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Murder Recent research has found that there were more than 15,000 camps throughout Nazi occupied territories that stretched from Norway to France, Russia, Greece and North Africa. They were run by the SS and there were four main types of camps within the Nazi system. All of them employed brutality and harsh living conditions. Camps Concentration Camps Transit Camps Labour Camps Death Camps Plazow concentration camp Drancy Transit camp, Paris, 1941 Forced labour, Mauthausen, 1942 Gas chamber at Majdanek Concentration camps were an integral feature of the Nazi regime. Originally for political enemies, the first concentration camps were established in Germany in 1933. After 1939, they were places of imprisonment for Jews. At least 1,500 concentration camps were established in the territories of the Reich. Transit camps were usually established beside large cities as a place to collect Jews (and others) for deportation. They were sometimes purpose built, but often they were run-down apartment blocks, where hundreds were forced into poor living conditions, overcrowding, maltreatment and brutality. The labour camp system meant annihilation through work. Prisoners were forced to carry out super-human tasks such as shifting boulders or laying roads or railways by hand, often for 12 hours a day, with little to eat or drink. There were six purpose-built death camps, all of them on Polish soil, established to murder the Jews of Europe by poison gas. Other victims were also murdered in these camps. Roll Call Camp Orchestras At the concentration and extermination camps, the Nazis created orchestras of prisoner-musicians. These musical ensembles played concerts for the Nazi and SS officers. But also, the orchestras were forced to play music while their co-prisoners were marched out each morning and back each evening after ten or twelve hours of gruelling slave labour. Most sadistic of all was the imperative for the orchestras to play as fellow prisoners were herded to the gas chambers or marched to the gallows. Roll call at Buchenwald Afeature of all Nazi camps was roll call in the mornings and evenings. Often, prisoners had to stand in straight rows for hours at a time in blazing heat or freezing cold. Roll calls provided the Nazis with another opportunity to enforce sadistic rules such as a ban on appearing without one’s cap – a crime punishable by death. An orchestra escorts prisoners destined for execution in Mauthausen. 10
Hungary Death Marches <strong>Holocaust</strong> Memorial Day 2013 Hungarian Jews waiting amongst the birch trees beside the gas chambers in Auschwitz-Birkenau After the successful Allied landings in Normandy in early June 1944 and the advance of the Soviet army in the east, it was clear that Germany was not going to win the war. In Hungary, which had been an Axis partner of the Third Reich, Nazi policy changed towards its Jewish population in July of that year. Adolf Eichmann was dispatched to oversee the round-up and deportation of Hungarian Jews. In just eight weeks, 437,000 Jews were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau and murdered. The railway line at the death camp was extended under the gateway right up to the unloading ramp where ‘selections’ were made. The Nazis were supported by their Hungarian collaborators Arrow Cross, who were responsible for shooting more than 100,000 Jews into the Danube. It is estimated that 560,000 Hungarian Jews were murdered. A view of the death march from Dachau passing through German villages in the direction of Wolfratshausen. Germany, April 1945. As the Allies closed in, the Nazis wanted to remove all traces of their extermination projects. They forced prisoners out of the camps to march hundreds of kilometers back towards Germany. It is estimated that 250,000 camp internees, already weakened by malnutrition, labour and ill treatment, died on these death marches. German civilians secretly photographed several death marches from the Dachau concentration camp as the prisoners moved slowly through the Bavarian towns. Few civilians gave aid to the prisoners on the death marches. All there is to know about Adolf Eichmann Eyes…………………………………………… medium Hair ……………………………………………medium Weight………………………………………… medium Height………………………………………… medium Distinguishing features…………………………… none Number of fingers……………………………………ten Number of toes……………………………………… ten Intelligence………………………………………average What did you expect Talons Green saliva Oversise incisors Madness From: Flowers for Hitler by Leonard Cohen, 1964 Auschwitz-Birkenau Auschwitz-Birkenau was the largest of the Nazi camps. There were 40 subcamps in the Auschwitz camp complex: Auschwitz I, Auschwitz II Birkenau, and Auschwitz III Monowitz, where Primo Levi was incarcerated, being the most well known. Birkenau was the killing centre where between 1.1 and 1.4 million victims were murdered, 90% of whom were Jews. When Auschwitz-Birkenau was liberated by Soviet troops in January 1945, they found: 7,600 emaciated prisoners alive 836,500 items of women’s clothing 348,800 items of men’s clothing 43,400 pairs of shoes Hundreds of thousands of spectacles 7 tons of human hair. Each lock of hair, each pair of shoes and each pair of spectacles belonged to one person 11
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