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Continued from page 43 – Drugs for HIV Infection and AIDS Might Prematurely Age Brains University of California at San Diego say they've found a reduction of blood flow in the brains of people who are infected with HIV, the virus believed to cause AIDS. What makes this so concerning is that it indicates something is rapidly aging the brains of these patients. In fact, the blood flow in the brains of the HIV-infected research subjects was reduced to levels normally seen in uninfected persons who are 15 to 20 years older. Does this mean HIV is causing premature brain aging Maybe. However there's another possibility: according to the researchers, the drugs used to treat HIV/AIDS might play a role in this super fast brain aging. AIDS drugs may damage the brain Previous studies have found the HIV virus may adversely affect many parts of the body, including the heart, liver, kidneys, endocrine system and skeleton. Although a strong "cocktail" of antiviral medications has been credited with extending the life span of those with HIV, these drugs are known to come with a host of side effects -- many of which are health problems often associated with aging. For example, the drugs can cause anemia, digestive problems, peripheral neuropathy and osteoporosis. So it can be difficult to distinguish between any signs of rapid aging that are due to HIV or to the drugs used to treat it. When it comes to the brain, HIV patients are sometimes known to develop dementia. And HIV infected people often complain of thinking problems. "The graying of the AIDS patient community makes this infection's effects on the brain a significant source of concern," Beau Ances, M.D., Ph.D., an assistant professor of neurology at Washington University and first author of the new study, said in a statement to the media. "Patients are surviving into their senior years, and a number of them are coming forward to express concerns about problems they're having with memory and other cognitive functions." To investigate possible premature brain aging in HIV patients, Dr. Ances and his research team used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners and a new technique known as arterial spin labeling that allows precise, non-invasive blood flow measurement to check the brain blood flow in 26 subjects with HIV. The scientists also looked at the brains of 25 uninfected controls. Both groups were about the same age and had the same education. When the study participants were resting in the scanner, the brain blood flow was found to be significantly reduced in those who tested positive for HIV compared to those in the uninfected control group. Significantly, the scientists found that having HIV was associated with reduced brain blood flow even among the younger, most recently infected patients. The research team asked the research subjects to perform a visual task which normally triggers blood flow to increase in specific regions of the brain involved in the task. The MRIs revealed the HIV group had greater blood flow increases, suggesting their brains had to work harder in order to accomplish the task. "Brain blood flow levels decline naturally as we age, but HIV, the medications we use to control it or some combination of the two appear to be accelerating this process independent of aging. Could we reduce the harmful effects of the virus if we started treatment earlier, or does treatment significantly contribute to the harm that's being done" Dr. Ances said in a press statement. "These are the kinds of issues we urgently need to start examining as the AIDS patient population ages." http://www.naturalnews.com/z028082_AIDS_drugs_brain_da mage.html ☻☻☻☻☻☻ HIV Drug causes Liver Damage, Admits FDA By David Gutierrez July 19, 2010 (NaturalNews) The HIV drug Videx (sold generically as didanosine) may cause fatal liver problems, the FDA has warned. Since the drug's initial approval, the agency has received 42 adverse event reports linking Videx and its delayed release version Videx EC to a rare liver disorder known as non-cirrotic portal hypertension. In four of these cases, patients died from liver failure or severe bleeding. Only three patients were able to fully recover from the condition, and all of those needed a liver transplant. Patients had been undergoing treatment with the drug for anywhere from months to years. Although it has not yet been proven that the drugs caused the liver disorder, the FDA noted that there is definitely an association between the two. In non-cirrotic portal hypertension, blood flow through a major vein in the liver becomes constricted, causing Continued on page 45 -44- Traditional African Clinic October 2011
Continued from page 44 – HIV Drug causes Liver Damage blood to back up into the esophagus. Veins in the throat can become so enlarged that they rupture, leading to serious and potentially fatal bleeding. Although the FDA stated that the benefits for HIV patients still outweigh the risks, it warned that Videx patients should be closely monitored for any signs of portal hypertension. Furthermore, it noted that "the decision to use this drug ... must be made on an individual basis between the treating physician and the patient." Videx was first approved in 1991, and the delayed release version was approved in 2000. The drug is a type of antiretroviral drug known as a nucleoside analogue, and slows the proliferation of HIV to prolong the onset of AIDS and extend the life of patients. It has previously been linked to other forms of liver damage, especially in combination with other antiretroviral drugs including hydroxyurea and ribavirin. According to a spokesperson for manufacturer Bristol- Myers Squib, worldwide sales of the drug amounted to $71 million in 2009. http://www.naturalnews.com/z029225_liver_damage_drugs.ht ml ☻☻☻☻☻☻ Hormonal Contraception Ups HIV Risk in Women October 3, 2011 Hormonal contraception may make it easier for HIV to spread between heterosexual sex partners, according to a new study conducted in Africa. Women in the study who used hormonal contraception had double the risk of acquiring HIV or transmitting it to their male partners as those who did not use hormonal contraception. While hormonal conception includes both oral contraception and injectable forms of birth control, the findings were most pronounced for women using injectables, like Depo-Provera, the study said. "These findings have important implications for family planning and HIV-1 prevention programs, especially in settings with high HIV-1 prevalence", said study researcher Jared Baeten, of the University of Washington. HIV-1 is the prevalent subtype of HIV. "Recommendations regarding contraceptive use, particularly emphasizing the importance of dual protection with condoms and the use of non-hormonal and low-dose hormonal methods for women with or at risk for HIV-1, are urgently needed", said study researcher Renee Heffron, also of the University of Washington. HIV and contraception More than 140 million women worldwide use hormonal contraception, such as daily oral pills and long-acting injectables, the study said. A large proportion of the 16 million women living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa also use hormonal contraception. The new study included 3,790 heterosexual couples in which one partner was HIV positive and the other was not. The couples were from seven African countries (Botswana, Kenya, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe). Women using hormonal contraceptives were twice as likely to become infected with HIV. The risk was increased among those using injectable and oral contraceptives, although for the increase seen in those using oral contraceptives was smaller and may have been due to chance. Additionally, women who were HIVpositive at the beginning of the study and using injectable contraception were twice as likely to transmit the virus to their male partner as women who did not use hormonal contraception. The results held even after researchers took into account factors that could affect the HIV transmission rate, such as the whether the woman was pregnant, and whether condoms were used. It's possible hormonal contraception causes biological changes, such as changes to the cells that line the vagina or cervix, that influence susceptibility to HIV, the researchers said. What's to be done "Active promotion of [injectable contraceptives] in areas with high HIV incidence could be contributing to the HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa, which would be tragic," Charles Morrison from Clinical Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, said in an accompanying editorial. "Conversely, limiting one of the most highly used effective methods of contraception in sub-Saharan Africa would probably contribute to increased maternal mortality and morbidity and more low birth weight babies and orphans — an equally tragic result," Morrison said. Morrison also noted the study was not originally designed to measure the effect of hormonal contraception on HIV risk, and that the number of women using these contraceptives was small. In addition, it was common for women in the study to switch their contraception method, from hormonal to non-hormonal contraception, such as intrauterine devices. It's time to find a definitive answer to the question of whether hormonal contraception increases HIV acquisition risk, Morrison said. This can be done through a trial in which participants are randomly assigned to receive hormonal contraception or not. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44765548/ns/healthwomens_health/#.ToqdOHLT4i0 ☻☻☻☻☻☻ -45- Traditional African Clinic October 2011
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