOVE, the Key to Life. She<br />
started her career at a major commodities<br />
trading house <strong>and</strong> then<br />
moved on to Wall Street. In 1990,<br />
she founded the international<br />
executive search firm Gerlach<br />
Executive Search, focusing on the<br />
fixed income markets. From an<br />
early age, Linda has had a keen<br />
interest in the arts. In addition<br />
to her degrees from SIPA <strong>and</strong><br />
Thunderbird, she has studied at<br />
New York’s Art Students League,<br />
the <strong>School</strong> <strong>of</strong> Visual Arts, the<br />
Fashion Institute <strong>of</strong> Technology,<br />
The National Academy <strong>of</strong> Design<br />
<strong>School</strong> <strong>of</strong> Fine Arts, <strong>and</strong> the <strong>International</strong><br />
Center <strong>of</strong> Photography.<br />
Linda plans to donate 10 percent<br />
<strong>of</strong> all SIPA alumni purchases to<br />
the SIPA Annual Fund. For more<br />
information, please visit her Web<br />
site at www.lovethekeytolife.com.<br />
(Note: Please make sure to specify<br />
SIPA alumnus when purchasing).<br />
1994<br />
Steve Fainaru, MIA<br />
Steve won a Pulitzer Prize in<br />
2008 for his work as a reporter<br />
for The Washington Post. His<br />
newest book, Big Boy Rules:<br />
America’s Mercenaries Fighting in<br />
Iraq, was published by Da Capo<br />
Press on November 17 (see:<br />
www.bigboyrules.com). It grew<br />
out <strong>of</strong> the reporting project<br />
that won him the Pulitzer Prize<br />
in <strong>International</strong> Reporting<br />
for his writing on the role <strong>of</strong><br />
private armies in the Iraq War.<br />
The book traces the culture <strong>of</strong><br />
tens <strong>of</strong> thous<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> private<br />
security contractors operating<br />
in Iraq in support <strong>of</strong> the State<br />
Department <strong>and</strong> the U.S. military<br />
<strong>and</strong> focuses in particular<br />
on fi ve contractors who worked<br />
for a fly-by-night company<br />
called Crescent Security Group<br />
before they were kidnapped<br />
in November 2006 <strong>and</strong> later<br />
killed. Steve covered the war<br />
in Iraq from 2004 to 2007 as<br />
a foreign correspondent for<br />
The Washington Post. In addition<br />
to the 2008 Pulitzer Prize, he<br />
received the Overseas Press<br />
Club’s Hal Boyle Award for<br />
best newspaper or wire-service<br />
reporting from abroad for his<br />
stories on private security contractors.<br />
He was also a Pulitzer<br />
fi nalist in 2006 for his coverage<br />
<strong>of</strong> U.S. troops as the insurgency<br />
in Iraq intensifi ed. Steve<br />
is also the coauthor <strong>of</strong> The Duke<br />
<strong>of</strong> Havana: Baseball, Cuba, <strong>and</strong> the<br />
Search for the American Dream. He<br />
lives in El Cerrito, California.<br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>er Winslow, MPA<br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>er says “hola” to his SIPA<br />
classmates from 1994! He lives<br />
with his wife <strong>and</strong> two young<br />
boys in Berkeley, California.<br />
Cadent, 2.5 years old, started<br />
preschool in the fall, <strong>and</strong> Zachary,<br />
6 months, is eating, growing,<br />
<strong>and</strong> smiling. Mom <strong>and</strong> Dad are<br />
smiling too, since both boys<br />
finally started sleeping through<br />
the night. Alex<strong>and</strong>er left his most<br />
recent position in February, as<br />
director <strong>of</strong> communications for<br />
an interesting environmental certification<br />
services <strong>and</strong> st<strong>and</strong>ards<br />
development firm, so that he<br />
could be a stay-at-home dad for<br />
a while. He writes that it’s been<br />
terrific, but now it’s time to get<br />
back to his career.<br />
Scott Myers, MIA<br />
Scott, his wife Lily, <strong>and</strong> their<br />
two children, Christian <strong>and</strong><br />
Emily, are living in Dallas,<br />
Texas. Following a career<br />
with Bain & Company, Scott<br />
founded Cogent Partners, a<br />
specialty investment banking<br />
fi rm. If any classmates are traveling<br />
through Dallas, they are<br />
encouraged to contact Steve.<br />
Feel free to e-mail Scott at<br />
scott@cogent-partners.com.<br />
1995<br />
Ellen Psychas, MIA<br />
Ellen married Bing Yee, a<br />
Chinese-American lawyer at<br />
the Department <strong>of</strong> Homel<strong>and</strong><br />
Security, in February. They<br />
renovated a big, gutted row<br />
SIPA NEWS 45
CLASS NOTES SIPA<br />
46 SIPA NEWS<br />
SIPA Video Online<br />
sipa.columbia.edu/multimedia<br />
Are you interested in local <strong>and</strong> global policy<br />
We invite you to view many <strong>of</strong> SIPA’s major events<br />
online at sipa.columbia.edu/multimedia. These<br />
events can also be viewed on iTunes <strong>and</strong> UChannel.<br />
A selection <strong>of</strong> the past year’s events<br />
includes:<br />
Kai-Fu Lee, Vice-president <strong>of</strong> Engineering<br />
at Google, Inc. <strong>and</strong> President <strong>of</strong> Google<br />
Greater China, on “Delighting Chinese<br />
Users: The Google China Experience”<br />
Ester Fuchs <strong>and</strong> Robert Walsh present a<br />
case study on “NYC Workforce<br />
Development”<br />
Jeffrey D. Sachs, director <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Columbia</strong><br />
Earth Institute on ”Global Cooperation<br />
<strong>and</strong> Sustainable Development“<br />
Marcelo Ebrard, Mayor <strong>of</strong> Mexico City,<br />
on “Transforming Mexico City: Creating a<br />
City for the 21st Century,” the first lecture<br />
in the SIPA Mayors’ Speaker Series<br />
New York City Mayor Michael R.<br />
Bloomberg, Manhattan Borough President<br />
Scott M. Stringer <strong>and</strong> others on “The<br />
Politics <strong>of</strong> Food,” a conference focusing<br />
on one <strong>of</strong> New York City’s biggest policy<br />
challenges<br />
Matt Dowd, Rodolfo de la Garza, Stuart<br />
Gottlieb, <strong>and</strong> Frederick Harris on “What’s<br />
Race Got to Do with It: A Discussion <strong>of</strong><br />
the Role <strong>of</strong> Race in the 2008 Presidential<br />
Election”<br />
Joseph Stiglitz, José Antonio Ocampo,<br />
Richard Robb, <strong>and</strong> Christian Deseglise on<br />
“The Crisis in Emerging Markets:<br />
Impacts on Emerging Markets <strong>and</strong><br />
Future Consequences”<br />
Zbigniew Brzezinski on “U.S. Foreign<br />
Policy: Beyond 2008”<br />
Kishore Mahbubani on “The New<br />
Asian Hemisphere”<br />
Gerhard Schröder, former Chancellor <strong>of</strong><br />
Germany, on “Russia <strong>and</strong> the Future <strong>of</strong><br />
European Energy Security”<br />
Jagdish Bhagwati <strong>and</strong> Arvind Panagariya<br />
on “India—An Emerging Giant”<br />
To learn more about SIPA <strong>and</strong> the <strong>School</strong>’s degree programs:<br />
sipa.columbia.edu<br />
house near Stanton Square on<br />
Capitol Hill last year. In the<br />
spring, she plans to defend her<br />
doctoral dissertation in the<br />
Southeast Asia Studies Program<br />
at Johns Hopkins SAIS; the<br />
subject is private sector development<br />
in Timor-Leste. She<br />
would be happy to hear from<br />
SIPA pals coming through DC,<br />
at epsych@hotmail.com.<br />
1996<br />
Magdale (Labbe) Labbe-<br />
Henke, MIA<br />
Magdale is pleased to announce<br />
the opening <strong>of</strong> her immigration<br />
law consulting fi rm,<br />
MLH Consular Consulting, in<br />
Munich, Germany. It provides<br />
individuals <strong>and</strong> small- to<br />
medium-sized companies with<br />
U.S. <strong>and</strong> global immigration<br />
law advice <strong>and</strong> services, as well<br />
as international HR consulting.<br />
The fi rm also works closely<br />
with a worldwide network <strong>of</strong><br />
attorneys <strong>and</strong> with experts in<br />
the United States who provide<br />
global wealth planning <strong>and</strong><br />
tax advice. More information<br />
can be found on its Web site,<br />
www.consular-consulting.com.<br />
Magdale can be reached at<br />
mlhconsular@aol.com.<br />
Thomas D. Zweifel, MIA<br />
Thomas, the Swiss Consulting<br />
Group’s CEO <strong>and</strong> a SIPA<br />
adjunct pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>of</strong> leadership<br />
from 2001 to 2008, has just<br />
published his fifth book: The<br />
Rabbi <strong>and</strong> the CEO: The Ten Comm<strong>and</strong>ments<br />
for 21st Century Leaders<br />
(coauthored with Rabbi Aaron<br />
L. Raskin; SelectBooks, 2008).<br />
An excerpt can be downloaded<br />
at http://www.swissconsultinggroup.com/books.php#rabbi.<br />
1997<br />
Megan McKenna, MIA<br />
Earlier this year, Megan<br />
coauthored a book with a<br />
refugee from Darfur, published<br />
by R<strong>and</strong>om House, called The<br />
Translator. The book is a memoir<br />
<strong>of</strong> the life <strong>of</strong> Daoud Hari,<br />
who translated for journalists<br />
<strong>and</strong> NGOs. Megan has been<br />
working with Doctors without<br />
Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières<br />
since June <strong>and</strong> moved to<br />
Europe in October to continue<br />
with the organization as a<br />
senior communications <strong>of</strong>ficer.<br />
Diana Bruce Oosterveld,<br />
MPA<br />
Diana K. Bruce was recently<br />
named Director <strong>of</strong> Health<br />
<strong>and</strong> Wellness for the District<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>Columbia</strong> <strong>Public</strong> <strong>School</strong>s.<br />
After years <strong>of</strong> advocating for<br />
reproductive health <strong>and</strong> HIV/<br />
AIDS issues at the federal, state<br />
<strong>and</strong> local levels, Diana decided<br />
to commit her health policy<br />
expertise to improving public<br />
schools. She <strong>and</strong> husb<strong>and</strong> Bart<br />
Oosterveld (MPA ’97) are<br />
raising their children Emma (7)<br />
<strong>and</strong> Sebastian (5) in Washington,<br />
DC, where they attend a<br />
Montessori program within a<br />
DC public school. Diana <strong>and</strong><br />
Bart loved returning to SIPA<br />
earlier this year to catch up<br />
with other MPA alums at the<br />
30th Anniversary! Contact Diana<br />
at Diana.Bruce@dc.gov.<br />
1998<br />
Debora Garcia-Orrico,<br />
MIA<br />
After Debora left New York<br />
in 1999, she lived until 2006<br />
in Kosovo, where her life was<br />
not especially conducive to IT<br />
entertainment. Debora went to<br />
Madrid—after a short passage<br />
through Syria—in September<br />
2006. She has since been<br />
completing requirements in a<br />
PhD program on international<br />
security, as well as lecturing<br />
<strong>and</strong> doing consulting. She is<br />
currently involved in a very<br />
interesting project regarding<br />
UNSC resolutions adopted<br />
under Chapter VII. She has also<br />
joined the voluntary reserve in<br />
the Spanish Army. She fi nished
CLASS NOTES SIPA<br />
her basic military training on<br />
October 10, with the ceremonial<br />
oath to the fl ag. After the<br />
specifi c training, which will<br />
fi nish at the end <strong>of</strong> January, she<br />
will be a full-fl edged—though<br />
reservist—member <strong>of</strong> the Spanish<br />
Armed Forces.<br />
1999<br />
Barry Blackmon, MIA<br />
Barry recently accepted a<br />
position at DRS Technologies<br />
located in Alex<strong>and</strong>ria, Virginia,<br />
as vice president <strong>of</strong> business<br />
development. He recently<br />
was employed at the Defense<br />
Threat Reduction Agency as<br />
a Strategic Arms Reduction<br />
Treaty inspection team leader.<br />
Transitioning from the military<br />
to the civilian sector has been<br />
an extremely rewarding experience.<br />
He hopes that you all<br />
have continued success!<br />
Clifford Schecter, MIA<br />
Cliff released his fi rst book, The<br />
Real McCain: Why Conservatives<br />
Don’t Trust Him <strong>and</strong> Why Independents<br />
Shouldn’t, on May 1, 2008.<br />
Due to presales that began on<br />
Amazon.com in early April, the<br />
book shot up to #2 on Amazon’s<br />
political books list <strong>and</strong><br />
#15 on its nonfi ction bestseller<br />
list within a week <strong>of</strong> its release.<br />
Cliff, who was a member <strong>of</strong><br />
the <strong>International</strong> Media <strong>and</strong><br />
Communications concentration<br />
while at SIPA, was also SIPASA<br />
president <strong>and</strong> a columnist<br />
for Communiqué. Since his<br />
graduation, he has worked as a<br />
political writer <strong>and</strong> advisor, <strong>and</strong><br />
currently manages a popular<br />
campaign news site called Cliff<br />
Schecter’s Campaign Silo. He<br />
is also a regular contributor<br />
to The Huffi ngton Post <strong>and</strong><br />
AirAmerica.com. You can buy<br />
Cliff’s book at Amazon.com.<br />
2000<br />
Suzanne Reisman, MPA<br />
Suzanne is excited that her fi rst<br />
book, Off the Beaten (Subway)<br />
Track: New York City’s Best Unusual<br />
Attractions, was released by<br />
Cumberl<strong>and</strong> House Publishing<br />
in July 2008. She got the idea<br />
to write a book about unusual<br />
attractions in New York City<br />
while she was involved with<br />
community development policy<br />
<strong>and</strong> traveling around the fi ve<br />
boroughs to work with community<br />
groups. It seemed like<br />
there was not very much attention<br />
given to smaller sites in the<br />
city, <strong>and</strong> as someone who loved<br />
road trips, Suzanne thought<br />
that encouraging people to take<br />
public transportation to sites<br />
that were <strong>of</strong>f the beaten path<br />
would be good for New York.<br />
In many cases, half the fun <strong>of</strong><br />
visiting the attractions in the<br />
book is meeting the people<br />
who run them. Off the Beaten<br />
(Subway) Track is available at<br />
amazon.com, barnes<strong>and</strong>noble.<br />
com, <strong>and</strong> at bookstores around<br />
the city.<br />
2001<br />
Eva Steinhaus, MIA<br />
Eva recently accepted a position<br />
as principal at the treasury<br />
department <strong>of</strong> the leading international<br />
investment firm Arcapita<br />
Bank, which is headquartered in<br />
Manama, Kingdom <strong>of</strong> Bahrain.<br />
She will be responsible for the<br />
department’s business relationships<br />
<strong>and</strong> transactions with banks<br />
in Asia. Previously, Eva worked<br />
for the German bank WestLB<br />
AG in London, Hong Kong, <strong>and</strong><br />
New York. With the move to<br />
Bahrain she was able to fulfill her<br />
longst<strong>and</strong>ing goal <strong>of</strong> living <strong>and</strong><br />
working in the Middle East <strong>and</strong><br />
therein increasing her knowledge<br />
<strong>of</strong> the region <strong>and</strong> its language.<br />
2002<br />
Keith Allman, MIA<br />
Keith recently launched<br />
Enstruct, a fi nancial modeling<br />
training company that operates<br />
worldwide, particularly in<br />
emerging market countries. He<br />
is also a fi nancial author with<br />
his fi rst book, Modeling Structured<br />
Finance Cash Flows in Excel: A<br />
Step-by-Step Guide, published last<br />
March by Wiley <strong>and</strong> Sons. His<br />
second book, Reverse Engineering<br />
Deals on Wall Street: A Step-by-Step<br />
Guide, is due out in December<br />
by the same publisher. When<br />
not traveling Keith tries to live<br />
in New York City.<br />
Lionel Beehner, MIA<br />
Lionel teaches Op-Ed writing<br />
for Mediabistro.com. He was<br />
formerly a senior writer at the<br />
Council on Foreign Relations.<br />
His commentary has appeared<br />
on NPR’s All Things Considered as<br />
well as in the Op-Ed pages <strong>of</strong><br />
USA Today, Los Angeles Times, The<br />
Guardian Online, Baltimore Sun,<br />
Slate, Newsday, The New Republic,<br />
Christian Science Monitor, <strong>and</strong> Kiev<br />
Post, among other publications.<br />
He blogs for The Huffi ngton Post.<br />
James O’Neill, MIA<br />
James O’Neill <strong>and</strong> Lynn Bunch<br />
are happy to announce their<br />
marriage, which took place<br />
on July 12, 2008, in New York<br />
City, where they currently<br />
reside. Dr. Lynn O’Neill is<br />
an assistant pr<strong>of</strong>essor in the<br />
Brookdale Department <strong>of</strong> Geriatrics<br />
<strong>and</strong> Adult Development<br />
at Mount Sinai <strong>School</strong> <strong>of</strong> Medicine,<br />
where she practices palliative<br />
medicine. James O’Neill<br />
is a manager in the Advisory<br />
Services area <strong>of</strong> Deloitte Financial<br />
Advisory Services LLP,<br />
where he works in the business<br />
valuation practice.<br />
Christopher Vaughn, MIA<br />
After living in New York <strong>and</strong><br />
Beijing as a corporate lawyer<br />
with Vinson & Elkins for fi ve<br />
years, Christopher met Julie<br />
Rafalko, a hometown girl who<br />
also moved from Baltimore<br />
to New York about the same<br />
time he did. They married two<br />
years ago, moved home to<br />
Maryl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> have a threemonth-old<br />
son named Wilton<br />
Brauer Vaughn. Christopher<br />
says it’s great having family<br />
nearby—free babysitting! He<br />
SIPA NEWS 47
CLASS NOTES SIPA<br />
is now practicing with DLA<br />
Piper, one <strong>of</strong> the largest law<br />
fi rms worldwide. His wife Julie<br />
is continuing her private wealth<br />
management activities with<br />
Credit Suisse. He hopes all is<br />
well with everyone!<br />
Leah Yoon, MPA<br />
Leah recently accepted a position<br />
with John McCain’s presidential<br />
campaign as a regional<br />
communications director. She<br />
oversaw communication efforts<br />
for the battleground states<br />
<strong>of</strong> Michigan, Wisconsin, <strong>and</strong><br />
Indiana.<br />
2003<br />
Aude Delescluse, MIA<br />
After graduating from SIPA<br />
<strong>and</strong> leaving NYC, Aude went<br />
to Lebanon to work with the<br />
French Development Agency<br />
(AFD) as a project <strong>of</strong>ficer.<br />
A year later, she returned to<br />
Paris to take on a consultancy<br />
position with Environmental<br />
Resources Management (ERM).<br />
AFD then hired her as a country<br />
manager for Morocco <strong>and</strong> later<br />
for Turkey. She is now taking a<br />
leave <strong>of</strong> absence for about a year<br />
<strong>and</strong> a half from AFD to work<br />
in a slum as a volunteer near<br />
Salvador de Bahia, Brazil, with<br />
Heart’s Home, an international<br />
Catholic NGO (http://www.<br />
heartshomeusa.org). She started<br />
her fieldwork on August 27<br />
<strong>and</strong> will stay in Salvador until<br />
December 2009–early 2010.<br />
Iori Kato, MIA<br />
Iori was recently reassigned<br />
from UNDP Headquarters<br />
in New York to its Laos PDR<br />
Country Offi ce in Vientiane,<br />
as programme advisor. She is<br />
overseeing many interesting<br />
UNDP programmes, e.g., on<br />
the Millennium Development<br />
Goals, the national fi ve-year<br />
development plan, aid effectiveness,<br />
<strong>and</strong> gender equality.<br />
She <strong>and</strong> her family are slowly<br />
but surely adapting to a totally<br />
new environment <strong>and</strong> really<br />
enjoying it!<br />
Susan Neva, MPA<br />
Susan Neva <strong>and</strong> Christine<br />
Vigil celebrated their domestic<br />
partnership by making it legal in<br />
November 2007. They are living<br />
in San Jose, California, with<br />
their two show dogs, Alaskan<br />
malamutes named Champion<br />
Snow Lion Wind Dancer<br />
Pegasus <strong>and</strong> Aluk Wind Dancer<br />
Kuruk, <strong>and</strong> their cat Simba.<br />
Peter Serenyi, MIA<br />
Peter was recently promoted<br />
to regional publications<br />
manager from communications<br />
associate at the United Nations<br />
Development Programme in<br />
Bratislava, Slovakia. In this new<br />
position he serves as managing<br />
editor <strong>of</strong> its regional newsletter,<br />
Development <strong>and</strong> Transition.<br />
In addition, he manages the<br />
production process <strong>of</strong> a series<br />
<strong>of</strong> other publications.<br />
2004<br />
Eron Bloomgarden, MPA<br />
Eron was recently appointed<br />
president <strong>of</strong> the Environmental<br />
Markets Group at Equator<br />
Environmental, LLC. Eron,<br />
who previously served as<br />
Ecosecurities’ U.S. country<br />
director <strong>and</strong> managed the fi rm’s<br />
U.S. operations, joins Equator<br />
to lead <strong>and</strong> manage all aspects<br />
<strong>of</strong> its environmental markets<br />
business. He will focus on<br />
carbon opportunities related to<br />
Equator’s U.S. <strong>and</strong> international<br />
carbon investments, the development<br />
<strong>of</strong> opportunities related<br />
to the Latin American timber<br />
business, as well as expansion<br />
<strong>of</strong> Equator’s activities to include<br />
additional carbon project types.<br />
Equator Environmental, LLC<br />
specializes in the generation<br />
<strong>and</strong> management <strong>of</strong> high<br />
quality carbon credits <strong>and</strong> environmental<br />
assets derived from<br />
reforestation projects, forest<br />
conservation <strong>and</strong> sustainable<br />
l<strong>and</strong> management.<br />
William Rigler, MIA<br />
Bill has been appointed chief<br />
<strong>of</strong> staff <strong>of</strong> the Rockefeller<br />
Foundation. He most recently<br />
served concurrently as chief<br />
<strong>of</strong> staff to the CEO <strong>and</strong> as<br />
a deputy managing director<br />
with Graying Global, an<br />
international fi rm specializing<br />
in corporate communications<br />
<strong>and</strong> government relations.<br />
Bill previously served as chief<br />
<strong>of</strong> staff to Geraldine Ferraro,<br />
the former vice presidential<br />
c<strong>and</strong>idate, at the same fi rm.<br />
Prior to this, he spent three<br />
years as executive director at<br />
The Humpty Dumpty Institute.<br />
Earlier in his career, Bill worked<br />
for the executive director <strong>of</strong><br />
the United Nations Offi ce for<br />
Project Services (UNOPS). Bill<br />
has been a member <strong>of</strong> SIPA’s<br />
Alumni Council since 2007.<br />
2006<br />
Kelly McAskill, MIA<br />
Since her graduation from<br />
SIPA, there have been many<br />
changes in Kelly’s life. She<br />
got married <strong>and</strong> moved to San<br />
Francisco. Recently, she started<br />
a new job as a strategist for<br />
Saatchi & Saatchi, a sustainability<br />
consulting fi rm. Her<br />
work at Saatchi has been really<br />
interesting since she is learning<br />
more about sustainability <strong>and</strong><br />
how to drive it through business<br />
practices.<br />
Roshana Nabi, MIA<br />
Roshana just started a PhD in<br />
<strong>International</strong> History <strong>and</strong> Politics<br />
at the Graduate Institute <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>International</strong> <strong>and</strong> Development<br />
Studies in Geneva, where she<br />
is focusing on issues regarding<br />
international migration. She is<br />
also a research associate on a<br />
project entitled “UNHCR <strong>and</strong><br />
the Globalization <strong>of</strong> Refugee<br />
Issues, 1951–1989,” which is<br />
being funded by the Swiss National<br />
Science Foundation. She<br />
says that it’s a great experience<br />
but she misses New York a lot!<br />
2007<br />
Kalyani (Rammohan)<br />
Bulfer, MPA<br />
Kalyani recently accepted a<br />
position at Slalom Consulting<br />
located in San Francisco, as<br />
community development practice<br />
lead. She recently was employed<br />
at Accenture as manager<br />
<strong>of</strong> their <strong>Public</strong> Service Practice.<br />
She is pleased to announce that<br />
Slalom Consulting is beginning<br />
a Community Development<br />
Practice for which she will<br />
gladly seek input from others in<br />
the nonpr<strong>of</strong>i t consulting space.<br />
Also, if you are in the Bay Area<br />
<strong>and</strong> working for a nonpr<strong>of</strong>i t,<br />
please feel free to contact her,<br />
as Slalom would love to get<br />
involved with your organization.<br />
For further information,<br />
you can e-mail her at kr2205@<br />
columbia.edu.<br />
Pamela Ayuso, MIA<br />
Pamela Ayuso <strong>and</strong> Jose Azcona<br />
are happy to announce their<br />
marriage, which took place<br />
on October 11, 2008, in<br />
Tegucigalpa, Honduras. They<br />
currently reside in Tegucigalpa.<br />
Several SIPA alumni attended<br />
the celebration.<br />
2008<br />
Christopher Zink, MIA<br />
Christopher recently accepted<br />
a position at Eneco Energy<br />
Trade located in Rotterdam,<br />
The Netherl<strong>and</strong>s as a carbon<br />
business developer. He recently<br />
was employed at E+Co, where<br />
he spent the summer in China.<br />
He will be living <strong>and</strong> working<br />
in The Netherl<strong>and</strong>s for the<br />
foreseeable future, with occasional<br />
trips back to the United<br />
States.<br />
Tanya Tanvir completed her MIA in<br />
December ’08 with a concentration in<br />
Economic <strong>and</strong> Political Development.<br />
48 SIPA NEWS
DONOR LIST SIPA<br />
Donor List FY 08<br />
Listed below are the more than 1,600 individuals <strong>and</strong> organizations who contributed<br />
to SIPA <strong>and</strong> the Regional Institutes between July 1, 2007, <strong>and</strong> June 30, 2008.<br />
“CERT” followed by year = graduate with certificate from a Regional Institute<br />
“IF” followed by year = graduate from <strong>International</strong> Fellows Program<br />
“MIA” followed by year = graduate with a Master in <strong>International</strong> <strong>Affairs</strong><br />
“MPA” followed by year = graduate with a Master in <strong>Public</strong> Administration<br />
$1,000,000 <strong>and</strong> above<br />
Estate <strong>of</strong> Julius G. Blocker<br />
Foundation Center for Energy, Marine<br />
Transportation<br />
David B. Ottaway, IF ’63<br />
$250,000–$999,000<br />
Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation<br />
The Freeman Foundation<br />
French Government<br />
James Leitner, MIA ’77/LF Foundation<br />
S<strong>and</strong>ra Shahinian Leitner, MIA ’76<br />
C. V. Starr Foundation<br />
Veolia Environnement/Eurolum<br />
$100,000–$249,999<br />
Patricia M. Cloherty, MIA ’68<br />
Eurolum<br />
The Ford Foundation<br />
The German Marshall Fund <strong>of</strong> the U.S.<br />
The Korea Foundation<br />
The Henry Luce Foundation, Inc.<br />
Smith Richardson Foundation, Inc.<br />
James D. Seymour, CERT ’61<br />
Toyota Motor Corporation<br />
Neil Woodyer<br />
$50,000–$99,999<br />
The Dietrich W. Botstiber Foundation<br />
William V. Campbell/The Campbell<br />
Family Foundation<br />
Carnegie Corporation <strong>of</strong> New York<br />
Consulate General, Republic <strong>of</strong> Pol<strong>and</strong><br />
The Foundation for Polish Science<br />
Ian C. Hague<br />
Jack Mahfar/Angel Family Foundation<br />
Regeringskansliet<br />
Khosrow B. Semnani/Encyclopaedia<br />
Iranica Foundation<br />
Shell <strong>International</strong> Petroleum BV<br />
Ukrainian Studies Fund, Inc.<br />
M. Abbas Yousef<br />
Dina A. Yousef<br />
$25,000–$49,999<br />
Amy Levine Abrams, MIA ’81/Abrams<br />
Foundation, Inc.<br />
Nina Ansary<br />
Amb. Donald M. Blinken/Blinken<br />
Foundation, Inc.<br />
Richard A. Debs/The Debs Foundation<br />
Electricité de France <strong>International</strong> N.A. Inc.<br />
Akbar Ghahary<br />
Gordon Gray Jr.<br />
Rita E. Hauser<br />
Donald Loyd Holley, Esq.<br />
Zachary Eli Karabell, PhD<br />
Robert I. Kopech<br />
John D. <strong>and</strong> Catherine T. MacArthur<br />
Foundation<br />
Peter Neill Marber<br />
Arnold A. Saltzman/Saltzman Foundation,<br />
Inc.<br />
Jeffrey L. Schmidt/Jeffrey L. Schmidt<br />
Fellowship Charitable Trust<br />
Gen. Brent Scowcr<strong>of</strong>t, PhD<br />
Shevchenko Scientific Society, Inc.<br />
Soudavar Memorial Foundation<br />
Taipei Economic <strong>and</strong> Cultural Office<br />
Total Compagnie Française<br />
Michael D. Tusiani/Poten & Partners,<br />
Incorporated<br />
Enzo Viscusi<br />
Harry C. Wechsler/Wechsler Family<br />
Foundation<br />
$10,000–$24,999<br />
American <strong>International</strong> Group, Inc.<br />
David Seth Baran, MIA ’87<br />
Roger R. Baumann, IF ’84, MIA ’84<br />
Leonard Blavatnik/Access Industries LLC<br />
Matthew Boyer, MIA ’94<br />
Bridgeway Charitable Foundation<br />
Calyon<br />
Pamela Casaudoumecq, MIA ’89<br />
<strong>Columbia</strong> University Alumni Association<br />
<strong>of</strong> Korea<br />
Conrad N. Hilton Foundation<br />
David Cameron Cuthell Jr., MIA ’90<br />
The Flora Family Foundation<br />
The Helen Clay Frick Foundation<br />
GNYHA Ventures, Inc.<br />
James Harmon/The Harmon Foundation<br />
Ralph O. Hellmold, IF ’63, MIA ’63<br />
Samantha Jagger<br />
Anuradha T. Jayanti<br />
James E. Jordan, MIA ’71<br />
Zobreh Kassaii/Rush Graphics Inc.<br />
Juan Navarro/Exxel Group Inc.<br />
Lucio A. Noto<br />
Polish Army Veterans Association<br />
John H. Porter, CERT ’83, MIA ’83<br />
Bonnie M. Potter, MIA ’73<br />
Julie Lynn Rasmussen, IF ’90, MIA ’90<br />
Juan A. Sabater/Augeo Affinity<br />
Marketing, LLC<br />
Saudi Arabian Oil Company<br />
Alan B. Slifka/Alan B. Slifka Foundation,<br />
Inc.<br />
Peter Thoren<br />
Paul Wayne Thurman<br />
The Tinker Foundation Inc.<br />
Trust for Mutual Underst<strong>and</strong>ing<br />
Jens Ulltveit-Moe, MIA ’68<br />
Elizabeth K. Valkenier, CERT ’51<br />
Amb. Frank G. Wisner/American<br />
<strong>International</strong> Group, Inc.<br />
Lan Yang, MIA ’96/Sun Culture<br />
Foundation<br />
$5,000–$9,999<br />
Pierre Albouy<br />
Dean Lisa S. Anderson, CERT ’76<br />
Keith Barbaria<br />
Philippe Camus/Hachette Filipacchi<br />
Holdings, Inc.<br />
Centennial Foundation<br />
Michael C. Creadon, MPA ’96<br />
Pierre F. Debray<br />
FWA <strong>of</strong> New York Educational Fund<br />
Susie Gharib, MIA ’74/Nazem Family<br />
Foundation<br />
Gide Loyrette Nouel LLP<br />
Sylvia A. Hewlett/Center for Work-Life<br />
Policy, Inc.<br />
HSBC Bank USA, N.A.<br />
James Burke Kingston/The Darmac<br />
Foundation<br />
Gerry Lenfest<br />
Juliana Lipschultz/The Tauber Family<br />
Foundation<br />
Moody’s Foundation<br />
David L. Phillips/Jewish Communal Fund<br />
POSCO TJ Park Foundation<br />
Jeremy Posner<br />
Barbara Helen Reguero, MIA ’86/Bear<br />
Stearns Charitable Gift Fund<br />
Samuel R. Sharp, MPA ’99<br />
C. Michael Spero<br />
Marianne Spiegel<br />
George Matthew Stone<br />
Joel D. Tauber<br />
Dagmar Tricot<br />
Amb. Martin Varsavsky, MIA ’84<br />
Dawid Melchior Walendowski, MIA ’97,<br />
CERT ’97<br />
Melinda Wolfe/The New York<br />
Community Trust<br />
$2,500–$4,999<br />
Amy Blagg Chao, MIA ’99<br />
Robert Meade Chilstrom, MIA ’69, CERT<br />
’69<br />
Pierre J. de Vegh/The Howard Bayne Fund<br />
John William Dickey, MIA ’92<br />
The Foundation for the Study <strong>of</strong> National,<br />
Civic, <strong>and</strong> <strong>International</strong> <strong>Affairs</strong><br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>er Georgiadis, MIA ’85/Krinos<br />
Foods Canada Ltd.<br />
A. Michael H<strong>of</strong>fman, IF ’69, MIA ’69<br />
George Franz Hollendorfer, MIA ’01<br />
Union Academique <strong>International</strong>e<br />
William Weirong Jin, MIA ’93/Present in<br />
3D Inc.<br />
Claudette M. Mayer, IF ’76, MIA ’76<br />
Richard G. Robb<br />
$1,000–$2,499<br />
Wilder K. Abbott, MIA ’61<br />
Daniel Charles Altman, MIA ’96<br />
Anonymous<br />
Joseph G. Audi<br />
Volodymyr O. Bazarko<br />
Chris Charles Behrens, MIA ’86<br />
Maureen R. Berman, MIA ’73<br />
Robin L. Berry, MIA ‘78<br />
Caroline Aurore Bookhout, MIA ’98<br />
Carolyn M. Buck-Luce/Ernst & Young<br />
Foundation<br />
Elizabeth Cabot, MIA ’98<br />
Linda K. Carlisle, MPA ’81<br />
Leo M. F. Chirovsky<br />
Anna C. Coatsworth<br />
Richard Wayne C<strong>of</strong>fman, CERT ’84<br />
Stephen F. Cohen, CERT ’69/The JKW<br />
Foundation<br />
Charles M. Diker<br />
Valerie Diker<br />
Miroslav Djordjevich/Studenica<br />
Foundation A/C No. 2<br />
Peter D. Ehrenhaft, MIA ’57/Sanford C.<br />
Bernstein & Co. LLC<br />
Edgard El Chaar, D.D.S.<br />
Jean El Khoury<br />
Kashiyo C. Enokido, MIA ’78<br />
Hugo Presgrave Faria, MIA ’88, CERT ’88<br />
David J. Farrell Jr., MPA ’79<br />
Tammy S. Fine, MPA ’94/Delaware<br />
Community Foundation<br />
Amb. Richard N. Gardner<br />
Susan Aurelia Gitelson, MIA ’66<br />
Erin S. Gore, MPA ’97<br />
John A. Grammer Jr., MIA ’63<br />
Edgar C. Harrell, CERT ’72<br />
Andrew William Higgins, MIA ’91<br />
Peter Alex<strong>and</strong>er H<strong>of</strong>mann, MIA ’86/<br />
United Way <strong>of</strong> the Capital Area, Inc.<br />
Patrick Huang<br />
Douglas R. Hunter, MIA ’73<br />
<strong>International</strong> Committee on Journalism,<br />
Inc.<br />
Michael Joseph Kassouf, MD<br />
Karen Young Knapp, MPA ’94/Fidelity<br />
Charitable Gift Fund<br />
Joseph Cheng-Chao Kuo<br />
David C. Miller Jr.<br />
Mahnaz Moinian, MIA ’08<br />
London Morawski<br />
Edward L. Morse<br />
Mark David O’Keefe, MIA ’95<br />
Jenik R. Radon, Esq.<br />
Marietta Angela Ries Lavicka, MIA ’94<br />
SIPA NEWS 49
DONOR LIST SIPA<br />
Slobodan Ristic, MIA ’90, CERT ’90<br />
Zina Roehm, MIA ’81<br />
James J. Ross, Esq.<br />
Charles C. Rumsey Jr./Mary A. H.<br />
Rumsey Foundation<br />
Maria Rybkiewicz/Rybkiewicz<br />
Enterprises, LLC<br />
Tadeusz Rybkiewicz<br />
Vuslat Sabanci, MIA ’96<br />
Karen Scowcr<strong>of</strong>t, Esq., IF ‘84, MIA ’84<br />
Vera L. Silverman<br />
Christopher William Smart, CERT ’89<br />
Maurice Sonnenberg<br />
Alfred C. Stepan, III, IF ’65<br />
Elizabeth Stern, MIA ’89<br />
Padraic Joseph Sweeney, MIA ’89, CERT<br />
’89<br />
Mana Nabeshima Tokoi, MIA ’91<br />
The Tokyo Foundation<br />
David James Tsui, MPA ’01<br />
Peter Urbanczyk, MIA ’84<br />
Yuko Usami, MIA ’77<br />
Katrina V<strong>and</strong>en Heuvel<br />
Jen Chin Wang, MD<br />
Frank C. Wong, MIA ’82<br />
Jerry Chan Yoon, MIA ’01<br />
$500–$999<br />
Betty W. Adams, MPA ’04<br />
Pano Thomas Anthos, IF ’84, MIA ’84/<br />
The Boston Foundation<br />
Patrick Kenehan Archambault, MIA ’99<br />
Reed David Auerbach, Esq., IF ’81, MIA ’81<br />
Robert Bailey<br />
Donald P. Banas<br />
Arlene Renee Barilec, MIA ’84<br />
Jillian Barron, Esq., MIA ’88<br />
Patrick Francis Bohan<br />
Joan Copithorne Bowen, MIA ’67<br />
Michael James Br<strong>and</strong>meyer, IF ’95, MIA ’95<br />
Marcia Beth Burkey, MIA ’88<br />
Michael Tatu Castlen, MPA ’93<br />
Joanna A. Clark<br />
Harvey Jay Cohen, MIA ’86<br />
A. Sebastian Corradino, MPA ’91<br />
Decal Jewelry Inc.<br />
Hon. David N. Dinkins<br />
Thomas John Durkin, CERT ’87, MIA ’87<br />
S<strong>and</strong>y Eapen, MIA ’08<br />
Lili-An Elkins, MPA ’94<br />
R. Anthony Elson, IF ’64, MIA ‘64<br />
Douglas John Fink, MIA ’83<br />
Ivy Lindstrom Fredericks, MIA ’98<br />
Laurence Todd Freed, MIA ’94<br />
John C. Garrett, MD, IF ’66/The Garrett<br />
Family Foundation<br />
Gary W. Glick, CERT ‘72<br />
Joseph E. Gore<br />
Ivan Gorup<br />
Neal H. Harwood, MIA ’61<br />
Qun Julia Huang, MIA ’97<br />
Joseph Kindall Hurd III, IF ’94, MIA ’94<br />
Eva Cristina Jedruch<br />
Horace P. Jen, MIA ’93, CERT ’93<br />
Stuart Macl Johnson, MIA ’67<br />
Allison C. Kellogg, IF ’72, MIA ’72<br />
Joachim W. Kratz, MIA ’58<br />
Judith Levy<br />
Dallas D. Lloyd, MIA ’58<br />
Christopher James Manogue, MIA ’98<br />
Zelda Melamed<br />
James L. Mitchell<br />
Sherwood G. Moe, MIA ’48<br />
Melineh V. Momjian, MIA ’86<br />
Samina Muhith, MIA ’97<br />
Catherine Mulder, MIA ’81<br />
Gerhard Jakob Mulder, MIA ’98<br />
Thomas F. O’Connor Jr., MIA ’76<br />
Glenn Paul Orl<strong>of</strong>f, MIA ’88<br />
Carol Jean Patterson, CERT ’76, MIA ’76<br />
Pearl River Mart, Inc.<br />
Ann S. Phillips<br />
Henrietta B. Pons, MIA ’64<br />
Kenneth Prewitt<br />
Clyde E. Rankin III, Esq., IF ’74<br />
Marjorie Ann Ransom, CERT ’62<br />
Galen B. Ritchie, IF ’61<br />
Peter M. Robinson, IF ’79, MIA ’79<br />
Gray <strong>and</strong> Elizabeth Rothkopf, MIA ’99/<br />
Jewish Community Federation <strong>of</strong><br />
Clevel<strong>and</strong><br />
Gidon Garber Rothstein, MPA ’88<br />
Ernst J. Schrader, MIA ’65<br />
Margaret Ann Sekula, MIA ’01, CERT ’01<br />
Khosrow Semnani/Semnani Foundation<br />
Julie Lynn Siskind, MIA ’95<br />
Richard Quentin Slinn III, MIA ’91<br />
Edward Byron Smith Jr., MIA ’70/Edward<br />
Byron Smith Jr. Family Foundation<br />
Oles M. Smolansky<br />
Joan E. Spero, MIA ’68<br />
Masanobu Taniguchi, CERT ’79, MIA ’79<br />
Carol Gary Tatti, MIA ’82<br />
George M. Thomson<br />
Gabriel Topor, CERT ’92, MIA ’92<br />
Neale X. Trangucci, IF ’81, MIA ’81<br />
Unity Healthcare, LLC<br />
Geraldine Wang/The New York<br />
Community Trust<br />
Mabel U. Wang<br />
John Waterbury<br />
Odoric Y. K. Wou<br />
Byung-Kon Yoo, MIA ’92<br />
$250–$499<br />
Saman K. Adamiyatt, MIA ’81, CERT ’81<br />
Shehriyar D. Antia, MIA ’03<br />
Sanford Antignas<br />
James M. Arrowsmith<br />
Laurie D. Barrueta, MIA ’94<br />
Thomas H. Boast, MIA ’72<br />
Carolyn B. Boldiston, MPA ’89<br />
Dwight A. Bowler, MIA ’79<br />
James L. Broadhead, Esq., IF ’63<br />
Allen L. Byrum, MIA ’72<br />
Joan O. Camins, IF ’73<br />
Jonathan A. Chanis<br />
Dale Christensen Jr., MIA ’71<br />
Ingrid D. Christophel, MIA ’83<br />
S<strong>and</strong>ra G. Chutorian, Esq., MIA ’82,<br />
CERT ’82<br />
Chancellor John J. Costonis, IF ’64<br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>er M. Dake, MIA ’86<br />
Marc P. Desautels, MIA ’66<br />
Carolyn P. Dewing-Hommes, MIA ’86,<br />
CERT ’86<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>. Paul M. Doty/Fidelity Charitable<br />
Gift Fund<br />
Gloria Charmian Duffy<br />
Jennifer Ann Enslin, MIA ’02<br />
Cornelia Mai Ercklentz, MIA ’08<br />
Louise R. Firestone, MIA ’79<br />
Maria A. Fisher, MIA ’81<br />
Stephen Gerard Fromhart, MIA ’98<br />
Larry S. Gage, Esq., IF ’71<br />
Michael William Galligan, Esq., IF ’83,<br />
MIA ’83/Phillips Nizer LLP<br />
C. Robert Garris<br />
Frances X. Gates<br />
Stephen Bernt Gaull, MIA ’88, CERT ’88/<br />
Fidelity Charitable Gift Fund<br />
Sol Glasner, CERT ’76, MIA ’76<br />
Henry Gold<br />
John M. Gorup<br />
Maureen-Elizabeth Hagen, M.A., CERT<br />
’83, MIA ’83<br />
Laura Ellen Zeiger Hatfield, MIA ’89<br />
Donna R. Hochberger<br />
Nicole Janine Holzapfel, MIA ’94<br />
Thomas N. Hull III, CERT ‘73, IF ’73,<br />
MIA ’73<br />
Mi-Ae Hur, MIA ’00<br />
Edward Van K. Jaycox, CERT ’64, MIA<br />
’64<br />
Stanleigh H. Jones Jr., CERT ’58<br />
Nadine F. Joseph, MIA ’73<br />
Henry Edward Kaplan, MIA ’86<br />
Miodrag Kukrika, MD<br />
Walter Kuskowski<br />
George M. Lazarus, MD, IF ’69<br />
Bogdan Theodore Leja, MIA ’91<br />
Jay A. Levy, MD, IF ’62<br />
William Kennedy Love, MIA ’90/The<br />
Love Foundation, Inc.<br />
Carolyn Jane Luxemburg, Esq., MIA ’93<br />
Ann E. March, MIA ’99<br />
Douglas Michael Margossian, MIA ’07<br />
Robert Thomas Maruca Jr., MPA ’96<br />
Alan B. McDougall, MPA ’92<br />
Lisa McGregor-Mirghani, IF ’94, MIA ’94<br />
Leslie S. Meek, MIA ’94<br />
Andrew J. Meyers, MIA ’87, CERT ’87/AJ<br />
Advisers LLC<br />
John S. Micgiel, MIA ’77<br />
Marianne Mitosinka, MIA ’81<br />
Thomas John Monahan, MIA ’85<br />
Jaideep Nicolas Mukerji, MPA ’06<br />
Anne R. Myers, MIA ’70<br />
William E. Odom<br />
Ruth G. Ornelas, IF ’80, MIA ’80<br />
Pacific Ridge Medical, Inc.<br />
Richard B. Palmer, MIA ’55<br />
Thomas Guenter Plagemann, MIA ’91<br />
Polish American Cultural Endeavors, Inc.<br />
Jefrey Ian Pollock, MPA ’97<br />
Mary Jane Potter, MIA ’77<br />
Peter William Quinn, IF ’97, MIA ’97<br />
David C. Ralph, MIA ’67<br />
John M. Reid, MIA ’64<br />
Marvin M. Reiss, MIA ’87<br />
William A. Root, CERT ’48, MIA ’48<br />
Kathryn Ann Rosenblum, MIA ’86<br />
Yasmene Sabkar<br />
Salvatore V. Sampino, MIA ’83<br />
William Schumer, CERT ’48<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>. Harold B. Segel<br />
Katherine J. Sekowski<br />
Mervyn W. Adams Seldon, CERT ’64<br />
Ryan James Severino, MIA ’04<br />
Petar Simic<br />
Charles H. Srodes, MD, IF ’65<br />
Claire S. Stelter<br />
Alan Stern, MIA ’68/<strong>Columbia</strong> University<br />
UK Fund Ltd.<br />
Clyde Donald Stoltenberg, MIA ’85<br />
K. Raina Stuart, MIA ’73<br />
Tara Jayne Sullivan, MPA ’86<br />
Yuriko Tada, MIA ’95/Fidelity Charitable<br />
Gift Fund<br />
Ichiro Tange, MIA ’00<br />
Sharyn Menegus Taylor, MIA ’85<br />
Daniel B. Tunstall, MIA ’68<br />
Frederic Joseph Vagnini II, MIA ’89<br />
James C. Veneau, MIA ’96<br />
Stephanie Louise Watnick, MIA ’92<br />
Xenia V. Wilkinson<br />
Stephanie Beth Wolk Lawrence, MPA ’93<br />
Juliet Wurr, IF ’89, MIA ’89<br />
Hideo Yanai, MIA ’96<br />
$1–$249<br />
Pamela Aall, MIA ’77, CERT ’77<br />
Lia Abady, MIA ’01<br />
Zahid Ali Abbasi<br />
Negash Abdurahman, MIA ’82<br />
Can Adamoglu, MIA ’02<br />
Carl B. Adams, MIA ’72<br />
Sola Adeloa<br />
James Richard Adler, MIA ’90<br />
Maria Marcos Adler, MIA ’01<br />
William J. Adler Jr., MIA ’80<br />
Jo Anne Chernev Adlerstein, Esq., IF ’75<br />
Danica Adzemovic<br />
Gordana Adzic<br />
Shruti Aggarwal, MPA ’06<br />
Christiana H. Aguiar, MIA ’89<br />
Kerstin E. Ahlgren<br />
Mathew D. Aho<br />
Erik S. Akhund, MIA ’79<br />
Mahmoud M. Al-Batal<br />
David E. Albright, CERT ’71<br />
Karen Jeannette Alex<strong>and</strong>er, MPA ’90<br />
Salma Hasan Ali, MIA ’90, CERT ’90<br />
Ge<strong>of</strong>frey Hughes Allan, MIA ’08<br />
Lydia H. Allen<br />
Christopher C. Allieri, MIA ’00<br />
Erasto B. Almeida Jr., MIA ’06<br />
Stephen Altheim, IF ’69<br />
Nabil Sirri Al-Tikriti, MIA ’90<br />
Elena M. Alvarez, MPA ’84<br />
Tatiana Alves, MIA ’06<br />
Austin Chinegwu Amalu, MIA ’81<br />
Darcy Diane Anderson, MIA ’02<br />
Donald K. Anderson<br />
Col. Michael Patrick Anderson, MIA ’89<br />
Maj. Wesmond Carl Andrews, MIA ’98<br />
Anastassia Andrew Androsik, MIA ’98<br />
Turner D. Angell, MIA ’07<br />
50 SIPA NEWS
DONOR LIST SIPA<br />
Amir A. Angha<br />
Quentin Laurent Antshel, MPA ’03<br />
Zaina Fawaz Arafat<br />
Iris R. Argento, CERT ’67<br />
Cesar Augusto Arias Hern<strong>and</strong>ez, MPA ’08<br />
Emily Talbot Ashton, MPA ’04<br />
Sarah S. Ashton, MIA ’93<br />
Kojo Appiah-Adjei Asiedu<br />
Muriel Esther Asseraf, MIA ’04<br />
Elizabeth Athey, MIA ’71<br />
Donald E. Austin, Esq. ’53<br />
Maher Marwan Awartani<br />
Margaret A. Aycock, IF ’76<br />
Roshma A. Azeem, MPA ’04<br />
Irina Bagration<br />
Alieda Maria Baig, MIA ’05<br />
Charles Edward Baker, MIA ’92<br />
Shubha Balasubramanyam<br />
Homer G. Baldwin ’47<br />
Leonard J. Baldyga, MIA ’62<br />
Euphemia P. Banas<br />
Stephen J. Banta, MIA ’76<br />
M. Zdzislaw Baran<br />
Sara Teresa Barczak, MPA ’04<br />
Gordon N. Bardos<br />
William B. Barfield, Esq., IF ’66<br />
Ari David Barkan, MIA ’97<br />
Katrina M. Barnas<br />
Aimee Elise Keli’i Barnes, MPA ’07<br />
Wayne M. Barnstone, MIA ’79<br />
Anne Elizabeth Barschall, Esq., IF ’82<br />
Sylvester T. Barwinski<br />
Wais Baryalai, MIA ’08<br />
Suzette Holder Batista, MIA ’95<br />
Caroline Baudinet-Stumpf, IF ’96, MIA ’96<br />
Paul Bauer, MIA ’96<br />
Kevin Alan Baumert, MIA ’98<br />
Kimberly Jill Bayer, MPA ’02<br />
Steven A. Beck, MIA ’00<br />
Benjamin Michael Becker, MIA ’06<br />
Robin M. Beckett, IF ’77<br />
Rebecca Ann Beeman, MIA ’08<br />
Kenton H. Beerman, MIA ’05<br />
Julie A. Beglin, MPA ’97<br />
Arnold Beichman<br />
Nancy Hays Bendiner, IF ’72<br />
Yvette E. Benedek, MIA ’81<br />
Denis S. Bengin<br />
Zachary Michael Benjamin<br />
Sonja Jean Bensen, MIA ’89<br />
Jessica Bentley-Jacobs<br />
Tomas Bergstr<strong>and</strong>, MIA ’04<br />
Teodora Berkova<br />
Chris Bernhardt<br />
Thomas Paul Bernstein, CERT ’66<br />
Genevieve R. Besser, MIA ’86<br />
Wendy Lee Kutlow Best, MPA ’87<br />
Richard K. Betts<br />
Jennifer Anne Beubis, MIA ’95<br />
Ruchi Bhatnagar<br />
Pieter Anton Bierkens, MIA ’92<br />
Peter James Biesada, MIA ’86<br />
Charles G. Billo, MIA ’67<br />
Ivanna Bilych, MIA ’08<br />
Carmen Binder, MIA ’01<br />
Thomas Lynch Bindley, MPA ’03<br />
Melanie June Bixby, MIA ’91<br />
Vlado Bjelopetrovich<br />
Joseph Abraham Blady, MIA ’03<br />
Lisa Zucrow Block, MPA ’81<br />
William Andrew Bodenlos, MIA ’89<br />
Holly Bernson Bogin, MIA ’88<br />
Jason Joseph Bohn<br />
Ranko Bojanic<br />
Felix P. Bolo, MIA ’67<br />
Natalie Irene Bonjoc<br />
Corinna Rose Bordewieck<br />
Stanley P. Borowiec<br />
Paul D. Boyd, IF ’63<br />
Milosh S. Bozanich<br />
Katherine Marika Bradley, MIA ’08<br />
S<strong>and</strong>y Mijin Br<strong>and</strong>t, MPA ’04<br />
Christopher Paul Brawer, MIA ’92<br />
Olga Lee Briker, CERT ’92<br />
Kathryn Elizabeth Britton<br />
W<strong>and</strong>a Brodzka, MD<br />
David Vincent Brooks, MPA ’08<br />
Donald P. Brown<br />
Jacqueline Marie Brown<br />
Karl Wilhelm Brown, MIA ’06<br />
Keith Mac Brown, MPA ’90<br />
Thomas F. Brown, IF ’65<br />
William C. Brown, Esq., IF ’67<br />
Shanna R. Brownstein, MPA ’08<br />
Cecile R. Brunswick, MIA ’54<br />
Douglas Peter Brusa, MPA ’92<br />
Richard F. Brzozowski<br />
Marisa J. Buchanan, MPA ’07<br />
Jean Ann Buckner, MIA ’93<br />
Beverley Jeanine Buford, MPA ’86<br />
Sonia Virginie Bujas, CERT ’92, MIA ’92<br />
M. H. J. Bukowski<br />
Leonardo Bullaro, MPA ’08<br />
Katherine A. Bullinger Koops, MIA ’94<br />
Gordon Marshall Burck, MIA ’86/EAI<br />
Corporation<br />
Michael John Burke, MPA ’89<br />
Daniel F. Burton Jr., MIA ’81<br />
Marcin Mateusz Buzanski<br />
Paul H. Byers, IF ’67<br />
Katarzyna Maria Bzdak, MIA ’07<br />
Marta Eugenia Cabrera, CERT ’85,<br />
MIA ’85<br />
Pierre J. Cachia<br />
Scott D. Cackenzie<br />
Gerald A. Cady, CERT ’76, MIA ’76<br />
Kristen Klemme Cady-Sawyer, MPA ’06<br />
Joanne T. Caha, CERT ’78<br />
Nicholas Laurence Cain, MPA ’08<br />
Robert Anthony Calaff, Esq., MPA ’90<br />
Meredith L. Canada<br />
Capt. Jeffrey L. Canfield, CERT ’82,<br />
MIA ’82<br />
Eric David Cantor, MIA ’05<br />
Helen Y. Cao, MPA ’08<br />
Stephanie Capparell, MIA ’86, CERT ’86<br />
Patricia Caraballo, MPA ’08<br />
Alice-Catherine Carls<br />
Donald L. Carpenter, CERT ’54<br />
Mary W. Carpenter, MIA ’51<br />
Benedetta Casassa<br />
Mary Kathleen Catlin, MIA ’94<br />
Carmen Anne Chan, MIA ’00<br />
Jennifer Meihuy Chang, MIA ’07<br />
Kefei Chang, MIA ’01<br />
Connie Chao, MPA ’08<br />
Peggy Chao, MIA ’98<br />
Elisa A. Charters, MIA ’02<br />
Martin A. Charwat, CERT ’65<br />
Carlyle Nixon Chaudruc, MIA ’98<br />
Margarita J. Chavez, MIA ’01<br />
Peter Chelkowski<br />
Sylvester Chen<br />
David Xing Cheng, MPA ’07<br />
Judy Cheng-Hopkins, MIA ’78<br />
Muzaffar A. Chishti, MIA ’81<br />
Sajjad Chowdhry, MIA ’05<br />
Victoria C. Choy, Esq., IF ’85<br />
Ishwara Chrein, MIA ’03<br />
Paul Brian Christensen, MIA ’83<br />
M. Jadwiga Chrusciel<br />
Patricia J. Chukurov<br />
Lisa Marie Chung, MIA ’08<br />
Jeff Geefen Chyu, MIA ’83<br />
William Ciaccio, MPA ’79<br />
Anna M. Cienciala<br />
Makhete Cisse<br />
Sarah Ciszewski<br />
Marc Claret de Fleurieu, MIA ’02<br />
Patricia Anne Clary, MIA ’91<br />
Susan L. Clasen, CPA, MIA ’65<br />
Peter James Clayton, MPA ’90<br />
Mary L. Clement<br />
Kristen Marie Cleven<br />
Michael B. Clyne<br />
Drew Dumas Coburn, MIA ’87<br />
Natalie Greenan Coburn, MIA ’89<br />
Laurie L. N. Cochran, MIA ’79<br />
Myrvet Alyeldin Cocoli<br />
Lillian Mihailovic Coello<br />
Daniel Moshe Cohen, MIA ’04<br />
Dillon Lockwood Cohen<br />
Graham Charles Cohen, MIA ’91<br />
Larry Rodney Colburn, MIA ’90<br />
Jane D. Coleman, IF ’72<br />
Joseph Michael Coleman, MIA ’88,<br />
CERT ’88<br />
Alberto Comito, MIA ’06<br />
Susan E. Condon, CERT ’70, IF ’70,<br />
MIA ’70<br />
Marybeth Connolly, MIA ’01<br />
Maureen Considine, MIA ’86<br />
R. Patrick Contreras, MPA ’08<br />
Charles D. Cook, Esq., MIA ’50<br />
Daniel Aaron Cook, MIA ’06<br />
Robert Allen Cook, MPA ’02<br />
Sybil Copel<strong>and</strong>, MPA ’85<br />
James Anthony Coppola, MIA ’87<br />
Olivier Pierre Corbet<br />
Elisa Cordova-Rafioly<br />
Jose S. Coronel, MIA ’87<br />
Daniel Joseph Costello, MPA ’01<br />
Steven Roy Costner, MIA ’88<br />
Kristen N. Cox Mehling<br />
Monica Inez Cramer, MIA ’92<br />
Anna Thurlow Crankshaw, MPA ’94<br />
Dustin Craven, MIA ’93<br />
Helen Cregger, MPA ’92<br />
Philippe Cristelli, MIA ’83<br />
Robert S. Critchell, III, MIA ’70<br />
Carroll Michelle Cryer, MIA ’97<br />
Charlotte H. Crystal, MIA ’83, CERT ’83<br />
Jane D. Cupkovic<br />
Gaspard Henry Curioni, MIA ’05<br />
Ana Maria Currea, MPA ’08<br />
Karen J. Curtin, IF ’78, MIA ’78<br />
Stanley J. Czerwinski<br />
John D. Czop<br />
Aless<strong>and</strong>ra Mendes Da Silva, MIA ’89<br />
Philip A. Dabice, MIA ’77<br />
Andrian Roman Dacy, CERT ’94, MIA ’94<br />
Theodore Albert D’Afflisio, MIA ’71<br />
Gwendolyn F. Dahlquist, CERT ’53<br />
Alisa Daly<br />
Karl I. Danga, IF ’71, MIA ’71<br />
Joel Davidow, Esq., IF ’63<br />
Katy de la Garza, MIA ’03<br />
Edward N. De Lia, MIA ’87<br />
Margaret C. De Lorme Sollitto, MIA ’94<br />
Jay Douglas Dean, Esq., IF ’85, MIA ’85<br />
Jonathan Dean ’50<br />
Julia Lyndon Deans, MPA ’89<br />
Elsa G. deBeer<br />
Charles R. DeBevoise, IF ’68, MIA ’68<br />
Carol M. Degener, MIA ’84<br />
Margery Suckle Deibler, IF ’81<br />
Anna Paola Della Valle<br />
Joyce P. Delp<br />
Athena L. Demetrios, MIA ’80<br />
Diane Leslie Demmler, MIA ’87<br />
Christopher James Derusha<br />
Christian Deseglise, MIA ’90<br />
Lt. Col. Gary Francis Di Gesu, MIA ’89<br />
Philip E. Di Giovanni ’74<br />
Carlos Alberto Diaz<br />
Raphael A. Diaz, MIA ’63<br />
Alicia D. Dick<br />
John Edmond Dicken, MPA ’89<br />
Daniel Dicker<br />
Sherwood E. Dickerman, CERT ’63<br />
Jessica Ephra Dickler, MPA ’04<br />
Richard Albert Dikeman, MPA ’99<br />
Maria Christina Dikeos, MIA ’92<br />
Emil Stoikov Dimitrov, MIA ’94<br />
Kathleen Louise Dischner, MIA ’08<br />
Carissa Anna Garcia Dizon, MIA ’08<br />
Dimitrije Djordjevic<br />
Stephen D. Docter, MIA ’60<br />
Cynthia M. Dodd, IF ’77<br />
Courtney Elizabeth Doggart<br />
Kerry Anne Dolan, MIA ’92<br />
Diane Joyce Dolinsky-Pickar, MIA ’92<br />
Lucia Adele Domville, MIA ’96<br />
Arthur R. Dornheim, MIA ’48<br />
Christianna Casey Dove, MIA ’06<br />
Anne J. Dowd, IF ’82, MIA ’82<br />
Donald E. Doyle, MD, IF ’62<br />
Ruth I. Dreessen, MIA ’80<br />
Gloria S. Duffy<br />
Col. Peter Stephen Duklis Jr., MIA ’90<br />
Cecilia Elizabeth Dunn, MPA ’93<br />
Hilary Dunst, MIA ’93<br />
Sarah L. Dutton, MIA ’83<br />
Karen Marie Eben, CERT ’87, MIA ’87<br />
Ana Echague, MIA ’01<br />
Joanne Edgar, MIA ’68<br />
Edit Ltd.<br />
Judith Ann Edstrom, IF ’72, MIA ’72<br />
SIPA NEWS 51
DONOR LIST SIPA<br />
Shizuyo Eguchi, MPA ’01<br />
Casey Elizabeth Ehrlich<br />
Douglas J. Eisenfelder, IF ’63<br />
Adaku Ugonma Ejiogu, MPA ’06<br />
Can Vahit Eksioglu, MIA ’01<br />
Elona Elezi<br />
Leo Michael Elison, CERT ’51<br />
Betsy Rossen Elliot, IF ’84, MIA ’84<br />
Sari J. Ellovich, MIA ’75<br />
Chinonso Tochukwu Emehelu, MIA ’08<br />
Dayna English ’81<br />
James Enloe<br />
Dara Erck, MIA ’03<br />
Kenneth Paul Erickson, IF ’64, CERT ’64<br />
Aaron Paul Ernst, MIA ’08<br />
Amelia A. Erwitt, MPA ’06<br />
Marisol S. Espinoza<br />
M. Mahmood Ihsan Es-Said<br />
Lara Alex<strong>and</strong>ra Ettenson, MPA ’06<br />
Peter Seth Falcier, MIA ’07<br />
Kathleen M. Hansen Fallon, MIA ’92<br />
Jorge Luis Farfan Herrera<br />
Nada A. Farid<br />
Catherine Anne Farley, MIA ’87<br />
Saul Faust<br />
Wilson P. Favre-Delerue, MIA ’05<br />
Brent Herman Feigenbaum, MIA ’84<br />
Alfonso Fern<strong>and</strong>ez, Esq., IF ’81<br />
Aurelius Fern<strong>and</strong>ez, MIA ’59<br />
Mario Fern<strong>and</strong>ez<br />
Nancy A. Ferrante<br />
Vincent A. Ferraro, IF ’73, MIA ’73<br />
Janet B. Fierman, MIA ’69<br />
Christopher Martin Finch, MIA ’00<br />
Carter V. Findley<br />
John Michael Finger, MIA ’83<br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>er Fischer, MIA ’08<br />
Sokunthea Oum Fite, MIA ’94<br />
Howard Barrett Fl<strong>and</strong>ers Jr., Esq., IF ’62<br />
H. Joseph Flatau Jr., Esq., MIA ’61<br />
Benjamin A. Fleck, MIA ’48<br />
Melissa Scott Flournoy, MPA ’85<br />
Bradley Feeney Foerster, CERT ’88,<br />
MIA ’88<br />
James Fonda, MPA ’07<br />
David Stewart Fondiller, MIA ’92<br />
Ebenezer Irving Forbes, MIA ’02<br />
Anne Ford, MIA ’05<br />
Laura Ellen Forlano, MIA ’01<br />
Richard W. Foster, MIA ’69<br />
Catherine Starin Foster-Anderson,<br />
MPA ’04<br />
Ellena E. Fotinatos<br />
Kari Marie Frame, MPA ’06<br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>er Mols Fraser, MPA ’90<br />
Gerald S. Freedman, MD, IF ’62<br />
Amy Esther Friedman, MIA ’92<br />
Howard R. Friedner, Esq., MIA ’82<br />
Brenda P. Fuller, MPA ’88<br />
Sarah Elizabeth Fulton, MPA ’08<br />
Kathryn Lynne Furano, MPA ’90<br />
Richard Albert Fye, MPA ’03<br />
Ryszard Gajewski<br />
Maria Salome Galib-Bras, Esq., MIA ’88,<br />
CERT ’88<br />
Sridhar Ganesan, MIA ’96<br />
Shelly Louise Gardeniers, MIA ’96<br />
Susan C. Gates, MIA ’94<br />
Toby Trister Gati, CERT ’70, MIA ’70<br />
Joseph G. Gavin, III, MIA ’70<br />
M. Gizela Gawronski<br />
Eric Neil Gebbie, MIA ’01<br />
Emma Gee, MIA ’63<br />
Bruce Gelb, MD<br />
Elizabeth F. George-Cheniara, MPA ’97<br />
Roy Geritsen<br />
Linda L. Gerlach, MIA ’93/The Gerlach<br />
Group, Inc.<br />
Saadia Ghani, MIA ’04<br />
Omar M. Gharzeddine, MIA ’95<br />
Christine Wrona Giallongo, CERT ’90,<br />
MIA ’90<br />
Heidi Gifford-Melas, MPA ’91<br />
Kimberly Elizabeth Gilbert Sykes,<br />
MPA ’08<br />
Joseph Michael Gilbride, MPA ’08<br />
Thomas E. Glaisyer, MIA ’06<br />
Kathryn Glynn-Broderick, MIA ’08<br />
John J. Gmerek<br />
Paul William Goebel, MPA ’04<br />
David H. Goldberg, MIA ’82<br />
Ira E. Goldberg, MIA ’75<br />
Rose Carmen Goldberg, MPA ’08<br />
Marilu Goldberg-Finardi, MIA ’82<br />
Allan Goldfarb, Esq., MIA ’79<br />
Lisa G. Goldschmidt, MPA ’04<br />
Eric Daniel Goldstein, MIA ’86<br />
Lawrence Goodman<br />
Filic Goran<br />
Janusz Gregory Gorzynski, MD<br />
Erika Nicole Gottfried, MIA ’07<br />
Emily F. Gouillart<br />
Rodney E. Gould, Esq., IF ’68<br />
Amy Elizabeth Grace<br />
Arne Grafweg, MPA ‘06<br />
Aaron Venn Graham, MPA ’04<br />
Francis Lincoln Grahlfs Jr., PhD,<br />
CERT ’55<br />
Jennifer Youtz Grams, MPA ’99<br />
Christian Grane, MIA ’01<br />
Paige Ellen Mahon Granger, MIA ’08<br />
M. Stanislaw W. Grebski<br />
Carolyn B. Green, MIA ’63<br />
Risa Jill Greendlinger, MPA ’91<br />
Richard C. Greenwald, MPA ’93<br />
Clark D. Griffith, MIA ’00, CERT ’00/<br />
United Way <strong>of</strong> Tri-State<br />
Jill M. Grillo, MIA ’89<br />
Mary Ann Grossman, MIA ’73<br />
Janet L. Grosso<br />
Hurst Groves<br />
Laurance J. Guido Jr., MPA ’01<br />
Laura Sank Gump, MPA ’90<br />
Dagmar Gunther-Stirn, MIA ’55<br />
Anna Lissa Gutierrez, MPA ’08<br />
Daniel A. Gutterman<br />
Veroljub Gvozdenovic<br />
Henry J. Gwiazda II<br />
Viktoria Habanova<br />
Ilene Hacker<br />
Brian Gerald Hackett, MIA ’01<br />
Amir Hadziomeragic, MIA ’01<br />
Brigid Flynn Haeckel, MPA ’90<br />
M. Mykola Haliv<br />
Craig Philip Hallgren, MIA ’86<br />
Rebekah Yasmin Hamed, MPA ’08<br />
Anne W. Hamilton, MIA ’79<br />
Bruce Wook Han<br />
Norman Jae Hong Han, MPA ’98<br />
Wook Bruce Han, MIA ’90<br />
Kay L. Hancock<br />
Melinda Elaine Hanisch, CERT ’90,<br />
MIA ’90<br />
Katherine Olivia Hardy, MIA ’97<br />
Alison L. Hare<br />
Peter L. Harnik, MIA ’75<br />
Diane Wallace Harpold, MIA ’90<br />
Peggy T. Harris, IF ’75<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>. C. Lowell Harriss<br />
Ge<strong>of</strong>frey R. Hartman<br />
Alison M. Harwood, MIA ’85<br />
Laura Suzanne Harwood, MPA ’92<br />
Mahvash Hassan, MPA ’96<br />
Gary Edward Hayes, CERT ’81, MIA ’81<br />
Susan L. Hazard<br />
Lisa Ray Hecht-Cronstedt, MIA ’08<br />
Henry Joseph Hector III, CERT ’71,<br />
MIA ’71<br />
Elizabeth W. Heinsohn, MIA ’89<br />
Hertha W. Heiss, CERT ’51<br />
Judith Gail Hellerstein, MPA ’94<br />
Jennifer Ann Hemmer, MIA ’89<br />
Marina A. Henriquez, MPA ’01<br />
Joshua Rob Hepola, MIA ’00<br />
Alan J. Herbach, MIA ’79<br />
Richard Hermanowski<br />
Peter T. Hess, MIA ’80<br />
Garry W. Hesser, PhD, IF ’64<br />
Nancy E. Hester, MIA ’74<br />
Christoph Wilhelm Heuer, MIA ’04<br />
Susan E. Heuman, CERT ’68<br />
Warren E. Hewitt, Esq., MIA ’50<br />
Stephen Robert Hilbert, MIA ’83<br />
John F. Hildebr<strong>and</strong>, IF ’66<br />
Michael Anthony Hillmeyer, IF ’97,<br />
MIA ’97<br />
Richard H. Hittle<br />
Joseph Michael Hoban, MIA ’86<br />
Christopher B. Hodges, IF ‘77, MIA ’77<br />
Alan H<strong>of</strong>fmann<br />
Leif Holmberg, MIA ’08<br />
Benjamin J. Holmes<br />
James Peter Holtje, MIA ’90<br />
Michael A. Holubar, MIA ’77<br />
Joon Seok Hong, MIA ’05<br />
Ludovic Hood, MIA ’06<br />
Anthony H. Horan, MD, IF ’63<br />
Janet Irene Horan, MPA ’05<br />
Ghazanfar Ali Khan Hoti<br />
Richard C. Hottelet<br />
Katherine Hale Hovde, MIA ’89<br />
Gail Lewis Howard, MIA ’84<br />
Margaret B. Howard<br />
William D. Howells, CERT ’60, MIA ’60<br />
John F. Howes, CERT ’54<br />
Mark Fong-Hui Huang, IF ’97, MIA ’97<br />
Sarah Beth Huber, MIA ’06<br />
Richard W. Hull, CERT ’65<br />
Robert Kingsley Hull, Esq., CERT ’78,<br />
MIA ’78<br />
Thomas J. Hyra Jr., IF ’76, MIA ’76<br />
Na<strong>of</strong>umi Ikeda<br />
Takeshi Inoue<br />
Laila Festini Iqbal, MIA ’05<br />
Helen Drew Isenberg, MIA ’54<br />
Robbin Frances Itzler, PhD, MPA ’84<br />
Ogniana Vassileva Ivanova, MIA ’02<br />
Hidenori Iwasaki, MIA ’01<br />
Jimmy Julio Izu Kanashiro<br />
Kathryn Marie Jackson, MIA ’88<br />
Roy Christopher Jackson, MPA ’90<br />
Erik Jacobs, IF ’85, MIA ’85<br />
Ellen L. James Martin, MIA ’82<br />
Lt. Cmdr. Andrew C. A. Jampoler,<br />
MIA ’81<br />
Maria Z<strong>of</strong>ia Janiak<br />
Carissa L. Janis, MPA ’89<br />
Carolina Jaramillo, MPA ’07<br />
Shruthi Jayaram, MPA ’08<br />
Eleonora Jedrysek<br />
Russell M. Jenkins, MIA ’80<br />
Howard F. Jeter, IF ’73<br />
Andrew T. Jhun, MPA ’04<br />
Susan John, MIA ’92<br />
Laura S. Johnson, MPA ’06<br />
Mary Tyler Johnson, MPA ’04<br />
Michone Trinae Johnson, Esq., MPA ’96<br />
Scott Stuart Johnson, MIA ’97<br />
Sonia P. Johnson, MIA ’48<br />
Ian J. Jones, MIA ’92<br />
Yoyce Apollo Jones, MIA ’08<br />
David Joravsky, CERT ’49<br />
David E. Junker, MIA ’76<br />
Christopher P. Jurkiewicz<br />
Velika Kabakchieva, MPA ’07<br />
Mark H. Kagan, CERT ’81, MIA ’81<br />
Sharon Kahn-Bernstein, MPA ’97<br />
Nicholas Kalis, MIA ’79/Kalis Holdings<br />
LLC<br />
Rajiv Kalsi, MIA ’98<br />
Tae-Wook Kang, MPA ’07<br />
Elisa A. Kapell, IF ’79, CERT ’79, MIA ’79<br />
Rajan Kapoor<br />
Vikram Kapur, MIA ’93<br />
Leonardo Karrer<br />
Norman D. Kass, MIA ’73<br />
Sherman E. Katz, Esq., IF ’69, MIA ’69<br />
Daniel Lewis Katzive, MIA ’92<br />
Peggy Ockkyung Kauh, MPA ’01<br />
Arnold H. Kawano, Esq., IF ’76<br />
Jonathan M. Kayes, MIA ’81<br />
Farhad Kazemi<br />
Michael A. Keeton, MIA ’08<br />
Katherine B. Keller, MIA ’82<br />
Charles Robert Kelly, MIA ’83<br />
Cary Kennedy, MPA ’93<br />
Julia Metzger Kennedy, MIA ’92<br />
John J. Kerr Jr., Esq., IF ’76<br />
Stephen T. Kerr, CERT ’69<br />
Obrad Kesic<br />
Eve Maxine Kessler, CERT ’89<br />
Sana Khan, MIA ’99<br />
John F. Khanlian, MIA ’69<br />
Michele Llona Wray Khateri, MIA ’97<br />
Mostafa Khezry, MIA ’89<br />
Bahman Kia, CERT ’80<br />
Bomsinae Kim, MIA ’05<br />
Hahna Bosun Kim<br />
52 SIPA NEWS
DONOR LIST SIPA<br />
Samuel S. Kim, MIA ’62<br />
Natasha Suzanne Kindergan, MIA ’04<br />
Mary C. King, MIA ’79<br />
Brigitte Lehner Kingsbury, MIA ’89<br />
James Henry Kipers Jr., MIA ’02<br />
Rebecca Kirsh<br />
Emad Kiyaei<br />
Pamela Ziemba Kladzyk<br />
Donald W. Klein<br />
Stephen H. Klitzman<br />
David Eric Klotz, MPA ’89<br />
Paulo Francisco Kluber, CERT ’08,<br />
MIA ’08<br />
Andrew Jerome Koch, MIA ’07<br />
Anjali Devi Kochar, MIA ’01<br />
Arpine Kocharyan<br />
Kari Odquist Kohl, MIA ’99<br />
Paik Har Kong, MIA ’82<br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>er Koproski<br />
Andrzej Korbonski<br />
William Korey, CERT ’48<br />
Slawomir A. Korzan<br />
Victor Koshkin-Youritzin, IF ’65<br />
Rudolph Kosiba<br />
M. Savka Kovacevic<br />
Alan B. Kubarek<br />
Rebecca Morris Kuhar, MPA ’98<br />
Piotr J. Kumelowski<br />
Jose Kuri, MPA ’99<br />
Richard W. Kurz, MIA ’77<br />
Edward Kwiatkowski<br />
Susanne Kyzivat, MIA ’84<br />
Darwin R. Labarthe, MD, IF ’62<br />
Laurin L. Laderoute Jr., Esq., IF ’66<br />
Marie S. Lafontaine, MIA ’08<br />
Polly Nora Lagana, MPA ’04<br />
Tore Lahghelle<br />
Jacqueline R. Lakah, CERT ’75<br />
Abdelghni Lakhdar<br />
Ann H. Lakhdhir<br />
Jose M. Lamas, MIA ’86<br />
William Charles Lambert, CERT ’88<br />
Debbie A. L<strong>and</strong>res, MIA ’06<br />
Julie Werner Lane, MPA ’92<br />
Teresa Shannon Lang<br />
Thomas Richard Lansner, MIA ’91/<br />
JustGive.org<br />
F. Stephen Larrabee, IF ’69<br />
John Lastavica<br />
Charles D. N. Laurence<br />
Sherri G. Lawless, MPA ’80<br />
Mel Laytner, MIA ’72<br />
Bozidar Lazarevic<br />
Marina Ledkovsky<br />
Amb. Nelson C. Ledsky, MIA ’53<br />
Chester Lee<br />
Daniel Emil Lee, MPA ’05<br />
Ken Lee, MIA ’97<br />
Ting Fong Lee, MPA ’07<br />
Andre D. Lehmann, CERT ’73, MIA ’73<br />
Timothy Lel<strong>and</strong>, IF ’61<br />
Philip J. Lemanski, MPA ’86<br />
Mara Lemos, MIA ’04<br />
Am<strong>and</strong>a V. Leness, MIA ’93<br />
Suzanna Lengyel<br />
Scott T. Leo<br />
Ryan S. Lester, MIA ’01<br />
Deborah Jacobs Levy, MPA ’92<br />
Nadine Netter Levy, MIA ’70<br />
James John Lewellis, MIA ’04<br />
Diane Y. Lewis, IF ’73<br />
Arthur Dominique Liacre, MIA ’04<br />
Catherine L. Liesman<br />
Cicero Ioan Limberea, MIA ’01<br />
David-Sven Charles Lindholm, IF ’98,<br />
MIA ’98<br />
John F. Lippmann, MIA ’49<br />
Amy Kay Lipton, MIA ’88<br />
Megan Rose Lipton, MIA ’01<br />
John Joseph Lis, IF ’96, CERT ’96,<br />
MIA ’96<br />
Richard J. Lis<br />
Daniel Brown Little, MIA ’05<br />
Kai-Chun Liu, MPA ’82<br />
Robert T. Livernash, MIA ’73, IF ’73<br />
Robin M. Lloyd, IF ’76<br />
Jody Susan London, MPA ’90<br />
Christine M. Loomis, CERT ’75<br />
William Anthony Lorenz, MIA ’99<br />
Ronald Dean Lorton, IF ’71, MIA ’71<br />
Alda Losada, MIA ’00<br />
Robert W. Loschiavo, MPA ’82<br />
Paik-Swan Low, MIA ’85<br />
Jonathan A. Lowe, MIA ’69<br />
Erica Granetz Lowitz, MPA ’94<br />
Lynn A. Lurie, MIA ’81<br />
Craig Philip Lustig, MPA ’98<br />
Yuwei Ma, MIA ’07<br />
Hon. Ralph R. Mabey, IF ’72<br />
Vernon L. Mack, MIA ’73<br />
David MacKenzie, PhD, CERT ’53<br />
Benjamin Edward Madgett, MPA ’07<br />
Marko Maglich<br />
Barbara M. Magnoni, MIA ’94<br />
Gerard Joseph Maguire, MIA ’02<br />
Alberta S. Magzanian, CERT ’56<br />
Patrick Joseph Mahaney Jr., MIA ’99<br />
Michael Thomas Maier, Esq., MIA ’08<br />
Stephen D. Maikowski, MIA ’77<br />
Haim Malka, MIA ’01<br />
Joel Nordin Maloney, MIA ’96<br />
Paulo Cesar de F. Mamede, MPA ’05<br />
Shinobu Mamiya, MIA ’96<br />
Angela Sapp Mancini, MIA ’03<br />
Angelo Michael Mancino, MPA ’03<br />
Harriet Lee M<strong>and</strong>el, CERT ’85, MIA ’85<br />
Sun<strong>and</strong>a Mansingh Mane, MIA ’03<br />
Andrew Thomas Mangan, IF ’84<br />
Theodore E. Mankovich, IF ’71<br />
John G. Manning, Esq., MIA ’70<br />
Leah Michele Manning, MIA ’08<br />
Ida May H. Mantel, MIA ’64<br />
Robert B. Mantel, MIA ’63<br />
Sarah Louise Charity Marchal, MPA ’04<br />
Deena Gabrielle Margolis, MPA ’99<br />
Jennifer Lin Marozas, MPA ’97/Global<br />
Impact<br />
Zachary Blake Marshall, IF ’91, MIA ’91<br />
Thaddeus W. Marszalek<br />
Leon C. Martel, CERT ’57<br />
Clara Martin<br />
Charles M. Martorana<br />
Raul Kazimierz Martynek, MIA ’93<br />
Michael Masanovich<br />
Jocelyn Maskow, MPA ’88<br />
Robert Frank Massimi, MIA ’05<br />
Heather Blair Matheson, MPA ’08<br />
Dobrosav Matiasevic<br />
Yasuyuki Matsui, MPA ’08<br />
Lidia Matwey<br />
Anneliese Farrell Mauch, MIA ’93,<br />
CERT ’93<br />
Democritos Timotheos Mavrellis, MIA ’08<br />
Toby E. Mayman, MIA ’65<br />
Leonard L. Mazur<br />
Jennifer Allyn McCann, MIA ’92<br />
Sissel Wivestad McCarthy, MIA ’92<br />
Cary Palmer McClell<strong>and</strong>, MIA ’07<br />
Am<strong>and</strong>a Waring McClenahan, MPA ’02<br />
Robert O. McClintock, IF ’63<br />
Barbara L. McCormick, MIA ’77<br />
Col. John J. McCuen Sr., MIA ’61<br />
Ann Hunt McDermott, MPA ’90<br />
John Lewis McDonald, MIA ’93,<br />
CERT ’93<br />
Brian C. McDonnell, MPA ’80<br />
Heather R. McGeory, MIA ’05<br />
Eugenia McGill, MIA ’00<br />
Fred F. McGoldrick, MIA ’66<br />
Marsha C. McGough<br />
John B. McGrath, IF ’80, MIA ’80,<br />
CERT ’80<br />
James D. McGraw, MIA ’55<br />
Jonathan Riley McHale, MIA ’87,<br />
CERT ’87<br />
Anne N. McIntosh, IF ’85, MIA ’85<br />
Albert Dan McIntyre<br />
Robert Calvin McKenney, MIA ’08<br />
Joseph A. Mehan<br />
Laila M. Mehdi, MIA ’86<br />
Neeru Mehra, MIA ’79<br />
Maude Frances Meisel, CERT ’87<br />
Marisa Lynn Mejia, MPA ’05<br />
Roger C. Melzer<br />
Jack W. Mendelsohn, CERT ’77<br />
Stephen Carlos Mercado, MIA ’88,<br />
CERT ’88<br />
Stephanie Crane Mergenthaler, MIA ’98<br />
Michael G. Merin, IF ’84, MIA ’84,<br />
CERT ’84<br />
Edward J. Meros<br />
Katherine M. Metres, IF ’97, MIA ’97<br />
Jeffrey Peter Metzler, MPA ’99<br />
Calvin Marshall Mew, IF ’72<br />
Brian R. Meyers, MPA ’06<br />
Sylvia Schmidt Mgaieth, MIA ’01<br />
Frank J. Miceli, MIA ’92<br />
Pearl Rita Miles, MPA ’00<br />
Stanislaw A. Milewski, MD<br />
Zorka Milich<br />
Zoran Milkovich<br />
Adin Calis Miller, MPA ’96<br />
Andrew James Miller, MPA ’08<br />
Charles Russell Miller, CERT ’99, MIA ’99<br />
David H. Miller, CERT ’67<br />
Harlan Ira Miller, MIA ’95<br />
Kennon Avery Miller, MPA ’97<br />
Michelle Beth Miller-Adams, MIA ’82<br />
Thomas P. Milligan, IF ’85, MIA ’85,<br />
CERT ’85<br />
Joel C. Millonzi, MIA ’70, CERT ’70<br />
Kyle Terence Milne, MPA ’07<br />
George R. Milner Jr., MIA ’49<br />
Adam T. Minson, MIA ’08<br />
Matthew D. Mogul, MIA ’98<br />
Redmond Kathleen Molz<br />
Kathleen P. Mone, MPA ’81<br />
Ewa Monsul, DMD<br />
M. Diana Montero Melis, MPA ’08<br />
Bruce Moon<br />
Rocio Clara Mora Quinones<br />
Walter N. Morgan<br />
James C. Mori, MIA ’80<br />
Walter J. Morris<br />
Jason Travis Mosio<br />
Henry W. Mott III, CERT ’57<br />
Wendell L. Mott, MIA ’66<br />
Kirsten Lynn Muetzel, MIA ’06, CERT ’06<br />
Adelaide Deb Muhlfelder<br />
Christine Munn, MIA ’81<br />
Erika Munter, MIA ’96<br />
Takuya Murata<br />
Christopher P. Murphy, MIA ’74<br />
Dawn Celeste Murphy, MIA ’04<br />
Patrizia Romana Musilli, CERT ’88,<br />
MIA ’88<br />
Zbigniew M. Muszynski<br />
Paul Anthony Ngite Mutisya, MPA ’02<br />
Andrew Mwaba, MIA ’97<br />
Rebecca Elizabeth Myers, MPA ’07<br />
Robert O. Myhr, MIA ’62<br />
Jonathan Jacob Nadler, MPA ’81<br />
Natalia Nagree<br />
John H. Nahm, MIA ’00<br />
Fumiaki Nakamura, MIA ’99<br />
Divya Narayanan, MIA ’98<br />
Peter Ryan Natiello, IF ’90, MIA ’90<br />
Edward Joseph Naughton, MIA ’08<br />
Oksana Dackiw Nesterczuk, CERT ’81,<br />
MIA ’81<br />
Katarzyna W. Newcomer<br />
Richard T. Newman, MIA ’51<br />
Jian Ni, MIA ’01<br />
Gregory Robert Nichols<br />
Ann Nicol, MIA ’77<br />
Dmitry Nikitin, MIA ’05<br />
Sylvester Okey Nnadi, MPA ’03<br />
Eri Noguchi, MPA ’93<br />
Carolyn M. Nomura, MIA ’76<br />
Carletta Nonziato, MIA ’84/Carron, LLC<br />
Bradley S. Norton, MPA ’02<br />
Lila Fatemeh Noury, MIA ’06<br />
Martin D. Novar, Esq., CERT ’84,<br />
MIA ’84<br />
Elizabeth Marina Nunez<br />
Jessica Jama Nussenbaum, MIA ’03<br />
Noelle King O’Connor, IF ’84<br />
Ronald W. O’Connor, MD, IF ’64<br />
Noreen O’Donnell, MIA ’97<br />
Peter Damian O’Driscoll, MIA ’97<br />
James A. Oesterle, IF ’65, MIA ’65<br />
Steve Sohyun Oh, MIA ’07<br />
Harry John O’Hara, IF ’91, MIA ’91<br />
Nelson Olavarrieta, MPA ’07<br />
Clarence W. Olmstead Jr., Esq., IF ’67<br />
Paige Lauren Wood Olmsted, MPA ’08<br />
Shebna Nur Olsen, MPA ’08<br />
Marina Olshansky, MIA ’93<br />
SIPA NEWS 53
DONOR LIST SIPA<br />
Kathleen A. O’Malley, MIA ’75<br />
Yalman Onaran, MIA ’93<br />
Emin Yiget Onat<br />
Kevin P. O’Neil, MIA ’85<br />
Jean-Marc R. Oppenheim, IF ’77<br />
Mary Ann Oppenheimer, MIA ’69<br />
John M. Orr, Esq., IF ’68<br />
Bruce A. Ortwine, MIA ’78<br />
Rita A. Orzel<br />
Joseph Osenni Jr., MPA ’79<br />
Kimberly Ostrowski<br />
Laura Otterbourg, MIA ’87<br />
Victor M. Ov<strong>and</strong>o, MIA ’07<br />
Junichiro Oyama, MIA ’95<br />
Marilyn G. Ozer, MIA ’71<br />
William M. Packard, MD, IF ’70<br />
John F. Palmer, Esq., IF ’70<br />
Odette L. Pantelich<br />
Constantine G. Papavizas, IF ’81, MIA ’81<br />
Michael A. Pardy, MPA ’08<br />
Shaila Bhupendra Parikh<br />
Mary J. Park, MPA ’94<br />
Maxime Parmentier, MIA ’08<br />
Sara Pasquier<br />
Peter Pastor<br />
Louis L. Patalita<br />
Amal Shashikant Patel, MIA ’02<br />
Harmony Christine Patricio, MPA ’08<br />
Grant R. Patrick, MIA ’81<br />
Susan C. Patterson, MIA ’77<br />
Andrew Collins Peach, MIA ’98<br />
Jon S. Pearl, MD<br />
John Edward Peck, CERT ’91<br />
John A. Pecoul, IF ’64<br />
Barbara Pehlivanian<br />
Elena C. Pell, MPA ’86<br />
Chimie C. Pemba, MIA ’96<br />
Jayne Cecere Peng, MIA ’83<br />
Capt. Richard J. Pera, MIA ’79<br />
Humberto V. B. Laudares Pereira<br />
Eduardo Peris-Deprez, MIA ’08<br />
Andrew Knox Perkins, MIA ’85,<br />
CERT ’85<br />
John Steven Perk<strong>of</strong>f, MIA ’86<br />
George Alan Perlov, MPA ’02<br />
Jack R. Perry, CERT ’58<br />
Jasminee Persaud, MIA ’05<br />
Dragan S. Petakov<br />
Mariana S. Petermann, MIA ’94<br />
Ned King Peterson, MIA ’07<br />
Peter J. Pettibone<br />
Catherine Anne Pfordresher, MPA ’97<br />
Elizabeth M. Phillips, MIA ’79<br />
Michelle Eugenia Philp, MPA ’08<br />
Jerome Picard<br />
Maurice J. Picard, PhD, MIA ’61<br />
James Brian Pieri, MPA ’07<br />
Andrew J. Pierre, MIA ’57, IF ’57<br />
Jeffrey M. Pines, MD, IF ’71<br />
Daphne Anne Pinkerson, MIA ’85<br />
Vanessa Pino Lockel, MPA ’03<br />
Gerald A. Pinsky, MIA ’55<br />
Tas Ling Pinther, MIA ’94<br />
Stephen Francis Pirozzi, MPA ’93<br />
Peter S. Pitarys<br />
Robert Walter Pitulej, MPA ’96<br />
Steven J. Pl<strong>of</strong>sky, MIA ’80<br />
Rachel L. Pohl, MPA ’84, IF ’84<br />
Richard P. Poirier, MPA ’80<br />
Polish Veterans <strong>of</strong> World War II,<br />
SPK Inc.<br />
Cary Neil Pollack, MIA ’71<br />
Maurice A. Pollet<br />
Robert W. Pons, MIA ’64<br />
Maria Popov<br />
Richard P. Poremski<br />
Andrzej Porwit<br />
Tomasz Potworowski<br />
Melissa A. Poueymirou<br />
Margaret Edsall Powell, MIA ’01<br />
Brian James Pozun, CERT ’08, MIA ’08<br />
Suraj Prasannakumar<br />
Jeffrey D. Pribor, Esq., IF ’82<br />
Carlos Prieto, MPA ’08<br />
Joseph Procopio, MIA ’72<br />
Steven James Quattry<br />
Salahuddin Rabbani, MIA ’08<br />
Serena Whiteman Rachels, CERT ’67<br />
Bonny S. Radez<br />
Miodrag Radulovacki<br />
Vikram Raju, MIA ’97<br />
Milovan T. Rakic<br />
Hanitra Patricia Ralijemisa, MIA ’99<br />
Allison J. Ramler, MIA ’96, CERT ’96<br />
Timothy Paul Ramsey, MIA ’93<br />
M. Laxmi Rao, MIA ’05<br />
Adam Clive Raphaely, MPA ’07<br />
Robert D. Rawlins, IF ’73<br />
Gary J. Reardon, MPA ’80<br />
Stephen Kroll Reidy, IF ’74, MIA ’74<br />
Hayes McCarthy Reisenfeld, MIA ’87<br />
Edmund O. Reiter, CERT ’61<br />
Stina Mathea Reksten, MIA ’08<br />
Aaron Renfro, MPA ’04<br />
Janet S. Resele-Tiden, MIA ’92<br />
Therese Ruth Revesz, MIA ’70<br />
Michelle D. Rexach-Subira, MPA ’96<br />
Robert A. Rich, MPA ’81<br />
Russell E. Richey, IF ’65<br />
Alvin Richman, MIA ’60<br />
Leslie K. Rider-Araki, IF ’81, MIA ’81<br />
John Rim, CERT ’52<br />
Yaakov Ari Ringler, MPA ’05<br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>er Ritter<br />
Maggie Rivas-Rodriguez, IF ’77<br />
Richard C. Robarts, IF ’61, MIA ’61<br />
Sara E. Robertson, MIA ’84<br />
Jean K. Robinson, MIA ’83<br />
Karla Arlette Robinson, MIA ’00<br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>ra Rochlitzer<br />
Susan Rockefeller, MPA ’98/MGS & RRS<br />
Charitable Trust<br />
Alvaro Rodriguez, MIA ’99<br />
Stacey Nicole Roen<br />
Riordan J. A. Roett III, MIA ’61<br />
Brett Rogers<br />
John E. Rogers, Esq., MIA ’69<br />
Paul Mauro Romita, MIA ’07<br />
Susan O. Rose, CERT ’68<br />
Edward S. Rosenbaum, MIA ’77<br />
Paul Elliott Rosenberg, MIA ’08<br />
Richard H. Rosensweig, MIA ’68<br />
Susan A. S. Rosthal, MIA ’71<br />
Seymour Rotter, PhD, CERT ’49<br />
Richard P. Roulier, MIA ’77<br />
Andrea Rounds<br />
Heather Johnson Row, CERT ’84,<br />
MIA ’84<br />
Richard C. Rowson, MIA ’50<br />
Sujoya Shantona Roy, MIA ’90<br />
Mark A. Ruben, MD, MIA ’80<br />
Celine Solsken Ruben-Salama, MPA ’08<br />
Veronika L. Ruff, MIA ’06<br />
Robert R. Ruggiero<br />
Jessica MacKay Rush<br />
Margaret Heflin Sabbag, MIA ’98<br />
Anthony R. Saccomano, MIA ’70<br />
Haroon Saeed, MIA ’95<br />
Abby H. Safirstein, MIA ’94<br />
Carol R. Saivetz, CERT ’71, MIA ’71<br />
Mark Edward Sajbel, MIA ’82<br />
Anne O’Toole Salinas, CERT ’96, MIA ’96<br />
Russell O. Salmon, CERT ’69<br />
Joseph John Saltarelli, MIA ’83<br />
Joseph Andrew Samborsky, MPA ’04<br />
Nicole L. Samii, MIA ’04<br />
Emma San Segundo Riesco<br />
Matthew S<strong>and</strong>y<br />
Leslie Anne Santamaria, MIA ’06<br />
Marc Saperstein<br />
Asmita K. Savani, MPA ’07<br />
Philip Nathaniel Sawyer, MIA ’87<br />
Marta Lee Schaaf, MIA ’04<br />
Liliana Monk Schatz, MIA ’78<br />
Daniele Megan Schiffman, MPA ’02<br />
Paul Schlamm, MIA ’68<br />
Scott Ronald Schless, MIA ’87<br />
Ina Valborg Schonberg, MIA ’89<br />
Morton Schwartz, MIA ’54, CERT ’54<br />
Lynn A. Seirup, MIA ’80<br />
Kaoruko Seki, IF ’93, MIA ’93<br />
Albert L. Seligmann, MIA ’49<br />
Irwin S. Selnick, CERT ’78<br />
Marc Jay Selverstone, MIA ’92<br />
Steven Harold Semenuk, MPA ’90<br />
Frank G. Serafin<br />
Nina Maria Serafino, MIA ’76<br />
Karen Serota<br />
Lauren C. Serota, MIA ’05<br />
Jean-Francois Seznec, MIA ’73/The<br />
Lafayette Group LLC<br />
Amelia Bates Shachoy, MPA ’88<br />
Roshan Mukund Shah<br />
Jeanine Shama, MPA ’01<br />
Levan Shaorshadze<br />
Paul A. Shapiro, MIA ’70<br />
Amita Sharma, MPA ’08<br />
Camilla Violet Sharples, MIA ’08<br />
Howard Jerome Shatz, MIA ’91<br />
Jeffrey C. Sheban, MIA ’86<br />
Dan Ray Shepherd, MPA ’08<br />
Shawn Patrick Sheridan, MPA ’08<br />
Elisabeth Day Sherwood, MIA ’95<br />
Betsy Pollack Shimberg, MPA ’97<br />
Junko Shiota, CERT ’88<br />
Rekha Shukla, MIA ’92<br />
Colette Shulman<br />
Oksana Shulyar<br />
Gary Gordon Sick<br />
Marc J. Sievers, IF ’80, CERT ’80, MIA ’80<br />
Gudrun Sigurdardottir<br />
Kathryn Angel Sikkink, CERT ’84<br />
Genevieve Delaune Silverman, MIA ’97<br />
Michael Silvia, MIA ’79<br />
Melvyn J. Simburg, Esq., IF ’71, MIA ’71<br />
George W. Simmonds, CERT ’52<br />
Michael J. Simon, IF ’80, MIA ’80<br />
Col. Michael Rudolph Simone, MIA ’85,<br />
CERT ’85<br />
Willard M. Sims III, MIA ’97<br />
Kuldip K. Singh, MIA ’77<br />
Vikram Jeet Singh, MIA ’03<br />
Surani Ishara Sirisena, MIA ’08<br />
Vicki Sittenfeld, MPA ’82<br />
Charles Skop<br />
Leehe Skuler-Sella<br />
Hon. Joseph C. Small, IF ’68<br />
Felix Smigiel<br />
Lt. Col. Asa P. Smith, MIA ’67<br />
Elizabeth Ann Smith, MPA ’04<br />
Kyle McClellan Smith, MPA ’08<br />
Pinkney Craig Smith, CERT ’61<br />
Richard M. Smith, IF ’69<br />
Scott Seward Smith, MIA ’98<br />
Timothy C. Smith, Esq., IF ’69<br />
Timothy Snyder<br />
Roberto E. Socas, MIA ’55<br />
Anastasia Sochynsky<br />
Elaine Carol S<strong>of</strong>fer, MPA ’83<br />
Richard J. Soghoian, IF ’65<br />
Stephen A. Sokol, MIA ’01<br />
Marvin Sokol<strong>of</strong>f<br />
Debra E. Soled, MIA ’82, CERT ’82<br />
Henri-Leon Solomon, MIA ’06<br />
Thomas M. Somers, IF ’77, MIA ’77<br />
Hyuy Joo Son<br />
Christian R. Sonne, CERT ’62, MIA ’62<br />
Glenn E. Sonntag, MPA ’08<br />
Rachel Elizabeth Sorey<br />
Paul T. Sosnowski<br />
Raymond Sowinski<br />
Leanne Gayle Spees, MIA ’83<br />
Molly Catherine Spencer, MPA ’97<br />
Nicholas J. Spiliotes, Esq., CERT ’79,<br />
IF ’79<br />
Stefan Andreas Spohr, MIA ’94<br />
Robert Francis Staats Jr., MIA ’83<br />
Elizabeth Stabler, MIA ’56<br />
Sally J. Staley, MIA ’80<br />
Robert David Stang, MPA ’84<br />
Nicolas J. Stefano, MIA ’07<br />
Virginia Elizabeth Stein<br />
Walter Alan Stein, MIA ’69, CERT ’69<br />
Lisa Steinberg, MIA ’89<br />
David Hunter Stephens, IF ’84, MIA ’84<br />
Jukka-Pekka Str<strong>and</strong>, MIA ’07<br />
Michael Andrew Streeto, MIA ’89<br />
Sherrill Lea Stroschein, MIA ’94,<br />
CERT ’94<br />
Matthew Trombley Stubbs, MPA ’05<br />
Sarita Subramanian<br />
Rita M. Sukiasian, MIA ’00<br />
Kamala Sukosol, MIA ’60<br />
Witold S. Sulimirski<br />
Cihan A. Sultanoglu, MIA ’81<br />
Mengxi Mancy Sun, MPA ’08<br />
Yun Sun, MIA ’94<br />
Irene B. Susmano, MIA ’88<br />
54 SIPA NEWS
DONOR LIST SIPA<br />
William H. Swartz Jr., IF ’68, MIA ’68<br />
Stephen B. Sweet, MIA ’94<br />
Susan M. Swiatek<br />
Stanley P. Swiderski<br />
Ildiko Szilank, MIA ’98<br />
Boleslaw K. Szymanski<br />
Anne Bernadette Talley, MIA ’94<br />
Puneet Talwar, MIA ’90<br />
Alice Ayling Tan, MPA ’01<br />
Aya Tanaka, MIA ’97<br />
Mana Tanaka, MPA ’01<br />
Di Tang, MIA ’05<br />
Helena Tang, IF ’82, MIA ’82<br />
Lisa Tarantino, MIA ’94<br />
Virginia M. Tarris, MIA ’76<br />
Florence Tatistcheff-Amzallag, MIA ’76<br />
Eda Franzetti Tato, MIA ’80<br />
William C. Taubman, IF ’63, CERT ’63<br />
LeAnn D. Tavtigian, MIA ’87<br />
Myrna C. Tengco, MPA ’05<br />
Carlos Felix Terrones, MPA ’08<br />
Monica A. Thakrar, MIA ’00<br />
Br<strong>and</strong>on Scott Thompson<br />
Paul A. Thompson, MIA ’73<br />
Scott Christian Thompson, MIA ’97<br />
Anna Throne-Holst, MIA ’06<br />
Paul E. Tierney Jr./The Tierney Family<br />
Foundation Inc.<br />
Laurie Diane Timmermann, MIA ’84<br />
Stephen E. Tisman, Esq., IF ’72<br />
Paul S. Tkachuk ’71<br />
Janus Todd<br />
Jovan Todorovich<br />
Violet Todorovich<br />
Todor Todorovski, MIA ’07<br />
M. Tomaszewski, MD<br />
Page C. Tomblin, MPA ’01<br />
Diego Torres, MIA ’04<br />
Jennifer Elizabeth Toth, MIA ’04<br />
Elizabeth D. Trafelet, MIA ’03<br />
John Christopher Traylor, MPA ’89<br />
Samantha Tress, MPA ’08<br />
Edward Trickey, MIA ’88<br />
Jennifer Andich Trotsko, MIA ’97,<br />
CERT ’97<br />
Christopher G. Trump, IF ’62<br />
Kathryn Ann Tsibulsky, MIA ’05<br />
Nicholas B. Tsocanos, MIA ’99<br />
Andrew Charles Tsunis, MIA ’00<br />
Alper A. Tunca, MPA ’05<br />
Rebecca Hales Tunstall, MIA ’04<br />
Robert F. Turetsky, MIA ’72<br />
Christine Leigh Turner, MIA ’02<br />
Melinda Macdonald Twomey, MIA ’84<br />
Thalia Tzanetti, MIA ’05<br />
Natalia Udovik, MIA ’69<br />
Yuki Uehara, MIA ’04<br />
Monica Ugidos, MIA ’01<br />
Vladimer Ugulava, MIA ’00<br />
Miguel Urquiola<br />
Ralph W. Usinger, MIA ’73<br />
Mehrnaz Vahid, MIA ’89<br />
Alej<strong>and</strong>ro Joel Valencia, MPA ’98<br />
Lucia Vancura, MIA ’06<br />
Galina Varadzhakova, IF ’96, MIA ’96<br />
Jorge Luis Vargas, MIA ’98<br />
Herbert Paul Varley Jr., CERT ’61<br />
Veena Vasudevan, MPA ’08<br />
Christopher Michael Vaughn, MIA ’02<br />
Milos M. Velimirovic<br />
Gabor Veress<br />
Andrew M. Verner, CERT ’86<br />
Edward J. Vern<strong>of</strong>f, MIA ’68<br />
Amb. Alex<strong>and</strong>er R. Vershbow, CERT ’76,<br />
MIA ’76<br />
Joseph L. Vidich, MIA ’80<br />
Richard W. Vieser Jr., MIA ’80<br />
Steven D. Vigil<br />
Vanessa R. Villalva<br />
Carrie Staub Vomacka, MIA ’06<br />
Stephanie Von Stein, MIA ’93<br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>er von Ziegesar, MIA ’05<br />
Dragan D. Vuckovic<br />
George M. Vujnovich<br />
Matthias Georg Wabl, MIA ’02<br />
Kenichi Wada, MIA ’05<br />
Hans Herbert Wahl, MIA ’95<br />
Maria M. Waite-Nied, MPA ’82<br />
Douglas B. Wake, MIA ’80, CERT ’80<br />
Marc McGowan Wall, IF ’75, MIA ’75<br />
Jeffrey Gene Waller, MIA ’02<br />
Thomas E. Wallin, IF ’77, MIA ’77<br />
Amy Walsh<br />
Kelly Zack Walters<br />
Stephen Christopher Wamback, MPA ’90<br />
Joy C. Wang, MPA ’01<br />
Yao-te Wang, MIA ’06<br />
Shana Michelle Ward, MIA ’02<br />
Stephen Lawrence Washington, MPA ’88<br />
Carl Thomas Watson, MIA ’04<br />
Christina Anne Way, MIA ’05<br />
Marian Lillian Weber, MPA ’07<br />
Egon E. Weck, MIA ’49<br />
Kimberly Anne Wedel, MPA ’88<br />
Lois D. Weinert, CERT ’51<br />
Alicia Deborah Weinstein, MPA ’01<br />
Paul J. Weinstein Jr., MIA ’87<br />
Gary Michael Weiskopf, MPA ’87<br />
Lynn Weiskopf, MPA ’91<br />
Paula K. Weiss, MIA ’08<br />
Marilyn L. Wertheimer, CERT ’53<br />
Hon. Franklin E. White, IF ’65<br />
Raymond D. White, PE, IF ’64<br />
Hon. Gordon James Whiting, IF ’93<br />
Dana Lynn Wichterman, MIA ’88<br />
Barbara Wierzbianski<br />
Roy Wiesner, MPA ’05<br />
Elizabeth Roberts Wilcox, IF ’94,<br />
CERT ’94<br />
Katherine Elizabeth Wilkinson<br />
M. Drenka Willen<br />
H. David Willey, IF ’63<br />
Robyn Lee Williams, MPA ’06<br />
Linda D. Winslow<br />
Merle Beth Wise, MPA ’88<br />
Karol A. Wojnar<br />
William D. Wolle, MIA ’51<br />
Benson Wong, MIA ’94<br />
Ronald G. Woodbury, IF ’66<br />
Brian J. Woods, MPA ’02<br />
Jonathan M. Woods, MIA ’93<br />
Carl Jeffrey Wright, IF ’82<br />
Chang-Chuan Wu, CERT ’69<br />
Michele M. Wucker, MIA ’93, CERT ’93<br />
Norman G. Wyc<strong>of</strong>f, MIA ’50<br />
Katherine Yang, MPA ’08<br />
Rebecca Yeh<br />
Sonia Eun Joo Yeo, MIA ’00<br />
Kamil Yilmaz, MIA ’07<br />
Zhijing Yin, MPA ’03<br />
Harry M. Yohalem, Esq., MIA ’69<br />
Suonty You<br />
Drew M. Young II, MIA ’72, IF ’72,<br />
CERT ’72<br />
Mark Donald Young, MPA ’91<br />
Miriam A. Young, MIA ’91, CERT ’91<br />
Philip K. Y. Young, MIA ’69<br />
William Jack Young Jr., MPA ’90<br />
Diana Onsy Yousef-Martinek, MIA ’04<br />
Chunyu Yu, MPA ’03<br />
Michael Yun, MPA ’05<br />
Mischa Aless<strong>and</strong>ro Zabotin, MIA ’89<br />
Alicia A. Zadrozna-Fiszman<br />
Peter Zalmayev, MIA ’08, CERT ’08<br />
Michael Shiel Zdanovich, MIA ’88<br />
Allan Zhang, MIA ’95<br />
Andrew W. Zimmerman, MD, IF ’68<br />
Thomas Zimmerman<br />
Marcin Zmudzki<br />
Jonathan Zorach, CERT ’72<br />
Cara Zwerling<br />
Jozef J. Zwislocki<br />
Matching Organizations<br />
234 Moonachie Corporation<br />
Accenture Foundation, Inc.<br />
Bank <strong>of</strong> America Foundation<br />
The Bank <strong>of</strong> New York Mellon Foundation<br />
Constellation Energy Group Foundation,<br />
Inc.<br />
Deutsche Bank Americas Foundation<br />
Edison <strong>International</strong><br />
Ernst & Young Foundation<br />
ExxonMobil Foundation<br />
Gannett Foundation, Inc.<br />
GE Foundation<br />
GlaxoSmithKline Foundation<br />
Goldman Sachs & Company<br />
HSBC Bank USA<br />
J.P. Morgan Chase Foundation<br />
Jefferies & Company, Inc.<br />
The Johnson Family Foundation<br />
Kaplan Educational Centers<br />
Key Foundation<br />
Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc.<br />
The McGraw-Hill Companies<br />
Foundation, Inc.<br />
The Merck Company Foundation<br />
Merrill Lynch & Co. Foundation, Inc.<br />
MetLife Foundation<br />
The Moody’s Foundation<br />
Motorola Foundation<br />
Pfizer Foundation<br />
Prudential Foundation<br />
RBC Capital Markets Corporation<br />
Sempra Energy<br />
The Sherwin-Williams Foundation<br />
Siemens Corporation<br />
State Street Foundation<br />
UBS<br />
Wells Fargo Foundation<br />
Class Gift 2008<br />
Zahid Ali Abbasi<br />
Sola Adeloa<br />
Kerstin E. Ahlgren<br />
Mathew D. Aho<br />
Ge<strong>of</strong>frey Hughes Allan, MIA ’08<br />
Lydia H. Allen<br />
Zaina Fawaz Arafat<br />
Cesar Augusto Arias Hern<strong>and</strong>ez, MPA ’08<br />
Kojo Appiah-Adjei Asiedu<br />
Maher Marwan Awartani<br />
Roshma A. Azeem, MPA ’04<br />
Shubha Balasubramanyam<br />
Katrina M. Barnas<br />
Wais Baryalai, MIA ’08<br />
Rebecca Ann Beeman, MIA ’08<br />
Teodora Berkova<br />
Ruchi Bhatnagar<br />
Ivanna Bilych, MIA ’08<br />
Patrick Francis Bohan<br />
Natalie Irene Bonjoc<br />
Corinna Rose Bordewieck<br />
Katherine Marika Bradley, MIA ’08<br />
Kathryn Elizabeth Britton<br />
David Vincent Brooks, MPA ’08<br />
Jacqueline Marie Brown<br />
Shanna R. Brownstein, MPA ’08<br />
Leonardo Bullaro, MPA ’08<br />
Marcin Mateusz Buzanski<br />
Nicholas Laurence Cain, MPA ’08<br />
Meredith L. Canada<br />
Helen Y. Cao, MPA ’08<br />
Patricia Caraballo, MPA ’08<br />
Benedetta Casassa<br />
Connie Chao, MPA ’08<br />
Sylvester Chen<br />
Lisa Marie Chung, MIA ’08<br />
Makhete Cisse<br />
Kristen Marie Cleven<br />
Michael B. Clyne<br />
Myrvet Alyeldin Cocoli<br />
Dillon Lockwood Cohen<br />
R. Patrick Contreras, MPA ’08<br />
Olivier Pierre Corbet<br />
Elisa Cordova-Rafioly<br />
Kristen N. Cox Mehling<br />
Ana Maria Currea, MPA ’08<br />
Dr. Anna Paola Della Valle<br />
Chistopher James Derusha<br />
Carlos Alberto Diaz<br />
Alicia D. Dick<br />
Kathleen Louise Dischner, MIA ’08<br />
Carissa Anna Garcia Dizon, MIA ’ ’08<br />
Courtney Elizabeth Doggart<br />
S<strong>and</strong>y Eapen, MIA ’08<br />
Casey Elizabeth Ehrlich<br />
Elona Elezi<br />
Chinonso Tochukwu Emehelu, MIA ’08<br />
Cornelia Mai Ercklentz, MIA ’08<br />
Aaron Paul Ernst, MIA ’08<br />
Marisol S. Espinoza<br />
Jorge Luis Farfan Herrera<br />
Nada A. Farid<br />
Mario Fern<strong>and</strong>ez<br />
Nancy A. Ferrante<br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>er Fischer, MIA ’08<br />
Ellena E. Fotinatos<br />
SIPA NEWS 55
DONOR LIST SIPA<br />
Sarah Elizabeth Fulton, MPA ’08<br />
Roy Geritsen<br />
Kimberly Elizabeth Gilbert Sykes,<br />
MPA ’08<br />
Joseph Michael Gilbride, MPA ’08<br />
Kathryn Glynn-Broderick, MIA ’08<br />
Filic Goran<br />
Emily F. Gouillart<br />
Amy Elizabeth Grace<br />
Paige Ellen Mahon Granger, MIA ’08<br />
Anna Lissa Gutierrez, MPA ’08<br />
Viktoria Habanova<br />
Ilene Hacker<br />
Rebekah Yasmin Hamed, MPA ’08<br />
Alison L. Hare<br />
Georffrey R. Hartman<br />
Lisa Ray Hecht-Cronstedt, MIA ’08<br />
Leif Holmberg, MIA ’08<br />
Benjamin J. Holmes<br />
Ghazanfar Ali Khan Hoti<br />
Na<strong>of</strong>umi Ikeda<br />
Takeshi Inoue<br />
Jimmy Julio Izu Kanashiro<br />
Shruthi Jayaram, MPA ’08<br />
Yoyce Apollo Jones, MIA ’08<br />
Rajan Kapoor<br />
Leonardo Karrer<br />
Michael A. Keeton, MIA ’08<br />
Hahna Bosun Kim<br />
Emad Kiyaei<br />
Paulo Francisco Kluber, CERT ’08,<br />
MIA ’08<br />
Arpine Kocharyan<br />
Marie S. Lafontaine, MIA ’08<br />
Tore Lahghelle<br />
Abdelghni Lakhdar<br />
Teresa Shannon Lang<br />
Charles D. N. Laurence<br />
Scott T. Leo<br />
Scott D. Mackenzie<br />
Michael Thomas Maier, Esq., MIA ’08<br />
Leah Michele Manning, MIA ’08<br />
Clara Martin<br />
Charles M. Martorana<br />
Heather Blair Matheson, MPA ’08<br />
Yasuyuki Matsui, MPA ’08<br />
Democritos Timotheos Mavrellis, MIA ’08<br />
Democritos Timotheos Mavrellis, MIA ’08<br />
Robert Calvin McKenney, MIA ’08<br />
Robert Calvin McKenney, MIA ’08<br />
Andrew James Miller, MPA ’08<br />
Adam T. Minson, MIA ’08<br />
Mahnaz Moinian, MIA ’08<br />
M. Diana Montero Melis, MPA ’08<br />
Rocio Clara Mora Quinones<br />
Jason Travis Mosio<br />
Takuya Murata<br />
Natalia Nagree<br />
Edward Joseph Naughton, MIA ’08<br />
Jian Ni, MIA ’01<br />
Gregory Robert Nichols<br />
Elizabeth Marina Nunez<br />
Paige Lauren Wood Olmsted, MPA ’08<br />
Shebna Nur Olsen, MPA ’08<br />
Emin Yiget Onat<br />
Michael A. Pardy, MPA ’08<br />
Shaila Bhupendra Parikh<br />
Maxime Parmentier, MIA ’08<br />
Sara Pasquier<br />
Harmony Christine Patricio, MPA ’08<br />
Humberto V. B. Laudares Pereira<br />
Eduardo Peris-Deprez, MIA ’08<br />
Michelle Eugenia Philp, MPA ’08<br />
Melissa A. Poueymirou<br />
Brian James Pozun, CERT ’08, MIA ’08<br />
Suraj Prasannakumar<br />
Carlos Prieto, MPA ’08<br />
Steven James Quattry<br />
Salahuddin Rabbani, MIA ’08<br />
Stina Mathea Reksten, MIA ’08<br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>er Ritter<br />
Stacey Nicole Roen<br />
Brett Rogers<br />
Paul Elliott Rosenberg, MIA ’08<br />
Celine Solsken Ruben-Salama, MPA ’08<br />
Jessica MacKay Rush<br />
Emma San Segundo Riesco<br />
Matthew S<strong>and</strong>y<br />
Roshan Mukund Shah<br />
Levan Shaorshadze<br />
Amita Sharma, MPA ’08<br />
Camilla Violet Sharples, MIA ’08<br />
Dan Ray Shepherd, MPA ’08<br />
Shawn Patrick Sheridan, MPA ’08<br />
Oksana Shulyar<br />
Gudrun Sigurdardottir<br />
Surani Ishara Sirisena, MIA ’08<br />
Leehe Skuler-Sella<br />
Kyle McClellan Smith, MPA ’08<br />
Henri-Leon Solomon, MIA ’06<br />
Hyuy Joo Son<br />
Glenn E. Sonntag, MPA ’08<br />
Rachel Elizabeth Sorey<br />
Sarita Subramanian<br />
Mengxi Mancy Sun, MPA ’08<br />
Carlos Felix Terrones, MPA ’08<br />
Br<strong>and</strong>on Scott Thompson<br />
Samantha Tress, MPA ’08<br />
Veena Vasudevan, MPA ’08<br />
Gabor Veress<br />
Steven D. Vigil<br />
Kelly Zack Walters<br />
Paula K. Weiss, MIA ’08<br />
Katherine Elizabeth Wilkinson<br />
Katherine Yang, MPA ’08<br />
Rebecca Yeh<br />
Suonty You<br />
Peter Zalmayev, MIA ’08, CERT ’08<br />
Cara Zwerling<br />
56 SIPA NEWS
SIPA News is published bi-annually by SIPA’s Office <strong>of</strong> External Relations.<br />
Managing Editor: JoAnn Crawford<br />
Editors: Jamie Holmes, Eamon Kircher-Allen<br />
Contributing writers: Massimo Alpian, Dóra Beszterczey, Mariano Castillo, Sasha Chavkin,<br />
John H. Coatsworth, Gwyneth Fries, Dan Green, Jamie Holmes, Eamon Kircher-Allen,<br />
Jake Rollow, Rebecca Rouse, Caroline Stauffer, Tania Tanvir, Thomas Trebat, Miguel Urquiola,<br />
Eric Verhoogen<br />
Contributing photographers: Eileen Barroso, Mariano Castillo, Michael Dames, Dan Green, Jake Rollow,<br />
Caroline Stauffer, Mauricio Lima/AFP/Getty Images, Juan Barreto/AFP/Getty Images, Marcos Issa/AFP/<br />
Getty Images, Elmer Martinez/AFP/Getty Images, Orl<strong>and</strong>o Sierra/AFP/Getty Images, Thony Belizaire/AFP/<br />
Getty Images, STR/AFP/Getty Images, REUTERS Images, Claude Richard Accidat/AFP/Getty Images,<br />
Pierre Merimee/Corbis, Jamie Squire/Getty Images, Adalberto Rios Szalay/Sexto Sol, Holly Wilmeth/<br />
Aurora/Getty Images, Eitan Abramovich/AFP/Getty Images, Enrique de la Osa/Reuters/Corbis, Sven<br />
Creutzmann/Mambo photo/Getty Images, Marcos Delgado/epa/Corbis<br />
Cover Photograph: Tibor Bognár/CORBIS<br />
Design <strong>and</strong> Production: Office <strong>of</strong> University <strong>Public</strong>ations<br />
<strong>School</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>International</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Public</strong> <strong>Affairs</strong><br />
Dean: John H. Coatsworth<br />
Senior Associate Dean: Rob Garris<br />
Associate Deans: Patrick Bohan, Dan McIntyre, <strong>and</strong> Cass<strong>and</strong>ra Simmons<br />
Office <strong>of</strong> External Relations:<br />
Alex Burnett, Communications Officer<br />
JoAnn Crawford, Director <strong>of</strong> <strong>Public</strong>ations <strong>and</strong> Special Events<br />
Daniela Coleman, Director <strong>of</strong> Alumni Relations<br />
Office <strong>of</strong> Development <strong>and</strong> Alumni Relations<br />
Shalini Mimani. Associate Dean, Development<br />
Roshma Azeem, Director <strong>of</strong> Development<br />
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Office <strong>of</strong> External Relations: 212-854-8671<br />
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www.sipa.columbia.edu
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