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84 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ<br />
SpeciesAccounts<br />
ВИДОВЫЕ ОЧЕРКИ<br />
TheImperialEagleintheNizhniyNovgorodDistrict,Russia<br />
МОГИЛЬНИК В НИЖЕГОРОДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, РОССИЯ<br />
BakkaS.V.(RussianBirdConservationUnion,N.Novgorod,Russia)<br />
KiselevaN.Yu.(StatePedagogicalUniversity,N.Novgorod,Russia)<br />
KaryakinI.V.(CenterofFieldStudies,N.Novgorod,Russia)<br />
Бакка С.В. (Нижегородское отделение Союза охраны птиц России,<br />
Н. Новгород, Россия)<br />
Киселёва Н.Ю. (Государственный педагогический университет,<br />
Н. Новгород, Россия)<br />
Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н. Новгород, Россия)<br />
Êîíòàêò:<br />
Ñåðãåé Áàêêà<br />
Íàäåæäà Êèñåë¸âà<br />
Íèæåãîðîäñêîå<br />
îòäåëåíèå ÑÎÏÐ<br />
603000, Ðîññèÿ,<br />
Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä,<br />
à/ÿ 631,<br />
Ýêîöåíòð «Äðîíò»<br />
òåë.: +7 831 434 46 79<br />
sopr@dront.ru<br />
Àáñòðàêò<br />
 ñòàòüå ïðèâåäåíû ðåçóëüòàòû èçó÷åíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè â 1988–2010 ãã.  îáëàñòè<br />
äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ åäèíñòâåííàÿ ïàðà ìîãèëüíèêîâ. ×èñëåííîñòü íà ãíåçäîâàíèè îöåíèâàåòñÿ â<br />
1–3 ïàðû è ïåðñïåêòèâû ñîõðàíåíèÿ âèäà íåóòåøèòåëüíûå.<br />
Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, ìîãèëüíèê, Aquila heliaca.<br />
Abstract<br />
There are the results of surveys of the Imperial Eagle in the Nizhniy Novgorod district in 1988–2010. Only pair has<br />
been remaining to inhabit the district for a long time. A total of 1–3 pairs are estimated to breed in the district and<br />
prospects of the species surviving seem to be unfavourable.<br />
Keywords: birds of prey, raptors, Imperial Eagle, Aquila heliaca.<br />
Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí<br />
Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ<br />
èññëåäîâàíèé<br />
603000, Ðîññèÿ,<br />
Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä,<br />
óë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17<br />
òåë.: +7 831 433 38 47<br />
ikar_research@mail.ru<br />
Contact:<br />
Sergey Bakka<br />
Nadezhda Kiseleva<br />
The N. Novgorod<br />
branch of RBCU<br />
Ecocenter “Dront”,<br />
P.O. Box 631,<br />
Nizhniy Novgorod,<br />
Russia, 603000<br />
tel.: +7 831 434 46 79<br />
sopr@dront.ru<br />
Igor Karyakin<br />
Center of Field Studies<br />
Korolenko str., 17a–17,<br />
Nizhniy Novgorod,<br />
Russia, 603000<br />
tel.: +7 831 433 38 47<br />
ikar_research@mail.ru<br />
Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca) – íàèáîëåå<br />
ðåäêèé è óãðîæàåìûé îð¸ë Íèæåãîðîäñêîé<br />
îáëàñòè, íàõîäÿùèéñÿ çäåñü íà<br />
ñåâåðíîì ïðåäåëå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ. Â<br />
ïðîøëîì âèä ãíåçäèëñÿ íà þãî-âîñòîêå<br />
îáëàñòè â ïðèàëàòûðñêèõ ëåñàõ, ãäå áûë<br />
íåðåäîê. Ï.Â. Ñåðåáðîâñêèé (1918) äîáûë<br />
â êîëëåêöèþ äâóõ îðëÿò èç ðàçíûõ ãí¸çä<br />
ó ñ. È÷àëêè íà ð. Àëàòûðü è íà ð. Êðóòåö,<br />
à 5 àâãóñòà 1911 ã. íàáëþäàë ïàðó<br />
âçðîñëûõ ïòèö ó ä. Íîâ. È÷àëêè, ãäå 31<br />
èþëÿ 1911 ã. åãî ïðåïàðàòîð äîáûë èç<br />
ïàðû îäíó ñòàðóþ ïòèöó.  1958 ã. îäèíî÷íûé<br />
ìîãèëüíèê íàáëþäàëñÿ íà þãå<br />
Ñåðãà÷ñêîãî ðàéîíà (Çèìèí, 1974). Ñ<br />
1988 ã. ðàçìíîæåíèå ìîãèëüíèêà ñòàëî<br />
ðåãèñòðèðîâàòüñÿ â È÷àëêîâñêîì áîðó<br />
(Ïåðåâîçñêèé ðàéîí, ð. Ïüÿíà) (Êèñåë¸âà,<br />
2003). Èçâåñòåí ñëó÷àé óíè÷òîæåíèÿ<br />
ãíåçäà ìîãèëüíèêà â âåðõîâüÿõ Ïüÿíû. Â<br />
90-õ ãã. âçðîñëûå è ìîëîäûå íåðàçìíîæàþùèåñÿ<br />
ïòèöû íåîäíîêðàòíî âñòðå-<br />
÷àëèñü â Êðàñíîîêòÿáðüñêîì ðàéîíå, íà<br />
òåððèòîðèè Óðàçîâñêîãî îõîòíè÷üåãî<br />
The Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) is the<br />
rarest and the most endangered eagle in<br />
the Nizhniy Novgorod district, being there<br />
at the north edge of its breeding range. This<br />
species used to breed in the forests along<br />
the Alatyr river in the southeast of the district<br />
and was not uncommon there. Serebrovskiy<br />
(1918) bagged two eaglets from different<br />
nests near the Ichalki village and the Krutets<br />
river for his collection. He also observed an<br />
adult pair near the Novye Ichalki village on<br />
August 5, 1911; earlier that year (July 31,<br />
1911) his assistant bagged an old bird. In<br />
1958, a single Imperial Eagle was observed<br />
Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca). Ôîòî Ñ. Áàêêè.<br />
Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca). Photo by S. Bakka.
Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 85<br />
Ðèñ. 1. Òåððèòîðèÿ, îáñëåäîâàííàÿ â 2006 ã.<br />
Fig. 1. The territory surveyed in 2006.<br />
Ïðèãîäíûé äëÿ<br />
ãíåçäîâàíèÿ<br />
ìîãèëüíèêà ó÷àñòîê<br />
ëåñà íà ð. Ò¸øà.<br />
Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.<br />
Imperial Eagle’s nesting<br />
habitats in the Tesha<br />
river valley.<br />
Photo by I. Karyakin.<br />
çàêàçíèêà, â 2001 ã. íà âåñåííåì ïðîë¸òå<br />
ìîãèëüíèê íàáëþäàëñÿ íà þãî-âîñòîêå<br />
Ïèëüíèíñêîãî ðàéîíà (Êèñåë¸âà, 2003).<br />
×èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè<br />
â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè â Êðàñíîé<br />
êíèãå îöåíåíà â 1–3 ïàðû (Êèñåë¸âà,<br />
2003), ïðè ýòîì íàäåæäû íà îïðåäåë¸ííûé<br />
íåäîó÷¸ò âñ¸ æå îñòàâàëèñü âïëîòü<br />
äî 2006 ã.<br />
Îð¸ë-ìîãèëüíèê íàñåëÿåò ëåñîñòåïíîé<br />
ëàíäøàôò, ãäå ó÷àñòêè ëåñà ïåðåìåæàþòñÿ<br />
ñ îáøèðíûìè îòêðûòûìè ïðîñòðàíñòâàìè.<br />
 ëåñó, íåäàëåêî îò îïóøêè,<br />
äîëæíû ðàñïîëàãàòüñÿ âûñîêèå ñòàðûå<br />
(ìàÿ÷íûå) ñîñíû, ñ âåðøèí êîòîðûõ ïòèöà<br />
ìîæåò îñìàòðèâàòü ñâîè îõîòíè÷üè<br />
óãîäüÿ. Èõ ìîãèëüíèêè èñïîëüçóþò äëÿ<br />
ñòðîèòåëüñòâà ãí¸çä è â êà÷åñòâå ïðèñàäíûõ<br />
äåðåâüåâ. Îõîòÿòñÿ îðëû òîëüêî íà<br />
îòêðûòûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâàõ – ýòî, êàê ïðàâèëî,<br />
ñåëüõîçóãîäüÿ. Äëÿ âûêàðìëèâàíèÿ<br />
ïòåíöîâ íåîáõîäèìû êðóïíûå ãðûçóíû:<br />
ñóñëèê (Spermophilus suslicus), õîìÿê<br />
(Cricetus cricetus), ñóðîê (Marmota<br />
in the south of the Sergach region (Zimin,<br />
1974). Starting with 1988, breeding the<br />
Imperial Eagle began to be recorded in the<br />
Ichalki pine forest (Perevoz region, Pyana<br />
River) (Kiseleva, 2003). The number of Imperial<br />
Eagles in the Nizhniy Novgorod district<br />
was estimated in the Red Data Book to<br />
be 1–3 breeding pairs (Kiseleva, 2003); the<br />
hopes for some underestimations still had<br />
been remaining until 2006.<br />
Successful breeding of the Imperial Eagle<br />
in the Ichalki pine forest in the same nest was<br />
recorded in 1988–1991. During that period,<br />
the eagles nested on a dominant pine tree<br />
in the northwestern part of the pine forest<br />
one kilometer away from the forest margin.<br />
In 1988 and 1991, 2 fledglings were recorded<br />
in the nest. Starting with 1993, the<br />
birds began carrying the nest from tree to<br />
tree; it seems that breeding was successful<br />
only several times; and starting with 1995,<br />
no successful breeding was observed at<br />
all. In 1993, the Imperial Eagles relocated<br />
the nest to the site 1.96 km away from the<br />
former one. Then, the nest was disassembled<br />
and in 1995 relocated to the dominant<br />
pine tree growing above the section of the<br />
Pyana river floodplain 50 m away from the<br />
margin. That year, one chick was observed<br />
in the nest; it was the last documentary confirmed<br />
case of successful breeding. In 1998,<br />
this nest was partially disassembled by the<br />
birds and relocated to another site that has<br />
been unknown. In 2000, the Imperial Eagles<br />
moved to the southwestern margin, having<br />
traveled 300 m from the nest being occupied<br />
by them in 1995. In 2004, we found<br />
as many as 2 nests; an old one built on a<br />
not tall pine tree right at the pine forest<br />
margin, and the other, being occupied by<br />
the birds, was built on a dominant pine tree<br />
60 m away from the margin. It was the latter<br />
nest that had been disassembled by the<br />
birds and relocated to the platform that was<br />
built 460 m away from the nest. It is notable<br />
that neither in 2004 nor in 2006, no successful<br />
breeding was reliably observed for<br />
the Imperial Eagles. It should be mentioned<br />
that all the nests, with an exception of one<br />
that was built at the margin, were disassembled<br />
and relocated by the eagles, but not<br />
abandoned and deteriorating. Only several<br />
branches were likely to remain on and under<br />
the nesting tree after the nest was relocated.<br />
The nest built at the margin, in all likelihood,<br />
was abandoned by the birds because<br />
of human disturbance; since almost under<br />
the nest when the birds were nesting, a brick<br />
house was started to build, which was dis-
86 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ<br />
Ðèñ. 2. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè.<br />
Fig. 2. Distribution of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in the N. Novgorod district.<br />
bobac). Ñóðîê è ñóñëèê æèâóò òîëüêî íà<br />
âûãîíàõ ñ íèçêîé, ðåãóëÿðíî âûåäàåìîé<br />
ñêîòîì, òðàâîé. Õîìÿê áîëåå ïëàñòè÷åí,<br />
íî ìîãèëüíèê íå ìîæåò óñïåøíî äîáûâàòü<br />
åãî ñðåäè âûñîêîé òðàâû.<br />
Ñ ó÷¸òîì ýòèõ îñîáåííîñòåé, ñ öåëüþ<br />
âûÿâëåíèÿ ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà,<br />
â 2006 ã. áûëè îáñëåäîâàíû îïóøêè ëåñíûõ<br />
ó÷àñòêîâ â ëåñîñòåïíîì Ïðåäâîëæüå:<br />
þæíàÿ îïóøêà Òåìíèêîâñêîé çàñåêè (ïî<br />
ëåâîìó áåðåãó ð. Àëàòûðü) îò ïîñ. èì.<br />
Ñòåïàíà Ðàçèíà äî þãî-âîñòî÷íîé ãðàíèöû<br />
Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè (Ëóêîÿíîâñêèé<br />
è Ïî÷èíêîâñêèé ðàéîíû); çàïàäíàÿ<br />
îïóøêà ñåâåðíîãî îòðîãà Òåìíèêîâñêîé<br />
çàñåêè (ïî ïðàâîìó áåðåãó ð. Ò¸øà) â Àðçàìàññêîì<br />
è Øàòêîâñêîì ðàéîíàõ; îïóøêè<br />
êîëî÷íûõ ëåñîâ â áàññåéíå ð. Ïüÿíà â<br />
Áîëüøåáîëäèíñêîì, Êðàñíîîêòÿáðüñêîì,<br />
Ãàãèíñêîì, Áóòóðëèíñêîì è Ïåðåâîçñêîì<br />
ðàéîíàõ. Îáñëåäîâàííûå ó÷àñòêè ëåñíûõ<br />
îïóøåê ïîêàçàíû íà ðèñóíêå 1. Íàòóðíîìó<br />
îñìîòðó ïðåäøåñòâîâàë àíàëèç<br />
êîñìîñíèìêîâ, ïî êîòîðûì âûÿâëÿëè íàëè÷èå<br />
ïàñòáèù, ïðèìûêàþùèõ ê îïóøêå,<br />
è íàëè÷èå âûñîêèõ äåðåâüåâ, â ïåðâóþ<br />
î÷åðåäü, ìàÿ÷íûõ ñîñåí, â ïðèîïóøå÷íîé<br />
÷àñòè ëåñíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ.<br />
 ðåçóëüòàòå â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè<br />
âûÿâëåíû è îáñëåäîâàíû ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå<br />
òåððèòîðèè, ïîòåíöèàëüíî ïðèãîäíûå<br />
äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà – íè ãí¸çä,<br />
íè äðóãèõ ñâèäåòåëüñòâ ïðåáûâàíèÿ ñàcontinued<br />
the same year in accordance with<br />
the public prosecutor’s order. The partners<br />
in the eagle pair definitely changed during<br />
these years, although the shift of the partners<br />
was documentary recorded only once.<br />
Currently, the decline in numbers of preys<br />
due to the crashing of the pasture cattle<br />
breeding is the limiting factor for the Imperial<br />
Eagle in the Nizhniy Novgorod district.<br />
The Imperial Eagle surviving is impossible<br />
without the recovering of intensively exploited<br />
steppe pastures inhabited by marmots<br />
and sousliks, and installing the artificial<br />
nests will be inefficient under such<br />
conditions.<br />
It should be noted that in the valleys of<br />
the Alatyr and Sura rivers in the Republic<br />
of Mordovia, the Ulyanovsk district, and the<br />
Republic of Chuvashiya, a breeding group<br />
of the Imperial Eagle comprising 10–15<br />
breeding pairs and inhabiting the area of<br />
approximately 8,000 km 2 survives due to<br />
presence of hunting habitats, being the intensively<br />
exploited pastures, and nesting<br />
habitats (Grishutkin et al., 2008; 2009; Lapshin,<br />
Alba, 2008; Lapshin, Grishutkin, 2008;<br />
Lapshin et al., 2009; Spiridonov, 2009; Lapshin,<br />
Spiridonov, this issue; Yakovlev, Isakov,<br />
this issue). If the pasture cattle breeding<br />
is restored, precisely this group will be the<br />
core, whence the species will be recovering<br />
over the territory of the district. Even now,<br />
there is a reserve of unpaired individuals in<br />
this group, since vagrant young Imperial<br />
Eagles are regularly encountered in the territory<br />
of the district.<br />
Ãíåçäîâàÿ ïëàòôîðìà äëÿ ìîãèëüíèêà â ëåñó<br />
íà ð. Àëàòûðü. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.<br />
Nesting platform for Imperial Eagle in the forest along<br />
the Alatyr River. Photo by I. Karyakin.
Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2010, 20 87<br />
Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà â<br />
È÷àëêîâñêîì áîðó.<br />
Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.<br />
Nests of the Imperial<br />
Eagle in the Ichalki pine<br />
forest.<br />
Photos by I. Karyakin.<br />
ìèõ ìîãèëüíèêîâ íà òåððèòîðèè íå áûëî<br />
îáíàðóæåíî. Ïî ëåâîìó áåðåãó Àëàòûðÿ,<br />
ïðàâûì áåðåãàì ð. Ò¸øà è þæíîé âåòâè<br />
ð. Ïüÿíà âûÿâëåí ðÿä ó÷àñòêîâ ëåñà ñ<br />
ìàÿ÷íûìè ñîñíàìè, ïðèãîäíûìè êàê äëÿ<br />
åñòåñòâåííîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà,<br />
òàê è äëÿ óñòàíîâêè èñêóññòâåííûõ ãí¸çä<br />
– âñåãî 10 ó÷àñòêîâ (ðèñ. 2). Îäíàêî èñïîëüçîâàíèå<br />
ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ óãîäèé<br />
çäåñü ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïðåêðàòèëîñü: ïàøíè<br />
ïðåâðàòèëèñü â çàëåæè ðàçíîãî âîçðàñòà,<br />
çàðîñøèå ëèáî áóðüÿíîì, ëèáî ìîëîäûì<br />
ëåñîì, áîëüøèíñòâî ïàñòáèù ïîêðûòî âûñîêîé<br />
òðàâîé, êóñòàðíèêàìè, ïîäðîñòîì<br />
äåðåâüåâ. Íà îáñëåäîâàííûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ<br />
íå îáíàðóæåíî íè îäíîãî ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ<br />
ñóñëèêà. Ïîñåëåíèå ñóðêîâ íà ïðàâîì<br />
áåðåãó ð. Ïüÿíà, îêîëî ñ. ×åðíîâñêîå<br />
Áîëüøåáîëäèíñêîãî ðàéîíà, èñ÷åçëî.<br />
Åäèíñòâåííûì îòíîñèòåëüíî ïðèãîäíûì<br />
ó÷àñòêîì ìû ïðèçíàëè äîëèíó Ò¸øè ó<br />
ãðàíèöû Àðçàìàññêîãî è Øàòêîâñêîãî<br />
ðàéîíîâ, íî ýòà òåððèòîðèÿ ìàêñèìàëüíî<br />
óäàëåíà íà ñåâåðî-çàïàä îò ìåñò<br />
óñòàíîâëåííîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà<br />
â ðåãèîíå.<br />
Èç 6 ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàòôîðì, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííûõ<br />
äëÿ îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà è ïîñòðîåííûõ<br />
â ðàçíûå ãîäû, îäíà óñòðîåíà<br />
â È÷àëêîâñêîì áîðó, íà åäèíñòâåííîì<br />
èçâåñòíîì â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè<br />
ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà è 5<br />
– â ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ ïî<br />
ñåâåðíîìó áåðåãó ð. Àëàòûðü. Â 2006 ã.<br />
âïåðâûå â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî<br />
ñòðîèòåëüñòâî ãíåçäà<br />
ìîãèëüíèêîì íà ïëàòôîðìå: â È÷àëêîâñêîì<br />
áîðó ñóùåñòâîâàâøåå ðàíåå åñòåñòâåííîå<br />
ãíåçäî áûëî ðàçîáðàíî ïòèöàìè<br />
è ïåðåíåñåíî íà ïëàòôîðìó. Îäíàêî<br />
ãíåçäîâàíèå â 2006 ã. íå áûëî óñïåøíûì:<br />
íè ïîä ãíåçäîì, íè ïîä ïðèñàäíûìè<br />
äåðåâüÿìè íå áûëî íèêàêèõ îñòàòêîâ<br />
ïèùè. Íàèáîëåå âåðîÿòíîé ïðè÷èíîé<br />
ýòîãî ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ ñíèæåíèå ïàñòáèùíîé<br />
íàãðóçêè íà îñòåïí¸ííûå ëóãà â<br />
ïîéìå ð. Ïüÿíà, êîòîðîå ïðèâåëî ê ñíèæåíèþ<br />
÷èñëåííîñòè êðóïíûõ ãðûçóíîâ,<br />
ò.å., ïîäðûâó êîðìîâîé áàçû ìîãèëüíèêà.<br />
Òåì íå ìåíåå, ôàêò ïåðåíîñà îðëàìè<br />
ñóùåñòâóþùåãî ãíåçäà íà ãíåçäîâóþ<br />
ïëàòôîðìó ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î ïðèâëåêàòåëüíîñòè<br />
èñêóññòâåííûõ ãí¸çä äëÿ ýòîãî<br />
âèäà. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìîæíî êîíñòàòèðîâàòü<br />
ôàêò, ÷òî ïðîâåä¸ííûå áèîòåõíè÷åñêèå<br />
ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ íà ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà<br />
íå ïîâëèÿëè: â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè<br />
ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ åäèíñòâåííàÿ ïàðà ìîãèëüíèêîâ,<br />
êîòîðàÿ óæå äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ íå<br />
ðàçìíîæàåòñÿ (ðèñ. 2).<br />
Óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå ìîãèëüíèêà â<br />
È÷àëêîâñêîì áîðó, â îäíîì è òîì æå ãíåçäå,<br />
áûëî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî â 1988–1991 ãã.<br />
 ýòîò ïåðèîä îðëû ãíåçäèëèñü íà ìàÿ÷íîé<br />
ñîñíå â ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè áîðà,<br />
â îäíîì êèëîìåòðå îò îïóøêè. Â 1988 è<br />
1991 ãã. â ãíåçäå áûëî ïî 2 îïåð¸ííûõ<br />
ïòåíöà. Íà÷èíàÿ ñ 1993 ã. ïòèöû ñòàëè<br />
ïåðåíîñèòü ãíåçäî, ïðè ýòîì óñïåøíîå<br />
ðàçìíîæåíèå, âèäèìî, èìåëî ìåñòî âñåãî<br />
íåñêîëüêî ðàç, à ïîñëå 1995 ã. è âîâñå<br />
íå íàáëþäàëîñü. Â 1993 ã. ìîãèëüíèêè ïåðåíåñëè<br />
ãíåçäî íà 1,96 êì îò ïðåæíåãî.<br />
Çàòåì ãíåçäî áûëî ðàçîáðàíî è â 1995 ã.<br />
áûëî ïåðåíåñåíî íà ìàÿ÷íóþ ñîñíó, ðàñòóùóþ<br />
íàä ó÷àñòêîì ïîéìû ð. Ïüÿíà, â<br />
50 ì îò îïóøêè. Â òîò ãîä â ãíåçäå íàáëþäàëñÿ<br />
îäèí ïòåíåö, è ýòî áûë ïîñëåäíèé<br />
ñëó÷àé äîêóìåíòàëüíî ïîäòâåðæä¸ííîãî<br />
óñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ. Â 1998 ã. ãíåçäî<br />
áûëî ÷àñòè÷íî ðàçîáðàíî ïòèöàìè è<br />
ïåðåíåñåíî â äðóãîå ìåñòî, íî êóäà – íå<br />
èçâåñòíî. Â 2000 ã. ìîãèëüíèêè ïåðåáðàëèñü<br />
íà þãî-çàïàäíóþ îïóøêó, ïåðå-
88 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2010, 20 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ<br />
Ïòåíåö ìîãèëüíèêà â ãíåçäå. È÷àëêîâñêèé áîð, 1988 ã.<br />
Ôîòî Ä. Ðûæêîâà.<br />
Chicks of the Imperial Eagle in the nest. Ichalki pine forest, 1988.<br />
Photo by D. Ryzhkov.<br />
ìåñòèâøèñü íà 300 ì îò ãíåçäà, êîòîðîå<br />
çàíèìàëè â 1995 ã. Â 2004 ã. çäåñü áûëî<br />
îáíàðóæåíî óæå äâà ãíåçäà: îäíî ñòàðîå,<br />
óñòðîåííîå íà íåâûñîêîé ñîñíå ïðÿìî<br />
íà îïóøêå áîðà è äðóãîå, çàíÿòîå ïòèöàìè,<br />
– íà ìàÿ÷íîé ñîñíå â 60 ì îò îïóøêè.<br />
Èìåííî ïîñëåäíåå ãíåçäî áûëî ðàçîáðàíî<br />
ïòèöàìè è ïåðåíåñåíî íà ïëàòôîðìó,<br />
ïîñòðîåííóþ â 460 ì îò ãíåçäà. Ïðè<br />
ýòîì, íè â 2004 ã., íè â 2006 ã. óñïåøíîãî<br />
ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ó îðëîâ äîñòîâåðíî íå<br />
áûëî. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî ïðàêòè÷åñêè<br />
âñå ãí¸çäà, êðîìå åäèíñòâåííîãî, óñòðîåííîãî<br />
íà ñàìîé îïóøêå, ðàçáèðàëèñü è<br />
ïåðåíîñèëèñü îðëàìè, à íå ïóñòîâàëè è<br />
ðàçðóøàëèñü. Îáû÷íî ïîñëå ïåðåíîñà íà<br />
ãíåçäîâîì äåðåâå è ïîä íèì îñòàâàëîñü<br />
ëèøü íåñêîëüêî âåòîê. Ãíåçäî, óñòðîåííîå<br />
íà îïóøêå, âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî áûëî<br />
áðîøåíî ïòèöàìè èç-çà áåñïîêîéñòâà,<br />
òàê êàê ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîä íèì âî âðåìÿ<br />
íàñèæèâàíèÿ áûëî íà÷àòî ñòðîèòåëüñòâî<br />
êèðïè÷íîãî äîìà, êîòîðîå áûëî â òîò æå<br />
ãîä ïðåêðàùåíî ïî ïîñòàíîâëåíèþ ïðîêóðàòóðû.<br />
Çà âñå ýòè ãîäû îïðåäåë¸ííî<br />
ïàðòí¸ðû â ïàðå îðëîâ ìåíÿëèñü íåîäíîêðàòíî,<br />
õîòÿ äîêóìåíòàëüíî ñìåíó ïàðòí¸ðà<br />
óäàëîñü îòñëåäèòü ëèøü îäèí ðàç.<br />
 íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ëèìèòèðóþùèì ôàêòîðîì<br />
äëÿ ìîãèëüíèêà â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé<br />
îáëàñòè ÿâëÿåòñÿ äåãðàäàöèÿ êîðìîâîé<br />
áàçû âñëåäñòâèå óïàäêà ïàñòáèùíîãî ñêîòîâîäñòâà.<br />
Áåç âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ èíòåíñèâíî<br />
èñïîëüçóåìûõ îñòåïí¸ííûõ ïàñòáèù, çàñåë¸ííûõ<br />
ñóðêîì è ñóñëèêîì, âîçðîæäåíèå<br />
ìîãèëüíèêà íåâîçìîæíî, à ñòðîèòåëüñòâî<br />
èñêóññòâåííûõ ãí¸çä äëÿ íåãî áóäåò íåýôôåêòèâíûì.<br />
Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî ïî äîëèíàì ð. Àëàòûðü<br />
è ð. Ñóðà â Ðåñïóáëèêå Ìîðäîâèÿ,<br />
Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè è Ðåñïóáëèêå ×óâàøèÿ,<br />
íà ïëîùàäè îêîëî 8 òûñ. êì 2 , ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ<br />
ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà ìîãèëüíèêà<br />
èç 10–15 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð áëàãîäàðÿ íàëè-<br />
÷èþ èíòåíñèâíî èñïîëüçóåìûõ ïàñòáèù è<br />
óñëîâèé äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ (Ãðèøóòêèí è äð.,<br />
2008; 2009; Ëàïøèí, Àëüáà, 2008; Ëàïøèí,<br />
Ãðèøóòêèí, 2008; Ëàïøèí è äð., 2009;<br />
Ñïèðèäîíîâ, 2009; Ëàïøèí, Ñïèðèäîíîâ,<br />
íàñò. ñá.; ßêîâëåâ, Èñàêîâ, íàñò. ñá.). Ïðè<br />
âîçðîæäåíèè ïàñòáèùíîãî ñêîòîâîäñòâà<br />
â îáëàñòè èìåííî ýòà ãðóïïèðîâêà áóäåò<br />
ÿäðîì ðàññåëåíèÿ âèäà ïî òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè.<br />
Äàæå ñåé÷àñ çàïàñ ñâîáîäíûõ îñîáåé<br />
â ýòîé ãðóïïèðîâêå èìååòñÿ, òàê êàê íà<br />
òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè ðåãóëÿðíî îòìå÷àþòñÿ<br />
êî÷óþùèå ìîëîäûå ìîãèëüíèêè.<br />
Ëèòåðàòóðà<br />
Ãðèøóòêèí Ã.Ô., Ëàïøèí À.Ñ., Ñïèðèäîíîâ<br />
Ñ.Í. Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö, îòìå÷åííûå â<br />
2008 ãîäó íà òåððèòîðèè íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà<br />
«Ñìîëüíûé» è åãî îõðàííîé çîíû. – Ðåäêèå<br />
æèâîòíûå Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ: ìàòåðèàëû<br />
âåäåíèÿ Êðàñíîé êíèãè Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ<br />
çà 2008 ã. Ñàðàíñê, 2008. Ñ. 10–16.<br />
Ãðèøóòêèí Ã.Ô., Ëàïøèí À.Ñ., Ñïèðèäîíîâ<br />
Ñ.Í. Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö, îòìå÷åííûå â<br />
2009 ãîäó íà òåððèòîðèè íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà<br />
«Ñìîëüíûé» è â åãî îêðåñòíîñòÿõ. – Ðåäêèå<br />
æèâîòíûå Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ: ìàòåðèàëû<br />
âåäåíèÿ Êðàñíîé êíèãè Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ<br />
çà 2009 ã. Ñàðàíñê, 2009. Ñ. 14–19.<br />
Çèìèí Í.È. Ïòèöû. – Ïðèðîäà Ãîðüêîâñêîé<br />
îáëàñòè. Ãîðüêèé, 1974. Ñ. 319–365.<br />
Êèñåë¸âà Í.Þ. Ìîãèëüíèê Aquila heliaca<br />
Savigny. – Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè.<br />
Ò. 1. Æèâîòíûå. Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, 2003.<br />
Ñ. 91–92.<br />
Ëàïøèí À.Ñ., Àëüáà Ë.Ä. Ìàòåðèàëû ïî ðåäêèì<br />
ïòèöàì ïîéìû ðåêè Ñóðû â 2008 ãîäó. –<br />
Ðåäêèå æèâîòíûå Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ: ìàòåðèàëû<br />
âåäåíèÿ Êðàñíîé êíèãè Ðåñïóáëèêè<br />
Ìîðäîâèÿ çà 2008 ã. Ñàðàíñê, 2008. Ñ. 32–34.<br />
Ëàïøèí À.Ñ., Ãðèøóòêèí Ã.Ô. Íîâûå íàõîäêè<br />
ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïòèö â 2008 ãîäó. – Ðåäêèå æèâîòíûå<br />
Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ: ìàòåðèàëû âåäåíèÿ<br />
Êðàñíîé êíèãè Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ çà<br />
2008 ã. Ñàðàíñê, 2008. Ñ. 34–39.<br />
Ëàïøèí À.Ñ., Ãðèøóòêèí Ã.Ô., Êóçíåöîâ Â.À.,<br />
Àíäðåé÷åâ À.Â. Íîâûå âñòðå÷è ñ ðåäêèìè âèäàìè<br />
ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè Ìîðäîâèè. – Ðåäêèå<br />
æèâîòíûå Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ: ìàòåðèàëû<br />
âåäåíèÿ Êðàñíîé êíèãè Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ<br />
çà 2009 ã. Ñàðàíñê, 2009. Ñ. 43–44.<br />
Ñåðåáðîâñêèé Ï.Â. Ìàòåðèàëû ê èçó÷åíèþ<br />
îðíèòîôàóíû Íèæåãîðîäñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Ìàòåð.<br />
ê ïîçíàíèþ ôàóíû è ôëîðû Ðîññèè. Îòä.<br />
çîîë. Ì., 1918. Âûï. 15. Ñ. 23–134.<br />
Ñïèðèäîíîâ Ñ.Í. Íîâûå ñâåäåíèÿ î ðåäêèõ<br />
âèäàõ ïòèö Ìîðäîâèè (ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì èññëåäîâàíèé<br />
2009 ã.). – Ðåäêèå æèâîòíûå Ðåñïóáëèêè<br />
Ìîðäîâèÿ: ìàòåðèàëû âåäåíèÿ Êðàñíîé êíèãè<br />
Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ çà 2009 ã. Ñàðàíñê,<br />
2009. Ñ. 49–53.
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