Taxonomic inventories and assessments of terrestrial snails on the ...

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Tinian, the third-largest isl<strong>and</strong> in the Mariana Isl<strong>and</strong>s, is located between latitude 14E55'
N <strong>and</strong> 15E06' N <strong>and</strong> longitude 145E35' E <strong>and</strong> 145E40' E, some 8 km south southwest <strong>of</strong> Saipan
<strong>and</strong> 128 km north <strong>of</strong> Guam (Figure 1). The isl<strong>and</strong> is about 20 km long on its north-south axis
<strong>and</strong> 10 km wide on its east-west axis, with a l<strong>and</strong> area <strong>of</strong> about 102 km 2 . Basement Eocene
volcanic rocks are overlain by Miocene <strong>and</strong> Plio-Pleistocene coral <strong>and</strong> algal limestone <strong>and</strong>
Holocene raised beach <strong>and</strong> reef deposits. Doan et al. (1960) mapped <strong>and</strong> described five
physiographic divisions <strong>of</strong> the isl<strong>and</strong>: 1) a high, southern ridge, where the isl<strong>and</strong>’s highest
elevation (187 m) is located; 2) a low, median valley that bisects the isl<strong>and</strong> in a northeastsouthwest
direction; 3) a large central plateau; 4) a small, north-central highl<strong>and</strong> with a
maximum elevation <strong>of</strong> 166 m; <strong>and</strong> 5) a northern lowl<strong>and</strong> (Figure 2).
Aguiguan is a small, steep-sided isl<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> approximately 7.2 km 2 located 8 km southwest
<strong>of</strong> Tinian at 14E51' N <strong>and</strong>145E33' E. The isl<strong>and</strong> is composed entirely <strong>of</strong> limestone <strong>and</strong>
rises to an elevation <strong>of</strong> 157 m. Most <strong>of</strong> the coastline consists <strong>of</strong> sheer limestone cliffs rising
abruptly from the sea in a series <strong>of</strong> eight separate terraces (Tayama <strong>and</strong> Ota, 1940). The terraces
have been variously grouped into three (Butler, 1992) or four (Tayama <strong>and</strong> Ota, 1940) major
terraces. The uppermost terrace forms a nearly flat, central plateau. There are no beaches or
embayments (Figure 3).
Terrestrial gastropod populations were surveyed by two methods. For arboreal species, a
modification <strong>of</strong> the method used by Hopper <strong>and</strong> Smith (1992) was used. Thirty-minute visual
surveys were conducted by observers in forested areas <strong>of</strong> the isl<strong>and</strong>s. Locations <strong>of</strong> sampling
sites were determined by GPS (Garmin ® GPS 72). Presence or absence <strong>of</strong> <strong>snails</strong> was
determined by examining leaves <strong>of</strong> broad-leaved tree species, including Hern<strong>and</strong>ia sonora,
Guamia mariannae, Cynometra ramiflora, Neisosperma oppositifolia, Ochrosia mariannensis,
Mammea odorata, <strong>and</strong> Aglaia mariannensis, which serve as host species for partulids in other
Mariana Isl<strong>and</strong>s. Special emphasis was given to re-visiting sites in Aguiguan where Partula
langfordi, an Aguiguan endemic, <strong>and</strong> Partula gibba were reported historically (Craig <strong>and</strong>
Ch<strong>and</strong>ran, 1992; Smith, 1995; Kondo, unpublished data). These species were listed as
C<strong>and</strong>idate Species for protection under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. No published records
<strong>of</strong> partulid tree snail distribution in Tinian are known; Kondo (1970) reported Partula gibba
from Tinian, but he did not provide locality data.
When live arboreal <strong>snails</strong> were located within the visual census period, 25-m 2 plots were
established under the densest understory, as determined by a spherical densiometer. During a
30-min search, all <strong>snails</strong> located to 2 m height within the plots were identified to species or
collected <strong>and</strong> preserved in 75.5% ethanol for identification in the laboratory. Shell lengths <strong>of</strong>
specimens were measured to the nearest 0.1 mm with sliding vernier calipers (Digimatic ® 500-
136, Mitutoyo Corp.) or with a Peak ® 10x Scale Loupe. Host tree species were recorded for each
snail observed.
Leaf litter was examined for 10 min in search <strong>of</strong> fresh partulid ground shells at each
sampling site. Observations <strong>of</strong> dead ground shells were recorded. If no live <strong>snails</strong> or fresh
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