Durability of concrete: ability to resist weathering action, chemical ...
Durability of concrete: ability to resist weathering action, chemical ...
Durability of concrete: ability to resist weathering action, chemical ...
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Sulfate Attack<br />
Origin <strong>of</strong> the problem<br />
• Most soils contain some sulfate in the form <strong>of</strong> gypsum<br />
(typically 0.01 <strong>to</strong> 0.05 percent expressed as SO 4 ); this<br />
amount is harmless <strong>to</strong> <strong>concrete</strong>.<br />
• Higher concentrations <strong>of</strong> sulfate in groundwaters are<br />
generally due <strong>to</strong> the presence <strong>of</strong> magnesium and<br />
alkali sulfates.<br />
• Ammonium sulfate is frequently present in agricultural<br />
soil and water. Effluents from furnaces that use highsulfur<br />
fuels and from the <strong>chemical</strong> industry may<br />
contain sulfuric acid.<br />
CE 60<br />
Instruc<strong>to</strong>r: Paulo Monteiro
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