About Subspecies and Scientific Name of the Saker Falcon in North ...
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Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2009, 17 91íèñò è îòëè÷íûé õóäîæíèê-àíèìàëèñò, Î.Êëÿéíøìèäò ïîíèìàë, ÷òî âèä â ñâî¸ì ðàçâèòèèìîæåò äîñòè÷ü ñòàäèè, êîãäà êëàññè÷åñêîåïðåäñòàâëåíèå î í¸ì ñòàíîâèòñÿ«òåñíûì», à îáðàçóþùèå åãî ïîäâèäû ïðèîáðåòàþòìíîãèå ïðèçíàêè íàñòîÿùèõ âèäîâè ïðåäëîæèë â ñâî¸ âðåìÿ äîñòàòî÷íîïðîäâèíóòûé ïîäõîä â ñèñòåìàòèêå – îíââ¸ë íîâûé òàêñîíîìè÷åñêèé ðàíã – «êðóãîâàÿôîðìà» (Formenkreis) èëè «íàäâèä»,â ñîâðåìåííîì ïîíèìàíèè. Íàèëó÷øèìèïðèìåðàìè òàêèõ íàäâèäîâ èëè «êðóãîâôîðì» îí ñ÷èòàë êðóïíûõ ñîêîëîâ, à òàêæåëþäåé. Ïîñëåäíåå îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî, âîçìîæíî,ïðèâåëî ê òîìó, ÷òî ýòî íå íàøëîøèðîêîãî ïðèçíàíèÿ. Ïðèìåíèòåëüíî êêðóïíûì ñîêîëàì, êðóã ôîðì «Hier<strong>of</strong>alco»îáúåäèíèë êðå÷åòîâ, áàëîáàíîâ è àëòàéñêèõñîêîëîâ (Kle<strong>in</strong>schmidt, 1901), à ïîçæåè ëàííåðîâ (Falco Biarmicus), ëàããàðîâ(Falco jugger) è ìåêñèêàíñêèõ ñîêîëîâ(Falco mexicanus). Äëÿ Î. Êëÿéíøìèäòàíåèçìåíÿåìûìè âåùàìè áûëè ïðîïîðöèèòåëà, è âñå ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèå ïðåäñòàâèòåëèñ îïðåäåë¸ííûì òèïîì ïðîïîðöèéòåëà ìîãëè èìåòü çíà÷èòåëüíûå âàðèàöèèâ îêðàñêå îïåðåíèÿ.  ñâåòå ñâîåãî ïîäõîäàê êëàññèôèêàöèè ñîêîëîâ è àíàëèçàêîëëåêöèîííûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ Î. Êëÿéíøìèäòïîäåëèë áàëîáàíîâ íà «çàïàäíûõ» è«âîñòî÷íûõ». Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, â òî âðåìÿ åãîèäåè áûëè ïðèçíàíû àíòèýâîëþöèîííûìè,òàê êàê îòñóòñòâîâàëî ïîíÿòèå ãåíîòèïà,è íåâîçìîæíî áûëî îïðåäåëèòü ïðèðîäóâàðèàöèé îêðàñêè è ïðîïîðöèé òåëà, íî,êàê îêàçàëîñü ïîçæå, â ñâîèõ ðàáîòàõ îíïðåäâîñõèòèë ñîâðåìåííûé ãåíåòè÷åñêèéïîäõîä ê ñèñòåìàòèêå êðóïíûõ ñîêîëîâ. Âñâî¸ì äåëåíèè áàëîáàíîâ íà «çàïàäíûõ» è«âîñòî÷íûõ» Î. Êëÿéíøìèäò ñóùåñòâåííîîïåðåäèë âðåìÿ, íî íåäîñòàòîê êàê êîëëåêöèîííûõìàòåðèàëîâ, òàê è èíôîðìàöèèî ãíåçäîâîì àðåàëå áàëîáàíîâ, íå ïîçâîëèëåìó ñäåëàòü ðÿä ïðàâèëüíûõ âûâîäîâ. åãî êîëëåêöèè èìåëàñü áëåäíàÿ ïòèöà ñãëèíèñòûìè òîíàìè â îêðàñêåè íàìå÷àþùèìñÿ ðàçâèòèåìïîïåðå÷íîé ïîëîñàòîñòè íèæíåé÷àñòè âåðõà òåëà. Ýòîò ñî-zone. As a result O. Kle<strong>in</strong>shmidt reduced“aralocaspius” as a synonym with “gurneyi”<strong>and</strong> “cherrug” (last was described by him <strong>in</strong>1923) (Kle<strong>in</strong>schmidt, 1939). Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> sametime Herman Grote (Grote, 1939) bas<strong>in</strong>g ontraditional views on systematics, concludedthat “gurneyi” was an atypical variation butnot <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>dependent form.Now it is clear, that views on distribution <strong>of</strong>“aralocaspius” were erroneous. In a steppezone light colored but without any horizontalmark<strong>in</strong>gs sakers <strong>in</strong>habited only narrow woodl<strong>in</strong>es <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> river flood l<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> steppe p<strong>in</strong>eforests. They nested on trees <strong>and</strong> were migratory.Thus it is more correctly to recognizesuch birds as “cherrug” form. As to “aralocaspius”this subspecies has appeared to <strong>in</strong>habitgrounds to <strong>the</strong> south, just <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Aral-Caspian region (<strong>in</strong> a zone <strong>of</strong> semidesert <strong>and</strong>desert), as it is reflected <strong>in</strong> its name.Today it is absolutely clear, that Ch<strong>in</strong>k <strong>Saker</strong>s<strong>in</strong>habit<strong>in</strong>g Mangyshlak, Ustyurt <strong>and</strong> AralSea region are closer to Eastern <strong>Saker</strong>s, thanto Western, that <strong>the</strong> difference between adult<strong>and</strong> juvenile plumages with weakly developedhorizontal mark<strong>in</strong>gs has confirmed.Thus this subspecies seems to be an <strong>in</strong>termediateform between Eastern <strong>and</strong> Western <strong>Saker</strong>s.Be<strong>in</strong>g sedentary <strong>and</strong> nest<strong>in</strong>g on cliff-facesCh<strong>in</strong>k <strong>Saker</strong>s also seems to be closer to <strong>the</strong>Eastern form, also this aff<strong>in</strong>ity was endorsedby <strong>the</strong> results <strong>of</strong> genetic research (Nitt<strong>in</strong>ger,2004). It is ra<strong>the</strong>r probable that it was birds <strong>of</strong>this subspecies, that were described as “gurneyi”<strong>and</strong> “aralocaspius” forms. We wouldcorrect this mistake now. It is better to useF. ch. àralocaspius <strong>of</strong>fered by O. Kle<strong>in</strong>shmidtas <strong>the</strong> Lat<strong>in</strong> name <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ch<strong>in</strong>k <strong>Saker</strong>. It preciselyenough depicts area <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ch<strong>in</strong>k <strong>Saker</strong>distribution though orig<strong>in</strong>ally it was <strong>of</strong>feredfor <strong>the</strong> pale morph <strong>of</strong> Western <strong>Saker</strong>s. As thisname <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> ornithological literature concern<strong>in</strong>gWestern <strong>Saker</strong>s was not used, we believethat its repeated application for new subspecies– <strong>the</strong> Ch<strong>in</strong>k <strong>Saker</strong> <strong>Falcon</strong> is convenient.Òèïè÷íûé ýêçåìïëÿð àðàëîêàñïèéñêîãî [÷èíêîâîãî] áàëîáàíà èçêîëëåêöèè Çîîìóçåÿ ÇÈÍ ÑÏá. Èíâ. ¹75567/137-935. 3 ñåíòÿáðÿ1934 ã. Çàêàñïèéñêàÿ îáë., Áóëüìóäçèåð (ê þãî-âîñòîêó îòÊàðà-Áîãàç-Ãîëà). Êîëëåêòîð Ìèíèí. Ôîòî À. Êîâàëåíêî.Typical <strong>in</strong>dividual <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Aralocaspian [Ch<strong>in</strong>k] <strong>Saker</strong> <strong>Falcon</strong> from <strong>the</strong>collection <strong>of</strong> Zoological Museum <strong>of</strong> Zoological Institute RAS, SPb.¹75567/137-935. 3 September 1934. Zakaspiyskaya district.,Bulmudzier (to south-east from <strong>the</strong> Kora-Bogaz-Gol Gulf). CollectorM<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>. Photos by A. Kovalenko.
92 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÀðàëîêàñïèéñêèé[÷èíêîâûé] áàëîáàí íàãíåçäå. Ïëàòî Óñòþðò.Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.Aralocaspian [Ch<strong>in</strong>k]<strong>Saker</strong> <strong>Falcon</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> nest.Usturt Plateau.Photos by I. Karyak<strong>in</strong>.êîë áûë äîáûò íà çèìîâêå â Ëåíêîðàíè è,êàê ïðàâèëüíî çàìåòèë Î. Êëÿéíøìèäò, ýòàïòèöà ïðîèñõîäèëà íå ñ Êàâêàçà, à ñ òåððèòîðèéîòêóäà-òî ñåâåðíåå, ìåæäó Êàñïèåìè Àðàëîì. Äàííàÿ îñîáü ïîñëóæèëàòèïîâûì ýêçåìïëÿðîì ê îïèñàíèþ Falcohier<strong>of</strong>alco aralocaspius. Óæå çíà÷èòåëüíîïîçæå, àíàëèçèðóÿ èçìåí÷èâîñòü çàïàäíûõáàëîáàíîâ, Î. Êëÿéíøìèäò ïðèø¸ë êâûâîäó, ÷òî â þæíîé ÷àñòè àðåàëà çàïàäíûõáàëîáàíîâ, êîòîðûé, ïî åãî ìíåíèþ,ëåæàë ãäå-òî â ñòåïíîé çîíå Åâðàçèè,îêðàñêà ñîêîëîâ äîëæíà áûòü áîëåå áëåäíîé.Èì ïðîâîäèëàñü àíàëîãèÿ ñ áëåäíîéôîðìîé äåðáíèêà Falco aesalon christianiludovici(íûíå F. columbarius pallidus). Âèòîãå Î. Êëÿéíøìèäò ñâ¸ë «aralocaspius» âêà÷åñòâå ñèíîíèìà ñ «gurneyi» è «cherrug»(ïîñëåäíèé áûë îïèñàí èì æå â 1923 ã.),ïðè ýòîì îí ïðåäïîëàãàë, ÷òî âûäåëåííàÿôîðìà çàíèìàåò ïðîìåæóòî÷íîå ïîëîæåíèåìåæäó «saceroides» è «danubialis» è íàñåëÿåò,ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, òåððèòîðèþ ãäå-òîîò Âîëãè äî Àëòàÿ (Kle<strong>in</strong>schmidt, 1939). Âýòî æå âðåìÿ Ãåðìàí Ãðîòå (Grote, 1939),îñíîâûâàÿñü íà óñòîÿâøåéñÿ ñèñòåìàòèêå,îòí¸ñ «gurneyi» ê íåòèïè÷íîé âàðèàöèè, àíå ê ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîé ôîðìå. ñâåòå ñîâðåìåííûõ äàííûõ ÿñíî, ÷òîñóæäåíèÿ î ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè «aralocaspius»áûëè îøèáî÷íû.  ñòåïíóþ çîíóïðîíèêàëè ëèøü ïî óçêèì ëåñíûì êîðèäîðàìâ ïîéìàõ ðåê è ñòåïíûì áîðàì ñâåòëîîêðàøåííûå,íî áåç ïîïåðå÷íîãî ðèñóíêà,áàëîáàíû, ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ íà äåðåâüÿõè âåäóùèå ïåðåë¸òíûé îáðàç æèçíè, è èõïðàâèëüíåå îòíîñèòü ê ôîðìå «cherrug». íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ èçâåñòíî, ÷òî ÷èíêîâûåáàëîáàíû, íàñåëÿþùèå Ìàíãûøëàê,Óñòþðò è Ïðèàðàëüå, îòíîñÿòñÿ ê âîñòî÷íûìáàëîáàíàì, íà ÷òî óêàçûâàåò ðàçíèöàìåæäó âçðîñëûì è þâåíèëüíûì íàðÿäàìè,âûðàæàþùàÿñÿ â ôîðìèðîâàíèè ñëàáîâûðàæåííîãî ïîïåðå÷íîãî ðèñóíêà.Ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü ÷èíêîâûõ áàëîáàíîâ êãðóïïå âîñòî÷íûõ ïîäâèäîâ ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ èáèîëîãè÷åñêè â ñðàâíèòåëüíîéîñ¸äëîñòè (çèìîé ýòèïòèöû ïåðåìåùàþòñÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííîâ ïðåäåëàõãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà ïîäâèäà),óñòðîéñòâîì ãí¸çä â îáðûâàõè ñêàëàõ, è ïîäòâåðæäàåòñÿòàêæå ãåíåòè÷åñêèìè èññëåäîâàíèÿìè(Nitt<strong>in</strong>ger, 2004).Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî íàðÿäóñî ñâåòëûìè ýêçåìïëÿðàìèîáûêíîâåííûõ áàëîáàíîâ,ê «gurneyi» è «aralocaspius»áûëè ñâåäåíû è íåêîòîðûå ýêçåìïëÿðû÷èíêîâûõ áàëîáàíîâ, êîòîðûå êàê ãåîãðàôè÷åñêè,òàê è ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêè ÿâëÿþòñÿñâîåîáðàçíûì ìîñòîì ìåæäóçàïàäíûìè è âîñòî÷íûìè áàëîáàíàìè.Îòñóòñòâèå äîñòàòî÷íîé èíôîðìàöèè íåïîçâîëèëî èññëåäîâàòåëÿì òîãî âðåìåíèñäåëàòü íåîáõîäèìûå âûâîäû. Ëîãè÷íî âíàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ èñïðàâèòü ýòó îøèáêó. Âêà÷åñòâå ëàòèíñêîãî íàçâàíèÿ ÷èíêîâîãîáàëîáàíà ëó÷øå âñåãî ïîäõîäèò èìÿ F. ch.àralocaspius, ïðåäëîæåííîå Î. Êëÿéíøìèäòîì.Îíî äîâîëüíî òî÷íî îáðèñîâûâàåòîáëàñòü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ÷èíêîâûõáàëîáàíîâ, õîòÿ èçíà÷àëüíî è áûëî ïðåäëîæåíîäëÿ ñâåòëîé ôîðìû çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ.Ïîñêîëüêó ýòî íàèìåíîâàíèå âîðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé ëèòåðàòóðå è ïðàêòèêåâ îòíîøåíèè çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ íå ïðèâèëîñü,êàæåòñÿ âïîëíå ïðàâîìî÷íûì åãîïîâòîðíîå ïðèìåíåíèå äëÿ íîâîãî ïîäâèäà– ÷èíêîâîãî áàëîáàíà.ËèòåðàòóðàÄåìåíòüåâ Ã.Ï. Îòðÿä õèùíûå ïòèöû. – ÏòèöûÑÑÑÐ. Ò. 1. Ì., 1951. Ñ. 70–341.Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ëåâèí À.Ñ., Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì.,Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Áàëîáàí â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå:ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé 2003–2004 ãã. –Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, 2005. ¹2.Ñ. 42–55.Ñòåïàíÿí Ë.Ñ. Êîíñïåêò îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîéôàóíû ÑÑÑÐ. Ì., 1990. 728 ñ.Grote H. Bemerkungen über e<strong>in</strong>ige russischeFalken. – Falco. 1939. XXXV. Nr. 2. P. 17–22.Kle<strong>in</strong>schmidt O. Der Formenkreis Falco hier<strong>of</strong>alcound die stellung der ungarischhen wurgfalcen<strong>in</strong> demselben. – Aquila. Nr. 8. P. 1–49.Kle<strong>in</strong>schmidt O. Sichere <strong>Name</strong>n für die beidenwestlichen Würgfalkenrassen. – Falco. 1939.XXXV. Nr. 2. P. 27–29.Nitt<strong>in</strong>ger F. DNA-Analysen zur Populationsstrukturdes <strong>Saker</strong>falken (Falco cherrug) und zu se<strong>in</strong>ersystematischen Stellung <strong>in</strong>nerhalb des Hier<strong>of</strong>alkenkomplexes.Dissertation zur Erlangung desakademischen Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaftenan der Fakultät fur Lebenswissenschaftender Universität Wien. Wien, 2004. 123 p.
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