Tanzania_country_pro.. - GRID Africa GeoPortal - UNEP

Climate and Atmosphere-- Tanzania 

EarthTrends 

Country Profiles 

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions {a} 

Tanzania 

Sub- 

Saharan 

Africa World 

(in thousand metric tons of CO2) 

Total Emissions, 1998 2,227 515,001 24,215,376 

Percent change since 1990 -2% 10% 8% 

Emissions as a percent of global CO2 production 0.0% 2.1% 

Emissions in 1998 from: 

solid fuels 15 292,852 8,654,368 

liquid fuels 2,063 151,843 10,160,272 

gaseous fuels 0 16,330 4,470,080 

gas flaring 0 42,110 172,208 

cement manufacturing 149 11,865 758,448 

CO2 Emissions by Source, Tanzania, 1998 

1% 

0% 

7% Solid Fuels 

92% 

Liquid Fuels 

Gaseous Fuels 

Gas Flaring 

Cement 

Manufacturing 

Per capita CO2 emissions, 1998 

(thousand metric tons of CO2) 0.1 0.8 4.1 

Percent change since 1990 0% -12% -2% 

CO2 emissions (in metric tons) per million 

dollars Gross Domestic Product {b}, 1998 400 X 773 

Percent change since 1990 -21% X -10% 

Cumulative CO2 emissions, 1900-1999 

(in billion metric tons) 87 16,887 933,686 

CO2 Emissions by Sector, 1999 {c} (in million metric tons of CO2) 

Public electricity, heat production, 

and autoproducers 0 X 8,693 

Other Energy Industries 0 X 1,205 

Manufacturing Industries and Construction 0 X 4,337 

Transportation 1 X 5,505 

Residential 0 X 1,802 

Other Sectors {d} X X 5,640 

Total Emissions All Sectors: X X 27,180 

CO2 Intensity, 1999 

Emissions per total energy consumption 

(metric tons CO2 per terajoule energy) 3 32 56 

Emissions per Gross Domestic Product {e} 

(metric tons of CO2/million $PPP) 120 X 582 

thousand metric tons of CO2 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

Per Capita CO2 Emissions: 1950, 1975 and 1998 

1950 1975 1998 

CO2 Emissions by Sector, Tanzania, 1999 

16% 

50% 

0% 5% 3% 

26% 


Sub-Saharan 

Africa 

World 

Electricity and Heat 

Production 

Other Energy 

Industries 

Manufacturing and 

Construction 

Transportation 

Residences 

Other Sectors 

View more Country Profiles on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org 

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Atmosphere and Climate-- Tanzania 


Sub- 

Saharan 


Non-CO2 Air Pollution, thousand metric tons 

Sulfur dioxide emissions, 1995 105 5,345 141,875 

Nitrogen oxide emissions, 1995 604 9,309 99,271 

Carbon monoxide emissions, 1995 12,947 177,268 852,415 

Non-methane VOC emissions {f}, 1995 1,182 17,375 159,634 

CO2 emissions: Relative Trends, Tanzania, 1960-1998 

Multilateral Agreements Status as of September 2002 

Data show the year each country ratified the agreement, unless labeled as "signed only". 

Kyoto Protocol 2002 

United Nations Framework Convention 

on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 1996 

Vienna Convention 1993 

Other Resources: 

Sustainable Development Country Profile of the 

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: 

http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/index.aspsubj=2&iso3= 

Footnotes: 

Some footnotes are not incorporated here. Please refer to the Data Tables section of EarthTrends for a full listing. 

a. Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC). b. Constant US dollars. c. Source: International Energy Agency (IEA). 

d. Includes the commercial sector, agriculture, the public service sector, and international bunkers 

e. GDP is in 1995 international dollars, adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity. f. VOC: Volatile Organic Compounds. 



Climate and Atmosphere—Sources and Definitions 

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions 

Total CO2 emissions represent the mass of CO2 produced during the combustion of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels, from gas flaring and the manufacture 

of cement. These estimates do not include bunker fuels used in international transportation due to the difficulty of apportioning these fuels among the 

countries benefiting from that transport. Carbon dioxide emissions are often calculated and reported in terms of their content of elemental carbon. For 

these data, their values were converted to the actual mass of CO2 by multiplying the carbon mass by 3.664 (the ratio of the mass of CO2 to that of carbon). 

The primary difference between Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC, reported here) and International Energy Agency (IEA) CO2 emission 

estimates (also available from EarthTrends) is that the CDIAC data include emissions from sources other than fossil fuel combustion, primarily cement 

manufacture. Further differences in methodology are outlined on Web pages listed below.. 

View full technical notes on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfmvarid=460&themeid=3 

CO2 emissions from solid fuels represent the mass of carbon dioxide emitted primarily, but not exclusively, from burning coal. View full technical notes 

on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfmvarid=461&themeid=3 

Carbon dioxide emissions from liquid fuels are primarily, but not exclusively, from burning of petroleum products. These estimates do not include 

bunker fuels used in international transportation due to the difficulty of apportioning these fuels among the countries benefiting from that transport. 


Carbon dioxide emissions from gaseous fuels are primarily, but not exclusively, from burning of natural gas. View full technical notes on-line at 

http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfmvarid=463&themeid=3 

Carbon dioxide emissions from gas flaring result from the burning of gas released in the process of petroleum extraction. 


CO2 emissions from cement manufacturing are produced as cement is calcined to produce calcium oxide. Approximately 0.5 metric tons of carbon is 

released for each metric ton of cement production. 


Per capita CO2 emissions figures are obtained by dividing total emissions of carbon dioxide by the population for a particular country and year. Total CO2 

emissions represent the mass of CO2 produced during the combustion of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels, from gas flaring and the manufacture of cement. 

These estimates do not include bunker fuels used in international transportation due to the difficulty of apportioning these fuels among the countries 

benefiting from that transport. 


CO2 emissions per unit of GDP were calculated by WRI using CO2 emissions data compiled by CDIAC and GDP data provided by the World Bank. Total 

CO2 emissions represent the mass of CO2 produced during the combustion of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels, from gas flaring and the manufacture of 

cement. These estimates do not include bunker fuels used in international transportation due to the difficulty of apportioning these fuels among the 

countries benefiting from that transport. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures the total output of goods and services for final use occurring within the 

domestic territory of a given country, regardless of the allocation to domestic and foreign claims. To obtain comparable series of constant price data, the 

World Bank rescales GDP and value added by industrial origin to a common reference year, currently 1995. 



Cumulative CO2 emissions levels are calculated by WRI based on CDIAC’s CO2 emissions data through 1998, supplementing this data with the 1999 

estimates from the Energy Information Administration. Total CO2 emissions figures consist of the sum of CO2 produced during the consumption of solid, 

liquid, and gaseous fuels, and from gas flaring and the manufacture of cement. These estimates do not include bunker fuels used in international 

transportation due to the difficulty of apportioning these fuels among the countries benefiting from that transport. 


Sources 

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory: 2001. Global, Regional, and National 

CO2 Emission Estimates from Fossil Fuel Burning, Cement Production, and Gas Flaring: 1751-1998, NDP-030 (Available online at 

http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ndp030/). CDIAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 

Energy Information Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy: 2001. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Use of Fossil Fuels, International Energy Annual 

1999. (Available on-line at http://www.eia.doe.gov/iea/carbon.html) Washington, DC: EIA. 

CO2 Emissions by Sector 

Carbon dioxide emissions from public electricity, heat production, and autoproducers include the sum of emissions from combustion of all fossil fuel 

types used for public electricity generation, public combined heat and power generation, and public heat plants. Public utilities are defined as those 

undertakings whose primary activity is to supply the public. Carbon dioxide emissions from unallocated autoproducers include the sum of emissions from 

combustion of all fossil fuel types used for generation of electricity and/or heat by autoproducers. Autoproducers generate electricity and/or heat wholly or 

partly for their own use to support their primary activity. Most of these emissions are attributed to the sector that the autoproducer falls within, but some 

autorproduction cannot be attributed to the end user and is represented here. 


Carbon dioxide emissions from other energy industries include the sum of emissions from combustion of all fossil fuel types used by energy industries. 

This includes fuel combusted in petroleum refineries, for the manufacture of solid fuels, coal mining, oil and gas exploration, and other energy-producing 

industries. 


Carbon dioxide emissions from manufacturing industries and construction include emissions from combustion of fossil fuels in all industries and 

construction. 


Carbon Dioxide emissions from all transportation include emissions from combustion of fossil fuels for road, rail, air, and other forms of transportation, 

and agricultural vehicles while they are on highways. The emissions include all sectors of the economy, but do not include international aviation or ship 

emissions, which are accounted for under bunker fuels. Emissions associated with international transport of people and goods are accounted for in the global 

total emissions and under bunker fuels. 


Carbon dioxide emissions from residential sources include emissions from combustion of all fossil fuel types in households. 


Carbon dioxide emissions from "other" sectors include the sum of emissions from combustion of all fossil fuel types used by Includes the commercial, 

agricultural, and public service sectors, as well as international bunkers. 



Sources 

International Energy Agency (IEA), 2001. CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion (2001 Edition). Eletronic database available online at 

http://data.iea.org/ieastore/default.asp. Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). 

CO2 Intensity, 1999 

CO2 emissions per total energy consumption provides an indicator of how much carbon dioxide is emitted per amount of energy used in a country. This 

relationship is expressed in metric tons of CO2 per terajoule, and was calculated using the Reference Approach CO2 emissions and total primary energy 

supply (including biomass and other non-fossil forms of energy). A higher ratio indicates the use of more carbon-intensive fuels such as coal and oil and 

relative smaller usage of low-carbon fuels such as gas, and renewable energy. 

Energy consumption is defined as the total amount of primary energy consumed as opposed to total final consumption. Primary energy includes losses 

through transportation, friction, heat loss and other inefficiencies. Specifically, consumption equals indigenous production plus imports minus exports plus 

stock changes minus international marine bunkers. IEA calls this category Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES). 


CO2 emissions per GDP, PPP in 1995 $ Intl indicates the amount of carbon dioxide emitted per amount of income generated by the country's economy. 

Carbon dioxide emissions represent total emissions for each country and are based on the reference approach, which include emissions from combustion of 

all fossil fuels. 

Gross Domestic Product (GDP), PPP in constant 1995 international dollars is gross domestic product converted to international dollars using Purchasing Power 

Parity (PPP) rates, and rescaled to 1995 to give a common reference year. An international dollar has the same purchasing power in a given country as a 

United States Dollar in the United States. In other words, an international dollar buys an equivalent amount of goods or services in all countries. 


Sources 

International Energy Agency (IEA), 2001. CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion (2001 Edition). Eletronic database available online at 

http://data.iea.org/ieastore/default.asp. Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). 

Non-CO2 Air Pollution 

Sulfur Dioxide, or SO2, is a primary contributor to acid deposition, or acid rain. High concentrations of sulfur dioxide affect breathing and may aggravate 

existing respiratory and cardiovascular disease. Sulfur dioxide forms when fuel containing sulfur, such as coal and oil, is burned, when gasoline is extracted 

from oil, or metals are extracted from ore. Petroleum refineries, cement manufacturing, and metal processing facilities, as well as locomotives, large ships, 

and some nonroad diesel equipment burn high sulfur fuel and release SO2 emissions to the air in large quantities. 


Nitrogen oxides, or NOx, is the generic term for a group of highly reactive, acidifying gases, all of which contain nitrogen and oxygen in varying amounts. 

Nitrogen oxides are a precursor to ground-level ozone, which can trigger serious respiratory problems. NOx also contributes to acid rain and global warming. 

It forms when fuel is burned at high temperatures, as in a combustion process. The primary sources of Nox are motor vehicles, electric utilities, and other 

industrial, commercial, and residential sources that burn fuels. 


Carbon monoxide, or CO, is a precursor gas of ground-level ozone, which can trigger serious respiratory problems. When CO enters the bloodstream, it 

reduces the delivery of oxygen to the body's organs and tissues. Exposure to elevated CO levels can cause impairment of visual perception, manual dexterity, 


learning ability and performance of complex tasks. CO is formed when carbon in fuel is not burned completely, and is a component of motor vehicle exhaust. 

Other sources of CO emissions include industrial processes (such as metals processing and chemical manufacturing), residential wood burning, stoves, and 

natural sources such as forest fires. 


Non-methane VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) are chemicals that vaporize at room temperature, like benzene, toluene, methylene chloride and methyl 

chloroform. Common sources that emit VOCs include housekeeping and maintenance products, and building and furnishing materials, such as solvents, 

paints, and glues. In sufficient quantities, VOCs can have adverse health effects on humans; some are suspected of causing, or are known to cause, cancer. 

VOCs are also precursors to ground-level ozone, which can trigger respiratory problems. 


Sources 

National Institute for Public Health (RIVM) and Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO). 2001. The Emission Database for Global 

Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) 3.2. Precursors:CO (Carbon Monoxide): Aggregated Emissions 1990/1995. Electronic database available online at: 

http://arch.rivm.nl/env/int/coredata/edgar/. The Netherlands: RIVM. 

Multilateral Agreements, Status as of September 2002 

The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change strengthens the international response to climate change, and 

promotes the Convention's ultimate objective of preventing "dangerous anthropogenic [human-made] interference with the climate system". The Kyoto 

Protocol, which was adopted by consensus at the third session of the Conference of the Parties (COP-3) in December 1997, contains emission targets for 

Annex I (developed) countries for the post-2000 period. 


The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) refers to the international agreement that targets industrial and other 

emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. The UNFCC is the centerpiece of global efforts to combat global warming. Initially adopted in 1992 at 

the Rio de Janeiro "Earth Summit" (http://www.un.org/geninfo/bp/enviro.html), the Convention entered into force on March 21, 1994. The ultimate 

objective of the UNFCC is the "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic 

(human-made) interference with the climate system. Such a level should be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to 

climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner." 


The Vienna Convention refers to the United Nations Environment Program’s (UNEP) Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer, adopted by the 

governments of the world in 1985. Through the Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer, governments committed themselves to protect the 

ozone layer, to cooperate in scientific research, and to improve the understanding of atmospheric processes 

Under the Convention, nations agree to take "appropriate measures…to protect human health and the environment against adverse effects resulting or 

likely to result from human activities which modify or are likely to modify the Ozone Layer." The measures are unspecified. There is no mention of any 

substances that might harm the ozone; CFCs appear towards the end of the annex to the treaty, where they are mentioned as chemicals that should be 

monitored. 


Sources 

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). 2002. Kyoto Protocol Status of Ratification. Bonn: UNFCCC. Available on-line at 

http://www.unfccc.int/resource/kpstats.pdf. 


United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). 2001. UNFCCC Status of Ratification. Bonn: UNFCCC. Available on-line at 

http://unfccc.int/resource/conv/ratlist.pdf. 

Secretariat for the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol . 2002. Status of Ratification/Accession/Acceptance/Approval of the agreements on the 

protection of the stratospheric ozone layer. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Program. Available online at: http://www.unep.ch/ozone/ratif.shtml. 


Biodiversity and Protected Areas-- Tanzania 


Sub- 

Saharan 


Total Land Area (000 ha) 94,509 2,429,241 13,328,979 

Protected Areas 

Extent of Protected Areas by IUCN Category (000 ha), 2003: 

Nature Reserves, Wilderness Areas, and 

National Parks (categories I and II) 4,100 78,828 438,448 

Natural Monuments, Species Management 

Areas, and Protected Landscapes and 

Seascapes (categories III, IV, and V) 9,687 63,482 326,503 

Areas Managed for Sustainable Use and 

Unclassified Areas (category VI and "other") 23,641 122,080 692,723 

Total Area Protected (all categories) 37,428 264,390 1,457,674 

Marine and Littoral Protected Areas {a} 107 X 417,970 

Protected Areas as a Percent of Total Land 

Area, 2003 {b} 39.6% 10.9% 10.8% 

Number of Protected Areas, 2003 792 6,867 98,400 

Number of Areas >100,000 ha, 2003 69 425 2,091 

Number of Areas > 1 million ha, 2003 6 50 243 

Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Sites), 2002: 

Number of Sites 3 X 1,179 

Total Area (000 ha) 4,272 X 102,283 

Biosphere Reserves, 2002 

Number of Sites 3 46 408 

Total Area (000 ha) 5,228 X 439,000 

Number and Status of Species 

Higher Plants 

Total known species (number), 1992-2002 10,008 X X 

Number of threatened species, 2002 235 X 5,714 

Mammals 

Total known species (number), 1992-2002 316 X X 


Breeding Birds 

Total known species (number), 1992-2002 229 X X 


Percent of Total Land Area Protected 

30% 

25% 

20% 

15% 

10% 

5% 

0% 

Higher Plants 

EarthTrends 


Portion of Land Area Protected by IUCN Category, Tanzania, 

2003 

Mammals 


Categories I and II 

Reptiles 

Amphibians 

Fish 


Categories III, IV, 

and V 

Category VI and 

Unclassified Areas 

Sub-Saharan Africa 

Threatened Species, Tanzania, 2002-03 

0 50 100 150 200 250 

Number of Species 



Biodiversity and Protected Areas-- Tanzania 

Number and Status of Species, continued Tanzania 

Sub- 

Saharan 


Reptiles 

Number of Total Known Species, 1992-2003 335 X X 

Number of threatened species, 2002 5 X 293 

Amphibians 


Number of threatened species, 2002 X X 157 

Fish 


Number of threatened species, 1992-2002 17 X 742 

Legal Trade in Selected Wildlife and CITES {c} Status 

Year CITES Ratified 

Net International Legal Trade Reported by CITES, 2000 (number) {d} 

Live Lizards -31,829 -150,281 

Live Snakes -66 -148,644 

Live Primates 0 -12,677 

Live Parrots -82 -201,235 

Lizard Skins X -270,275 

Snake Skins X -24,245 

Crocodile Skins -1,533 -104,282 

Wild Cat Skins -49 -754 

X 

Unique Species Per 10,000 km2, Tanzania, 1990s 

Mammals 


Reptiles 

Amphibians 

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 

number of species 

Footnotes: 

a. Marine and littoral protected areas are not included in the "Total Area Protected" above. 

b. Includes IUCN categories I-V. Marine and littoral protected areas are excluded from these totals. 

c. CITES is an acronym for the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. 

d. Postive numbers represent net imports; negative numbers represent net exports. Regional figures are the sum of country-level trade statistics, therefore, 

these numbers include trade between countries in the same region. 



Biodiversity and Protected Areas—Sources and Definitions 

Protected Areas 

Total Land Area is reported by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The area of inland water bodies is included in the total. 

Extent of Protected Areas by IUCN Category 

View full technical notes on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/data_tables/Bio2_2003.pdf 

An IUCN Management Protected Area is defined by IUCN as “an area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological 

diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means." As of Summer 2003 a World Database on 

Protected Areas (WDPA) consortium has been working to produce an improved and updated database available in the public domain. Summary information 

presented in the WDPA, of which UNEP-WCMC is the custodian, includes the legal designation, name, IUCN Management Category, size in hectares, location 

(latitude and longitude), and the year of establishment for over 100,000 sites. IUCN categorizes protected areas by management objective. 

All calculations for the analyses were performed by WRI using the WDPA GIS point file containing all nationally-designated protected areas, joined with a 

corresponding table showing area in hectares (provided by UNEP-WCMC). Due to variations in consistency and methodology of collection, data on protected 

areas are highly variable among countries. Some countries update their information with greater regularity; others may have more accurate data on extent of 

coverage. Many countries have an underreported number and/or extent of protected areas within their borders. 

Nature Reserves, Wilderness, Areas, and National Parks (categories I and II) include all land area protected in the following IUCN categories: 

Category Ia. Strict nature reserve: A protected area managed mainly for scientific research and monitoring; an area of land and/or sea possessing some 

outstanding or representative ecosystems, geological or physiological features and/or species. 

Category Ib. Wilderness area: A protected area managed mainly for wilderness protection; a large area of unmodified or slightly modified land and/or sea 

retaining its natural character and influence, without permanent or significant habitation, which is protected and managed so as to preserve its natural 

condition. 

Category II. National park: A protected area managed mainly for ecosystem protection and recreation; a natural area of land and/or sea designated to: (a) 

protect the ecological integrity of one or more ecosystems for present and future generations; (b) exclude exploitation or occupation inimical to the purposes 

of designation of the area; and (c) provide a foundation for spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational, and visitor opportunities, all of which must be 

environmentally and culturally compatible. 

Natural Monuments, Species Management Areas, and Protected Landscapes and Seascapes (categories III, IV, and V) include all land area 

protected in the following IUCN categories: 

Category III. Natural monument: A protected area managed mainly for conservation of specific natural features; an area containing one or more specific 

natural or natural/cultural features that is of outstanding or unique value because of its inherent rarity, representative or aesthetic qualities, or cultural 

significance. 

Category IV. Habitat/species management area: A protected area managed mainly for conservation through management intervention; an area of land and/or 

sea subject to active intervention for management purposes so as to ensure the maintenance of habitats and/or to meet the requirements of specific species. 

Category V. Protected landscape/seascape: A protected area managed mainly for landscape/seascape conservation and recreation; an area of land, with coast 

and sea as appropriate, where the interaction of people and nature over time has produced an area of distinct character with significant aesthetic, ecological, 

and/or cultural value, and often with high biological diversity. 


Areas Managed for Sustainable Use and Unclassified Areas (category VI and "other" ) include some protected areas not classified by IUCN and: 

Category VI. Managed mainly for the sustainable use of natural ecosystems. These areas contain predominantly unmodified natural systems, managed to 

ensure long-term protection and maintenance of biological diversity, while also providing a sustainable flow of natural products and services to meet 

community needs. 

Marine and Littoral Protected Areas (MPAs) include marine protected areas, littoral protected areas, and protected areas with both marine and littoral 

components. All are assigned an IUCN category (I-VI), although MPAs are excluded from the totals listed above. IUCN defines a Marine Protected Area as: 

"any area of intertidal or subtidal terrain, together with its overlying water and associated flora and fauna, historical and cultural features, which has been 

reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment." These marine protected areas include areas that are fully marine 

and areas that have only a small percentage of intertidal land. Many MPAs have large terrestrial areas. The extent of the marine portion of most protected 

areas is rarely documented. The degree of protection varies from one country to another, and may bear little relationship to the legal status of any site. 

"Littoral" is defined as any site which is known to incorporate at least some intertidal area. 

Protected Areas as a % of Total Land Area is calculated by dividing the total land area protected under IUCN Categories I-V by the total land area in a 

country (see above for complete definitions). Marine and Littoral protected areas are excluded from this calculation. 

Data for the Number of Protected Areas, Number of Areas >100,000 ha, and Number of Areas > 1,000,000 ha include areas classified in IUCN 

categories I-V. Marine and littoral protected areas are not included here. 

Number and Area of Wetlands of International Importance, or Ramsar Sites, are defined under the Wetlands Convention, signed in Ramsar, Iran, in 

1971. The Convention on Wetlands is an intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the 

conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources. In order to qualify as a Ramsar site, an area must have "international significance in terms of 

ecology, botany, zoology, limnology or hydrology.” See http://www.ramsar.org/key_criteria.htm for a full listing of the selection criteria. 

View full technical notes on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfmvarid=174&theme=7 

Number and Area of Biosphere Reserves are terrestrial and coastal/marine environments that have been internationally recognized under the Man and the 

Biosphere Programme of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). These sites have been selected for their value to 

conservation and are intended to foster the scientific knowledge and skills necessary for promoting sustainable development. Each reserve must contain a 

diverse, natural ecosystem large enough to be an effective conservation unit. Some Biosphere Reserves are shared by two or more countries, but the land area 

presented here corresponds to the portion of the shared Biosphere Reserve in that country only. 


Sources 

United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) Version 6. 

Compiled by the World Database on Protected Areas Consortium. Cambridge, U.K., August, 2003. 

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 2002. Man and the Biosphere Reserves Directory. Paris: UNESCO. Available on 

line at: http://www.unesco.org/mab/wnbr.htm. 

The Ramsar Bureau. 2002. List of Wetlands of International Importance. Gland: The Ramsar Bureau. Available online at: http://ramsar.org/sitelist.pdf. 


Number and Status of Species 

Known Species 

The Number of Known Species refers to the total number of known, described, and recorded species in a given country. Total numbers for all species 

groups include both endemic and non-endemic species (a species that is found in a particular region and nowhere else is said to endemic to that region). 

Numbers may also include introduced species. Figures are not necessarily comparable among countries because taxonomic concepts and the extent of 

knowledge about actual species numbers vary. Country totals of species are underestimates of actual species numbers. 

The number of Known Plants include vascular plant species (flowering plants, conifers, cycads and fern species), but do not include mosses. Known 

Mammals exclude marine mammals. Known Birds include only birds that breed in that country, not those that migrate or winter there. The number of 

Known Fish include both freshwater and marine species. 

Data are collected by the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) from a variety of sources, including, 

but not limited to: national reports from the convention on biodiversity, other national documents, independent studies, and other texts. Data are updated 

on a continual basis as they become available; however, updates vary widely by country. While some countries (UNEP-WCMC estimates about 12) have data 

that were updated in the last 6 months, other species estimates have not changed since the data were first collected in 1992. 

The complete UNEP-WCMC dataset from which Known Species of Mammals, Birds, Plants, Reptiles, and Amphibians were extracted represents only 

about 2% of the total species of the world. As a result, the numbers reported here are vast underestimates of the actual species worldwide. Mammals and 

birds are better known and represented than other taxonomic groups. Invertebrates in the kingdom Animalia, the kingdom Protista, and the kingdom 

Monera are not included in these country profiles. 

Data on Known Species of Mammals, Birds, Plants, Reptiles, and Amphibians are based on a compilation of available data from a large variety of 

sources. They are not based on species checklists. Data have been collected over the last decade without a consistent approach to taxonomy. Additionally, 

while the number of species in each country does change, not all countries are updated systematically, and some data may not reflect recent trends. 

Threatened Species 

The Number of Threatened Species for include "all full species categorized at the global level as Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable." Subspecies, 

introduced species, species whose status is insufficiently known, and species whose status has not been assessed are excluded. 

Threatened species are classified in one of 3 categories: 

1. Critically Endangered: includes species facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future. 

2. Endangered: includes species that are not "Critically Endangered" but are facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future 

3. Vulnerable: includes species facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium-term future. 

For each threat category, five criteria A-E are used to classify species in one of the three categories mentioned above: 

A- Declining population 

B- Small population and decline or fluctuation 

C- Small population size and decline 

D- Very small population/very restricted distribution 

E- Quantitative analysis (e.g. Population Viability Analysis) 


Data on threatened species are compiled and maintained by the IUCN in their Red List of Threatened Animals and the World List of Threatened Trees. 

Generally, the information presented in the current IUCN Red List represents an accumulation of knowledge derived from previously published Red Lists. In 

some cases, assessments are the product of group discussion, but often they represent the judgement of individual Specialist Group members. In order to 

ensure greater accuracy and transparency in the listing process, a peer review system of Red List Evaluators was initiated. Designated Red List Authorities are 

responsible for ensuring that all species they are responsible for are documented and re-assessed at regular intervals. For more detailed information please 

refer to the original source at: http://www.redlist.org/info/categories_criteria2001.html. 

Data on threatened species of mammals, birds, plants, reptiles, and amphibians underestimate the total number of threatened species in these groups 

worldwide. To date, threatened species assessments have been undertaken for 100% of described birds and mammals, for less than 15% of described 

reptiles and amphibians, and for less than 10% of described fish. For plants, threatened species assessments have been undertaken for less than 1% of 

described mosses, less than 72% of Gymnosperms, less than 5% of Dicotyledons, and less than 2% of Monocotyledons. Beyond the group of described 

species, there are many species that have yet to be described and whose status is yet unknown. Data on threatened species is better represented for 

mammals and birds than for other taxonomic groups. Far-ranging species, such as some marine species, may not be well-documented in the country data. 

Sources 

United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2002-2003. UNEP-WCMC Species Database. Cambridge, 

U.K.: UNEP-WCMC. Web site: http://www.unep-wcmc.org. 

International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). 2002. 2002 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland. 

Available on-line at: http://www.redlist.org/info/tables/table5.html; http://www.redlist.org/info/tables/table1.html. 

Legal Trade in Selected Wildlife and CITES Status 

Year CITES ratified indicates the year that a country has either signed or ratified The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild 

Fauna and Flora. By signing the treaty, a state recognizes the authentic text, intends to complete the procedures for becoming legally bound by it, and is 

committed not to act against the treaty's objectives before ratification. Ratification (or its equivalents of acceptance, approval, or accession) binds the state to 

observe the treaty. Depending on a country's system of governance, signing the treaty may be simply an executive decision while ratification requires 

legislative approval. CITES is an international agreement to ensure that the survival of wild animals and plants is not threatened by international trade. It has 

been in force for almost 30 years; today, it accords varying degrees of protection to more than 30,000 species of animals and plants, whether they are traded 

as live specimens, fur coats, or dried herbs. CITES is legally binding on countries that have joined the Convention, and provides a framework to be respected 

by each Party, which has to adopt its own domestic legislation to make sure that CITES is implemented at the national level. More information is available at 

http://www.cites.org. 


Net International Legal Trade Reported by CITES is the balance of imports minus exports of selected wildlife and wildlife products from the spectrum of 

wildlife and wildlife products for which export, re-export, and import permits are issued. Net exports are shown as negative, and all figures are for trade 

reported for the year 2000. Data on net exports and net imports as reported by CITES correspond to legal international trade and are based on permits issued, 

not actual items traded. Figures may be overestimates if not all permits are used that year. In addition, some permits issued in one year are used at a later 

date. For these reasons, numbers of exports and imports may not match exactly for any given year. Regional values represent the sum of intra-regional and 

inter-regional trade for all countries in a given region, and is not limited to the sum of exports into and out of a region. World totals show the total number 

of exports, since calculating the balance of trade for the world would have canceled all figures. About 25,000 species of plants and 5,000 species of animals 

are listed under CITES; many species groups are not listed. 


Live Lizards include the net number of import, export, and re-export permits issued in the year 2000 for individuals from all Sauria and Rhynchocephalia 

species listed under the CITES treaty, while Lizard Skins represent the net number of permits issued for whole skins for these groups of species. Live 

Snakes include the net number of permits issued in the year 2000 for individuals from all Serpentes species listed under the CITES treaty, while Snake Skins 

represent the net number of permits issued for whole skins for these groups of species. Live Primates include the net number of permits issued in the year 

2000 for individuals of all monkeys, apes, and prosimians listed under the CITES treaty. Live Parrots include the net number of permits issued in the year 

2000 for individuals of all Psittaciformes species listed under the CITES treaty. Crocodilian skins represent the number of permits issued in the year 2000 for 

whole skins belonging to individuals of Crocodylia species that are listed under the CITES treaty. Cat skins represent the number of permits issued in the year 

2000 for whole skins belonging to individuals of Felidae species that are listed under the CITES treaty. 

Sources 

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) Secretariat. List of Contracting Parties. Available on-line at: 

http://www.cites.org/eng/parties/alphabet.shtml (United Nations Environment Program, Nairobia, Kenya, May 2002). 

United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species 

of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) annual report data, WCMC CITES Trade Database (UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, U.K., July 2002). 


Forests, Grasslands, and Drylands-- Tanzania 

EarthTrends 


Forest Area and Change 


Sub- 

Saharan 


Total forest area, 2000 (000 ha) 38,811 486,571 3,869,455 

Natural forest area, 2000 (000 ha) 38,676 478,576 3,682,722 

Plantations area, 2000 (000 ha) 135 6,210 186,733 

Total dryland area, 1950-1981 (000 ha) {a} X 1,120,649 5,059,984 

Change in forest area: 

Total, 1990-2000 -2% -9% -2% 

Natural, 1990-2000 X X -4% 

Plantations, 1990-2000 X X 3% 

Original forest {b} as a percent of 

total land area {c} 22% X 48% 

Forest area in 2000 as a percent of 

total land area {c} 41% 20% 29% 

Forest Area by Crown Cover (000 ha), 2000 

Note: Crown cover data are gathered using different methodologies than the forest area calculated above. The 

two estimates may differ substantially. 

Area of forest with crown cover: 

Greater than 10% 75,474 1,238,077 6,537,209 

Greater than 25% 45,571 837,730 4,842,071 

Greater than 50% 9,841 421,190 3,143,720 

Greater than 75% 1,340 225,239 1,945,916 

Ecosystem Areas by Type 

Total land area 94,509 2,429,241 13,328,979 

Percent of total land area covered by: 

Forests 27% 15% 24% 

Shrublands, savanna, and grasslands 27% 50% 37% 

Cropland and crop/natural vegetation 

mosaic 39% 15% 20% 

Urban and built-up areas 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 

Sparse or barren vegetation; snow and ice 0% 18% 16% 

Wetlands and water bodies 7% 2% 3% 

Ecosystem Areas by Type, Tanzania, 1992-93 

39% 

0% 7% 

27% 

27% 

forests 

shrublands, savanna, and 

grasslands 

cropland and crop/natural 

vegetation mosaic 

urban and built-up areas 

sparse or barren 

vegetation; snow and ice 

wetlands and water bodies 

Forests certified through the Forest Stewardship Council 

Natural forests, 2002 (hectares) 0 85,980 11,457,393 

Plantations, 2002 (hectares) 0 983,936 3,324,996 

Mixed forests, 2002 (hectares) 0 0 11,461,154 



Forests, Grasslands, and Drylands-- Tanzania 

Forest Protection 


Sub- 

Saharan 


Percent of forests protected: 

Tropical forest, 1990s 15.8% 9.1% 9.0% 

Nontropical forest, 1990s X 26.4% 6.0% 

Sparse trees and parkland, 1990s 3.3% 11.3% 5.5% 

Number of tree species threatened, 1990s 317 X 5,904 

Wood Production and Trade 

Annual roundwood production: 

Total, 1996-1998 (000 meters 3 ) 38,193 512,491 3,261,621 

Fuel, 1996-1998 (000 meters 3 ) 35,947 445,783 1,739,504 

Industrial, 1996-1998 (000 meters 3 ) 2,246 66,709 1,522,116 

Wood-based panels, 1996-1998 

(000 meters 3 ) 4 1,630 151,390 

Paper and paperboard, 1996-1998 

(thousand metric tons) 25 X 313,206 

Recovered paper, 1996-1998 

(thousand metric tons) X X 126,404 

Average value of trade in forest products {d}: 

Imports, 1996-1998 (thousand US$) 6,003 980,339 142,932,629 

Exports, 1996-1998 (thousand US$) 4,797 2,628,858 135,313,009 

Forest product exports as a percent of the 

total value of all exports, 1997 X 3.5% 2.0% 


Country Profiles of the Food and Agriculture Organization 

of the United Nations, Forestry Sector: 

http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/index.aspsubj=5&iso3=TZA 

Fuelwood and Industrial Roundwood, million m3 

Forest Products Production, Tanzania, 1961-2001 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

no data available 

1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 

no data available 

35 

30 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

Paper and Paperboard, 

metric tons 

fuelwood industrial roundwood Paper and Paperboard 

Average Paper Consumption per Capita, 2000 

Footnotes: 

a. Areas are presented as long-term average covering the years from 1950 to 1981. 

b. Original forest refers to estimated forest cover about 8,000 years ago assuming current climatic conditions. 

c. "Forest area in 2000 as a percent of total land area" and "Original forest as a percent of total land area" are not directly comparable; data are from two different sources. 

d. Includes trade in industrial roundwood, wood fuel, sawnwood, wood-based panels, pulp, paper and paperboard, recovered paper, chips, particles, & wood residues. 



Forests, Grasslands, and Drylands—Sources and Definitions 

Forest Area and Change 

Total forest area includes both natural forests and plantations. Total Forest is defined as land with tree crown cover of more than 10 percent of the ground 

and area of more than 0.5 hectares. Tree height at maturity should exceed 5 meters. These forest statistics are based primarily on forest inventory 

information provided by national governments. In the case of the tropical region, inventory information is supplemented by a remote sensing survey. If only 

limited or out-dated inventory data are available, combination of linear projections and expert opinion techniques were applied to fill in data gaps. 


Natural forest area is the total area of forest composed primarily of indigenous (native) tree species. Natural forests include closed forest, where trees cover 

a high proportion of the ground and where grass does not form a continuous layer on the forest floor (e.g., broadleaved forests, coniferous forests, and 

bamboo forests), and open forest, which the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) defines as mixed forest/grasslands with at least 

10 percent tree cover and a continuous grass layer on the forest floor. Tree height at maturity should exceed 5 meters. Natural forest is estimated by 

subtracting plantation area from total forest areas. 


Plantations area describes forest stands established artificially by afforestation and reforestation for industrial and non-industrial usage. Reforestation does 

not include regeneration of old tree crops (through either natural regeneration or forest management), although some countries may report regeneration as 

reforestation. Many trees are also planted for non-industrial uses, such as village wood lots. Non-industrial plantations include those established for fuelwood 

production, soil protection, amenity or other purposes. They do not include plantations of agro-forestry crops, such as rubber and oil palm. The data 

presented here reflect plantation survival rate as estimated by FAO. Tree height at maturity should exceed 5 meters. 


Total dryland land area is the total terrestrial area falling within three of the world’s six aridity zones—the arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid zones. These 

areas are especially vulnerable to land degradation. In drylands, the ratio of average precipitation to average evapotranspiration, called the aridity index, is 

between .05 and .65 (excluding polar and sub-polar regions). The East Anglica University Climatic Research Centre used climate surfaces to define aridity 

zone boundaries for the globe. 


Change in forest area is the total percent change in both natural forests and plantations between 1990 and 2000. Total forest is defined as land with tree 

crown cover of more than 10 percent of the ground and area of more than 0.5 hectares. Tree height at maturity should exceed 5 meters. In many cases, FAO 

projected forward or backward in time to estimate forest area in the two reference years and calculate change in area over the decade. 


Original forest as a percent of land area refers to the estimate of the percent of land that would have been covered by closed forest about 8,000 years 

ago assuming current climatic conditions, before large-scale disturbance by human society began. Figures are based on a map of estimated forest cover 

developed by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC). This map was developed by WCMC based on numerous global and regional 

biogeographic maps. 


Forest area in 2000 as a percent of total land area is calculated by dividing total forest area (see above) by total land area. 


Sources 

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2001. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000--main Report. FAO Forestry Paper No. 140. 

Rome: FAO. Data available on-line at http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/webview/forestry2/index.jspsiteId=101&langId=1 

UNEP/GRID. United Nations Environment Program/Global Resource Information Database. 1991. Global digital data sets for land degradation studies: a GIS 

approach. Prepared by U. Deichmann and L. Eklundh. GRID Case Study Series No. 4. UNEP/GEMS and GRID. Nairobi, Kenya. 

Bryant, D., D. Nielsen and L. Tangley, "The Last Frontier Forests: Ecosystems and Economies on the Edge", (World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, 

1997). 

Forest Area by Canopy Cover 

Area of forest with canopy cover greater than 10% shows the amount of a country's land area that is at least 10% covered by the crown of a woody 

species. Area of forest with canopy cover greater than 25%, 50%, and 75% shows the amount of a country's land area that is at least 25, 50, or 75% 

covered by the crown of a woody species. Canopy cover is the vertical projection of a tree's outermost perimeter, including small openings in the crown. 

Areas reported here are gathered via satellite data by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument over several months in 2000. 

The percent tree cover data are derived from an automated algorithm depicting percent tree crown cover for each 500 meter pixel based on a year of MODIS 

data inputs. 


Sources 

University of Maryland (UMd) Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF). 2002. MODIS 500m Vegetation Continuous Fields Percent Tree Cover. Available online at 

http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/data/. Data by country were processed by UMd for the World Resources Institute. 

Ecosystem Areas By Type 

Total land area is the total area of the country, including area under inland water bodies, obtained mainly from the United Nations Statistical Division. 


Ecosystem areas by type were measured by the Global Land Cover Characteristics (GLCC) project using satellite images in conjunction with ancillary data. 

The satellite data were measured by a Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), with a resolution of 1 X 1 km. Ancillary data include (1) a digital 

elevation model of the ecological factors that govern natural vegetation distribution; (2) ecoregions data to to stratify vegetation by seasonal impacts; and (3) 

maps of soils, vegetation, and land cover enabling post-classification refinement. The GLCC study classified vegetation and other land cover types into one 

of18 categories, originally defined by the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) (please see http://www.igbp.kva.se/ for details). WRI's 

country profiles have combined these 18 original cateogories into the 6 larger classifications described below: 


Forests include all areas dominated by evergreen or deciduous trees with a canopy cover of greater than 60% and a height exceeding 2 meters. Both 

broadleaf and needleleaf trees are included. 

Shrublands, savannah and grasslands include lands dominated by woody vegetation less than 2 meters tall and with shrub canopy cover greater than 

10%. The shrub foliage can be either evergreen or deciduous. This category also includes savannas and grasslands with herbaceous and other understory 

systems. These lands may have a tree or shrub cover of less than 60%. 


Cropland and crop/natural vegetation mosaic. Croplands are lands covered with temporary crops followed by harvest and a bare soil period (e.g., single 

and multiple cropping systems). Perennial woody crops are classified as forest or shrub land cover. Cropland/natural vegetation mosaics are lands with a 

mosaic of croplands, forests, shrublands, and grasslands in which no one component comprises more than 60% of the landscape. 

Urban and built-up areas are covered by buildings and other man-made structures. This class was developed from the the Digital Chart of the World's 

"populated places layer" (Defense Mapping Agency, 1992). 

Sparse or barren vegetation; snow and ice. Barren and sparsely vegetated areas are lands of exposed soil, sand, rocks, or snow and never has more than 

10% vegetated cover during any time of the year. Snow and ice covered areas are lands under snow and/or ice cover throughout the year. 

Wetlands and water bodies. Permanent wetlands are lands with a permanent mixture of water and herbaceous or woody vegetation that cover extensive 

areas. The vegetation can be present in either salt, brackish, or fresh water. Water bodies are oceans, seas, lakes, reservoirs, and rivers. They can be either 

fresh or salt water bodies. 

Sources 

Loveland, T.R., Reed, B.C., J.F., Brown, J.F., Ohlen, D.O., Zhu, Z., Yang, L. Merchant. J. 2000. Global Land Cover Characteristics Database (GLCCD) Version 

2.0. Available online at: http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/glcc/globdoc2_0.html. 

Forest Certification and Protection 

The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certifies forests and plantations in accordance with the ten FSC principles and criteria. Groups around the world are 

accredited by the FSC to act as independent certification bodies. 

Full certification of forest products involves two steps. First, an assessment of forest management is made at the site to ensure that management practices will 

sustain the resource and provide environmental goods and services. Second, chain of custody is traced from forest, to processor, to distributors, to the final 

consumer to ensure that only wood from the certified forests are being sold and delivered as FSC-certified. Many companies that have certified forests also 

possess certified mills and are distributors of certified wood as well. According to the FSC, all forest products carrying their logo have been independently 

certified as coming from forests that meet the FSC Principles and Criteria of Forest Stewardship. 

Certified forests are categorized as natural forests, plantations, or mixed. 

Natural forests are those where most of the principal characteristics and key elements of the native ecosystems, such as complexity, structure and diversity 

are present. 

Plantations are areas which result from the human activities of planting, sowing or intensive silvicultural treatments, and lack most of the principal 

characteristics and key elements of native ecosystems. According to FSC, certified plantations should decrease the pressures on natural forests, have diversity 

in composition in species and age classes, preferentially choose native over exotic species, serve to improve soil function, fertility and structure, and have some 

proportion of their area managed for the restoration of natural forest cover. 

Mixed natural forest and plantations include large areas certified as one block that contains both natural forests and plantations. Semi-natural areas are 

forests that have some elements of both natural forests and plantations. 


Percent of forests protected. Forest estimates were calculated by WCMC by compiling many national and regional data showing forest extent. The 

legends of these maps were harmonized into 15 different tropical and 11 non-tropical forest types for the globe, defined specifically for this study. Percent 

protected includes forest areas that fall within the protected areas in the world that are listed by IUCN - World Conservation Union as being within their 

management categories I-VI. 


The forest type categories were split between "tropical" and non-tropical." Tropical forests included all forests located between the Tropics of Cancer and 

Capricorn. All other forests were put into the non-tropical categories. Sparse trees and parkland are natural forests in which the tree canopy cover is between 

10-30%, such as in the savannah and steppe regions of the world. 


Number of tree species threatened includes full species that are categorized by IUCN as being critically endangered, endangered, or vulnerable. Data are 

from The World List of Threatened Trees, presenting the results of the first survey of the conservation status of trees species worldwide. Figures are not 

necessarily comparable among countries because taxonomic concepts and the extent of knowledge vary. Some taxonomic groups of trees were not 

evaluated, including tree ferns in the families Cyatheaceae and Dicksoniaceae, tree species in the cycad families Cycadaceae and Zamiaceae, and arborescent 

members of the Cactaceae family. 


Sources 

Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002. Forests Certified by FSC-Accredited Certification Bodies. Document 5.3.3. Oaxaca, Mexico, FSC. 

Available online at: http://www.fscoax.org/principal.htm. 

Iremonger, S., C. Ravilious, T. Quinton. 1997 "A statistical analysis of global forest conservation." In A Global Overview of Forest Conservation CD-ROM. 

Cambridge, U.K.: World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) and Centre for International Forestry Research. 

S. Oldfield, C. Lusty and A. MacKinven (eds.). 1998. Tree Conservation Database. From The World List of Threatened Trees. Cambridge, U.K.: World 

Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) and The World Conservation Union (IUCN). Available on-line at 

http://www.wcmc.org.uk/trees/Background/country_stats.htm 

Wood Production and Trade 

FAO compiles forest products data from responses to annual questionnaires sent to national governments. Data from other sources, such as national 

statistical yearbooks, are also used. In some cases, FAO prepares its own estimates. 

Roundwood production refers to all wood in the rough, whether destined for industrial or fuelwood uses. All wood felled or harvested from forests and 

trees outside the forest, with or without bark, round, split, roughly squared, or in other forms such as roots and stumps, is included. Wood that is harvested 

for charcoal production is also included. All wood production data refer to both coniferous and nonconiferous species. 


Wood fuel production refers to all roundwood used as fuel for purposes such as cooking, heating, or power production. It includes wood harvested from 

main stems, branches and other parts of trees. It also includes wood intended for charcoal production (e.g., pit kilns, and portable ovens). FAO data include 

only wood from direct sources such as natural forests, plantations, and other wooded land, such as homesteads and roadsides. FAO data do not currently 

include wood fuel from indirect sources such as industrial by-products derived from primary and secondary wood industries, recovered sources (wood waste 

from construction sites demolition, packaging etc.), and black liquor (derived from by-products of the pulp industry). FAO wood fuel estimates are partly 

based on household consumption surveys dating from the 1960s and per capita consumption estimates from the 1980s. Estimates are updated in line with 

population growth. 



Industrial roundwood production comprises all roundwood products other than fuelwood and charcoal. It includes sawlogs or veneer logs, posts, 

pitprops, pulpwood, and other roundwood industrial products. All wood production data refer to both coniferous and nonconiferous species.. 


Wood-based panel production includes the following commodities: veneer sheets, plywood, particle board, and compressed or non-compressed 

fiberboard. All wood production data refer to both coniferous and nonconiferous species. 


Paper and paperboard production is the amount of primary paper and paperboard produced, even though a portion of it may immediately be consumed 

in the production of another product. Paper and paperboard includes newsprint, printing and writing paper, packaging paper, household and sanitary paper, 

and other paper and paperboard. All production data refer to both coniferous and non-coniferous species. 


Recovered paper production describes the amount of waste and scrap of paper or paperboard produced in a given country in a given year. This 

commodity includes paper and paperboard which has been used for its original purpose and residues from paper conversion, including waste and scrap 

collected for re-use as a raw material for the manufacture of paper and related products. These definitions follow those contained in Classification and 

Definitions of Forest Products, FAO, Rome, 1982. 


Average value of trade in forest products include imports and exports in industrial roundwood, wood fuel, sawnwood, wood-based panels, pulp, paper 

and paperboard, recovered paper, chips and particles, and wood residues. Figures are national totals in millions of US dollars. Imports and exports are usually 

on a cost, insurance, and freight basis (c.f.i.) (i.e., insurance and freight costs added in). "In-transit" shipments are excluded wherever possible. 


Forest products exports as a percent of the total value of all exports is calculated by dividing the total value of forest products exports by a country's 

total exports of goods and services. Exports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services provided to the rest of the 

world. They include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, 

construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude labor and property income (formerly called factor services) as 

well as transfer payments. 

Sources 

Development Data Group, The World Bank. 2002. World Development Indicators 2002 online (see 

http://publications.worldbank.org/ecommerce/catalog/productitem_id=631625) Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. 

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2002. FAOSTAT on-line statistical service. Available on-line at http://apps.fao.org. Rome: 

FAO. 


Agriculture and Food-- Tanzania 

EarthTrends 


Agricultural Production and Yields 


Sub-Saharan 


Cereals, 1999-2001 

Average production (000 metric tons) 3,787 87,715 2,075,387 

Percent change since 1979-81 26% 54% 32% 

Per capita production (tons per person) 108 135 343 

Percent change since 1979-81 -32% -11% -4% 

Average crop yield (kg per ha) 1,273 1,221 3,096 


Roots and tubers 1996-1998 

Average production (000 metric tons) 6,603 132,744 638,438 

Average crop yield (kg per ha) 7,436 7,694 12,958 

Pulses, 1996-1998 

Average production (000 metric tons) 421 6,499 55,469 

Average crop yield (kg per ha) 540 481 808 

Meat, 1999-2001 

Average production (000 metric tons) 325 8,124 233,218 


Agricultural Land, 

Total cropland (000 ha), 1999 4,650 173,572 1,501,452 

Hectares of cropland per 1,000 population, 

1999 136 274 251 

Arable & permanent cropland as a percent of 

total land area, 1998 4.9% 7.1% 11.3% 

Percent of cropland that is irrigated, 1999 3.3% 3.8% 18.3% 

Agricultural Inputs 

Average annual fertilizer use, 1999 

Total (thousand metric tons) 21 2,124 141,360 

Intensity (kg per hectare cropland) 5 12 94 

Pesticide use, 1994-1996 (kg/ha cropland) {c} X X X 

Number of tractors, 1997 7,600 261,984 26,334,690 

Agricultural workers as a percentage of the 

total labor force, 1990 84.4% X X 

Percent of GDP generated from agricultural 

activities, 2000 45.1% 16.7% 5.0% 

Index (1989=100) 

metric tons per hectare 

Kg per Hectare 

12 

10 

120 

100 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

80 

60 

40 

20 

0 

Index of Total and Per Capita Food Production, 

Tanzania, 1961-1998 

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 

Total Per Capita 

Yields of Cereals, Roots and Tubers, and Pulses, 


1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 

80 

60 

40 

20 

0 

Cereals Roots & Tubers Pulses 

Fertilizer Consumption per Hectare of Cropland, Tanzania, 

1961-1998 

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 



Agriculture and Food-- Tanzania 


Sub-Saharan 


Food Security 

Variation in domestic cereal production, 1992-2001 

(average percent variation from mean) 9.2% 6.5% 3.5% 

Net cereal imports and food aid as a percent 

of total consumption {b}, 1998-2000 11.0% 13.5% X 

Food aid as a percent of total imports, 

1998-2000 10.6% 19.9% X 

Average daily per capita calorie supply, 

1999 (kilocalories) 1,940 2,238 2,808 

Average daily per capita calories from 

animal products, 1999 (kilocalories) 125 152 460 

Percent of children that are underweight, 

1995-2000 {c} 29.0% 30.0% 27.0% 

Net Cereal Imports and Food Aid as a 

Percent of Total Cereal Consumption, 


89% 

11% 



of the United Nations, Agriculture Sector: 

http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/index.aspsubj=4&iso3=ALB 

Imports and Food Aid 

Domestic Production 

Footnotes: 

a. The index of agricultural production is a ratio of country's net agricultural output in 1996-98 relative to the base period 1989--91. This ratio is then 

multipled by 100 to obtain an index number. 

b. Negative values, indicating a net export of grain, are not shown. Cereal consumption is defined as production plus imports minus exports. 

c. Data are for the most recent year available within the given time range. 



Agriculture and Food—Sources and Definitions 

Agricultural Production and Yields 

Production includes the quantities of a commodity sold in the market (marketed production) and the quantities consumed or used by producers (autoconsumption). 

Harvesting losses, threshing losses, and unharvested portions of the crop are not included. The time reference on crop production is based on 

the calendar year; data for any particular crop are reported under the calendar year in which the entire harvest or the bulk of it took place. In a number of 

cases, crops assigned by countries to a particular split year may appear under two different calendar years. 

Average production of cereals refer to the amount of cereals produced in a given country or region each year. Cereals include wheat, barley, maize, rye, 

oats, millet, sorghum, rice, buckwheat, alpiste/canary seed, fonio, quinoa, triticale, wheat flour, and the cereal component of blended foods. Data relate to 

crops harvested for dry grain only. Mixed grains and buckwheat are included, although the following cereals are excluded: crops harvested for hay, crops 

used for grazing, and crops harvested green for food, feed or silage. 

Per capita production of cereals is calculated using national population data for the year specified. 


Average cereal crop yields refer to the amount of grain produced per unit of harvested area of cereals in a given country or region each year (i.e. average 

yield=total production/harvested area). For cereal crop yields, area data relate to harvested area. Some countries report sown or cultivated area only; 

however, in these countries the sown or cultivated area does not differ significantly in normal years from the area actually harvested, either because 

practically the whole area sown is harvested or because the area surveys are conducted around the harvest period. For most countries, FAO does not directly 

record yield data but instead divides production data by the area harvested for a particular country and year. In all cases, yields are computed from detailed 

area and production data expressed in hectares and metric tons. 


Average production and yield of roots and tubers covers all root crops grown principally for human consumption, such as cassava, yucca, taro, and 

yams; root crops grown principally for feed are excluded. See production of cereals, cereal crop yields, and the introductory paragraph above for more 

information. 


Average production and yield of pulses includes those harvested for dry harvest only, such as lentils, pigeon peas, cowpeas, and vetches, and does not 

exclude those used for feed. See production of cereals, cereal crop yields, and the introductory paragraph above for more information. 


Average annual meat production refers to the mass of meat in metric tons produced annually in a given country. Total meat production comprises horse 

meat, poultry meat and meat from all other domestic or wild animals such as camels, rabbits, reindeer and game animals. Both commercial and farm 

slaughter are included. Meat production for most species is calculated from multiplying the number of animals slaughtered by the average dressed carcass 

weight. Dressed carcass weights exclude offal and slaughter fats. Data relate to animals slaughtered within national boundaries, irrespective of their origin. 

Production data were collected mostly through annual FAO surveys to governments. Data have been grouped in 12 month periods ending 30 September of 

the years stated in the tables. For example, animals enumerated in a given country at any time between 1 October 1999 and 30 September 2000 are shown 

under the year 2000. 



Sources 

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2002. FAOSTAT on-line statistical service. Rome: FAO. Available on-line at 

http://apps.fao.org. 

Population Data (for per capita calculations): Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat. 2002. 

World Population Prospects: The 2000 Revision. New York: United Nations. Data set on CD-ROM. 

Agricultural Land and Inputs 

Total cropland is comprised of both arable and permanent land in a given country for each year. Arable land is land under temporary crops (doublecropped 

areas are counted only once), temporary meadows for mowing or pasture, land under market and kitchen gardens, and land fallow for less than five 

years. The abandoned land resulting from shifting cultivation is not included in this category. Data for “Arable land” are not meant to indicate the amount 

of land that is potentially cultivable. Permanent Crops is land cultivated with crops that occupy the land for long periods and need not be replanted after 

each harvest, such as cocoa, coffee and rubber; this category includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees and vines, but excludes land under 

trees grown for wood or timber. 

Hectares of cropland per 1,000 population is calculated using national population data for the year specified. 


Arable and Permanent Cropland as a Percent of Total Land area is calculated by dividing total cropland (above) by total land area for a given country. 

According to FAO, the total area of the country includes the area under inland water bodies. Theses data are reported to FAO by United Nations Statistical 

Division. Possible variations in the data may be due to updating and revisions of country data and not necessarily to any change of area. 


Percentage of cropland that is irrigated is calculated by dividing irrigated land by total cropland (above) for a given country. Irrigated land refers to the 

area of land with access to irrigation in a given country each year. These data refer to, in thousands of hectares, the area of land in a given country which is 

equipped to provide water to crops. These include areas equipped for full and partial control irrigation, spate irrigation areas, and equipped wetland or 

inland valley bottoms. 


Average annual fertilizer use is the use in metric tons of the nutrients nitrogen (N), potash (K2O), and phosphate (P2O5). Data refer to the fertilizer year 1 

July - 30 June. For countries that report their fertilizer statistics on a calendar-year basis, data are shown under the fertilizer year that begins in that calendar 

year; for example, 1991 data are under the fertilizer year starting on 1 July 1991. Data is collected through the FAO fertilizer questionnaire. 

Fertilizer Intensity is calculated by fertilizer use by total cropland (above) for a given country. 


Pesticide Use includes quantities of pesticides used in (or sold to) the agricultural sector. Figures are generally expressed in terms of active ingredients. 

Pesticides include: insecticides, mineral oils, herbicides, fungicides and bactericides, seed treatment fungicides and insecticides, plant growth regulators, and 

rodenticides. A strict inter-country comparison on the basis of the database is not feasible because (1) The country coverage and time series are incomplete 

due to a high rate of non-response, and (2) Although countries have been requested to report data in terms of active ingredients, some countries may have 

reported in formulation weight (including diluents and adjuvants) without specific indication. 

Number of Tractors generally refer to wheeled and crawler tractors used in agriculture. Garden tractors are excluded. 


Agricultural workers as a percentage of the total labor force is the proportion of the total labor force recorded as working in agriculture, hunting, 

forestry, and fishing. Labor force comprises all people who meet the International Labour Organization's definition of the economically active population. 


Percent of GDP generated from agricultural activities measures the percent of total output of goods and services which are a result of value added by 

the agriculture sector. These goods and services are for final use occurring within the domestic territory of a given country, regardless of the allocation to 

domestic and foreign claims. The industrial origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) revision 3. 

Agriculture corresponds to ISIC divisions 1-5 and includes forestry and fishing. Agricultural production often must be estimated indirectly, using a 

combination of methods involving estimates of inputs, yields, and area under cultivation. This approach sometimes leads to crude approximations that can 

differ from the true values over time and across crops for reasons other than climatic conditions or farming techniques. Similarly, agricultural inputs that 

cannot easily be allocated to specific outputs are frequently "netted out" using equally crude and ad hoc approximations. 


Sources 




http://publications.worldbank.org/ecommerce/catalog/productitem_id=631625). Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. 

Food Security 

Variation in domestic cereal production is found by taking the average variation (absolute deviation from mean) of cereal production between 1992 and 

2001 and dividing this by the mean production. This is an indicator of whether cereal production is stable enough to ensure a predictable food supply. Please 

refer to the definition above for more information on cereal production. 

Net cereal imports and food aid as a percent of total consumption indicates whether countries are able to produce sufficient grain for domestic 

consumption. It is calculated by dividing net imports (imports minus exports) by total cereal consumption (production + imports – exports). 

Food Aid as a Percent of Total Imports is calculated by dividing total food aid by net cereal imports (imports minus exports). 

Import and export data have, for the most part, been supplied to FAO by governments through magnetic tapes, national publications and, most frequently, 

FAO questionnaires. Official trade data have sometimes been supplemented with data from unofficial sources or trade information supplied by other national 

or international agencies or organizations. Cereal food aid shipments are included in FAO's import and export calculations. Information on food aid 

shipments has been provided to FAO by the World Food Program (please see http://www.wfp.org). Donors that have provided food aid in very small 

quantities or at irregular intervals are not listed individually. 


Average Daily Per Capita Calorie supply refers to the amount of available food per person, per day, expressed in kilocalories (1 kilocalorie = 1 Calorie = 

4.19 kilojoules). 


Calorie supply from animal products refers to the amount of available food from animal products per person, per day. Animal products include: all types 

of meat and fish; animal fats and fish oils; edible offal; milk, butter, cheese and cream; and eggs and egg products. 


FAO compiles statistics on apparent food consumption based on Supply/Utilization Accounts (SUAs) maintained in FAOSTAT. SUAs are time series data 

dealing with statistics on supply and utilization. For each product, the SUA traces supplies from production, imports and stocks to its utilization in different 


forms—addition to stocks, exports, animal feed, seed, processing for food and non-food purposes, waste (or losses), and lastly, as food available to the 

population, where appropriate. For internal consistency, total supply balances with total utilization. In many cases commodities are not consumed in the 

primary form in which they are presented, e.g. cereals enter the household mainly in processed form like flour, meal, husked or milled rice. To take this fact 

into account, the caloric value has been derived by applying the appropriate food composition factors to the quantities of the processed commodities, not by 

examining primary commodities. Per capita supplies are derived from the total supplies available for human consumption by dividing the quantities of food 

by the total population actually partaking of the food supplies during the reference period. In almost all cases, the population figures used are the mid-year 

estimates published by the United Nationals Population Division. 

Percent of Children that are Underweight refers to children under 5 whose weight-for-age is below minus 2 standard deviations (for moderate 

underweight) or below minus 3 standard deviations (for severe underweight) from the median weight-for-age of a reference population. The above data 

include both moderately and severely underweight children. Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), developed by UNICEF with partners in 1997, were used 

by 66 government ministries to collect the data presented. Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) provided relevant data to UNICEF for more than 35 

additional countries. For more information, please consult the website maintained by DHS at http://www.measuredhs.com. Official national level government 

data provide data for the majority of remaining countries. Where no reliable official figures exist, estimates have been made by UNICEF. The various data 

sources dictate that the data inevitably cover a wide range of quality; where possible, only comprehensive or representative national data have been used. 

Sources 



United Nation's Children's Fund (UNICEF). 2001. State of the World's Children 2002. New York: UNICEF. Data available on-line at 

http://www.unicef.org/sowc02/. 


Coastal and Marine Ecosystems-- Tanzania 

Coastal Statistics, 2000 


Sub- 

Saharan 


Length of coastline {a} (km) 3,461 63,124 1,634,701 

Percent of population within 100 km 

of the coast 21% X 39% 

Area of continental shelf (km2) {b} 17,903 987,021 24,285,959 

Territorial sea (up to 12 nautical miles) (km2) 36,578 871,895 18,816,919 

Claimed Exclusive Economic Zone (km2) 204,294 7,866,074 102,108,403 

Coastal Biodiversity and Protected Areas Data, 1990s 

Area of Mangrove Forests (km2) 3,233 38,013 169,452 

Percent of Mangrove forests protected 0% 1% 13% 

Number of Mangrove Species 10 17 70 

Number of Seagrass Species 7 15 58 

Number of Scleractinia Coral Genera {c} 57 68 X 

International Legal Net Trade in Live Coral, 

1997 (number of pieces) {d} X -202 X 

Number of Marine or Littoral Protected 9 150 3,636 

Areas, 1999 

Wetlands of International Importance, 

Extent (km2), 2000 X 143,481 730,116 

thousand metric tons 

70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

no available data 

EarthTrends 


Average Annual Capture of Marine Fish, Tanzania 

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 

Total Aquaculture Production, Tanzania, 1984-2001 

Fisheries Production 

Average Annual Capture 

(excludes aquaculture) in metric tons: 

Marine Fish, 2000 52,407 X 84,411,066 

Mulluscs and Crustaceans, 1997 3,153 140,424 12,055,801 

Aquaculture Production (in metric tons): 

Total (includes freshwater), 2000 7,210 55,520 45,715,559 

Marine and Diadromous Fish, 1997 X 1,202 2,623,888 

Mulluscs and Crustaceans, 1997 X 6,299 9,889,688 

Aquatic Plants, 1997 3,000 3,095 7,241,754 

Fish Consumption and Trade, 2000 

Per Capita Food Supply from Fish and 

Fishery Products (kg/person) 8 8 16 

thousand metric tons 

8 

7 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 


Freshwater 

Aquatic 

Plants 

Crustaceans 

Molluscs 

Marine Fish 

Diadromous 

Fish 



Coastal and Marine Ecosystems-- Tanzania 


Sub- 

Saharan 


Fish Consumption and Trade, 2000 (cont'd) 

Fish Protein as a % of Total Protein Supply 6% 6% 6% 

Annual Trade in Fish and Fisheries Products 

Imports (thousand $US) 680 778,886 60,008,337 

percent change since 1980 -54% -3% 275% 

Exports (thousand $US) 58,069 1,642,028 54,570,489 

percent change since 1980 14098% X 258% 

Fishing Effort, both freshwater and marine 

People Employed in Fishing and 92,529 1,995,694 36,116,329 

Aquaculture, 2000 (number) 

Docked Fishery Vessels, 1995-98 (number) {e} 17 X 1,297,017 



of the United Nations' Fishery Sector: 

http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/TZA/profile.htm 

million U.S. dollars 

Trade in Fish and Fisheries Products, Tanzania, 1980-2000 

70 

60 


50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

1980 1990 2000 

Exports 

Imports 

Footnotes: 

Some footnotes are not incorporated here. Please refer to the Data Tables section of EarthTrends for a full listing. 

a. Figures should be interpreted as approximations. Estimates may differ from other published sources 

b. Up to 200 meters depth c. Reef forming corals (i.e. "true" or stony corals). 

d. Imports - exports = net trade. E. Data are for the most recent available year in the listed range of years. 



Coastal and Marine Ecosystems—Sources and Definitions 

Coastal Statistics 

Length of Coastline was derived from the World Vector Shoreline database of the United States Mapping Agency. The estimates presented here were 

calculated using a Geographic Information System (GIS) with a resolution of 1:250,000 kilometers and an underlying database consistent for the entire 

world. In general, the coastline length of islands that are part of a country, but are not overseas territories, are included in the coastline estimate for that 

country (i.e., Canary Islands are included in Spain). 


Percent of Population within 100 km of Coast. Estimates were based on 1995 population figures. The Gridded Population of the World is a raster data set 

that provides information on the spatial distribution of the world's human population. The grid cells are approximately 4.6 km on each side. Populations are 

distributed according to administrative districts which vary in scale, level and size from country to country. A 100 km coastal buffer with a 10 km 'safe area' 

falling into the sea were used in the geographic information system to calculate the number of people in the coastal zone for each country individually. 


Area of Continental Shelf. According to the UN Convention of the Law of the Sea, the Continental Shelf is the area of the seabed and subsoil which 

extends beyond the territorial sea to a distance of 200 nautical miles from the territorial sea baseline and beyond that distance to the outer edge of the 

continental margin. Coastal States have sovereign rights over the continental shelf (the national area of the seabed) for exploring and exploiting it; the shelf 

can extend at least 200 nautical miles from the shore, and more under specified circumstances. 


Territorial Sea is defined under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) as the 12-nautical mile zone from the baseline or low-water 

line along the coast. The coastal State's sovereignty extends to the territorial sea, including its sea-bed, subsoil, and air space above it. Foreign vessels are 

allowed "innocent passage" through those waters. Even though the established limit for a territorial sea is 12 nautical miles, some countries claim larger 

areas. 


Claimed Exclusive Economic Zone . Under UNCLOS, coastal States can claim sovereign rights in a 200-nautical mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ). This 

allows for exploration, exploitation, conservation and management of all natural resources in the seabed, its subsoil and overlaying waters. UNCLOS allows 

other states to navigate and fly over the EEZ, as well as to lay submarine cables and pipelines. The inner limit of the EEZ starts at the outer boundary of the 

Territorial Sea (see above). Under UNCLOS, "land-locked and geographically disadvantaged States have the right to participate on an equitable basis in 

exploitation of an appropriate part of the surplus of the living resources of the EEZ's of coastal States of the same region or sub-region." 


Sources 

Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), World Resources Institute, and International Food Policy Research Institute, "Gridded 

Population of the World, Version 2 alpha" (Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 2000) available at: http://sedac.ciesin.org/plue/gwp. 

Pruett, L. and Cimino, J. Unpublished data, Global Maritime Boundaries Database (GMBD), Veridian - MRJ Technology Solutions, (Fairfax, Virginia, January, 

2000). 


Coastal Biodiversity and Protected Areas Data 

Area of Mangrove Forests and Percent of Mangrove Forests Protected . Mangrove estimates were calculated by the World Conservation Monitoring 

Center (WCMC) by compiling many national and regional data showing forest extent. The legends of these maps were harmonized into 15 different tropical 

and 11 non-tropical forest types for the globe, defined specifically for this study. Percent protected includes forest areas that fall within the protected areas in 

the world that are listed by IUCN - World Conservation Union as being within their management categories I-VI. 


Number of Mangrove Species . Mangrove trees and shrubs, including ferns and palms, are found along river banks and coastlines in tropical and 

subtropical countries. Their main characteristic is that they can tolerate salt and brackish water environments. Original data on species richness was compiled 

by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) from a variety of sources including, governments, mapping agencies, non-governmental 

organizations, international agencies and scientists. The year and quality of the data vary from country to country, therefore figures are not strictly 

comparable between countries. 


Number of Seagrass Species . Seagrasses are marine angiosperms that live in seawater. They grow in soft substrates like sandy soils and form large 

underwater meadows in coastal regions of the world. The total number of seagrass species is low, but these plants provide habitat, breeding, and feeding 

grounds for many species of fish and shellfish. The year and quality of the data vary from country to country, therefore figures are not strictly comparable 

between countries. 


Number of Sceleractinia Coral Genera . Coral reefs are home to more than a quarter of all known marine fish species. In general coral reefs are found in 

shallow waters, between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer. Most reef-forming corals belong to the family Scleractinia, which are also called 

true or stony corals. They may be solitary or colonial and have a heavy external calcareous skeleton. The year and quality of the data vary from country to 

country, therefore figures are not strictly comparable between countries. 


International Legal Net Trade in Live Corals includes pieces of all coral species traded under the regulation of the Convention on International Trade in 

Endangered Species (CITES). Net trade is calculated as total imports minus total exports; a negative value means that a country or region exports more coral 

than they import. CITES monitors the trade in more than 2000 species of Coral. The typical size of live coral pieces in trade is 10 x 6 cm in cross section, 6cm 

in height and weighing about 200g. Species traded within national borders or illegal trade in wildlife and wildlife products are not reflected in these figures. 

Mortality of individuals during capture or collection, transit, or quarantine also are not reflected in these numbers. 


Number of Marine or Littoral Protected Areas . IUCN defines a 'marine protected area' as: "any area of intertidal or subtidal terrain, together with its 

overlying water and associated flora and fauna, historical and cultural features, which has been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all 

of the enclosed environment." "Marine" is defined as any site which is known to incorporate at least some subtidal area permanently submerged under the 

ocean. "Littoral" is defined as any site which is known to incorporate at least some intertidal area. The categories of marine and littoral are not exclusive. 

Many of these protected areas have a large terrestrial component. The degree of protection varies from one country to another. 


Wetlands of International Importance, Extent . The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat, signed in 

Ramsar, Iran, 1971, is an intergovernmental treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. When a country becomes a Party to the Convention, 


it agrees to designate at least one wetland for inclusion in the List of Wetlands of International Importance (the "Ramsar List") and to promote its 

conservation. In order for a site to qualify as a Ramsar site, it has to have "international significance in terms of ecology, botany, zoology, limnology or 

hydrology." 


Sources 

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) annual report data, World Conservation Monitoring Centre 

(WCMC) CITES Trade Database (WCMC, Cambridge, U.K., December, 1999). 

Iremonger, S., C. Ravilious, T. Quinton, "A statistical analysis of global forest conservation." In: S. Iremonger, C. Ravilious, and T. Quinton (Eds). "A Global 

Overview of Forest Conservation CD-ROM" (World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) and Centre for International Forestry Research, 

Cambridge, U.K., 1997). 

Protected Areas Database of the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC), unpublished data (WCMC, Cambridge, U.K., August, 1999). 

Ramsar Convention Bureau, Gland, Switzerland. Available on-line at: http://ramsar.org/sitelist.pdf 

Spalding, M., F. Blasco, and C. Field (Eds.). "World Mangrove Atlas", The International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems (ISME), Okinawa, Japan, 1997. 

World Conservation Monitoring Centre, unpublished data, WCMC, Cambridge, UK (August, 1999). The data presented here has been compiled by WCMC 

from different published sources. 

Fisheries Production, Consumption and Trade: 

Capture is defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) as "the nominal catch of fish, crustaceans and molluscs, the 

production of other aquatic animals, residues and plants and catches of aquatic mammals, taken for commercial, industrial, recreational and subsistence 

purposes from marine waters. " Statistics for aquaculture are not included in the capture totals. Production of fish, crustaceans and molluscs is expressed in 

live weight--the nominal weight of the aquatic organisms at the time of capture. Data include all quantities caught and landed for both food and feed 

purposes but exclude discards. Figures are national totals which include fish caught by a country's fleet anywhere in the world. 

Marine Fish Captured include cods, hakes and haddocks; flounders, halibuts and soles; herrings, sardines and anchovies; jacks, mullets and sauries; 

redfishes, basses and congers; tunas, bonitos and billfishes; and miscellaneous marine fishes. Marine capture totals exclude freshwater species, brackishwater 

species, and harvest totals from mariculture and aquaculture. 


Mollusc and Crustacean Capture data refer to marine and inland waters molluscs and crustaceans caught or trapped. Crustaceans include freshwater 

crustaceans, sea-spiders, crabs, lobsters, shrimps, prawns, and miscellaneous marine crustaceans. 


Aqaculture is defined by FAO as "the farming of aquatic organisms, including fish, molluscs, crustaceans, and aquatic plants. Farming implies some form of 

intervention in the rearing process to enhance peoduction, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc. [It] also implies ownership of the 

stock being cultivated." Aquatic organisms that are exploitable by the public as a common property resource are included in the harvest of fisheries. 

Total aquaculture production includes marine, freshwater, and diadromous fish, molluscs, crustaceans, cephalopods, miscellaneous aquatic animals, and 

aquatic plants cultivated in marine, inland or brackish environments. 



Marine and Diadromous Fish . Diadromous fish include sturgeons, paddlefishes, river eels, salmons, trouts, smelts, shads, and miscellaneous diadromous 

fishes. Marine Fish include cods, hakes and haddocks; flounders, halibuts and soles; herrings, sardines and anchovies; jacks, mullets and sauries; redfishes, 

basses and congers; tunas, bonitos and billfishes; and miscellaneous marine fishes. 


Molluscs and Crustaceans . Molluscs include freshwater molluscs, abalones, winkles, conchs, oysters, mussels, scallops, pectens, clams, squids, and 

miscellaneous marine molluscs. Crustaceans include freshwater crustaceans, sea-spiders, crabs, lobsters, shrimps, prawns, and miscellaneous marine 

crustaceans. 


Aquatic plants include brown, red, and green seaweeds, and miscellaneous aquatic plants. 


Per Capita Food Supply from Fish and Fishery Products is defined as the quantity of both freshwater and marine fish, seafood and derived products 

available for human consumption. Data were calculated by taking a country's fish production plus imports of fish and fishery products, minus exports, minus 

the amount of fishery production destined to non-food, and plus or less variations in stocks. The data represent apparent consumption in live weight basis, 

which means that the amounts of fish and fishery products consumed include all parts of the fish, including bones. 


Fish Protein as a percent of total protein supply is defined as the quantity of protein from both freshwater and marine fish, seafood and derived products 

available for human consumption as a percentage of all the animal protein available. Data were calculated by taking a country's fish production plus imports 

of fish and fishery products, minus exports, minus the amount of fishery production destined to non-food uses (i.e., reduction to meal, etc.), and plus or less 

variations in stocks. The data represent apparent consumption in live weight basis, which means that the amounts of fish and fishery products consumed 

include all parts of the fish, including bones. 


Annual Trade in Fish and Fishery Products . Import and export values of fish and fisheries products includes that of fish that are live, fresh, chilled, frozen, 

dried, salted, smoked or canned, and other fish products and preparations. Molluscs, crustaceans, meals, oils, sponges, corals, and inedible products are also 

included in these totals. Values are expressed in thousands of United States dollars. 


Sources 

Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Unit, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2002. FISHSTAT Plus: Universal software for 

fishery statistical time series, Version 2.3 (available on-line at http://www.fao.org/fi/statist/FISOFT/FISHPLUS.asp); Aquaculture Production dataset. Rome: 

FAO. 

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), FAOSTAT on-line statistical service. Available on-line at http://apps.fao.org. FAO: Rome, 

2002. 

Fishing Effort, both Freshwater and Marine 

People employed in fishing and aquaculture includes the number of people employed in commercial and subsistence fishing (both personnel on fishing 

vessels and on shore), operating in freshwater, brackish and marine areas, and in aquaculture production activities. 



Decked Fishery Vessels . The term "fishery vessel" refers to "mobile floating objects of any kind and size, operating in freshwater, brackish and marine 

areas, and used for catching, harvesting, searching, transporting, landing, preserving and/or processing fish, shellfish and other aquatic animals, residues and 

plants." Decked vessels are those that have a fixed structural deck covering the entire hull above the deepest operating waterline. Decked fishery vessels data 

include trawlers, purse seiners, gill netters, long liners, trap setters, other seiners and liners, multipurpose vessels, dredgers and other fishing vessels, and nonfishing 

vessels such as motherships, fish carriers, fishery research vessels, etc. 


Sources 

Fishery fleet data are from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Unit (FIDI), July, 2002. 


Economic Indicators -- Tanzania 

Gross Domestic Product, 2000 


Sub- 

Saharan 


GDP in million constant 1995 US dollars 6,419 362,493 34,109,900 

GDP PPP (million current international dollars) {a} 17,606 1,053,452 44,913,910 

Gross National Income (PPP, in million current 

international dollars), 2000 {a} 17,522 994,240 44,458,520 

GDP per capita, 2000 

in 1995 US dollars 183 617 5,632 

in current international dollars 501 1,797 7,416 

Average annual growth in GDP, 1991-2000 

Total 3% 2% 3% 

Per capita 0% 0% 1% 

Percent of GDP earned by: 

Agriculture, 2000 45% 17% X 

Industry, 2000 16% 31% X 

Services, 2000 39% 53% X 

International Trade 

Trade in Goods and Services (million current $US) 

Imports, 2000 2,094 80,986 X 

Exports, 2000 1,325 78,438 X 

Exports as a percent of GDP, 2000 15% 33% X 

Balance of Trade, 2000 (million current $US) -769 1,213 X 

Millions of Dollars 

18,000 

16,000 

14,000 

12,000 

10,000 

8,000 

6,000 

4,000 

2,000 

0 

6,000 

Gross Domestic Product, Tanzania, 1975-2000 

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 

million constant US$ 

GDP per capita, 1985-2000 

EarthTrends 


million $intl (PPP) 

Official Development Assistance (ODA ) and Financial Flows 

ODA in million US dollars, 1998-2000 {b} 1,012 8,040 59,073 

ODA per capita in US dollars, 1998-2000 {b} 30 17 10 

Current Account Balance (million $US), 2000 -298 X X 

Total external debt, million $US, 1998-2000 {b} 7,705 224,885 X 

Debt service as a % of export earnings, 1995-97 {b} 16.6% X X 

Foreign Direct Investment, net inflows 

(million current $US), 2000 193 6,664 X 

International Tourism Receipts, 

1995-1997 (million $US) 313 X X 

Constant 1995 US dollars 

5,000 

4,000 

3,000 

2,000 

1,000 

0 

1985 1990 1995 2000 

Tanzania Sub-Saharan Africa World 



Economic Indicators -- Tanzania 


Sub- 

Saharan 


National Savings (as a percent of Gross National Income) 

Gross National Savings, 2000 14% 13% 23% 

Net National Savings, 2000 7% 5% X 

Adjusted Net Savings, 2000 10% -1% X 

Allocation of GDP by Sector, Tanzania, 2000 

Agriculture 

Income Distribution (years vary) 

Gini coefficient (0=perfect equality; 

100=perfect inequality) 38 X X 

Percent of total income earned by the richest 

20% of the population: 45.5% X X 

Percent of total income earned by the poorest 

20% of the population: 6.8% X X 

National Poverty Rate 41.6% X X 

Poverty Rate, Urban Population 24.4% X X 

Percent of population living on less than $1 a day 19.9% X X 

Percent of population living on less than $2 a day 59.7% X X 



of the United Nations, Economic Situation: 

http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/TZA/profile.htm 

Percent of Total Income 

50 

45 

40 

35 

30 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

38% 

46% 

16% 

Distribution of Income, Tanzania 

poorest 

Industry 

Services 

richest 

Quintile of Population 

a. Data are in international dollars, adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP). PPP rates provide a standard measure allowing comparison of real 

price levels between countries. b. Data are averaged for the range of years listed. 



Economic Indicators—Sources and Definitions 

Gross Domestic Product 

Gross domestic product (GDP) measures the total output of goods and services for final use occurring within the domestic territory of a given country, 

regardless of the allocation to domestic and foreign claims. Gross domestic product at purchaser values (market prices) is the sum of gross value added by all 

resident and nonresident producers in the economy plus any taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. The gross domestic 

product estimates at purchaser values (market prices) are in constant 1995 U.S. dollars and are the sum of GDP at purchaser values (value added in the 

agriculture, industry, and services sectors) and indirect taxes, less subsidies. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or 

for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Value added is the net output of an industry after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate 

inputs. The industrial origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) revision 3. 


Gross Domestic Product (GDP), PPP is gross domestic product converted to international dollars using Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) rates. An international 

dollar has the same purchasing power in a given country as a United States Dollar in the United States. In other words, it buys an equivalent amount of goods 

or services in that country. Data has not been adjusted to a constant year. 


Gross National Income or GNI, current dollars is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the 

valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. In other words, GNI measures the 

total income of all people who are citizens of a particular country while GDP (gross domestic product) measures the total output of all persons living in that 

particular country’s borders. 


Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, constant 1995 dollars measures the total output per person of goods and services for final use occurring within 

the domestic territory of a given country. Output is measured regardless of the allocation to domestic and foreign claims. 


Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, PPP is gross domestic product converted to international dollars using Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) rates, and 

divided by the population of the country that year. An international dollar has the same purchasing power in a given country as a United States Dollar in the 

United States. In other words, it buys an equivalent amount of goods or services in that country. 


Average annual growth in Gross domestic product (GDP) measures the annual growth in GDP of a particular country from one year to the next. GDP 

per capita, annual growth measures the annual growth in GDP per person of a particular country from one year to the next. 


Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Percent from Agriculture measures the percent of total output of goods and services which are a result of value added by 

the agriculture sector. The industrial origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) revision 3. Agriculture 

corresponds to ISIC divisions 1-5 and includes forestry and fishing. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Percent from Industry measures the percent of total 

output of goods and services which are a result of value added by the industrial sector. Industry corresponds to ISIC divisions 10-45 and includes 

manufacturing (ISIC divisions 15-37). It comprises value added in mining, manufacturing (also reported as a separate subgroup), construction, electricity, 


water, and gas. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Percent from Services measures the percent of total output of goods and services which are a result of 

value added by the service sector. Services correspond to ISIC divisions 50-99 and they include value added in wholesale and retail trade (including hotels and 

restaurants), transport, and government, financial, professional, and personal services such as education, health care, and real estate services. Also included 

are imputed bank service charges, import duties, and any statistical discrepancies noted by national compilers as well as discrepancies arising from rescaling. 


International Trade 

Exports and Imports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services provided to or received from the rest of the world. 

They include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, 

financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude labor and property income (formerly called factor services) as well as transfer 

payments. 


Exports as a percent of GDP is calculated by dividing Exports of Goods and Services for a given country by the Gross Domestic Product (constant 1995 

dollars) of that country for a given year. 


Balance of trade is the net exports (exports minus imports) of goods and services for a particular country. It includes all transactions between residents of a 

country and the rest of the world involving a change in ownership of general merchandise, goods sent for processing and repairs, nonmonetary gold, and 

services. Data are in current U.S. dollars. If a country’s exports exceed its imports, it has a trade surplus and the trade balance is said to be positive. If imports 

exceed exports, the country has a trade deficit and its trade balance is said to be negative. 


Official Development Assistance (ODA ) and Financial Flows 

Official development assistance records the amount of international aid received by a country. It refers to the actual international transfer by the donor of 

financial resources or of goods or services valued at the cost to the donor, less any repayments of loan principal during the same period. Grants by official 

agencies of the members of the Development Assistance Committee are included, as are loans with a grant element of at least 25 percent, and technical 

cooperation and assistance. Data are in current U.S. dollars and dollar exchange rates. 


Official development assistance per capita records the amount of international aid received per capita. 


Current account balance is the sum of net exports of goods, services, net income, and net current transfers. Data are in current U.S. dollars. The data on 

current account balances are based on balance of payments data reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in their Balance of Payment and 

International Financial Statistics databases, supplanted by estimates by World Bank staff for countries whose national accounts are recorded in fiscal years and 

countries for which the IMF does not collect balance of payments statistics. In addition, World Bank staff make estimates of missing data for the most recent 

year. More information on balance of payments can be found in the fifth edition of the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual 1993 (available online at 


http://www.imf.org/external/np/sta/bop/BOPman.pdf). The World Bank acquires data with the IMF through electronic files that in most cases are more timely 

and cover a longer period than the published sources. World Resources Institute downloads data in electronic form directly from the World Bank. 


Total external debt is debt owed to nonresidents of a country repayable in foreign currency, goods, or services. It is the sum of public, publicly guaranteed, 

and private non-guaranteed long-term debt, use of IMF credit, and short-term debt. Short-term debt includes all debt having an original maturity of one year 

or less and interest in arrears on long-term debt. Long-term debt includes all debt having a maturity of more than one year. 


Total debt service as a percent of export earnings (in foreign currencies, goods, and services) comprises interest payments and principal repayments 

made on the disbursed long-term public debt and private, non-guaranteed debt, International Monetary Fund (IMF) debt repurchases, IMF charges, and 

interest payments on short-term debt. Total debt service is the sum of principal repayments and interest actually paid in foreign currency, goods, or services 

on long-term debt, interest paid on short-term debt, and repayments (repurchases and charges) to the IMF. 


Foreign direct investment is net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise 

operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short term 

capital, as shown in the balance of payments. Data are in current U.S. dollars. 


International tourism receipts are expenditures by international inbound visitors, including payments to national carriers for international transport. Figures 

are in current U.S. dollars. 


National Savings (as a percent of Gross National Income) 

Gross national savings is equal to gross domestic savings (gross domestic product minus final consumption) plus net income and net current transfers from 

abroad. The United Nations system of national accounts defines gross national income as "the aggregate value of the balances of gross primary incomes for 

all sectors; (gross national income is identical to gross national product (GNP) as hitherto understood in national accounts generally.)" 


Net national savings is equal to gross national savings minus the value of consumption of fixed capital (the replacement value of capital used up in the 

process of production.) 


Adjusted net savings attempts to measure the "true" rate of savings of a country's economy by taking into account human capital, depletion of natural 

resources, and the damages of pollution in addition to standard economic savings measures. Adjusted net savings is calculated by the World Bank by the 

following formula: 

NAS = ( GNS – Dh + CSE – S R n,i – CD ) / GNI 

Where NAS = Net Adjusted Savings Rate 

GNS = Gross National Saving 


Dh = Depreciation of produced capital 

CSE = Current (non- fixed-capital) expenditure on education 

R n,i= Rent from depletion of natural capital 

CD = Damages from carbon dioxide emissions 

GNI = Gross National Income at Market Prices 


Income Distribution 

The Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or in some cases consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within 

an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Gini index score of zero implies perfect equality while a score of one hundred implies perfect 

inequality. 


Share of total income, lowest 20% is equal to the percentage share of all income in a given country which is earned by the poorest fifth of the population. 


Share of total income, highest 20% is equal to the percentage share of all income in a given country which is earned by the richest fifth of the population. 


The National Poverty Rate is the percent of the population of a country which earns less than that country’s national poverty line. The National Poverty 

Rate, Urban is the percent of the urban population of a country which earns less than that country’s national poverty line. 

These poverty measures are based on surveys conducted mostly between 1990 and 2000, prepared by the World Bank’s Development Research Group. 

National poverty lines are based on the Bank’s country poverty assessments. 


Poverty: Population living below $1/day is the percent of the population of a country living on less than $1.08 a day at 1993 international prices, 

(equivalent to $1 in 1985 prices, adjusted for purchasing power parity). Poverty: Population living below $2/day is the percent of the population of a 

country living on less than $2.15 a day at 1993 international prices, (equivalent to $2 in 1985 prices, adjusted for purchasing power parity). These poverty 

measures are based on surveys conducted mostly between 1994 and 1999, prepared by the World Bank’s Development Research Group. The international 

poverty lines are based on nationally representative primary household surveys conducted by national statistical offices or by private agencies under the 

supervision of government or international agencies and obtained from government statistical offices and World Bank country departments. 


Sources: 


http://publications.worldbank.org/ecommerce/catalog/productitem_id=631625) Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. 


Energy and Resources-- Tanzania 

EarthTrends 


Energy Production and Consumption Tanzania 

Sub- 

Saharan 


(in thousand metric tons of oil equivalent) {a} 

Total energy production, 2000 14,601 552,808 10,077,984 

% change since 1980 54% 71% 37% 

Energy imports, 1997 781 28,564 9,521,506 

Energy exports, 1997 29 219,173 3,419,104 

Total energy consumption {b}, 1999 15,033 X 9,702,786 

Electricity consumption, 1999 155 X 1,040,770 

Energy consumption per capita, 1997 0.45 0.54 1.64 

% change since 1990 -8% -2% 0% 

Energy consumption per GDP {c}, 1999: 823 425 244 

% change since 1990 -8% 4% -13% 

Energy Consumption by Source, 1999 (in thousand metric tons oil equivalent) 

Total Fossil Fuels 762 X 7,689,047 

Coal and coal products 3 X 2,278,524 

Crude oil and natural gas liquids 628 X 3,563,084 

Natural gas 0 X 2,012,559 

Nuclear 0 X 661,901 

Hydroelectric 187 X 222,223 

Renewables, excluding hydroelectric: 14,079 X 1,097,889 

Primary solid biomass (includes fuelwood) 14,079 X 1,035,139 

Biogas and liquid biomass 0 X 14,931 

Geothermal 0.0 X 43,802 

Solar 0.0 X 2,217 

Wind 0.0 X 1,748 

Tide, wave, and ocean 0.0 X 53 

Energy Consumption by Sector, 1999 

(in thousand metric tons of oil equivalent) 

Industry 1,581 X 2,140,474 

Transportation 290 X 1,755,505 

Agriculture 436 X 166,287 

Commercial & public services 40 X 511,555 

Residential 10,697 X 1,845,475 

Non-energy uses and "other" consumption 543 X 333,981 

Total final energy consumption {d} 13,589 X 6,753,276 


Index Value (1971=100) 

million tons of oil equivalent 

180.0 

160.0 

140.0 

120.0 

100.0 

80.0 

60.0 

40.0 

20.0 

0.0 

16 

14 

12 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

Energy Consumption: Relative trends, Tanzania, 

1971-1999 

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 

Total per capita per $million GDP 

Energy Consumption by Source, Tanzania, 1971- 

1999 

1971 1981 1991 

Other 

Renewables 

Hydroelectric 

Nuclear 

Fossil Fuels 


Energy and Resources-- Tanzania 


Sub- 

Saharan 


Resource Consumption 

Passenger cars per 1000 people, 1998 X X 109 

Annual motor gasoline consumption, 2000 

(liters per person) 4 X 179 

Annual meat consumption, 1998 

(kg per person) 10 13 38 

Annual paper consumption, 2000 

(kg per person) X X 53 

Annual coffee consumption, 2001 

(kg per person) 0 X X 

Energy Consumption by Sector, Tanzania, 1999 

79% 

4% 

12% 

2% 

3% 

0% 

Industry 

Transportation 

Agriculture 

Commercial & public 

services 

Residential 

Non-energy Uses and 

"Other" consumption 

Footnotes: 

a. One metric ton of oil equivalent (toe) is defined as 10 Exp. 7 kilocalories or 41.868 gigajoules, equal to the amount of energy contained in 1 metric ton of crude oil. 

b. In metric tons of oil equivalent per million constant 1995 international dollars. 

TPES = Energy Production + Imports - Exports - Stock Changes - Consumption by International Marine Bunkers 

c. In metric tons of oil equivalent per million constant 1995 international dollars. 

d. "Total final consumption" is calculated as the sum of energy consumption by sectors. 



Energy and Resources—Sources and Definitions 

All energy consumption values presented here are calculated and reported by the International Energy Agency (IEA) based on an energy balance methodology 

using metric tons of oil equivalent (toe), a common unit based on the calorific content of energy commodities. One toe is defined as 10 Exp. 7 kilocalories, 

41.868 gigajoules, or 11,628 GWh. This amount of energy is roughly equal to the amount of energy contained in a ton of crude oil. 

Energy Use 

Total Energy Production is the total amount of primary energy produced in the year specified by all sources, i.e. hard coal, lignite/brown coal, peat, crude 

oil, natural gas liquids (NGLs), natural gas, combustible renewables and wastes, nuclear, hydro, geothermal, solar and the heat from heat pumps that is 

extracted from the ambient environment. Production is calculated after removal of impurities (e.g. sulphur from natural gas). 

View full technical notes at: http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfmvarid=253&themeid=6 

Energy Imports and Energy Exports present the energy equivalent amounts of electricity, coal, natural gas, oil and oil products that have crossed the 

national territorial boundaries of a country, whether or not customs clearance has taken place. Crude oil, natural gas, and natural gas liquids are reported as 

coming from the country of origin; refinery feedstocks and oil products are reported as coming from the country of last consignment. Coal or oil in transit is 

not included. If electricity is "wheeled" or transited through a country, the amount is shown as both an import and an export. 


Total Energy Consumption is the total amount of primary energy consumed from all sources in the year specified. Primary energy includes losses from 

transportation, friction, heat loss and other inefficiencies. Specifically, consumption equals indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus 

exports and international marine bunkers. The International Energy Agency (IEA) calls this value Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES). 


Electricity Consumption is the amount of electricity consumed by each country or region in the year specified. This variable includes electricity from all 

energy sources. This variable accounts for the amount of electricity consumed by the end user, meaning that losses due to transportation, friction, heat loss 

and other inefficiencies are not included in this figure. 


Energy Consumption per capita is the total amount of energy consumed per person, in each country in the year specified. This variable includes energy 

from all energy sources. The % Change since 1980 shows the percentage change in per capita energy consumption between 1980 and the specified year: in 

this case, 1997. 


Energy Consumption per GDP PPP indicates the amount of energy consumed per unit of income generated by the country's economy. GDP PPP is a 

country or region’s gross domestic product (GDP) converted to international dollars using Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) rates, and rescaled to 1995 to give a 

common reference year. An international dollar has the same purchasing power in a given country as a United States Dollar in the United States. In other 

words, an international dollar buys an equivalent amount of goods or services in all countries. The % Change since 1980 shows the percentage change in 

energy consumption per GDP PPP between 1980 and the specified year: in this case, 1999. 



Energy Consumption by Source is the total amount of primary energy consumed from the usage of a specified fuel. Primary energy includes losses from 

transportation, friction, heat loss and other inefficiencies. Specifically, consumption equals indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus 

exports and international marine bunkers. The IEA calls this value Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES). 

Fossil Fuels, total is the amount of energy consumed from the use of crude oil and natural gas liquids, coal and coal products, and natural gas. 

Coal and coal products refer coal and all coal products, such as peat and coke. 

Crude oil and natural gas liquids refer to liquid fuels such as crude oil or natural gas liquids, including motor and aviation gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, and 

petrochemical feedstocks. Feedstocks include all oil products used as raw material in the petrochemical industry for steamcracking, and aromatics plants, such 

as naphtha, liquefied petroleum gases, light and heavy gasoil, reformate, etc. 

Natural gas refers to natural gases that occur in underground deposits, whether liquefied or gaseous, consisting mainly of methane. Natural gas includes 

both non-associated gas originating from fields producing hydrocarbons only in gaseous form, associated gas produced in association with crude oil, and 

methane recovered from coal mines (colliery gas). 


Nuclear Fuels shows the primary heat equivalent of the electricity consumed from nuclear power plants. Heat-to-electricity conversion efficiency is assumed 

to be 33 percent. 


Hydroelectric refers to the energy content of the electricity consumed from hydroelectric power plants, which convert the potential and kinetic energy of 

water into electricity. This variable excludes output from pumped storage. 


Renewables, excluding Hydroelectric shows the amount of energy consumed from renewable sources such as wind; tide, wave and ocean; thermal and 

photovoltaic solar; primary solid biomass; liquid biomass and biogas; and geothermal systems. 

Solid Biomass is defined as any plant matter used directly as fuel or converted into other forms before combustion. This category includes wood; vegetal 

waste such as wood waste and crop waste; animal materials and wastes; sulphite lyes (also known as black liquor, a sludge that contains the lignin digested 

from wood for paper making); and other solid biomass. 

Biogas and liquid biomass. Biogases are derived principally from the anaerobic fermentation of biomass and solid wastes, which are combusted to produce 

heat and electrical power. Landfill gases and gases from sewage and animal waste facilities are included in this category. Energy from liquid biomass uses 

liquid derivatives from biomass as a fuel. Ethanol is the main form of liquid biomass produced. 

Geothermal energy is available as heat emitted from within the earth's crust, usually in the form of hot water or steam. It is exploited for electricity 

generation using dry steam or high enthalpy brine after flashing, or directly as heat for district heating, agriculture, etc. 

Solar energy is harnessed using two primary methods. Solar-thermal power exploits solar radiation for hot water production and electricity generation by flat 

plate collectors (mainly of the thermosiphon type, for domestic hot water or for the seasonal heating of swimming pools) or solar thermal-electric plants. 

Solar power from photovoltaics involves the conversion of solar energy to electricity in photovoltaic cells. Passive solar energy for the direct heating, cooling 

and lighting of dwellings or other buildings is not included in this category. 

Wind power exploits the kinetic energy of wind in wind turbines to generate electrical power. 

Tide, wave, ocean power captures the mechanical energy from tidal motion or wave activity and transforms it into electrical power. 



Energy Consumption by Sector 

Industry represents energy consumed by activities in all industrial sub-sectors, such as mining and quarrying, iron and steel, construction, etc. Energy used for 

transport by industry is not included here but is reported under transportation. The industry sector is further defined as including International Standard 

Industrial Classification (ISIC) divisions 15-37. 


Transportation represents energy used for all transport except international marine bunkers. It covers road, railway, air, internal navigation (including small 

craft and coastal shipping not included under marine bunkers), transport in the industry sector, and energy used for transport of materials by pipeline and 

non-specified transport. Energy used for ocean, coastal and inland fishing is not included here but is reported under agriculture. The transportation sector is 

further defined as including International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) divisions 60, 61 and 62. 


Agriculture encompasses all energy consumed by all traction (excluding agricultural highway use), power, or heating (agricultural and domestic) for activities 

defined under the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) divisions of Agriculture or Hunting & Forestry. These activities include, for example, 

operation of irrigation systems and agricultural machinery, animal husbandry, maintenance of parks and gardens, hunting and trapping, logging, and ocean, 

coastal, and inland fishing. 


Commercial & Public Sectors refers to the energy consumed by wholesale and retail trade; the operation of hotels and restaurants; post and 

telecommunications; real estate, renting and business activities; the collection, purification and distribution of water; maintenance and repair of motor vehicles 

and motorcycles; financial intermediation, except insurance and pension funding; computer and related activities; sewage and refuse disposal; public 

administration and defense; education; and other community, health, social and personal service activities. The activities and services defined above are listed 

under International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) divisions 41, 50, 51, 55, 63, 64, 65, 66, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 93 and 99. 


Residential includes all energy used for activities by households except for transportation. 


Non-Energy Uses covers the amount of energy consumed by the use of petroleum products such as white spirit, paraffin waxes, lubricants, bitumen and 

other products, as well as the non-energy use of coal (excluding peat). It is assumed that the use of these products is exclusively non-energy use. An exception 

to this treatment is petroleum coke, which is counted under non-energy use only when there is evidence of such use; otherwise it is shown under energy use 

in industry or in other sectors. Non-energy use of coal includes carbon blacks, graphite electrodes, etc. and is also shown separately by sector. Feedstocks for 

the petrochemical industry, like naptha, are accounted for in industry under chemical industry. 

Total Final Energy Consumption (TFC) is the sum of consumption of energy by the different end-use sectors described above. In final consumption, 

petrochemical feedstocks and non-energy use of such oil products as white spirit, lubricants, bitumen, paraffin waxes and other products are included. 

Backflows from the petrochemical industry are not included in final consumption (see other transformation). 

Resource Consumption 

Passenger Cars per 1000 People refer to the number of individual four-wheel vehicles per 1,000 people. These numbers exclude buses, freight vehicles, and 

two-wheelers such as mopeds and motorcycles. 



Annual Motor Gasoline Consumption refers to the per capita consumption of motor gasoline, a light hydrocarbon oil used in internal combustion engines 

such as motor vehicles. The data in this variable only considers the fuels used in road vehicles (including military) as well as agricultural and industrial highway 

use. It excludes motor gasoline used in stationary engines. 


Annual Meat Consumption refers to per capita meat consumption. This variable includes meat from animals slaughtered in countries, irrespective of their 

origin, and comprises horsemeat, poultry, and meat from all other domestic or wild animals such as camels, rabbits, reindeer, and game animals. Meat 

consumption was calculated using a trade balance approach (total production plus imports, minus exports). 


Annual Paper Consumption refers to the per capita consumption of newsprint, printing and writing paper, packaging paper, household and sanitary paper, 

and other paper and paperboard. Paper consumption was calculated using a trade balance approach (total production plus imports, minus exports). For some 

countries for which the FAO has no production data, production was assumed to be negligible and was assigned a value of 0 instead of reporting X for these 

countries. These countries, marked with a footnote, have

Tanzania_country_pro.. - GRID Africa GeoPortal - UNEP

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