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SidaUNEPF A OFIATPSIA NMICOA - MOZAMBIQUEINTEGRATEDDEVELOPMENT PLANfor Xai-Xai Beach-MozambiqueReport Prepared for EAF5 - Protection and Managementof the Marine and Coastal Areas of Eastern Africa ProjectEast African Regional Seas Technical Reports Series No. 5UNEP/FAO/PAP/MICOA, 2000

Note:This document was prepared in the framework of theproject “Protection and Management of the Marineand Coastal Areas in the Eastern African Region –second phase” (EAF/5-II) – Mozambique, by thePriority Actions Programme Regional Activity Centre(PAP/RAC), in collaboration with the Ministry of theCoordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA) andthe Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations (FAO). The preparation of the documentwas supported by the Swedish InternationalDevelopment Agency (SIDAThe designations employed and the presentation ofthe material in this document do not imply theexpression of any opinion whatsoever on the part ofUNEP and FAO and MICOA concerning the legalstatus of any State, Territory, city or area, or itsauthorities, or concerning the delimitation of itsfrontiers or boundaries. The document contains theviews expressed by the authors acting in theirindividual capacities and do not necessarilyrepresent the views of UNEP and FAO.© 2000 Priority Actions ProgrammeSplit, CroatiaISBN 953-6429-13-6This publication may be reproduced in whole or inpart and in any form of educational and non-profitpurposes without special permission from thecopyright holder, provided acknowledgement of thesource is made. PAP would appreciate receiving acopy of any publication that uses this material as asource.No use of this publication may be made for resale orfor any other commercial purposes whatsoeverwithout prior permission in writing from PAP.For bibliographic purposes this document may becited as:UNEP/FAO/PAP/MICOA: Integrated DevelopmentPlan for Xai-Xai Beach. East African Regional SeasTechnical Reports Series No. 5, Split, Croatia,UNEP/FAO/PAP/MICOA, 2000, pp-xiv+166.

SidaUNEPF A OFIATPSIA NMICOA - MOZAMBIQUEINTEGRATEDDEVELOPMENT PLANfor Xai-Xai Beach-MozambiqueReport Prepared for EAF5 - Protection and Managementof the Marine and Coastal Areas of Eastern Africa ProjectEast African Regional Seas Technical Reports Series No. 5UNEP/FAO/PAP/MICOA, 2000

LIST OF TABLESTable 1 Trends by African Regions (1985-1996)..................................................................................14Table 2 African Tourism Flows (Trends And Forecasts in %) .............................................................14Table 3 Tourism to the Gaza Province (Including Domestic Market and South African Campers)......16Table 4 Tourism Development Concept: Zone B .................................................................................16Table 5 Xai-Xai Beach’s Current Tourism Infrastructure......................................................................20Table 6 Suitability Analysis Matrix ........................................................................................................39Table 7 Employment of Local Residents in Tourism ............................................................................72Table 8 Expected Population Number in Villages and New Development Zones ...............................76Table 9 Standards for Provision of Utilities...........................................................................................76Table 10 Summary of the Development Cells Potentials .......................................................................84Table 11 Classification of Roads ............................................................................................................88Table 12 Water Demand for Existing and Proposed Future Development ..........................................101Table 13 Overall Action Plan for All of IDP Area ..................................................................................117Table 14 Development Cell T3 – Single Developer Option ..................................................................120Table 15 Development Cell T3 – Individual Concession Option...........................................................121Table 16 Action Plan/Programme for Cell T4 – Partly Concessioned, Partly Vacant Land –Developer Option ..................................................................................................................122Table 17 Development Cell T2, Xai-Xai Beach Central Area ...............................................................123Table 18 Land Use ...............................................................................................................................128Table 19 Street and Lots Ratio .............................................................................................................131Table 20 Praia Velha Water Supply and Reticulation...........................................................................135Table 21 Action Plan for Praia Velha Demonstration Project Implementation .....................................141Table 22 Length of the Backset Distributor Road.................................................................................147Table 23 Backset Distributor road Construction Cost Estimate ...........................................................149Table 24 Water Supply Phase I............................................................................................................151Table 25 Project Cost Estimate ............................................................................................................154LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1 Typical Road Cross Section ....................................................................................................91Figure 2 Typical Pavement Design Cross Section.................................................................................92Figure 3 Possible Structure of Xai-Xai Beach Development Agency, as a Joint Venture BetweenGovernment and Private Sector............................................................................................115Figure 4: Possible Structure of Xai-Xai Beach Association of "Business Improvement Districts(BIDs)"...................................................................................................................................116ii

LIST OF MAPSMAP 1 EAF/5 - First Phase – Management Strategy Framework ........................................................9MAP 2 Existing Development and Concessions.................................................................................33MAP 3 Land Cover..............................................................................................................................33MAP 4 Slope Analysis.........................................................................................................................34MAP 5 Height Analysis .......................................................................................................................34MAP 6 Land Suitable for Development...............................................................................................37MAP 7 Spatial Development Concept.................................................................................................43MAP 8 Structure Plan .........................................................................................................................44MAP 9 Xai – Xai Beach Central Area Land Use.................................................................................53MAP 10a Land Use – Cells T1 – T2 .......................................................................................................54MAP 10b Land Use – Cell T5 .................................................................................................................61MAP 10c Land Use – Cells T6 + Legend ...............................................................................................67MAP 10d Land Use – Cells T1 – T1-2 ....................................................................................................73MAP 11 Water Supply System .............................................................................................................97MAP 12 Xai-Xai Beach Water Supply...................................................................................................98MAP 13 Chongoene Beach Water Supply............................................................................................98MAP 14 Xai-Xai Beach Future Sewage..............................................................................................106MAP 15 Praia Velha Detailed Plan .....................................................................................................129MAP 16 Praia Velha Circulation System.............................................................................................133MAP 17 Praia Velha Water Supply, Drainage and Future Sewage....................................................136MAP 18 Implemented (Pegged) Layout Diagram with Co-ordinates and Distance Measures ...........140iii

LIST OF ACRONYMSAPVAmigos do Praia Velha AssociationCDSCentre for Coastal Zones Sustainable Development in Xai-Xai BeachCZMCoastal Zone ManagementDANGROUP Danish International Consulting Engineers A/S EnterpriseDINAGECA National Directorate for Geography and CadastarDINATUR National Directorate of Tourism in the Ministry of Industry, Commerce andTourism, MozambiqueDPICTProvincial Department of TourismEAF/5Project “Protection and Management of the Marine and Coastal Areas in theEastern African Region”EN1 National Road 1EUEuropean UnionFAOFood and Agriculture OrganisationGPSGlobal Positioning SystemGTAGrupo de Trabalho Ambiental, a Mozambican Non-governmental AssociationICAMIntegrated Coastal and Marine Areas ManagementIDPIntegrated Development PlanINAHUProvincial Department of Public WorksINPFProvincial Department of Physical PlanningIUCNInternational Union for Conservation of NatureMDCThe Maputo Development CorridorMHPSouth-African Surveying CompanyMICOA Ministry for Co-ordination of Environmental AffairsMOUMemorandum of UnderstandingPAP/RAC Priority Actions Programme/Regional Activity CentreRSARepublic of South AfricaSUIMO Lda Private Enterprise, Maputo - Xai-XaiUNUnited NationsUNDPUnited Nations Development ProgrammeUNEPUnited Nations Environment ProgrammeUNHCS United Nations Centre for Human SettlementWTOWorld Tourist Organisationiv

PREFACEOne of the outputs foreseen under the project entitled “Protection and Management of theMarine and Coastal Areas in the Eastern African Region (EAF/5), Phase II” is the Xai-XaiBeach Integrated Development Plan (IDP). The Project sponsored by the Swedish InternationalDevelopment Co-operation Agency (SIDA) was implemented by Food and AgricultureOrganisation (FAO) in co-operation with United Nations Environment Organisation (UNEP), andexecuted jointly by Priority Actions Programme/Regional Activity Centre (PAP/RAC), Split,Croatia and the Ministry for Co-ordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA), Mozambique.Within the framework of the first phase of the Project, the Coastal Profile and the IntegratedCoastal and Marine Area Management Strategy (ICAM) was prepared for the 67 km longcoastal area of the Xai-Xai District as a pilot project. During preparation of those reports and atthe workshop held in Xai-Xai, in August 1997, the need was recognised for the preparation ofan integrated tourism development plan for the 10 km long Xai-Xai Beach coastal area.Besides creating conditions for a sustainable tourism development in the Xai-Xai Beachsummer resort, the pilot project was also intended to be applied to other coastal areas ofMozambique where tourism could be developed. To that aim, a training for national experts wasorganised during the preparation of IDP, which included research of similar examples of tourismdevelopment in the region (Kenya, Tanzania-Zanzibar), and in particular in the Province ofKwazulu Natal in the Republic of South Africa where tourism has already been highly developedalmost in the same physical and natural environment of the high vegetated coastal dunes.It should be pointed out that besides the co-ordinating role of FAO, and professional andmethodological guidance provided by PAP/RAC experts, the dominant role in the preparation ofIDP was played by national experts from Xai-Xai while the important professional support wasprovided by experts from the region, i.e. from the RSA. Taking into account the lack ofexamples of an integrated approach to tourism development in the coastal areas, and inparticular of adequate plans for a sustainable tourism development, this IDP might also be usedby other countries of the Eastern African Region.At the final workshop held in Xai-Xai Beach, on May 20 – 21, 1999, which was attended byrepresentatives of national, provincial, district and municipality authorities, local and nationalbusiness representatives, and other stakeholders, the IDP proposal was discussed in detail andsuggested to be presented for adoption at Xai-Xai District and Municipality Assemblies. It wasrecommended, among others, that similar plans be prepared also for other coastal areas inMozambique where tourism has either started to develop, or is expected to be intensivelydeveloped.v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe PAP/RAC and the experts from MICOA would like to express their gratitude to Minister forCo-ordination of Environmental Affairs, H.E. Mr. Bernando Ferraz, and Governor of GazaProvince, H.E. Mr. Eugenio Numaio for their support and effort led to the preparation of thisdocument. Our special thanks go to Mr. Filipe J. Mahanjane and Mr. Faquir Bay, Mayors of theXai-Xai Municipality, for the kind support and successful chairing of the Steering Committeemeetings, Mr. Alfredo Massinga, Director of MICOA CZM Department, and to Mr. TurkAbobacar, Xai-Xai for his support to initiate the preparation of this plan.The Team would like to express their thanks to all officials and individuals met in the GazaProvince, the Xai-Xai District and Municipal institutions for the kind support and co-operation inthe preparation of the Praia Velha Detailed Plan.Our special thanks go to Mr. G. Everett, FAO, Rome and Mr. Ivica Trumbic, PAP/RAC director.FAOMr. Dixon Waruinge, FAO EAF/5 Co-ordinator, FAO Office, NairobiThe MICOA Working TeamMs. Helena MottaMr. Rogério WamusseJoao E. MacuchaMr. Domingos MacieMr. César MasibeMr. Fernando MucoqueMr. Antonio J. NgwenhaMr. Daniel BimoMr. Simeao MuchangaMr. Joao MucaveleBiologist, National Team Leader, CZM Department, MICOA, MaputoChemical Engineer, National Deputy Team Leader, Director of theProvincial Department, MICOA, Xai-XaiDirector, Directorate of Industry, Commerce and Tourism, Gaza Province,Xai-XaiTourism Expert, Provincial Department of Tourism, DPICT, Xai-XaiPhysical Planner, Provincial Department of Public Works, INAHU, Xai-XaiPhysical Planner, Provincial Department of Physical Planning, INPF, Xai-XaiCivil-sanitary Engineer, Public Works and Housing Department, GazaProvince Director, Xai-XaiCivil Engineer, Directorate of Public Works, Gaza Province, Xai-XaiPhysical Planner, Municipality Town Planning and Building DepartmentSociologist, MICOA, MaputoThe PAP/RAC Working TeamMr. Srdjan TrutaMs. Maria SchoonraadMr. Jan AlbertsMr. Louis de V. RoodtMr. Tony BorderMr. Jacus PienaarMr. Andrew LeyelMs. Branka BaricMr. Ognjen TrutaPhysical Planner, PAP/RAC Team Leader, Split, CroatiaPhysical Planner, University of Pretoria, RSATourism Specialist, Ecotourism Africa, Pretoria, RSACivil Engineer - roads, University of Pretoria, RSACivil Engineer - water resources, Huff Border Smith and Associates,Johannesburg, RSAImplementation Specialist, University of Pretoria, RSAArchitect, SUIMO Lda, Xai-Xai – ZurichAssistant to PAP/RAC Projects, Split, CroatiaMaps Editor, PAP/RAC, Split, CroatiaPhotos by S. Truta and A. LeyelThe views of the Working Team contained in this report do not necessarily represent the viewsof UNEP or the Government of Mozambique.vii

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYProject ObjectiveThe Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) and United Nations EnvironmentProgramme (UNEP) in collaboration with Ministry for Coordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA) andPriority Actions Programme/Regional Activity Centre are implementing the project entitled “Protection andManagement of the Marine and Coastal Areas in the Eastern African Region (EAF/5)”. In Mozambique,after accomplishing The Management Strategy for the Xai-Xai District Coastal Area in 1997, FAOembarked on the elaboration of the Integrated Development Plan for Xai-Xai Beach (IDP) as a secondphase of the EAF/5 project.The main objective of IDP is to provide a new model of coastal zone planning and management to reversethe existing trend of an ad hoc and haphazard development towards an organised and effectivesustainable development in the Xai-Xai Beach area, targeting at both private and public sectors.Tourism Development FrameworkThe ICAM Strategy compiled for Xai-Xai district coastal area as a pilot site in Mozambique pointed totourism as the obvious catalyst to drive all further development in the area. Recommendations made arebased on an assessment of both of the demand and supply aspects defining the tourism potential of Xai-Xai Beach. Finally, the Tourism Development Framework is structured, recommending a sustainable andinclusive way to develop Xai-Xai Beach’s resources in such a manner as to satisfy the needs of the tourist,the host community and the tourism industry.According to the UNDP/WTO study performed in 1994, South Africa (75%) and Zimbabwe (25%)dominate the regional market. These markets focus exclusively on beach tourism, fishing and diving. Thetotal potential demand constituted by residents from these two countries was estimated at 1.3 millionpeople per annum.South Africans is expected to dominate the Mozambican tourism market to the extent of generating asmuch as 60%, or more, of the total market (inter- and intra/regional). Xai-Xai Beach’s tourism potential isprimarily based upon its natural resources and more specifically its pristine and tourist friendly beaches,combined with its mild climate, marine resource reserve, sense of place and concentrated growth.Physical PlanThe planned area consists of a ten kilometre strip three kilometres wide along the coast of the GazaProvince and is focussed on Xai-Xai Beach. The basic aim of this chapter is to elaborate the physical andfunctional framework for the development of the Xai-Xai town coastal area into a major tourist destination.The framework consists of a physical plan that is linked to development strategies. The aspects that arecovered in this chapter are:• Summary of existing development, concessions and development proposals;• Development suitability analysis;• Development constraints, potential and threats;• Development concept; and• Development framework.The objectives of the physical development framework is to define a framework for sustainabledevelopment and future investment so as to minimise conflicts between different land uses and tostimulate development of strategic areas.The planning process consisted of following steps:• Analysis of the existing state of affairs;• Determining development potential and constraints• Drafting of a development concept and structure plan• Assessing the impact of the development proposals and considering alternatives• Elaboration of a master plan• Detail planning of priority areasThese criteria were applied to the site and by making trade-offs between the various criteria the suitabilityanalysis was done. About 850 ha has been identified for possible development of various land uses whichcan accommodate up to 25,000 tourists and local residents. The areas suitable for development stretchix

from the coast 500 m inwards. The areas most suitable for intensive tourism development is the existingXai-Xai Beach through infill development and the area east of Chongoene. Restricted tourism can beallowed between Xai-Xai Beach and Chongoene Beach. The best areas are along the 2km to the stretchto the east of Xai-Xai Beach. The protected areas form lateral bands which links to the back areas that arehigher than 60 m. Extensive areas for services are located to the back of the tourism areas. Space for theextension of villages has been identified next to the main roads.The development concept is a multi-nodal structure that has its main focus on Xai-Xai Beach. Thedevelopment pattern consists of discreet pockets of development, each with its own character, whichforms a focus for tourism development. This creates diversity and addresses the variety of needs in thearea. The specific development of each area has been determined by its carrying capacity. The edges ofthe development cells have been identified and the cells are separated by green open space. The greenopen space is protected from encroachment by the definition of the development edges and is left forsustainable use. The development cells are linked with a back set vehicular road, a coastal mixed roadand pedestrian routes. In this way the beach area is retained for recreational activities and conflictsbetween different modes of traffic are eliminated. In total there are six distinct tourism development areasalong the beachfront, a sports area and two pockets for local villages set back and linked to the mainmovement system.There are two existing local areas, Macamwine and Chinunguine, accommodating approximately 3,000inhabitants. The existing areas should be upgraded following the principle of cross-subsidisation wherebytourism developments pay for the costs of bulk services making them more affordable for local residents.Facilities should also be placed in a way that they can be used by both residents and tourists. This willmake them affordable for local residents and will ensure their sustainable use.The natural areas should be protected at all costs and a programme to rehabilitate the areas where thenatural vegetation has been destroyed should be implemented.The development controls consist of building controls and architectural considerations. These are meantas guidelines for the development and evaluation of development’s suitability. Although being onlyguidelines, discrepancies should be evaluated with circumspection. The objectives of the building codesand guidelines are not to make all the houses in the area uniform, but primary to protect the public andcommon interests, as well as to avoid possible conflicts between the concession owners.Roads NetworkThe road proposals were developed in conjunction with the spatial planning framework and relate to thedevelopable areas along the coastal dunes. These proposals aim to balance the ecological impact ofroads and access with the need to order the development pressure in the area.The topography of the coastal dunes is not very suitable to development, as many of the slopes are toosteep for building and roads will have to cut through the dunes. The exposed dune sand is unstable andprone to wind erosion. The implication for roads planning is that design standards must be restricted to fitthe horizontal and vertical alignments to the natural constraints. Routes should follow contours as far aspossible and where slopes are required, the route must follow natural slopes of acceptable gradients. Thenatural vegetation must be retained as far as possible during construction of roads and slopes resultingfrom cut and fill operations revegetated.The movement system connects all development pockets and it creates a linkage between the two majordevelopment nodes: Xai-Xai Beach and Chongoene Beach. It consists of a road placed at approximatelyone to two kilometres inland from the beach. This is closer than previously anticipated in the Xai-XaiDistrict ICAM Strategy report.A mixed road, accommodating both vehicular and pedestrian traffic, has been proposed next to thebeachfront based on the existing road linking Xai-Xai Beach with Chongoene Beach. This road is placedbehind the foredunes and at the foot of the next dunes. This road will only be accessible for cars in areaswhere it is protected by the foredunes. In other areas it becomes a pedestrian promenade and emergencytransport route. It will be used for temporary access to properties to the east until the construction of theback set road is finalised.Water SupplyIt is important to remain focussed on the purpose of development of the Xai-Xai coastal area, namely toprovide a safe secure and healthy environment where development of the tourist industry can proceed. Inthis regard, a high standard of services for water, sewerage and waste disposal is essential. These mustmeet and be seen to meet international standards without any deviation. Tourism requires expensiveinvestment by developers and they will only be attracted by a safe secure environment.x

The present system is in a poor condition and is unable to provide an assured water supply to the town.The main problem is it has very little reservoir storage (only 5% of current requirements), it only has onepump dependent on an erratic electricity supply without standby pump or generator. Moreover the sourceof water is a well which risks pollution from nearby septic tanks or possible salt water contamination if overpumped (it is only 100 m from the sea). Finally, the reticulation is old and uncertain and unlikely to be ableto meet peak demands if major hotels are to be built.Storage is much too small for pumping rates of 20m 3 /hour representing only 2 hours storage at this rate(40m 3 ). Moreover, projected water consumption can be expected to reach 400m 3 /day within a year or twoif rehabilitation of existing houses and development continues and if water is made available to theexisting inland villages as required. A water demand of 4000m 3 /day in 20 to 25 years is consideredsatisfactory for efficient supply of 25,000 tourists/residents.In order to meet this demand and to supply good pressure to proposed development along the coast up tothe 60m contour it is necessary to build new reservoirs at a common top water level of 88m close to theareas of consumption. The elevation of 88m has been chosen as top water level as there are a number ofsites where reservoirs can conveniently be built at this elevation close to the areas they serve. Placing allthe storage at the same level allows interconnection of distribution systems between reservoirs withoutoverflow problems, as well as economical extension of the system over the years. Because the supply ofwater is from aquifers found in the sand all along this coast the supply to reservoirs can be drawn fromwells sited as required next to the reservoirs. Such wells should be carefully sited away from habitations toreduce the possibility of pollution.A new water distribution system (reticulation) will be required to suit the new higher reservoirs withresulting higher pressures in pipelines. Reservoirs set at 88m top water level also coincide with pipingdesigned to work at this pressure as piping is designed in steps of 30m.SewerageIn normal urban areas volumes of the order of 70% of water consumed finds its way back into the sewersas wastewater. Along the coast with a narrow, widely dispersed pattern of population growth a smallerpercentage is likely to be collected in sewers. On the basis of projected water consumption of 4000m3/day in about 20 years time the amount of waste water likely to reach the sewers can be expected to beof the order of 2500 m3/day and we should plan accordingly.Initially all pre-treatment could be in the form of suitably sized septic tanks with a minimum retentionperiod of 24 hours each. Tanks to be fitted with a filter device to preclude solids from entering the system.The only pumping or mechanical plant required would be a vacuum tanker to empty septic tanksoccasionally as required and to transport the residual solids and sludge to a properly managed anddesigned land disposal area. A specialised team could be trained to operate and maintain the vacuumtanker and equipment and to dispose of the sludge.In the case of the larger sources of waste water, such as hotels, more sophisticated pre-treatmentpackage plants could be installed such as totally enclosed biodisk plants, etc. Again the plant would haveto operate so only liquid was discharged into the sewer pipes.It is noted that further research will be required to check levels and position a possible collecting sewerlaid at flat grades. Also to be investigated is the best position for an submarine outfall sewer into the seanear Praia Velha.Sites for possible development for sewerage treatment have been identified in both the west and centralareas and these can be further investigated once the level and possible position of the collecting sewersalong the coast have been more accurately determined.Solid WasteWith the limited budget available it is best to use the area that has already been quarried as a landfill sitedespite the limitations previously mentioned. From a location point of view it is a bit close to the peopleand the road. From a hydrogeological point of view it is relatively high and away from the sources of water.All the soil is sandy so pollution of ground water will take place. It is, however, already being used atpresent so pollution would continue to be limited to one area.There is a limited amount of space available, but it is hard to determine its volume without an accuratesurvey and with uncertain rate of growth. In the longer term they will have to use another site or the site atXai-Xai town. This site is 14 km away (28 km return trip) which is not economical for a tractor and traileras it is too far.xi

IDP Implementation FrameworkThis chapter provides and describes the IDP implementation, General guidelines and more detailed ActionPlans/Programmes including development models for development areas or cells. The practicalguidelines for action includes the sources, mechanisms and arrangements for funding the actions. Itdifferentiates between short, medium and long-term actions. It also proposes for the most part actions thatcould be taken within existing legal frameworks and institutional capacity.There are three main areas of funding to be considered. The first is operational funding for localgovernment to ensure that it can continue to carry out its task of providing services to the community, andof regulation and administration. The second concerns bridging finance or development capital forinfrastructure construction. The third area of funding concerns the ongoing operation and maintenance ofinfrastructure and services provided by local authorities and utility companies. A funding framework for adeveloping area such as Xai-Xai Beach would typically rely on a combination ofThe main concern around funding for development, operation and maintenance of infrastructure andservices is that effective, equitable mechanisms need to be created to ensure that developers ofconcessions (both private and commercial) contribute in proportion to the burden their developments willplace on public resources and the value and benefit they will derive from improved infrastructure andadministrative capacity.Such mechanisms should not be created in isolation by different departments, but in co-ordinated fashionto ensure proper distribution of resources and directing of investment in accordance with IDP. This couldpossibly be done by the proposed Intergovernmental Committee, without or preferably with the assistanceof the Development Agency.For future development of development cells or areas two options of Actions plans are presented. One iswhere a whole cell or area is parcelled out to a single developer under one concession on a tender basisas previously described. The developer would then be responsible for elaboration of the detailed layoutplan within the overall guidelines of the IDP, and for investing in and arranging the construction of internalservices. In the other option lots are allocated to individuals each under its own concession and subject tothe conditions as defined elsewhere. In this case the Development Agency in co-operation with, and undersupervision of relevant authorities will be responsible to the relevant authorities for preparing detailedlayout plans, for arranging pre-financing of the construction of services.Demonstration ProjectThe main objective of the Demonstration project is to implement the proposals contained in the IDP on alimited scale, so as to act as an example for future development. In the case of Xai-Xai Beach, anappropriate demonstration project includes the elaboration of a more detailed plan and implementation ona limited spatial unit or small segment. After considering the proposal made by the Steering Committee,MICOA and PAP/RAC decided to take the Praia Velha area as a demonstration project.The demonstration activities includes as follows:• Elaboration of Praia Velha Detailed Plan;• The adoption of the Detailed Plan by the Xai-Xai Municipality;• The review of concessionaires list and assignment of newly created lots to concessionaires;• The development of the layout plan with co-ordinates suitable for pegging;• The selection of appropriate surveyor and pegging of new lots; and• The engagement of a local institution in the preparation of the detailed implementationframework for Praia Velha.The pegging of lots according to the Praia Velha Detailed Plan layout is completed. The representatives ofthe local institutions, such as Planimento Fisico and Urbanização, co-operated in pegging, contributed toit’s success and approved the work done. The results have been presented at a Steering Committeemeeting and have been approved of.Bankable ProjectsSince the Bankable Project is not a generally known category of projects, it may be defined as a documentaiming to attract attention of donors or investors for funding of a particular project, which is part of theICAM implementation process.it has been concluded that development component should be given highest priority wherebyinfrastructure reconstruction and development is the biggest problem of this tourist area. The followingBankable Projects were selected:xii

• Reconstruction and Development of the First Phase of the Xai-Xai Beach Water SupplySystem;• Construction of the Backset Distributor Road; and• Elaboration of a Tourist Marketing Portfolio.By realisation of these projects, an ad hoc and consequently a haphazard approach to the resolution ofdevelopment problems would definitely be given up and prerequisites would be created for a sustainabletourism development, as well as for the development of other accompanying activities in the areaTrainingIn order to transfer to the Mozambican experts an adequate knowledge and training, particularly relevant totourism being the main activity in the pilot site, Xai-Xai Beach, the training task was based on the followingcomponents:1. Learning from the existing examples of tourism development and management relevant tothe pilot site in environmental and market oriented issues;2. Providing on-the-job training by international experts that includes activities relevant toparticular components of the project, such as tourism and physical planning, design ofinfrastructure projects, implementation framework elaboration, etc.; and3. Elaboration and implementation of the Demonstration project as a specific component of onthe-jobtraining providing the national experts with the guidelines for implementation of theplanning proposals.WorkshopBased on the discussion the general conclusion were prepared and anonymously adopted by theWorkshop participants. They are as follows:• The IDP was elaborated in a participative way, involving all interested parties andstakeholders in the Xai-Xai Praia coastal area;• Taking into account the environmental, social and political characteristics and potentials andby integrating them into a coherent planning and implementation document, the IDPcorresponds to the development needs of the Xai-Xai Praia coastal zone;• The IDP represents an unique and innovative experience in Mozambique, deserving supportfrom the national and local institutions;xiii

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1. INTRODUCTIONThe Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) and the United NationsEnvironment Programme (UNEP) in collaboration are implementing the project entitled“Protection and Management of the Marine and Coastal Areas in the Eastern African Region(EAF/5)”. After accomplishing the First Phase of the EAF/5 project in 1997, FAO embarked onthe Second Phase of the EAF/5 project in Kenya, Zanzibar State of the United Republic ofTanzania, Mozambique, Comoros and Madagascar.The aim of the EAF/5 Second Phase project is to assist national authorities and experts in thepreparation and operationalization of the Integrated Coastal Area Management (ICAM) for pilotsites. The activities to be undertaken in relevant countries and expected outputs are:elaboration and implementation of workplans, coastal profiles, management strategies,integrated development plans, demonstration activities, and projects for a particular pilot site ineach country.The EAF/5 project should promote approaches that attempt to:• Address critical issues at the pilot scale through a thorough participatory process;• Incorporate key site specific stakeholders’ interests based on the needs anddemands in each country;• Reduce user conflicts, and promote co-ordination of policies, and prioritisedevelopment opportunities;• Strengthen capacity to manage a complex coastal area ecosystem through trainingand implementation of integrated management tools and techniques;• Prepare coastal zone management strategies that promote the use of integratedapproach to ICAM;• Develop strategies that apply new environmental technologies appropriate forcoastal areas; and• Identify investment opportunities and priorities through development of pilot,demonstration and bankable projects.The EAF/5 project also promotes country and site-specific project approaches in theimplementation of ICAM. There are, however, issues that are common to most countries andspecific sites. The following is a summary of common key issues that have been identified askey issues requiring national programmes in the region through an earlier EAF/5 preparatoryphase:• Weak resource management exacerbated by weak institutional structures and awave of population shift/urbanisation to coastal centres;• Rapid pace of desirable development that is faster than the evolution of strategiesneeded for management and mechanism required for effective governance;• Decline in marine and coastal water quality;• Loss of marine and coastal biodiversity; and• Weak policies for marine and coastal management.1

Xai-Xai IDP – INTRODUCTIONFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAThe project also proposes a long-term investment for programmes to promote capacity buildingand activities that operationalize ICAM as a routine practice in national institutions. This mayinclude:• Establishing a process to sustain political commitment to the ICAM process at thenational level;• Strengthening co-ordination and implementation of local, regional and nationalprojects in institutions at all levels;• Updating policies and legislation; and• Strengthening the role of governments as the facilitator.1.1 EAF/5 - II ObjectivesThe general objective to be achieved under this project is to provide support to nationalinstitutions in implementing the activities that establish a process of ICAM as a major tool forsustainable development of the national coastal areas in participating countries.The main objectives to be supported under this project are:• To develop in collaboration with other UN agencies and Multilateral or Bilateraldonors, national self-reliance in all matters related to integrated development andmanagement of the environment of the coastal areas;• To strengthen the capacity of national and local institutions and experts toimplement the ICAM process by helping them to prepare country specific ICAMstrategies; and• To develop management tools, which will help major stakeholders in the region toimplement all the tasks, envisaged within the framework of ICAM strategies.The specific objectives of the project are:• To identify major issues and problems of coastal development, prioritise them, andto prepare the most appropriate framework to solve these problems;• To propose the institutional framework, which will best answer the needs toinstitutionalise the ICAM process in the participating countries;• To develop proposals for the regional and international co-operation in ICAMutilising the best available knowledge on the issues; and• To transfer "the technical ability" on the selected prioritised subjects related to ICAMand sustainable development issues through a training programme made suitable tothe actual needs of the local and national experts.Within the framework of the signed MOU between FAO and PAP/RAC, the preparation of aWorkplan has been envisaged particularly targeting the common and country specific ICAMprogramme for activities which, among others, recognise the need for an incremental learningbasedapproach. This Workplan is based on three main tasks mutually interlinked and continuousin time: (a) pilot training tasks; (b) planning tasks; and (c) implementation task.1.2 EAF/5 - II in MozambiqueWithin the framework of the signed MOU between FAO and PAP/RAC, the overall objective inMozambique is to create a framework for the development of an effective ICAM planning andimplementation process in the Xai-Xai district. The framework provides efficient instruments forguiding coastal protection and future development. Activities in Mozambique have beenundertaken in the co-operation with the Ministry for Co-ordination of Environmental Affairs(MICOA), in particular with its Coastal Zone Management Department.2

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAINTRODUCTION – Xai-Xai IDPThe main activities implemented are based on the Inception Report containing the Workplanand Logical Framework Analysis which envisaged the following activities:1. Assessment of the relevance of existing plans and policies on coastal developmentfor Xai-Xai Beach as a pilot site;2. Preparation of the Integrated Development Plan for Xai-Xai Beach (IDP), amongothers, containing as follows:• Tourism development strategy based on carrying capacity assessment fortourism for Xai-Xai Beach;• Land-use plan, including spatial structure and organisation, land-use;• Infrastructure network and development; and• Implementation framework including capacity building;3. Support provided to national institutions to implement project activities, i.e.demonstration projects and preparation of bankable projects.4. Training and support provided to national experts to undertake project activities onICAM process and tourism development issues.5. Support provided to NGOs and stakeholders to participate in ICAM project activities.1.2.1 Objectives of the ProjectTraditionally, the resources of the Mozambican coast have been, as in most places, developedin a sectoral (e.g., fisheries, agriculture, tourism) manner with little regard to the inherentlyintegrated nature of coastal and marine ecosystems supporting these sectors. The coastalzones are also usually managed only within political/administrative boundaries rather thanenvironmental units, which often result in overlapping jurisdictions and responsibilities. Finally,sectoral approaches particularly in tourism development often target short-term rewards withouttaking into account long-term costs of resource depletion. If Mozambique maintains a statusquo of ad hoc investment strategies, the result will be a further decline in environmental qualityand functioning, an increase in conflicts among the users of the coastal zone, and diminishingof resources available to those users. A new model of coastal zone planning and managementto guide investment strategies is needed for the people of Mozambique and interested donors,targeted at both private and public sectors.The general objectives of the “Integrated Development Plan for Xai-Xai Beach” and itsimplementation can be summarised as follows:• To reverse the existing trend of an ad hoc and haphazard development by creatingthe conditions and instruments for an organised and effective sustainabledevelopment in the Xai-Xai Beach area;• To provide national, regional and local authorities with a pilot integrateddevelopment plan and implementation framework the approach and methodology ofwhich could be adequately applied to other relevant areas of coastal Mozambique;and• To train national experts and create a team of planners and other experts who willbe able to implement the principles of sustainable tourism development in the sitesproposed within the Tourism Master Plan for Coastal Mozambique 1 .1.2.2 Rationale and Goals for the Plan PreparationThis new, integrated approach to coastal development will ensure that the beautifulenvironment of the Xai - Xai coast remain intact and can continue to support present and futuregenerations. It charts a transition course to plan for growth, which can co-ordinate diverse1 Prepared by the DanGroup enterprise and Mozambican Ministry of Tourism3

Xai-Xai IDP – INTRODUCTIONFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAactivities and users while managing and protecting the ecosystem. It requires a multiple-useapproach and the participation of all the stakeholders in an integrated and participatory manner.These stakeholders include governments at the national, district and local level, nongovernmentalorganisations, research interests and the private sector.The process of this plan is one of designating zoning and activities - for both conservation anddevelopment - which are designed to mitigate conflict and environmental costs whilemaximising the net benefits to the society. Once adopted, the Plan provides a blueprint for thedevelopment, as well as a way to monitor the progress of particular actions and specific zones.It operates through a clearly defined development zone, but is viewed from within the context ofa broader district’s coastal area.There are numerous reasons why Xai - Xai Beach needs a Plan today. The most important are:• The coastal stretch between Xai - Xai and Chongoene Beach, compared to otherparts of the Gaza Province is one of most important and economically most valuablespaces, from both developmental and environmental point of view;• Although the population level in the narrow coastal zone has so far been ratherlimited, the economic and social transition of Mozambique will cause many peopleto migrate towards the coast and, if they do not fit in with the organisedenvironment, serious deterioration of natural and men-made resources can occur;• There is a nationally declared need, international market demand and proclaimedstrategy to reverse the existing trend of involuntary outgrowth into an organisedsustainable tourism development in the area;• By creating conditions for the organised tourism and housing development in thedesignated area, the pressure and threat of uncontrolled outgrowth spreading intothe neighbouring naturally virgin areas will be minimised;• An adequate funding framework should be developed as a part of this plan, in orderthat present and future tourism and housing developers who have got primebuilding sites, could contribute significantly to the development of the necessaryinfrastructure in the area; and• Based on an integrated approach in solving the problems relevant to environmentalprotection, sustainable development of tourism accommodation and housing,supported by an adequate infrastructure and facilities development, institutionalframework and capacity building, this project could serve as a pilot project forestablishing a tourist resort in the environmentally sensitive and fragile area ofcoastal dunes.1.2.3 Methodology AppliedThe methodology of plan elaboration has been based on the integration of sectoralcomponents, plans and projects developed by a multidisciplinary team composed of nationaland international experts. To achieve a desired level of sustainable development the relevantsectoral components have been integrated into a harmonised planning and implementationframework. These components are as follows:a) Environmental considerations based on carrying capacity assessment andenvironmental impact appraisal of the expected tourism and housing developmentpressure;b) Physical – land-use plan, including spatial structure and organisation, to designateand clearly delineate built-up areas for tourism accommodation, public andrecreational facilities, residential development from the most sensitive segments ofthe beach and green dunes area, which should be protected;4

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAINTRODUCTION – Xai-Xai IDPc) Development guidelines relevant to the type and capacity of tourism and residential,public, recreational, commercial and infrastructures construction in a fragile dunesenvironment;d) Transportation network including roads, pedestrian and parking areas network, andboat landing facilities;e) Infrastructure network including water supply, liquid and solid waste treatment anddisposal; andf) Implementation framework including institutional framework and strengthening,capacity building and funding.1.2.4 Outputs and ReportingThe main outputs of the EAF - II in Mozambique are as follows:1. Integrated Development Plan for Xai-Xai to Chongoene Beach Area comprising thefollowing components:• Tourism development concept;• Physical Plan;• Infrastructure preliminary projects; and• Implementation framework.2. Demonstration project - Praia Velha Area Detailed Plan;3. Bankable projects; and4. Support and training provided to national authorities and experts, and workorganisation.The aims of the EAF/5 - II, are, among others, to serve as an efficient implementationinstrument in providing sustainable development of the Xai-Xai Beach coastal area and topresent the method, planning and implementation process applied in this pilot project to thebroader audience in Mozambique and East African Region. In order to achieve these aims, thefinal project outputs are presented in the following reports:I Physical Plan and Infrastructure Preliminary Projects, a limited number ofcopies in Portuguese with basic maps in the scale 1:5,000 - poster format, to beused as the official implementation document by Xai - Xai authorities;II Praia Velha Detailed Plan, a limited number of copies in Portuguese with basicmaps in the scale 1:2,000 – poster format, to be used as the official implementationdocument by Xai - Xai authorities; andIII Integrated Development Plan, comprising all elaborated outputs presented in asynthesised form as a separate Portuguese and English edition (each in 200copies), to be disseminated as pilot project in Xai-Xai and other coastal districts ofMozambique and East African Region.1.3 Topographic Maps ElaborationDuring the preparation of the Xai-Xai ICAM Strategy, a need was recognised to elaboratetopographic maps in a more detailed scale. Namely, the available topographic maps elaboratedin the scale 1:5,000 in the colonial period covered only a part of the Xai-Xai Beach settlement.Even more, changes occurred during the last ten years of the colonial period were notregistered either in those maps.Since the above maps were a prerequisite for the preparation of any physical developmentplan, the activities were undertaken to prepare the new topographic maps in the scale 1:5,000for the Xai-Xai Beach area, which the ICAM Strategy had foreseen for an intensive tourismdevelopment (see Map 1). That area covered the coast in the length of about 10 km and about5

Xai-Xai IDP – INTRODUCTIONFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA5 km deep in the hinterland including the environmentally sensitive strip of the coastal dunes ofabout 50 km2.Almost at the very beginning, the photo-metric method was accepted as most appropriate forthe preparation of the relevant maps requiring the line maps presentation, which proved to beoptimal for the preparation of the IDP. First contacts in that direction were made with therelevant national institution DINAGECA from Maputo. However, since DINAGECA was notsupplied with an aeroplane and equipment needed for making aerial photos, it was decided thatthe specialised companies from the neighbouring RSA should be asked for help. The best offerwas received from the Aerial Azur company from Pretoria who obliged to make aerial photosand maps, and deliver them in a digital and hardcopy format in the scale 1:5,000 within theextremely short period of time. Total costs amounted about 10% of the planned budget of theentire IDP, which was acceptable.Aerial photos were made on two occasions, in April and May 1998, whereas maps weredelivered in the beginning of July 1998. Aerial photos and maps were of high quality withcontour lines at the distance of 2.0 m enabling the high-quality diminishing or enlarging of themaps (besides the basic scale of 1:5,000) in proportion up to 1:3. After an adequate adaptationof lines and marks, the legible maps prepared in the scale 10,000 and 1:15,000 were used forvarious analyses and structural presentations. The detailed plans were elaborated on maps inthe scale 1:2,000, and even manually elaborated in the scale 1:1,000, for the middle part of Xai-Xai Beach.Aerial photos in the scale 1:15,000 were primarily used for the detailed vegetation cover andland-use analyses. For the analysis, preparation and presentation of thematic maps, i.e.suitability analysis, hard copies and manual elaboration methods were used since theapplication of the GIS methodology and the use of maps in a digital format would have requiredmuch more time and financial means to be invested in the training of national experts. In orderto prepare a quality presentation, manually prepared thematic maps were later on scanned andelaborated in a colour technique using a PC.Upon presentation and adoption of the IDP, all thematic maps were delivered to the relevantmunicipality institutions prepared in the original scale and poster format aiming as much aspossible to a reliable implementation of the planning guidelines.1.4 Assessment and Harmonisation with other Relevant ProjectsIn the First Phase of EAF/5 in Mozambique the Coastal Profile and ICAM Strategy for the Xai -Xai District Coastal Area have been elaborated and adopted by national and local authorities.The IDP is actually the continuation of the ICAM Management Strategy. The relevant parts ofthis report should be cited, because the concept of the IDP is based on them. Besides, it wouldprovide better understanding of the modifications made while elaborating the IDP. In general,most of modifications followed the better and more accurate information basis, provision ofaerial photos and preparation of detailed maps, and, being most important, the betterintegration of the wider scope of sectoral inputs into the IDP outputs.1.4.1 ICAM Management StrategyThe Xai-Xai ICAM Strategy Framework is best described in the following paragraphs:“The sand dunes are classified in Category III of IUCN and, consequently, need protection byvirtue of their special characteristics, importance of national uniqueness, and opportunitiesprovided for interpretation, education and public appreciation. In addition, they have bothrecreational and tourist values, and should be managed in a way as to be relatively free ofhuman interference.Based on the presented principles, the ICAM Strategy Framework for the Coastal Area of Xai-Xai should depart from the two major policy decisions, namely:61. Biodiversity protection of naturally most valuable and environmentally sensitiveareas of coastal dunes, the Limpopo river and the Baixos de Inhampura Reef,

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAINTRODUCTION – Xai-Xai IDPwhich, if preserved and maintained, will in turn benefit the local population andnational treasury on a long-term basis.2. Sustainable development implemented in environmentally less sensitive, physicallyand functionally appropriate areas and sites for agriculture, fishery and especiallytourism, including residential zones and the relevant infrastructure.A belt of high coastal dunes stretching all along the coast and interrupted only by a very narrowLimpopo river mouth, should be entirely protected. The degree of protection can vary fordifferent sections, particularly for the areas under development and those intended for futuredevelopment.Apart from a strong commitment of biodiversity protection of the coastal dunes belt, it is alsonecessary to propose an appropriate area and management framework for the neededeconomic development. It is obvious that tourism development and the relevant infrastructureconstruction will bring alterations to particular segments of the coastal dunes environment. Thetask of this ICAM and the projects that will follow, is to propose and implement a concept ofsustainable tourism development, in order to minimise negative impacts on immediate site andavoid negative impacts upon the environment in the majority of the Xai - Xai district coastalareas. However, the development of mentioned activities, particularly tourism, if properlymanaged, is expected to bring significant improvement to the state of the environment in thealready degraded areas (the coastal dunes vegetation, beach rock depletion).”In the same document tourism and housing development is defined as follows:“Within a 67 km long coastline of the Xai - Xai district, tourism, residential and relevantinfrastructure (roads) development should be confined and concentrated at the places wherethis activity already exists, namely, in the area between Xai - Xai and Chongoene Beach. Anydevelopment of tourism accommodation capacities outside of this area should be prevented inorder to protect the remaining uninhabited and unspoiled environment of coastal dunes. In sucha way, the alteration of natural environment is confined to a relatively small section of coastaldunes (9 km in length or about 13% of the district’s coastline). Besides, the advantages ofconcentrating the future tourism and residential development along this segment of the coastalstrip, are, among others, the following:• Within the whole coastal strip, only two lagoons offer protected beaches which aremost suitable for bathing and practising other marine activities;• The existing tourist centre in Xai - Xai Beach and a hotel in the Chongoene Beachwill facilitate the development and operation of the nearby future tourist sites;• Some of the existing infrastructure facilities at the site (road, gasoline station, boatlanding facility) will help start the new tourism development; and• Concentration of tourist capacities in this section of the coastal strip will allow therational construction of an adequate infrastructure (water supply network, liquidwaste treatment and disposal, energy supply, feeder roads, boat landing andmooring facility, etc.).Development of settlements within the coastal dunes area, should be restricted except withinthe segment of Xai - Xai to Chongoene Beach. The most appropriate area for this purpose arethe interior dunes including the area behind the coastal dunes where a chain of small villagesalready exists.”Tourism development Strategy for Xai – Xai to Chongoene Beach Tourist Resort is proposedas follows:“Being part of the coastal dunes protected area of Xai-Xai to Chongoene Beach, the proposedtourist resort should be developed respecting as much as possible natural and landscapeaesthetic values, particularly the dunes indigenous vegetation and morphology.Following this principle, the least harmful to the dunes environment and most suitable for thedevelopment of tourist accommodation structures, are small valleys on the seaward side of7

Xai-Xai IDP – INTRODUCTIONFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAcoastal dunes. Environmentally most fragile sections, the steep hills' slopes dividing thesevalleys should be kept undeveloped, and indigenous vegetation cherished.The proposed tourism development areas are linked to the road network by feeder roadsmeeting the following important environmental and functional requirements:• Longitudinal service roads linking tourist centres of Xai-Xai and Chongoene Beachin the environmentally less sensitive area of coastal dunes substituteenvironmentally harmful and functionally improper road along the beaches. Besidestaking over the resort service traffic, this road also links a chain of villages in thearea behind the coastal dunes;• The proposed tourist accommodation sites are linked by service roads penetratingthe coastal dunes through lateral valleys at the altitudes not higher than 40 meters,and avoiding in that way sharp cuts of the hills' slopes and "scarves" to the seawardexposed landscape. Taking into consideration the instability of the dunesenvironment, this solution conforms maximally to the dunes morphology with besttechnical elements, and, therefore, being cheaper as regards construction andmaintenance costs;• Consequently, the existing road can easily be turned into an attractive pedestriancommunication along the public space behind the beaches, linking the proposedtourist sites and allowing traffic pass free towards the beaches. The transport alongthis promenade should be designed only for emergency vehicles and publictransport, and should only be used by low or non-polluting vehicles (small trains ontyres, etc); and• Situated on the opposite sides of the coastal segment proposed for tourismdevelopment, the sites of: a) Xai - Xai Beach; and b) Chongoene Beach, have theprerequisites to become the focal points or centres of the future tourist resort. Xai-Xai Beach has already developed into a small tourist centre while ChongoeneBeach with the rehabilitation of the existing hotel and development of a newaccommodation capacity on the eastern side, could have similar function within thefuture resort.”Within the ICAM Management Strategy the tourism development sites were in total proposed tooccupy 184 ha with the capacity to accommodate 9,000 persons, of which 3,500 are visitors innew establishments between Xai-Xai and Chongoene Beach, while the remaining 5,500 areresidential population and visitors in the existing and new tourist capacities of Xai-Xai Beach.1.4.2 Other International ProjectsBesides the ICAM Strategy, several other international projects addressed the area of Xai-XaiBeach during the preparatory activities and elaboration of the Integrated Development Plan, asfollows:The Lower Limpopo River Basin AssessmentThe Lower Limpopo River Basin Assessment, a UNEP sponsored study elaborated in 1998 byPAP/RAC, strengthens the knowledge on dependence of management activities, and the needfor their better co-ordination and harmonisation either in the Limpopo River Basin and/or in therelevant coastal area. This report emphases the dependence of tourist activities in the Xai-Xaiarea particularly regarding the river flood plume which affects the quality of marine environmentin the Xai-Xai area.The flood water and sediment brought by the river plume along the coast significantly reducewater transparency for a longer period, therefore negatively affecting bathing, fishing activityand the growth of corals on the adjacent Baixos de Inhampura Reef and beach rock barrierencompassing the Xai-Xai lagoon. On the other hand, the uncontrolled tourism development inthe Xai-Xai area could bring an excessive number of tourists in highly environmentally sensitivearea of the Limpopo river mouth.8

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAINTRODUCTION – Xai-Xai IDPThe Master Plan for Coastal Tourism Development in MozambiqueThe Master Plan for Coastal Tourism Development in Mozambique, sponsored by the EuropeanUnion and executed by the Danish consultants (DanGroup) and the Mozambican Ministry forIndustry, Commerce and Tourism, as an umbrella plan for all tourism development in coastalMozambique, evaluated the Xai-Xai ICAM Strategy and in response formulated its planningproposal for the Xai-Xai area as follows:• The Master Plan accepted in total the proposals for tourism development assuggested in the Xai-Xai ICAM Management Strategy. Following that, the Xai-XaiICAM Strategy Framework and relevant maps indicating tourism development areaswere adopted and presented as official documents of the Master Plan.• Moreover, the tentative approach, components, and contents of the IntegratedDevelopment Plan presented in the Xai-Xai ICAM Strategy as an initiative to bedeveloped is highly recommended as an example to be implemented in developingsustainable tourism in all other designated areas of coastal Mozambique. Theproposal to serve as a pilot or sample project, besides honouring the authors fortheir integrated and comprehensive methodological approach, demands also highquality standards to be achieved in elaborating this IDP.In return, the IDP has accepted all the basic stand points and proposals of the Master Plan,particularly regarding tourism supply and demand estimates and, therefore, type of tourism tobe developed in the Xai-Xai area. Based on the above mentioned, it can be concluded that theXai-Xai IDP is in full harmony with the existing umbrella Master Plan for the Coastal TourismDevelopment in Mozambique.Natural Coastal Resource Management ProjectThe natural coastal resources management project sponsored by the European Union is beingimplemented in the Xai - Xai coastal area by the GTA, a Mozambican NGO, primarily aiming ata sustainable use of coastal resources. Reforestation and protection of the coastal dunes area,sustainable harvest of shellfish in intertidal zone and development of forest and fruit treesplantations, all to benefit the local communities, are the main components of this project.Although this project is primarily targeting the management of the natural environment and IDPmainly deals with built-up areas, their goals are common in preserving and rehabilitating themost precious natural resources in the area, the dunes belt and its vegetation, the adjacentmarine environment including beach rocks and lagoons. Although at different stages, the EUsponsored project in its implementation phase and the IDP in the planning phase, their commoninterest was found in inventorying the flora within the dunes belt stretching from Chongoene toPraia Velha.The IDP contribution was in providing the recent and adequate aerial photos and a map, whilethe GTA team prepared the inventory of the present flora, by identifying species, theiroccurrence abundance and importance in preserving the dunes environment. Although limitedin the scope and management proposals, this study gives a valuable input to the IDP inunderstanding the natural terrestrial environment in which the built-up structure would beaccommodated.11

Xai-Xai IDP – INTRODUCTIONFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA12

2. TOURISM DEVELOPMENTFRAMEWORK2.1 Objectives and ApproachThe ICAM Strategy compiled for the Xai-Xai district coastal area as a pilot site in Mozambiquepointed to tourism as the obvious catalyst to drive all further development in the area. Thischapter addresses the tourism-related issues of the IDP.The purpose of this chapter is to define a Tourism Development Framework, which will lay thefoundation for the environmentally sound and sustainable development of the coastal areastretching from Xai-Xai Beach to Chongoene, as follows:Tourism is an interpretative, enlightening, participatory travel experience toenvironments, both natural and cultural, that ensures the sustainable use at anappropriate level of environmental resources, and whilst producing viable economicopportunities for the tourism industry and host communities makes the conservationof these resources beneficial to all tourism role players.This implies that such a framework will have to effectively address the needs and expectationsof all roll players in the tourism triangle, i.e. the tourist, the host community and the tourismindustry.Recommendations made are based on an assessment of both of the demand and supplyaspects defining the tourism potential of Xai-Xai Beach. In order to properly understand thedemand for tourism products that Xai-Xai has the potential of offering, i.e. beach relatedtourism, the demand assessment included not only a statistical analysis, but also an analysis ofinstitutional and other initiatives which are expected to impact on Xai-Xai.The supply assessment included a tourism resource inventory aimed at identifying all thetourism resources, which Xai-Xai Beach and environs has to offer. Identifying all natural,structural and institutional factors, which may have a limiting effect on the area’s tourismattraction, then provided perspective on these resources.Finally, the Tourism Development Framework is structured, recommending a sustainable andinclusive way to develop Xai-Xai Beach’s resources in such a manner as to satisfy the needs ofthe tourist, the host community and the tourism industry.2.2 Demand AssessmentDetailed statistics on tourism in Mozambique were not available, figures sourced from SouthAfrica and the Draft Strategic Planning Framework for Regional Tourism Development compiledby DINATUR for the Mozambican Department of Industry, Commerce and Tourism were,therefore, used as basis. These figures were evaluated in order to assess the tourism potentialof the Xai-Xai coastal area, from a demand perspective. In addition, growth strategies anddevelopment initiatives, which may impact on the tourism flow to the Xai-Xai area, wereidentified and their impact potential qualified.2.2.1 Statistical OverviewTourism growth in Africa in recent years and forecasts for the beginning of next century showshigher percentage than in the rest of the world. In numbers, WTO forecasts 24.3 million tourist13

Xai-Xai IDP – TOURISM DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORKFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAarrivals by the year 2000, and 36 million by 2010. The latest information for 1996 indicates 19.6million arrivals and receipts of US$ 7.6 billion.Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Zambia have been classified as East African destinations.However, as far as their visitor flows are concerned, in particular in southern Mozambique, theyare more dependent upon the Southern African Region. Trends by African regions in the periodfrom 1985 to 1996 are given in Table 1 below.Table 1 Trends by African Regions (1985-1996)Region Arrivals (million) Receipts (US$ million)1985 1993 1994 1995 1996 1985 1993 1994 1995 1996Eastern 1.78 3.44 3.66 3.97 4.32 445 1273 1535 1639 1895Middle 0.26 0.30 2.76 0.34 0.33 78 110 121 116 118Northern 5.20 8.83 8.14 7.25 7.19 1323 2415 2585 2521 2731Southern 1.28 4.38 4.93 5.93 6.12 469 1543 1689 2073 2238Western 1.19 1.43 1.47 1.55 1.63 286 640 600 631 675(source: WTO)Between 1994 and 1995, Southern Africa was the fastest growing destination, both for arrivals(+17.4%) and receipts (+14.2%). For the period 1990 to 1995, foreign visitor arrivals havegrown by 23.4% per annum, on average. This growth was fuelled by a buoyant leisure andbusiness traffic to South Africa. The share of Southern Africa in total arrivals in Africa raisedfrom 13.5% in 1990 to 39% in 1995. The mass tourism flows in Southern Africa arise frommovements between countries in this sub-region which have grown to almost 3 million in 1993,as well as arrivals of tourists coming from Eastern African countries which have risen to a littleover 1 million in 1993.In 1996, the Southern African Region grew by 3.1 % in terms of arrivals, and by 8% for receipts.This reduced growth rate is attributed to South Africa being perceived as an unsafe destination,while foreign visitors to Zimbabwe grew by 14%, and its tourism receipts by 42.2%. Theequivalent values for Zambia were 5.5% and 4.3%, respectively.2.2.2 Origins of Tourism FlowsOver the past decade there has been a marked increase in intraregional travelling (Africanstravelling to other African countries) on the African continent. Table 2 illustrates thisphenomenon and also shows the contribution made by interregional travelling (non-Africanstravelling to African countries).Table 2 African Tourism Flows (Trends And Forecasts in %)1980 1990 2000 2010Intraregional 24 38 40 42Interregional 76 62 60 58(source: WTO)The leading motivators attributed to the European leisure tourist to Africa, are:• The ‘wilderness experience’, of which the component of wildlife (especially the largemammals) is predominant;• Beach, climate, culture; and• Visiting friends and relatives.14

FAO-MICOA-PAP/RACTOURISM DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK – Xai-Xai IDPAccording to the UNDP/WTO study performed in 1994, South Africa (75%) and Zimbabwe(25%) dominate the regional market. These markets focus exclusively on beach tourism, fishingand diving. The total potential demand constituted by residents from these two countries wasestimated at 1.3 million people per annum.South Africans are expected to dominate the Mozambican tourism market to the extent ofgenerating as much as 60%, or more, of the total market (inter- and intraregional).In the absence of statistical information, it is assumed that there are ±10 000 Mozambicanhouseholds, expatriates included, able to afford vacations in modern holiday facilities – most ofwhich are resident in Maputo. While good beaches can be accessed from Maputo during aweekend, infrastructure and facilities are not always adequate, and Maputo residents thereforefrequently voice the demand for good and affordable resort products. The market mix of twobeach lodges of reasonable standards near Maputo (Bazaruto and Inhaca) confirms this needby reflecting a 20% local segment.2.2.3 Tourism in MozambiqueBackgroundTourism to Mozambique was developing with strong growth rates in the period 1953 to 1973.Mozambique was a preferred beach destination for landlocked countries like Zimbabwe andMalawi and South Africa’s affluent northern regions. The long white beaches, the islands, thewarm sea, the people, the angling and boating possibilities and the continental Europeankitchen was attracting an increasing number of visitors.By 1973 the 285 listed accommodation establishments received close to 300 000 guests ofwhich approximately half were residents in Portuguese territories. In addition close to 90 000camping guests were recorded. Of the total arrivals, South Africa contributed ±90 000 ataccommodation establishments and 55 000 at campgrounds. The respective figurescontributed by Zimbabwe were close to 30 000 and 20 000.Mozambique’s established and growing tourism industry was totally destructed by the change inthe security situation after 1973, except for some tourism on islands outside the coast with verylimited links to the mainland.ProjectionsIn the beginning of the nineties, tourism planning was revived and with the Peace Agreement in1992 the rebuilding of the tourism industry was decided to be a priority. This has, however,taken place at a disappointing tempo. The WTO estimates that the number of bona fide touristsdemanding accommodation facilities was only about 2 500 in 1993, excluding the influx ofcamping tourists from South Africa which is hard to quantify. An indication of the growth intourist arrivals, projected by the Strategic Planning Framework for Regional TourismDevelopment using 11 000 arrivals in 1997 as base are 31 000 in year 2000 and 95 000 in theyear 2002 2 .2.2.4 Tourism to Gaza ProvinceThe visitor numbers quoted in the previous section exclude South African tourists making useof camping facilities. Destinations along the Gaza coastline, however, greatly benefit from thismarket segment due to their relative proximity to the highly populated northern provinces ofSouth Africa. This fact is illustrated by the visitor numbers in Table 3, as supplied by theprovincial government of the Gaza province.2 source: WTO & SPF15

Xai-Xai IDP – TOURISM DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORKFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOATable 3Tourism to the Gaza Province (Including Domestic Market and South AfricanCampers)Year Domestic International Total Growth (%)1994 2652 4001 6653 -1995 6000 5000 11000 651996 4310 6741 11051 0.51997 11851 10872 22723 105(source: Gaza provincial government)The stagnation in growth during 1996 seems to have been caused by a 28% drop in domesticvisitor numbers. The reason for this could perhaps be explained by a dramatic drop in thenumber of aid agency employees stationed in Mozambique and specifically in Maputo.2.3 Development Initiatives Impacting on Xai-Xai Beach2.3.1 Drafting of Strategic Planning Framework for Regional Tourism DevelopmentOn the request of the Mozambican government, financing was made available through the VIIEuropean Development Fund for the elaboration of a Coastal Tourism Master Plan forMozambique. The project was commissioned to the company DanGroup InternationalConsulting Engineers A/S and covers a two-year period, from 15/08/96 to 14/8/98.The project consists of two components. The first component consists of tourism planning,providing an overall strategic tourism development framework, and in conjunction with thisframework, physical development plans for four defined tourism zones. The second componentconsists of technical support to be provided to the National Directorate of Tourism (DINATUR)in respect of enhancing the technical and institutional capacity of this organisation that will beplaying a central role in all future tourism development. A report compiled by DanGroup wasreleased in 1997 and aimed to address the following terms of reference:• “To avoid that, at a later stage, illegal or inadequate tourism complexes aredeveloped without relation to the characteristics and potentiality of the coastalzones;• To establish rational criteria and guidelines for the development of the selectedcoastal zones and to ensure that exploitation and opportunities of the tourism sectorare carried out in an ecologically sustainable manner; and• To constitute the first phase of a management plan for the coastal zones, coordinatedby the Ministry for Co-ordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA).”Xai-Xai Beach falls in area B of the four defined tourism zones, which stretches from Macaneta(District of Maputo) and the Ponta da Linga-Linga (District of Inhambane). DanGroup’s reportspecifies the development concept for this zone as outlined in the Table 4 below:Table 4Tourism Development Concept: Zone B16Area Description Target market Infrastructure/activitiesA(source: SPF)The coast fromMacaneta toPta. Linga-LingaFamily tourists.Medium/highincomeFamily accommodationunits at beaches withmajor tourism flow.ObservationsOnly prime quality campingparks to be allowed in Bilenearea. No camping north ofGaza province.Based on its accessibility from South Africa and Maputo, DanGroup recommends that the areaextending to Chongoene (220km from Maputo) be developed for predominantly medium level

FAO-MICOA-PAP/RACTOURISM DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK – Xai-Xai IDPfamily beach tourism. This implies the development of a substantial number of complexes, with(partly self-catering) bungalows/lodges. Camping should be allowed, but well controlled anddiscrete, and noisy beach and water activities discouraged.Further recommendations contained in the Logical Framework Matrix section of the StrategicPlanning Framework, and directly implicating Xai-Xai Beach, include:• The establishment of a tourism information centre in Xai-Xai (C2);• The elimination of “wild camping” in areas under heavy pressure during peak touristseasons through the creation of legal camping grounds (A8); and• Expanding tourist activity options in Mozambique through the development of rivertourism (C6).2.3.2 Maputo Development CorridorThe Maputo Development Corridor (MDC) is one of the most ambitious and excitingdevelopment initiatives undertaken within the Southern African region. Coming at a time ofsubstantial political change and growing co-operation within the region, this initiative hasachieved remarkable success (and demonstration impact), through true partnerships in its shorthistory.VisionIn August 1995 at a meeting in Maputo, the respective ministers of transport of Mozambiqueand South Africa agreed to set in motion a process of re-establish the development axisbetween Johannesburg (South Africa’s heartland) and the city and port of Maputo. The visionwas to rehabilitate the core infrastructure in the corridor (notably road, rail, port and dredging,and border post) through public thereby re-establishing key linkages and opening up inherentun-and under utilised economic development opportunities. Common to both countries was theimportance of the initiative to the respective reconstruction and development programmes(specifically to achieving GDP and employment growth targets, increasing local and foreignfixed investment and improving fixed exports). Underlying this vision was the desire to see thisinitiative contributing to other key policy areas – notably regional economic integration,international competitiveness and a broadening of the ownership base in the economy of thecorridor.Key objectives1. To rehabilitate the core infrastructure along the corridor with minimum impact to thefiscus (road, rail, port, dredging of port and border post);2. To maximise investment in both the inherent potential of the corridor area and in theadded opportunities which the infrastructure creation will create;3. To ensure that the development impact of this investment is maximised, particularlyto disadvantaged communities. Changing the ownership base; and4. To ensure sustainability by developing policy, strategies and frameworks thatencompasses a holistic, participatory and integrated approach to environmentalmanagement.Potential Impact on Xai-Xai Beach and EnvironsThe Maputo Development Corridor is set to positively impact on Xai-Xai Beach in a number ofways, the most profound of which will be the facilitation of tourist access to the area. This will beaccomplished through the improvement of road conditions, the shortening of the distance fromnorthern South Africa by ±34 km and the improvement of the border post to facilitate theconvenient passage of tourists bound for the Mozambican coast.Due to the fact that the road connecting Maputo to Xai-Xai has been identified as a sub corridorto the Maputo Corridor, another area of potential impact is assistance in socio-economicaspects such as policy research and capacity building. The Maputo Corridor Company will17

Xai-Xai IDP – TOURISM DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORKFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAsupply assistance at this level. This company is primarily a facilitating entity in support of thedifferent elements of the Maputo Development Corridor and is financed by entities such as theWorld Bank.The envisaged activities of the Maputo Development Corridor will include:• Supporting the implementation of key infrastructure projects (road, rail, port, water,energy, etc.);• Supporting the implementation of key investment projects;• Information gathering and dissemination on investment opportunities and theinvestment environment;• The mobilisation of investment through project preparation and marketing;• Instituting a capacity building and policy research programme, based on actualprojects; and• Instituting a system to track progress in the Maputo Development Corridor.All of these activities will be conducted through existing institutions in the Mpumalanga andNorthern Provinces, and in Mozambique. The Maputo Corridor Company will facilitate anincreasing convergence between the two, to both demonstrate and contribute to RegionalEconomic Interaction.An aspect deserving attention due to its potential in terms of stimulating tourism developmentalong the coastal areas north of Maputo, is the upgrading of the road link directly from Moambato the EN1. By doing this, tourists travelling by road from South Africa to Xai-Xai and othernorthern destinations will be saved ±100km of travelling. This would bring Xai-Xai to within731km of Johannesburg thus putting Xai-Xai in much more favourable position to compete withsuccessful resort developments along the Kwazulu-Natal coast for a share of the South Africandomestic resort tourism market.2.4 Supply - Resource Assessment2.4.1 MozambiqueThe visitors to Mozambique prior to its independence were mostly regional tourists from SouthAfrica, Zimbabwe and other Southern African countries attracted mainly by the endless,sparsely inhabited Indian Ocean coastline. Mozambique’s ±2 700km coastline used to offerabundant wildlife, affordable accommodation and good Portuguese cuisine.Another attraction to Mozambique was its large numbers of big game, which attracted a largecontingent of international big game hunters. Due to the depletion of wildlife numbers during theyears of civil conflict, Mozambique will, however, not be able to re-enter the game viewing orhunting markets without prolonged and concerted re-stocking efforts in the game areas of thecountry. Mozambique’s rich heritage and interesting blend of peoples and cultures provide foran interesting backdrop to its diverse natural attractions. But, along with the gameviewing/hunting attractions, culture will remain a secondary attraction to the Mozambicancoastline for the foreseeable future.The focus of the Mozambican onslaught on the regional and international tourism market in theshort to medium term will have to be on beach and resort tourism, as this an area whereMozambique commands a competitive edge thanks to the very high quality of its beaches andthe abundance of its marine life.2.4.2 Xai-Xai BeachNatural resourcesXai-Xai Beach’s tourism potential is primarily based upon its natural resources and morespecifically its pristine and tourist friendly beaches, combined with its mild climate. Other naturalresources are:18

FAO-MICOA-PAP/RACTOURISM DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK – Xai-Xai IDP• Safe beach front lagoons;• The corals of the Baixos de Inhampura reef and on the leeward side of the beachrock in the lagoons;• Oyster and mussel beds on the rocks along the 10km beach front;• An abundance of fish and a variety of species – tropical, reef (bottom) and gamefish;• Rare and endangered marine turtle nesting grounds;• Unique and sensitive coastal dune habitat;• Unique and sensitive estuary habitat formed by the Limpopo River mouth; and• In the long term, Xai-Xai Beach might become one of the coastal resorts with theeasiest access to the Trans Frontier Park adjoining the famous Kruger Park, whichis currently in the planning stages.Tourism activities that may be effectively supported by the above resources are the following:• Normal beach-front leisure activities (swimming, etc.);• Scuba diving;• Snorkelling;• Sport fishing (both off and on shore);• Jet skiing;• Walking/jogging;• River cruises on the Limpopo estuary;• Guided visits to the turtle nesting grounds;• Controlled hiking in the dune habitat;• Beach walks; and• Windsurfing and sailing.Cultural and Heritage ResourcesThe most valuable and important cultural asset in terms of its contribution to the attraction ofXai-Xai Beach, is the warmth and friendliness of the local, mostly Changana community. Othercultural, and heritage assets worth mentioning are:• The Portuguese language which is the lingua franca of Mozambique – this may beuseful when targeting Portuguese, or even Spanish speaking countries;• The uniquely Mozambican vernacular architecture; and• The Afro-Mediterranean cuisine.Cultural tourism assets form an extremely important aspect of the tourism context and serve toaffirm the “sense of place”. Due to its mostly intangible nature, cultural assets are by far themost difficult resources to package for tourism utilisation and to protect from negative tourismimpacts.Tourism InfrastructureExisting tourism infrastructure at Xai-Xai Beach mostly date from Mozambique’s tourismheydays between 1930 and 1950 and show signs of neglect and dilapidation caused by theyears of civil conflict. Some of the structures have been renovated, notably mostly privateresidential facilities owned by well to do individuals and companies based in Maputo. Owners ofcommercial infrastructure have been slow to invest in restoration and upgrading projects due toa number of influencing factors, seemingly most important of which being the lack of visitornumbers.Table 5 supplies an overview of the tourism infrastructure at Xai-Xai Beach currently inoperation.19

Xai-Xai IDP – TOURISM DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORKFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOATable 5Xai-Xai Beach’s Current Tourism InfrastructureName Service Location Rooms/ChaletsBedsZongoene lodge Accommodation Limpopo river mouth 30 60 ***Oasis 3 Accommodation Xai-Xai Beach 50 100 ***Hotel Halley Accommodation Xai-Xai Beach 24 48 **Bar/Restaurant - ± 70 seats **Xai-Xai camp Accommodation Xai-Xai Beach 14 55 *site Camping - 12x showers16x toiletsBar/Restaurant - ± 100 seats *Diving charter 2 12 *Guest house Accommodation Xai-Xai Beach 3 6 **Holiday homesfor rentalAccommodation Xai-Xai Beach ±6homes- ?Golfinho Azul Bar/Restaurant Xai-Xai Beach - ± 70 seats ?Boat launch padLaunching ofleisure craftXai-Xai Beach - - -*ClassAccessibilityXai-Xai is approximately 210km from Maputo International airport by good tar road. It is alsofairly easily accessible by road from major South African destinations such as:• Johannesburg (831);• Nelspruit (458); and• Durban (872).These distances are by no means prohibitive when compared to the distances South Africansare used to travelling to their favourite coastal resorts:• Johannesburg-Cape Town (1600km); and• Johannesburg-Durban (600km).Furthermore, the road from the Ressano Garcia border post to Maputo is in a fair condition andwill be substantially upgraded in future due to the development of the Maputo corridor-relateddevelopments which aim to improve the link between the Maputo harbour and the Gautengindustrial region appliance.General ServicesElectricity, water and ablutionsThe basic amenities such as electricity and water is formerly supplied to most sites situated inXai-Xai Beach proper. Ablutions mostly treated through the use of septic tanks erectedindividually developers themselves. Both water and electricity supply is, however, erratic andthe services need to be improved as a matter of urgency.Development taking place outside of Xai-Xai Beach proper is currently not supplied with waterand electricity, and developers are having to improvise by using ground water and generating3 Under construction20

FAO-MICOA-PAP/RACTOURISM DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK – Xai-Xai IDPtheir own electricity. In order to create and enabling environment for developers, a simple andreliable scheme needs to be devised through which the corporate supply of basic amenities isfacilitated.RestaurantsThe three restaurants currently operating in Xai-Xai Beach are addressing the current demandadequately. However, once the expected tourism growth in the area begins to realise, thisservice will have to be extended and the need for more up-market facilities addressed.Banking facilitiesNo banking facilities are available in the town of Xai-Xai Beach, but in Xai-Xai modern bankingfacilities are available, which will be adequate to serve the short- to medium-term needs ofvisitors. Planning should, however, include the introduction of banking services to Xai-XaiBeach in the medium term.Garage services and fuelModern petroleum companies such as British Petroleum are represented in the town of Xai-Xai,being only ten kilometres from Xai-Xai Beach. This arrangement should suffice in supplying inthe motoring related needs of visitors to Xai-Xai Beach.Telephone linksA post and public telephone service is available in Xai-Xai Beach. Though cumbersome theservice is fairly effective and reliable. It is, however, doubtful that the current two devices wouldbe able to serve in the telecommunication need of Xai-Xai Beach in a tourism season.Additional infrastructure in the form of public phones need to be installed as matter of urgency.The planned installation of a cell phone tower within this year would, however, go a long way inaddressing the need for reliable telecommunication service in Xai-Xai.Medical facilities and servicesThere is a hospital in the town of Xai-Xai that according to anecdotal information would serve inthe basic needs of visitors to Xai-Xai Beach as most medical crises. Attention should, however,be given to this aspect to alleviate all the medical related insecurities of visitors. Theintroduction of a visible modern medical clinic in Xai-Xai Beach serving both the localcommunity and the visitors, would go a long way in addressing the medical insecurities oftourists and visibly illustrate the benefits of tourism development to the local community.Shopping facilities and commoditiesDue to a lingering perception, among specifically South African visitors, that well knowncommodity brands as well as hygienic food stuffs are scarce in Mozambique, most visitors buyvirtually all their food in South Africa. This results in a huge loss of potential income to the hosteconomy, in this case Xai-Xai Beach. A practical solution to this problem might lie in attracting afranchise, known to South Africans, to open a facility in Xai-Xai Beach. Once again such afacility will realise benefits to both the local communities and the visitor.2.4.3 Limiting FactorsAccording to accounts from Xai-Xai Beach residents, tourism numbers in the town showed amarket increase in 1994, after successful democratic elections in South Africa and therestoration of relations with this industrious neighbour. This trend apparently continued untilapproximately 1996, when it turned around into negative growth. Though no empirical supportfor this observation could be found, the general negativity perceived among locals and officialsalike concerning tourism’s ability to deliver seems to confirm this trend. The following are someobvious and some not-so-obvious factors which might be deterring visitors to return with theirfriends and families.21

Xai-Xai IDP – TOURISM DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORKFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAPerceived Health RisksThe recent upsurge in malaria in the southern African region, along with negative perceptionsexisting among South Africans and foreigners in general with respect to general hygieneconditions and the quality of medical services in Mozambique acts as a major deterring factor.These perceptions are maintained due to a general lack of knowledge of malaria and othertropical diseases such as bilharzia. For this reason most of the current visitors to Mozambicanresorts such as Xai-Xai still mostly belong to the pioneer/adventure section of the tourismmarket.Lack of Quality Self-Catering InfrastructureMost of the successful tourism ventures in Mozambique currently fall under the up-market fullycatered classification. This is mainly due to the fact that very little provision is made in terms ofsuitable infrastructure for tourists wishing to do their own catering. Not only camping groundsfall within this category, but also bungalows, chalets, holiday flats and homes.Red TapeA very complicated and bureaucratic process currently determines the approval of investments.This leads to potential investors in tourism (and other industries) feeling insecure as they oftendo not understand their rights and the level of authority they are subject to. For this reasonquality establishments are wary of investment in Mozambique in general, and also in Xai-XaiBeach. The only investors still active are huge multi-nationals with the capacity to negate theirrisks and entrepreneurs with little integrity looking to make a ‘quick buck’.Visas And Boat TaxesAs indicated in the demand assessment, South Africa is expected to be the source of upward of60% of Mozambique’s tourists. However, South Africans are currently subjected to a tediousprocess in order to secure tourism visas for Mozambique. Removal of this administrative hurdlewill be to the long-term benefit of tourism in Mozambique, even at the expense of loosing thefunds raised in this manner. DINATUR (Strategic Planning Framework for Regional TourismDevelopment), have recommended the re-assessment of visa requirement.Low Service StandardsThough Mozambique’s people are refreshingly friendly, their levels of professionalism andservice need some improvement. This aspect should be addressed through effective andcontinued training and capacity building exercises.High Price StructuresDespite the leverage supplied by their stronger currency, internationals, and more specifically,South Africans find Mozambique relatively expensive. The current high price structures applyingaround tourism resorts, such as Xai-Xai Beach are a result of distortions caused by the influx ofaid agencies after the end of Mozambique’s civil conflict. Representatives of these agencies arenormally remunerated in US$ and are therefore willing to pay for products and services in thesame terms. Upon leaving, these representations left behind a pricing structure, whichMozambicans have become accustomed to, but which eliminates Mozambique as a budgetdestination for South Africans already bearing the cost and discomfort of travelling the longdistance from South Africa. Pricing structures will have to be adjusted to reflect the realities ofthe Mozambican economy in order to make Mozambique a value for money destination forSouth Africans once again.2.5 Tourism Development Framework2.5.1 Protecting the PlaceThe founding principle eco- or sustainable tourism lies in the protection of the resource uponwhich it is dependent. This resource is often simplistically interpreted as being naturalresources, but cultural and heritage related aspects often make up a crucial, though less22

FAO-MICOA-PAP/RACTOURISM DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK – Xai-Xai IDPobvious, part of the tourism resource base. When planning the sustainable development of Xai-Xai Beach, the natural, cultural and heritage related resources need to be taken intoconsideration.Limpopo Mouth Coastal and Marine Resource ReserveThe nature of development envisaged at Xai-Xai Beach, i.e. high impact coastal resortdevelopment combined with the slash and burn agricultural methods practised by thesurrounding communities, requires intensified environmental protection methods to beimplemented in the area.The ICAM Strategy recommended that the coastal dune belt, as well as the Baixos deInhampura Reef be managed according to IUCN Category IV procedures. This implies thecontinued, yet sustainable utilisation of the natural resources in these areas under thesupervision of MICOA. However, due to the impoverished state of the surroundingcommunities, coastal resources are being depleted at a rapid rate as a result of subsistencepractices. It is impossible to implement sustainable utilisation principles if communities areuneducated regarding these principles, and have no other source of livelihood than theresources at hand. In addition, neither the infrastructure nor the capacity is in place toeffectively protect the coastal environment against the impact of rapidly growing tourismactivities such as fishing, spear-fishing, the removal of oysters and other shellfish and theinsensitive use of 4x4 vehicles.In light of the above it is recommended that a Coastal and Marine Resource Reserve beimplemented in the area between the Limpopo Mouth and Xai-Xai Beach. Surroundingcommunities could benefit from such a reserve through the planned and strictly controlledharvesting of selected species.Successful implementation of such a Coastal and Marine Resource Reserve, which shouldideally include the sensitive Limpopo estuary, the Baixos de Inhampura Reef and the turtlebreeding grounds along the coast parallel to the reef, is crucial to the long-term protection ofthe environmental integrity of the area. From this core protected area sustainable utilisationprinciples could slowly be cultivated through a prolonged capacity building process. If no suchmeasure is implemented, the area could quickly be damaged to an irreparable extent, whichwould not only damage tourism prospects but also the economic future of the local community.Building Codes – Sense of PlaceOne of the strongest environmental components contributing to defining Xai-Xai Beach’s senseof place is its built environment. In the sense that it is a resort town, the buildings of Xai-XaiBeach will be second only to beaches in defining the environment. Xai-Xai Beach’s very uniquevernacular blend of Mozambican architecture with art deco influences is a heritage asset to bepreserved at all cost.With the influx of South African investments into Xai-Xai Beach, a very real threat of “SouthAfricanisation” exists. Insensitive investors, to the long-term detriment of Xai-Xai Beach andtheir own investments, will instinctively want to follow the formula applied in “successful” SouthAfrican resort towns. This, if not checked, will lead to Xai-Xai Beach shedding its own uniqueidentity as a Mozambican resort town and losing its sense of place. A visitor entering Xai-XaiBeach might then just as well be entering a South African resort town – there will be nothingunique differentiating Xai-Xai Beach.A proven method used to protect, or often even to create, a sense of place in a builtenvironment is the implementation of building codes prescribing certain differentiatingarchitectural guidelines. In our post modern era, developers are successfully using buildingcodes as a tool to differentiate upmarket developments such as golfing estates exclusiveresidential areas and even resorts of various types. Building codes, if sensitively implemented,is never viewed as an unwanted hindrance by developers, rather it is perceived as adding valueto investments due to the creation of exclusivity.23

Xai-Xai IDP – TOURISM DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORKFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAIn the light of the above it is, therefore, recommended that development of infrastructure in andaround Xai-Xai Beach proper (the current town) be guided by a building code designed toprotect Xai-Xai’s architectural heritage. Such a building code need not be cumbersome, but ifcarefully compiled can add a lot of value for investors.2.5.2 Strategy of Concentrated GrowthIf the growth potential in Xai-Xai Beach and environs is to be realised the current growthstrategies will have to be revised. This chapter aims to propose a revision of existing strategiesaimed at putting the sustainable development of Xai-Xai Beach on track.Pro-active ImplementationTourism authorities in the Gaza province, as well as expectant communities waiting for thegolden tourism goose to start laying her eggs, have been greatly disappointed at both the rateand the level of development taking place along their coast. A great contributor to this state ofaffairs is the manner in which investment opportunities and investors are brought together inorder to effect development. Authorities have thus far been acting in a re-active manner bywaiting for investors to approach them with requests for development concessions. In theabsence of a appropriate development plan(s), this approach was the only feasible way toadministrate the allocation of sites for development purposes.As a result of the absence of development plans based on inputs from the ICAM Strategy, priorto the allocation of development concessions, the following negative outcomes have resulted inthe Xai-Xai Beach - Chongoene area:• Prime commercial tourism sites have been allocated to opportunistic investors whooften lack the commitment, experience and often the financial backing tosuccessfully implement their projects and to carry it to maturity, thus contributing toMozambique’s desired tourism image;• Reputable investors feel insecure due to a lack of planning and commitment fromregional authorities regarding the supply of infrastructure and services necessary tosustain upmarket tourism facilities;• Owners of concessions are in some cases not able to start with development due tothe lack of infrastructure and primary services;• Owners of concessions feel insecure and are postponing development as they areoften unsure as to the exact location of their sites and as to the other developmentplanned for the area; and• General confusion reigns, impacting negatively on investor confidence andultimately on tourism growth.By applying the framework laid down in the IDP as a norm guiding all future investment, thisnegative state of affairs may be redressed. Having identified the potential of the various sitesalong the coast, authorities can now pro-actively approach blue-chip investors and tourismoperators with concession offers for the most valuable sites. In addition, measures required forthe provision of infrastructure and the supply of primary services to allocated concessions maybe taken in time to arrange for the institutional financing thereof.This approach will enable the custodians of Xai-Xai Beach to dictate to a large extent the qualityof development to take place, thus ensuring the sustainable development of the resort town, notonly from an environmental perspective, but also from an economical perspective.Development PhasingAnother detrimental effect of the current approach to awarding concessions is that land is beingawarded in leaps and bounds. This not only negatively impacts on the value of concessions –the values are low due to a high supply, but also complicates the supply of infrastructure andservices due to the distance of these concessions from the existing infrastructure.24

FAO-MICOA-PAP/RACTOURISM DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK – Xai-Xai IDPA more ideal approach is to release sites at a much slower tempo than the demand might seemto require. In this manner, the value of concessions are increased and people will have moreincentive to first restore unsightly dilapidated properties in the old areas of Xai-Xai Beachbefore developing new residential areas. Furthermore, by growing more organically, i.e.concentrically from a centre/s as and when the need arises, would enable the financing ofinfrastructure development from funds generated by a more substantial tax base as is currentlythe case.In this light it is recommended that no further concessions be awarded outside of theboundaries of the old Xai-Xai town, unless the necessary infrastructure has been put in place toeffectively service such concessions with bulk services such as water, electricity and roads. Asan alternative, bigger concessions may be awarded to concession holders on the premise thatthey finance the bulk services as stipulated by the IDP. In both alternatives the obligations andrights of the concessionaires relevant to their share in developing the infrastructure andservices must be clearly defined prior to issuing the concessions (i.e., contribution in funding orconstruction). This measure will effectively put a halt to the current haphazard way of managingconcessions and will allow authorities and investors the time to address the critical issue ofinfrastructure and services, thus creating a more favourable climate for future investment.Investment Facilitation CentreA large number of concession holders do not have adequate finances at their disposal todevelop properties on their allotted sites and have invested in concessions purely with a view tospeculate as soon as investment conditions in the area become more favourable. Theseconcession holders are mostly individuals who know how to brave the prohibitive administrationprocess involved in formally securing title to a concession. They will later be rewarded for theirefforts through the sale of a part of, or their entire concession to a third party/ies with thefinancial capability to finance development. This situation further exacerbates the already slowpace of development in Xai-Xai Beach and environs.Property, or concession, speculation as such is not necessarily negative but in the way it ispractised in Xai-Xai Beach development is postponed by speculators who don’t add value toproperty.This adverse state of affairs can however be addressed by appointing a capable investmentfacilitatingagency responsible for assessing investors and representing them in the concessionapplication procedure. Such an agency should ideally have the capacity to properly assess thefinancial integrity of prospective investors and in addition should fully comprehend theadministrative procedures required from investors by each relevant governmental department.The costs involved in the services of the investment agency may be recouped from investorsthrough a levy added to current concession fees.It is recommended that one reputable accounting firm active in Mozambique be approached forthis purpose. They would have the necessary integrity to manage such a function, would haveaccess to an extended network and would command the skills required to properly appraiseinvestors based on their financial histories. Such an agency might furthermore fulfil a transitoryrole of ensuring current concession holders meet their obligations in terms of the developmentof their sites.Marketing StrategyWith the exception of a few island destinations, all tourism activities came to virtual standstillduring the 16 years of civil strive in Mozambique. In the Gaza Province tourism related activitiesresumed in 1993, a year after the signing of the Peace Accord. Tourism to Gaza and, therefore,also Xai-Xai Beach is in process of reconstruction – not only of physical infrastructure but alsoof human resources and most importantly of its tourism image.In order to place Xai-Xai Beach back in its rightful place on the tourism itinerary of the regionand of the world, an integrated marketing strategy needs to be planned and implemented. Thereconstruction of the desired tourism image through a concerted marketing effort should,25

Xai-Xai IDP – TOURISM DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORKFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAhowever, go hand in hand with consistency in terms of the delivery of quality tourism productsin order for it to have a lasting effect.Xai-Xai tourism associationA tourism representing concession holders and property owners in Xai-Xai Beach should beformed. All property owners and concession holders should be encouraged to take upmembership of such an association. Such an association would serve multiple purposes, suchas:• Being a formal channel of communication between government and concessionholders;• Performing a lobbying function on behalf of its members;• Acting as a corporate marketing agency for Xai-Xai and destinations; and• Facilitating local community involvement in the development of the area, etc.The merit of such an association may be entrenched by local government by initiatingcommunication sessions with the form on a structured basis.Promotion campaignThe competitive advantage created for Xai-Xai through the IDP should be capitalised on bymaking potential investors aware of the initiative. Through the drafting and acceptance of theIDP, a greater measure of security of investments is attained when compared to otherdeveloping resort areas in Mozambique. In addition to the final report, a marketing brochuresupplying detail on the IDP’s recommendation and highlighting the development potential of thearea could therefore be published for the benefit of potential investors. Such a brochure - withslight adaptations, may also serve the purpose of marketing Xai-Xai Beach to tourists.In this manner, the approval of the IDP could serve as the spearhead of a multi-mediamarketing drive aimed at restoring Xai-Xai Beach to its former glory as one of Mozambique’spreferred resort destinations.Quality campingIn the development phases of Xai-Xai Beach, camping is bound to play an increasinglyimportant role. Gone are the days when campers were all budget sun-seekers – today’scamping market boasts a strong contingent of wealthy adventure-minded travellers. Campersshould therefore not be regarded as a tourism phenomenon which simply has to be tolerated,but should rather be treated as a marketing opportunity to potential long-term investors. Manyof the eventual property owners in Xai-Xai Beach would come as campers wanting to firstinvestigate opportunities before committing themselves to long-term investments.Due to the prime value of the existing camp site land it is expected that in the future it will betransformed into more profitable use-activity (i.e., marine centre, hotels). It is, therefore,recommended that the new camping sites should be developed within the Xai-Xai Beach toChongoene being in close proximity to the beach and marine oriented activities, such as inPraia do Alho location, or along the dune slopes but with well lateral communications to thebeach.Adventure options / Marine activity centresWith Xai-Xai Beach having an established resort town context and marine oriented sport andleisure activities to be further improved and diversified, it would be advisable to develop thePraia do Alho area along the lines of an marine activity-based centre. Activities to be hostedfrom here could include:• Scuba diving;• Snorkelling;• Sport fishing; and• Surfing and wind surfing, etc.26

附 件 I: 国 家 自 评 定 调 查 表为 了 便 于 及 时 审 查 出 口 申 请 , 要 求 各 国 通 过 官 方 渠 道 向 原 子 能 机 构 提 供其 对 自 评 定 调 查 表 的 答 复 , 如 有 更 改 , 则 提 供 对 这 些 答 复 的 更 新 。 经 有 关 国家 同 意 , 将 向 其 他 国 家 提 供 这 些 答 复 。“ 准 则 ” 第 17 段 中 有 关 机 密 性 的 导 则应 当 适 用 于 获 得 这 种 信 息 的 国 家 。要 求 各 国 回 答 下 列 问 题 , 并 可 就 答 复 提 供 说 明 :(i)贵 国 是 否 已 经 建 立 至 少 涵 盖 1 类 源 和 2 类 源 的 监 管 框 架 , 并 通过 以 下 措 施 落 实 和 运 行 该 监 管 框 架 :(A) 颁 布 辐 射 防 护 法 规 和 条 例 ; 是 / 否(B)(C)(D)指 定 监 管 机 构 制 定 条 例 及 颁 布 有 关 放 射源 安 全 和 保 安 的 导 则 并 向 其 授 权 ;按 照 “ 准 则 ” 第 11 段 规 定 建 立 国 家 放射 源 登 记 簿 或 存 量 清 单 ;建 立 有 关 放 射 源 通 报 、 批 准 和 控 制 的 系统 。是 / 否是 / 否是 / 否(ii)(iii)如 果 贵 国 参 加 了 原 子 能 机 构 示 范 项 目 “ 改 进 辐射 防 护 基 础 结 构 ”, 贵 国 是 否 已 经 实 现 该 项 目的 第 一 个 里 程 碑 ?贵 国 是 否 同 意 向 其 他 国 家 公 布 对 本 调 查 表 的 答复 ?是 / 否 / 不 适 用是 / 否姓 名 、 签 名 、 职 位 、 组 织 和 日 期13

Xai-Xai IDP – TOURISM DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORKFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA28

3. PHYSICAL PLAN3.1 Objectives and Planning Process3.1.1 Aim and Study AreaThis Physical Plan is a component that forms a part of the Integrated Development Plan (IDP)for Xai-Xai, together with chapters on Tourism Development Framework, TransportationPlanning and Roads, Preliminary Infrastructure Projects and Implementation Framework.The basic aim of this report chapter is to elaborate the framework for the development of theXai-Xai town coastal area into a major tourist destination. The framework consists of a physicalplan that is linked to development strategies. The aspects that are covered in this chapter are:• Summary of existing development, concessions and development proposals;• Development suitability analysis;• Development constraints, potential and threats;• Development concept; and• Development framework.The study area consists of a ten kilometre strip three kilometres wide along the coast of theGaza Province and is focussed on Xai-Xai Beach. It extends up to Wenela House in the westand to Chongoene Hotel in the east.3.1.2 Objectives of the Development FrameworkThe aim of this process is to protect the sensitive environment whilst creating economicopportunities for the local residents, by stimulating sustainable tourism development andthereby creating employment opportunities and revenue for the local government. The aim ofthe physical development framework is to define a framework for sustainable development andfuture investment so as to minimise conflicts between different land uses, and to stimulate thedevelopment of strategic areas.The following objectives are strive:• To guide the local authority in decision making regarding the granting ofconcessions;• To promote the development of Xai-Xai by providing prospective developers with aframework within which they can assess the opportunities offered;• To guide the development of the area by providing the local authority with aframework within which they can be pro-active in initiating development, and canassess development proposals; and• To ensure the balanced development of the area in terms of facilitating economicdevelopment, providing social amenities and preserving the sensitive naturalenvironment.3.1.3 Planning ProcessA strategic but pragmatic planning process was followed. The availability of information andresources as well as the capacity of government officials to implement the plans were taken intoaccount. It consists of a master plan combined with development strategies. Priority areas wereidentified and the level of detail depends on the priority of an area for development.29

Xai-Xai IDP – PHYSICAL PLANFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAThe planning process consisted of following steps:1. Analysis of the existing state of affairs;• Existing development: infrastructure, buildings, facilities, roads, concessions;• State of the environment; and• Needs and perceptions of the local community.Information was obtained, among others, from the Gaza Province Departments ofMinistry of Industry, Commerce and Tourism, Ministry of Public Works and Housing,MICOA provincial department and Municipality Department of Physical Planning.Aerial photographs and on-site observations formed the basis of the evaluation ofthe physical environment. The needs and perceptions of the community weredetermined by a social survey in the surrounding villages.2. Determining development potential and constraintsThe information gathered in the previous phase was used to determine the carryingcapacity and development suitability of the land, as well as the needs and tourismpotential.3. Drafting of a development concept and structure plan4. Assessing the impact of the development proposals and considering alternatives5. Elaboration of a master planThe master plan consists of major transport routes, protected areas and theboundaries and land-use proposals of the development cells, as well as thestrategies for development and conservation.6. Detail planning of priority areasSome areas which were deemed of high priority within the development frameworkwere designed in detail, some areas to the level of division of stands anddevelopment controls were drafted.3.2 Description of the Existing Situation3.2.1 Existing DevelopmentThere are four areas exhibiting distinct characteristics. These areas are discussed from themost western section to the eastern section.Praia VelhaThis area is a largely undeveloped area to the west of Xai-Xai Beach. Approximately 120concessions of 1000 m in extent have been issued in this area. Three of these properties havebeen developed. The topography is extremely irregular and the environment very sensitive. Noservices have been installed but the owners of plots are constructing rudimentary roads.Praia Velha and Xai-Xai Beach fall within the jurisdiction of the Xai-Xai Municipality.Xai-Xai BeachThis area currently consists of three settlements:• Xai-Xai Beach: This is an old colonial beach resort consisting of houses, hotels andcamping sites that was developed in the 50’s and 60’s. The buildings are ofinteresting modernist architectural style but is for the most part dilapidated and hasfallen into disrepair during the years of war. Some of the houses have been restoredand several traditional huts have been erected in between the houses. Theinfrastructure is in a bad state of disrepair and few social facilities exist. This area iscurrently made up of approximately 192 houses and 988 inhabitants. Only 50% ofhouses are being supplied with water and have latrines.30

FAO-MICOA-PAP/RACPHYSICAL PLAN - Xai-Xai IDP• Macamwine and Chinunguine: These are villages consisting of approximately 250houses and 1359 inhabitants and 302 houses and 1837 inhabitants, respectively.Most infrastructure and facilities are absent. The inhabitants of these settlementsare extremely poor. They are located next to the main road that links Xai-Xai Beachand Cuidade do Xai-Xai. This locality affords easy access via the main road to themain employment and service areas and also to cultivatable land on the side.Area between Xai-Xai Beach and Praia de ChongoeneAlthough various concessions have been issued in this area, it is still largely undeveloped. Themost sensitive natural areas are to be found here. Some low quality development has takenplace in the form of camping sites. Access to this piece of land is problematic as the road nextto the sea is causing severe erosion of the dunes because of the removal of vegetation. Thisroad will have to be replaced with a road set further back from the beach front.This area falls partly within the jurisdiction of the Xai-Xai Municipality and partly within thejurisdiction of the Xai-Xai District Authorities and Gaza Province Department of Ministry ofIndustry, Commerce and Tourism.Chongoene HotelThis is an impressive 50’s style hotel that has not been operating for years. Severe structuraldamage has occurred and rehabilitation will be costly. The Lodge is linked to the Xai-Xai townvia a back road. It is only accessible with a four-wheel drive vehicle.This area falls under the jurisdiction of the Xai-Xai District Authorities and Ministry of Industry,Commerce and Tourism. Given the potential for tourism development very little developmenthas been realised. The existing development is generally of a low quality and has doneimmense environmental damage.3.2.2 Existing PlansA major problem with the development of the area is that there are no comprehensiveintegrated development plans. All planning is done in an ad hoc sectoral manner aiming atshort-term rewards. No attention has been given to carrying capacity, compatibility with existingdevelopment, environmental sensitivity and cost of installation of infrastructure. The result ofthis will be a decline in environmental quality and functioning, an increase in conflicts betweenthe different users of the coastal zone, a reduction of resources available to those users andlowered tourism potential.As a result of the absence of Master Plans or structure plans to guide development based oninputs from the ICAM procedure, prior to the allocation of development concessions, thefollowing negative outcomes have resulted in the Xai-Xai Beach - Chongoene area:• Prime commercial tourism sites have been allocated to opportunistic investors whooften lack the commitment, experience and often the financial backing tosuccessfully implement their projects and to carry them to maturity, thus contributingto Mozambique’s desired tourism image;• Reputable investors feel insecure due to a lack of planning and commitment fromregional authorities regarding the supply of infrastructure and services necessary tosustain upmarket tourism facilities;• Owners of concessions are in some cases not able to start with development due tothe lack of infrastructure and primary services;• Owners of concessions feel insecure and are postponing development as they areoften unsure as to the exact location of their sites and as to the other developmentplanned for the area; and• General confusion reigns, impacting negatively on investor confidence andultimately on tourism growth.There is also no effective control over the quality of development and the damage that is doneto the natural environment. The concession holders, who develop inside the municipal area, do31

Xai-Xai IDP – PHYSICAL PLANFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAnot submit their plans to the tourism authority and no effective mechanism has been put inplace to ensure that actual development follows submitted plans.3.2.3 Existing ConcessionsVarious concessions have been issued throughout the whole 10km strip along the coast (seeMap 2). The Local Authority shares the responsibility for issuing concessions with the ProvincialMinistry concerned with tourism. There is no single document that can give accurateinformation with regards to concessions. During the three working sessions in Xai-Xai, variouscontradicting documents were scrutinised. There is much confusion with regards to theconcession areas and the concession holders. Not all concession holders are known and manycannot be contacted. Little development has taken place because of confusion over the processthat should be followed during development. It is also impossible to determine the exact localityof the concessions as there are no co-ordinates for the sites and they are only roughly indicatedon a 1:50 000 map. Furthermore, the beacons set out on the land do not match the plan.Praia VelhaThe issued concessions are based on a layout plan drafted by an unknown source. The plan(see Annex 3.) takes the form of a diagram that is not drawn to scale, does not contain any coordinatesand does not consider the existing topography. The basic scheme takes the form oftwo residential blocks with straight streets set at rigid perpendicular angles. The blocks weredivided into lots of 1000m² with dimensions of 20mx50m. It is impossible to implement thislayout both from a legal and a practical point of view. Firstly, it is impossible to give an accuratedescription of a lot and thus register it and secondly, it is impossible to construct the roadsbecause of the steep undulating topography. Even if the roads could be constructed, some lotswould not be able to get access because of the steepness of some slopes.The layout also poses severe environmental problems: firstly the existing road next to theocean is exposed and leads to the destruction of the sensitive dune area. In some areas thisroad has been so eroded that it is impassable. The proposed roads, will not only be difficult toconstruct but also expensive to maintain, especially with regards to storm water runoff and willalso lead to severe erosion.In spite of these limitations, the local surveyors embarked on the marking of lots, starting from acertain point on the ground and then just adding lots incrementally according to their placing inthe diagram but without a clear layout plan showing the relations of all the lots and their coordinates.The main guiding principle with the demarcation was the dimension and size of lots.Due to the inadequate registration of issued concessions and staff replacements within theresponsible Municipal department, it was difficult to inventorise all issued concessions. As far ascould be determined, approximately 120 concessions have been issued in this area. Two ofthese properties have been developed 4 . No services have been installed but the owners of plotsare constructing rudimentary roads.Between Xai-Xai Beach and Praia do ChongoeneIn the area between Xai-Xai Beach and Praia de Chongoene various plots ranging from 2,5hato 22ha have been issued. Two developments have taken place and one is in the process ofconstruction.Various concessions have been issued without due regard to the characteristics and sensitivityof the physical environment. The shape of stands is not ideal. Some lots are 50mx500m, whichmake them out of use (see Annex 4.). Further problems are:• Some concessions overlap;• Some people are building within the 100m building restriction area (shore protectionbelt);4 One existing house occupies 2 lots of approximately 1000m² each, while another site that is currently beingdeveloped occupies 3 lots.32

FAO-MICOA-PAP/RACPHYSICAL PLAN - Xai-Xai IDPVarious concessions have been issued without due regard to the characteristics and sensitivityof the physical environment. The shape of stands is not ideal. Some lots are 50mx500m, whichmake them out of use (see Annex 4.). Further problems are:• Some concessions overlap;• Some people are building within the 100m building restriction area (shore protectionbelt);• Some lots do not have access;• Some lots only have a small area that can be developed and that does not fit thedevelopment rights, which have been granted; and• Some lots are on high ground that should be protected against any development.This thus renders the plan non-implementable.3.3 Suitability Analysis3.3.1 Environmental EvaluationThe greatest asset and most valuable resource of this area is its beautiful natural environment.The physical environment was evaluated to determine the suitability thereof for development onthe one hand and sensitivity for development on the other. This was done by identifying certaincriteria for development sensitivity and then overlaying the various factors. An analysis wasdone of land cover, slope gradient, height, orientation of valleys and suitable bathing areas.Land coverLand cover was evaluated from recent aerial photographs taken of the area. Four categories ofland cover was identified (see Map 3):• Eroded areas;• Cultivated areas;• Dense bush and natural vegetation; and• Scattered bush and trees.From the analysis it is clear that there are serious environmental problems in the area assubsistence agriculture and insensitive development are threatening the natural environment.Subsistence agriculture is practised in a traditional manner of slash and burn, on the less fertiledune soils, without investing resources in the long-term carrying capacity of the land. The lowyield is aggravated by lack of rain, lack of fertilisers, unsuitable seeds and agriculturalinstruments. This results in shifting agriculture which has destroyed massive tracts of naturalvegetation. The role of local communities with regards to the degradation of the environment isclear in the felling of mangrove trees and dune vegetation for firewood and domestic needs.This is done because of the poverty and lack of resources experienced by these people. Largescaleerosion of dunes has set in.Insensitive development is also leading to the deterioration of the natural landscape, throughthe building of roads in unsuitable places, cleaning of sites prior to development, developmenton sensitive sites and landscaping with decorative plants. Footpaths, which cut across thedunes, are contributing further to erosion.Erosion next to the beach is a growing problem as more development is taking place. Thecultivated land and grazing of animals are encroaching on the areas that are still pristine. Thevast areas covered only by scattered bush pay testimony to this. Although there is still somedense vegetation next to the coast along the steep slopes, this is also being destroyed.For the purpose of identifying land that is suitable for development, areas with dense bush andnatural vegetation were taken as sensitive for development and should be protected. Ifdevelopment takes place here it must be of a low intensity and must not disturb the naturalenvironment. Cultivated areas and areas with scattered bush and trees were taken as lesssensitive for development. On these areas more intensive development can be allowed. Erodedareas with steep slopes were identified as sensitive for development and should be35

Xai-Xai IDP – PHYSICAL PLANFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOArehabilitated, whereas eroded areas with moderate slopes should be developed as a measureto control the erosion.Slope analysisThe following slopes were identified (see Map 4):• Steeper than 25%;• Between 25% and 10%;• Between 10% and 5%; and• Less than 5%.The moderate slopes are seen as more suitable for development. Slopes steeper than 25%should not be developed.From the analysis it became clear that the steepness of the slopes is one of the most restrictiveaspects of the physical environment as the landscape is undulating with the steepest slopesnext to the coast. There are few flatfish areas suitable for intense development next to thecoast. This is problematic, as this is the area where there is most pressure for development.Some of the suitable areas next to the coast are taken up by land uses that do not exploit thevalue of this scarce resource, such as the existing camping site and Som du Mar development.Height analysisThe following height zones were identified (see Map 5):• Higher than 60m;• Between 60m and 40m;• Between 40m and 20m; and• Lower than 20m.Areas higher than 60m should not be developed but retained in their natural state so as tocreate the visual impression of a natural backdrop. Areas between 40 and 60m can bedeveloped at a low intensity and in a manner that blends in with the natural environment. Otherareas can be developed at a higher intensity. Low laying areas could pose problems fordevelopment because of the lack of a seaview. From the analysis it is clear that thedevelopable land forms a band of approximately 400m inland.Seaward valleysSeaward valleys have been identified as suitable for development as this offers a magnificentview of the sea. This should of course be evaluated in conjunction with the height analysis.Areas, which do not offer a view of the sea, can be used for services and the housing of thelocal population, because of the lower commercial value of this land. The fragmented andunpredictable slopes limit the areas with a view of the sea.Lagoon areasAreas abutting the two protected lagoons are seen as suitable for intensive tourismdevelopment as the lagoons offer safe swimming conditions. There are two lagoon areas: atXai-Xai Beach and at Praia do Alho.3.3.2 Land Suitable for DevelopmentThrough the analysis of the physical environment certain areas could be identified which aresuitable for different types of development (Table 6):36

FAO-MICOA-PAP/RACPHYSICAL PLAN - Xai-Xai IDPTable 6Suitability Analysis MatrixTYPE OFDEVELOPMENTIntensive tourismdevelopmentRestricted tourismdevelopmentProtected areasService areasNew settlementsLAND COVER SLOPE HEIGHT SEAWARDVALLEYExisting developmentScattered bush andtreesEroded areasCultivated areasScattered bush andtreesEroded areasCultivated areasDense naturalvegetationDense naturalvegetationEroded areasScattered bush andtreesEroded areasCultivated areasScattered bush andtreesCultivated areasModerateModerateSteeperthan 1:4ModerateModerateLower than40mLower than60mYesYesABUTTINGLAGOONYesYesAbove60m - -Lower than40mNoNoLower than40m - -Clarification of terminology:• Intensive tourism development implies areas where tourism activities should befocused with activity centres, hotels, entertainment areas and commercial activitiesand generally medium density residential development.• Restricted tourism development implies areas where only low-density tourism canbe allowed. Development will have to be in sympathy with the natural areas.• Protected areas: In these areas no development will be allowed. Agricultural andrecreational activity should be restricted.• Service areas and new settlements refer to areas for commercial activity, socialfacilities and residential development for the local population.These criteria were applied to the site and by making trade-offs between the various criteria thesuitability analysis was done. An additional 400 ha has been identified for possibledevelopment. This does not include the existing Xai-Xai Beach, Praia Velha, existing and futurevillages areas.There are various conflicts between the criteria such as the best areas for tourism developmentalso being the most sensitive and the visual impact of service areas and villages. Theseconflicts will have to be addressed by the implementation of development controls. Theproposed development of roads and current market forces also has an impact on theapplication of criteria.The areas suitable for tourism development stretch from the coast about 600m inwards. Theareas most suitable for intensive tourism development is the existing Xai-Xai Beach throughinfill development and the area east of Chongoene. Restricted tourism can be allowed betweenXai-Xai Beach and Praia do Chongoene. The best areas are along the 2km to the stretch to theeast of Xai-Xai Beach. The protected areas form lateral bands which links to the back areasthat are higher than 60m. Extensive areas for services are located to the back of the tourismareas. Space for the extension of villages has been identified next to the main roads.39

Xai-Xai IDP – PHYSICAL PLANFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA3.4 Development Potential and ConstraintsFrom the analysis, the tourism development potential and constraints as well as the threats totourism development were identified.PotentialXai-Xai has massive untapped potential for tourism, which gives it a competitive edge. Themost important feature is the natural beauty of the area, with its high quality beaches, safebeachfront lagoons, warm sea, temperate climate and the undulating green dunes.It also has natural resources such as the abundant marine life and the corals of the Baixos deInhampura reef, which makes it excellent for fishing and diving.With regards to the built environment, it has interesting modernist architecture that is part of itscolonial heritage. It has impressive public buildings and spaces. This gives it a uniquecharacter.From a functional point of view it is easily accessible from Maputo and conveniently close to thenorthern areas of South Africa and there is still ample vacant land which can be developed.Further, its historic popularity as a pleasant resort destination during colonial times makes itwidely known.ConstraintsThere are, however, various constraints which have to be addressed in order to fully developthe potential of this area. These are:• The lack of facilities and infrastructure for tourism;• The lack of a clear procedures for development;• The granting of concessions in various areas to developers who are not seriousabout development, has sterilised the land for other development; and• Another detrimental effect of the current approach to awarding concessions is thatland is being awarded in leaps and bounds. This not only negatively impacts on thevalue of concessions – the values are low due to a high supply, but alsocomplicates the supply of infrastructure and services due to the distance of theseconcessions from the existing infrastructure.ThreatsThe following threats can seriously prevent the area from reaching its full tourism potential inthe long term:• The high level of poverty, which leads to the destruction of the natural environmentand marine life through subsistence agriculture, the felling of trees for fire wood andthe over-harvesting of marine products;• The destruction of the natural environment caused by footpaths and insensitivedevelopment;• The potential overpopulation of the area due to migration of local population andinflux of tourists; and• Low quality development if development and the issuing of concessions are notcontrolled and serious investors attracted.If these issues are not seriously addressed, the quality of the area will gradually deteriorate,thereby losing the current tourism potential.3.5 Development StrategyThe development strategy should aim to integrate all sectors of development: physical, social,economical and institutional. Only if this is done will sustainable development be achieved.Firstly, the natural resources should be protected. Secondly, the needs of tourists must be40

FAO-MICOA-PAP/RACPHYSICAL PLAN - Xai-Xai IDPreconciled with the needs and expectations of the local population so as to avoid future conflictand exploitative situations. Thirdly, the development programme should focus on localeconomic growth and the maximising of income and benefits from tourism for the localpopulation. Fourthly, an institutional framework should be set up which can facilitate suitabletourism development.The following strategies guide the Integrated Development Plan with regard to:Conservation and Sustainable Development• Restoration of eroded and deteriorated segments of the coastal dunes area;• Sustainable development of the environmentally less sensitive, physically andfunctionally appropriate areas and sites; and• Selective approach in designating development areas within the Xai-Xai toChongoene Beach Resort segment, based on carrying capacity.Economic Development• Creating a broader based land market;• Identification and making available of developable, serviceable plots;• Creating access through the construction of roads;• Creating areas for economic activities such as market areas;• Ensure that infrastructure is paid for by those who use it;• Marketing the area to attract reputable investors; and• Commercialisation of the waterfront will generate income for its furtherdevelopment.Built Environment• Build on the existing character of the built-up area;• Accommodate the need for future growth by identifying areas for expansion;• Implementation of control measures to ensure high quality development;• Strategy of concentrated growth and growth areas nodes;• Defining the edges;• Using prime sites for the high standard developments; and• Stimulating mixed use and higher densities and intensities in prime localities.Tourism• The creation of a variety of tourism facilities;• The creation of diverse tourism accommodation options, such as high quality hotels,medium level family beach tourism with the development of a substantial number ofcomplexes with (partly self-catering) bungalows/lodges, camping; and• Conflicts between various activities minimised.Infrastructure• The future infrastructure investments should, in general, serve the local populationand tourism development. It is important to ensure that investors involved in tourismwill carry the adequate share of costs of infrastructure development.• Concentration of tourist capacities in certain area will allow rational construction ofadequate infrastructure (water supply network, liquid waste treatment and disposal,energy supply, feeder roads, boat landing and mooring facilities, etc).• The roads should be laid and constructed causing minimum damage to the fragiledunes morphology and environment, particularly by avoiding steep slopes andhilltops. In order to achieve this roads should follow the lateral valleys and thebuilding of roads on the exposed seaward dunes should be restricted.41

Xai-Xai IDP – PHYSICAL PLANFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAVillages/settlements• The existing settlements should be upgraded. This will be done by means ofdensification, installing of services, roads and facilities.• Areas for new settlements should pro-actively be identified and developed.Agriculture• The development of agriculture, being essential for subsistence of the localpopulation should be directed towards the area of the longitudinal backset valleys,interior dunes, and in highly fertile Limpopo River valley;• Small-scale 'urban agriculture' pockets should also be identified; and• Agriculture should be linked to tourism development and thus become commerciallyorientated over time.Fisheries• Sport fishing is and should remain as one of the main attractions of the Xai-XaiBeach tourist area; and• There are favourable but limited conditions for the development of an artisanalfisheries centre in the Limpopo River mouth.3.6 Development Structure3.6.1 Development ConceptThe development concept is a multi-nodal structure that has its main focus on Xai-Xai Beach.The development pattern consists of discreet pockets of development, each with its owncharacter, which forms a focus for tourism development. This creates diversity and addressesthe variety of needs in the area. The specific development of each area has been determinedby its carrying capacity. The edges of the development cells have been identified and the cellsare separated by green open space. The green open space is protected from encroachment bythe definition of the development edges and is left for sustainable use. The development cellsare linked with a backset vehicular road, a coastal mixed road and pedestrian routes. In thisway the beach area is retained for recreational activities and conflicts between different modesof traffic are eliminated. In total there are six distinct tourism development areas along thebeachfront, a sports area and two pockets for local villages set back and linked to the mainmovement system.3.6.2 Movement SystemAccess routesThe movement system connects all development pockets and it creates a linkage between thetwo major development nodes: Xai-Xai Beach and Praia de Chongoene. It has also beenplaced in such a manner so as to do as little harm as possible to the environment.The movement system consists of a road placed at approximately one to two kilometres inlandfrom the beach. This is closer than previously anticipated in the Xai-Xai District ICAM Strategyreport. The previous proposal was to place the road in the valley behind the coastal dunes,three to four kilometres inland from the beach. The reason for this change is twofold: firstly, theinitial placing of the road was functionally too far from the existing development. Secondly, theidea was to link existing villages with this road. These villages were either wrongly indicated, orhave been moved in the interim as they do not currently exist.A mixed road, accommodating both vehicular and pedestrian traffic, has been proposed next tothe beachfront based on the existing road linking Xai-Xai Beach with Praia de Chongoene. Thisroad is placed behind the foredunes and at the foot of the next dunes. This road will only beaccessible for cars in areas where it is protected by the foredunes. In other areas it becomes apedestrian and emergency transport route. It will be used for temporary access to properties tothe east until the construction of the backset road is finalised.42

FAO-MICOA-PAP/RACPHYSICAL PLAN - Xai-Xai IDPThese two feeder roads are connected with roads that follow the lateral valleys. Where possiblethe same pattern as is found in the Xai-Xai Beach town - a traffic circle at the entrance with twobranch roads - has been repeated. This would enhance the distinct sense of place.The road system is flexible in that access can be gained from both the back and the front roadsand development pockets can be given access independently.Pedestrian NetworkA pedestrian movement system has been designed to supplement the road system. This isdone, as car ownership is still limited among the local population. The aim of the pedestriannetwork is to provide access across sensitive areas without harming the environment and toease movement from one area to another. It creates links between the various developmentcells and from all cells to the beachfront.A promenade on the coastal road, is proposed from Praia Velha to Praia de Chongoene. Thispromenade will form the most important tourist area with a concentration of tourist facilities andactivities. It takes on a different form depending on the characteristics of the area it transverses,form a quiet natural walkway to a busy mix between motor vehicles and pedestrians.3.7 Development Framework3.7.1 Development CellsVarious areas suitable for different types of development have been identified. The areasidentified for tourism development are as follows:1. Tourism Accommodation Development Areas:• Cell T1: Praia Velha• Cell T2: Xai-Xai Beach• Cell T3: Above the Camp Site• Cell T4: 50/500 Concessions• Cell T5: Praia do Alho• Cell T6: Praia do Chongoene2. Promenade Areas and Beachfront Activity Nodes:• Cell P1: Praia Velha• Cell P2: Xai-Xai Beach• Cell P3: Xai-Xai Beach and Camp site• Cell P4: From Camp Site to Praia do Alho• Cell P5: Praia do Alho• Cell P6: Praia do Chongoene3. Sports Centre: Cell S4. Villages and Areas for Local Residents:• Cells V1 to V4Each development cell has got its own character and is classified according to the type of use,density and intensity of use and quality. The development types in tourist areas are:Tourist Complexes: These are the most intensive areas, accommodating hotels, restaurants,entertainment facilities, market areas and commercial activities. Density can vary from low tohigh. High density implies more than 100 and less than 200 beds per hectare, medium between50 to 100 beds per hectare, and low less than 50 beds per ha.Residential Development: This includes houses and small bed and breakfast establishments,as well as service facilities, and accommodates both tourists and permanent residents. Theseare mostly individual stands with one dwelling. Density can range from low to medium. Lowdensity means stands larger than 1000m2 and medium density means stands between 500 –45

Xai-Xai IDP – PHYSICAL PLANFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA1000m2. Cluster development of a maximum of 20 units per hectare will be allowed in themedium density areas. The quality of development will be more strictly controlled in the area oflow density.Camping or Bungalows: These are areas where low impact camping or bungalows will beallowed. In these areas the natural landscape must be protected. Density in these areas islower than 20 units per hectare, but the specific density must be determined by an EnvironmentImpact Assessment (EIA).The above figures relate to the net development area, i.e., when applied to the relevant cell,they will be from 25 to 50% lower.The principles guiding the design and development of these areas are as follows:• Efficiency of resource use;• Creation of a sense of place which enhances the uniqueness of this area;• Choice between different types of accommodation but also between different typesof areas: high intensity, active and busy public areas and quiet natural areas;• Easy access between different areas and also from the various development cells tothe beach and open space. Development should be spaced according to the needsof pedestrians in order to reduce the need to use motor cars. This means thatfacilities should be grouped together at accessible points and that densities shouldbe increased at certain points where many facilities exist;• Integration between the different areas via road connections and pedestrianwalkways;• Protection of beachfront from excessive motorised traffic and creation of freeaccess to the beach. This means that pedestrian areas and public space is createdaround the beachfront areas and that pedestrian access routes are developed fromall areas to the beach;• Protection of sea views. This means that no high buildings will be allowed next tothe beach but that these have to be set back at the slopes of the dunes;• The creation of a vibrant promenade which forms the focus of tourist activities.Development along the promenade should open up on the promenade withcommercial and entertainment facilities on ground level;• The separation of vehicular and pedestrian traffic. This means that all areas musthave access routes from the backset road and that access to service areas will notbe allowed from the beachfront;• The activities on the beachfront are separated in order to prevent conflict betweenthe different users, e.g., fishing boats and swimming facilities;• Protection and sustainable use of green areas; and• Development should respect the general sensitivity of the coastal dunes area andthe importance of preserving the vegetation cover.The existing situation and the planning and implementation framework for these areas, as wellas for the local villages and green open space, will be discussed in the chapters that follow.Cells T1 and T4 are worked out in more detail because of the ongoing development in theseareas.46

FAO-MICOA-PAP/RACPHYSICAL PLAN - Xai-Xai IDP3.8 Existing and Planning FrameworkDevelopment Cell: T1 Segment T1-1: Praia Velha 51. Existing Framework1.1 Relative Locality The prime locality next to the beachfront and directly east of the central nodeforms the western edge of allowed development.1.2 Area Size 20.5 ha1.3 Topography The topography is extremely irregular with some deep lateral valleys1.4 Height 0-40m, mostly higher than 10m1.5 Land Cover Covered with indigenous vegetation typical for coastal dunes of Mozambique.The dominant plant species are Mimusops caffra (20.9 %) and Diospyrosrotundifolia (14.0 %) forming the dense bush forest particularly in thesecondary dunes area.1.6 Orientation Seaward1.7 Distance fromthe Beachfront10-400m1.8 Existing Access These areas gain access from two points:• The connecting road from the main road to Wenela House; and• A road along the blufftop from Xai-Xai Beach.Both roads are not well maintained and can only be used by 4x4 vehicles.1.9 Concessions 120 concessions have already been issued for 1000m 2 based on an onimplementablelayout not taking account of the topography.1.10 Built Structures Two houses have been completed (Wenela House and Schroeder House)and one is under construction.2. Planning Framework Map 15: Praia Velha Detail Plan2.1 Planning Phase Detailed planning has been completed.The first phase of implementation has started with the pegging of newstands.2.2 Land Use Low intensity high quality residential development for tourists and localinhabitants including individual residential stands and supportive sports andretail facilities.2.3 Density, LandDivision andCapacity130 Individual stands of 1,000 – 1,400 m 2 . See detailed plan for subdivision.Residents/Guests: 1,0002.4 Access Two points of access:• To the east, access is gained through the existing dirty road in thewestern outskirts of Xai-Xai Beach, which links to the main paved road;and• To the west, access is gained through the existing dusty road thatconnects Wenela House with the main road between Xai-Xai Beach andCiudade do Xai-Xai.2.5 Roads andPedestrianNetworkThe layout has the following characteristics:The road network has been placed in such a way as to respect thetopography. It thus follows the longitudinal and lateral valleys and is located inthe lowest areas. Therefore, the roads in general are not visually exposed to5 See the Praia Velha Demonstration Project (Chapter 7.) for a more detailed planning of this area.47

Xai-Xai IDP – PHYSICAL PLANFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOADevelopment Cell: T1 Segment T1-1: Praia Velha 52.6 DevelopmentGuidelines2.7 ImplementationPhasethe seaward side;A longitudinal orientation of the main feeder roads parallel to the beachfronthas been retained, in order to secure the adequate number and quality of thelots as in the original layout;The main feeder roads are supplemented by roads located in the lateralvalleys;The road next to the sea has been replaced with a pedestrian route andproperties fronting onto the sea generally have access from the back; Thepedestrian route falls within the 100m green belt, comprising the beach andthe foredunes;The road network has been supplemented with pedestrian routes that cutthrough some of the longer blocks to facilitate pedestrian movement to thebeach and to the green areas. Pedestrian access to the beachfront whetherby means of exclusive pedestrian routes on the sidewalks of other roads isspaced approximately 200m apart to enhance permeability;Provision has been made for public parking space;The main pedestrian movement is along the blufftop of the foredunes. This isplaced along the only existing dusty road, which is highly eroded. The road isthus transformed into a scenic walkway that helps protect these sensitiveareas. The walkway is the eastern extension of the Xai-Xai Beach Praiapromenade. The lateral pedestrian accesses should allow for an easymovement towards the green belt and the beach. The segments of theselateral routes that cross the foredune should be elevated to avoid vegetationdamage, which leads to sand blowouts. All streets are planned to havepedestrian walkways on both sides.See section on development guidelines for low density residential area.The following guidelines were taken into account for the planning of this area:The concession rights granted by the municipality will be issued forapproximately 130 lots to be included into new layout;The quality of granted concessions should be accepted and approximatelythe same number of lots with seaward orientation should be included intonew layout.The approximate locality of each lot should be retained and the currentconcept of three rows of lots parallel to the beachfront should be respected;The already developed lots or those under development should be regardedas fixed elements and kept in their exact position and thus included into newlayout;A minimum of 100 meters green belt along the beach and on the blufftop ofthe foredunes should be provided to protect the sensitive dunes; andNew layout should include space for service and entertainment areas.Areas unsuitable for housing development, such as depressions andlandward oriented slopes, are generally planned as green areas, retentionponds, services areas and areas intended for the development of publicfacilities.Immediate implementation48

FAO-MICOA-PAP/RACPHYSICAL PLAN - Xai-Xai IDPDevelopment Cell: T1Segment T1- 2: Backset Area of Praia Velha1. Existing Framework1.1 Relative Locality Although well located with regards to the main centre it is not adjacent to thebeachfront. It is abutted by protected green areas in the north and east.1.2 Area Size 49,5 HA1.3 Topography Undulating with flat sections with a slope of less than 10%.1.4 Height 20-60m1.5 Land Cover The largest section is cultivated thus causing destruction of the naturalvegetation. The southern section is covered with dense vegetation.1.6 Orientation Landward1.7 Distance fromBeachfrontBetween 200 and 1000m1.8 Existing Access The connecting road between the main road and Wenela House passes nextto the western side of the cell, but there is no existing access into the area.1.9 Built Structures None1.10 Concessions None2. Planning Framework Map 10(a): Land-use Map *2.1 Planning Phase Broad conceptual guidelines have been completed.Detailed planning to be completed in the third phase.2.2 Land Use Medium density residential development for tourists and local inhabitantsincluding individual residential stands and supportive facilities.2.3 Density, LandDivision andCapacityIndividual stands of 500-1500m 2 with a street front of 15-25m. Subdivision willbe allowed to a minimum of 500m 2 . Cluster development with a density of upto 20 units per hectare will be allowed, depending on the natural features ofthe site.Residents/Guests: 2,0002.4 Access An access point must be created to the ring road between Xai-Xai Beach andWenela House2.5 Roads andPedestrianNetwork2.6 DevelopmentGuidelinesA longitudinal road linking the road to Wenela House and the main ring roadin Xai-Xai Beach have been placed, taking the topography into account.Detailed planning of road network and pedestrian routes to be completed.See section on development guidelines for medium density residential areas.• Space should be created for service and entertainment areas; and• Areas unsuitable for housing development, such as depressions andlandward oriented slopes, are generally planned as green areas, retentionponds, service areas and areas intended for the development of publicfacilities.* Legend for Land-use map is on map 10(c)49

Xai-Xai IDP – PHYSICAL PLANFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAPromenade Development: PSegment P1: Praia Velha Beach Area1. Existing Framework1.1 Relative Locality The most western beach segment with beach rock exposed preventing frombathing. Bathing is only possible in the small lagoon in front of Wenela House.1.2 Topography,Size andDimensionSteep foredune forming blufftop at 8-10mArea – 11.4 haLength – 1,000mAverage width – 100m1.3 Land Cover The specific vegetation cover on the foredunes is highly deteriorated byhuman activities causing severe erosion and sand movement. The maincause of this deterioration is the use of the existing road along the foredunesand the lateral paths leading to the beach. The introduction of the Causarinatrees in the past has not proven to be effective in preventing erosion.1.4 Existing Access A road along the blufftop from Xai-Xai Beach.1.5 Built Structures None2. Planning Framework Map 15: Praia Velha Detailed Plan2.1 Planning Phase Completed with Praia Velha Detailed Plan (see Demonstration Project)2.2 Land Use This part of the promenade takes on a form of a green pedestrian walkway onthe blufftop. Access to the beach will be created at selected points.The protected shore belt of approximately 100 m width extends to the blufftop.A small sports centre (2.0 ha) is developed in the eastern section, and a smallactivity node close to Wenela House2.3 Access A vehicular access along the blufftop is created at the backset of the Sportscentre and along lots at the western segment.2.4 Roads andPedestrianNetwork2.5 DevelopmentGuidelines2.6 ImplementationPhaseThe existing blufftop road should be reshaped into a promenade. Parking andservice areas should be entered from the backset roads.Lateral pedestrian accesses should be provided as elevated structures toenable rehabilitation and protection of the foredunes vegetation.The planned built-up area includes as follows:• Sports centre club house - one storey building, courts, parking spaces;and• Restaurant at the activity node.Blufftop protection measures should be taken immediately.Built up structures should be developed in the mature phase of Praia Velhaarea Development Plan.50

FAO-MICOA-PAP/RACPHYSICAL PLAN - Xai-Xai IDPDevelopment Cell T2Xai-Xai Beach1. Existing Framework1.1 Relative Locality Located on the main road and forms the most important focus point fordevelopment. Abutting the prime beach front area.1.2 Area Size 29.3 ha1.3 Topography Flat areas with sections of steep slopes.1.4 Height 0-40m1.5 Land Cover Mostly built up. Steep slopes are still covered with natural vegetation. Thevegetation is, however, threatened by human activity, such as creation offootpaths.1.6 Orientation Seaward1.7 Distance FromBeachfront5-400m1.8 Existing Access This is the area with best access. The access is gained from the main roadfrom Ciudade de Xai-Xai with the existing secondary network providingaccess to individual stands.1.9 Built Structures Most of the lots have built structures but many of them are in a state ofdisrepair.1.10 Concessions Concessions should be issued for upgrading and management of the centralopen space and promenade.2. Planning Framework Map 9: Xai – Xai Beach Centre - Land Use2.1 Planning Phase Detailed planning for upgrading, densification and intensification to be donein the second phase.Should be done in the next phase as a matter of urgency.2.2 Land Use On the beachfront and in central areas: High intensity tourist complexesaccommodating, among others, hotels, commercial activities, recreationalfacilities, etc.To the north: Medium density residential development for tourists and localinhabitants consisting of individual residential stands and supportive facilities.2.3 Density, LandDivision andCapacityThe vacant lots on the central axis could be redivided into parcels suitable forthe development of hotels and commercial facilities.The northern section: The existing residential stands should be retained. Insome instances, stands can be subdivided to a minimum of 500m 2 .Hotel Beds: 150Residents/Guests: 1,70002.4 Access The existing access is sufficient.Possible future access from the road to Wenela House.2.5 Roads andPedestrianNetworkThe existing road network is sufficient. The main tarred ring road should beupgraded and dusty roads should be paved.New connection to the east should be created.New connections to surrounding villages should be created.Sufficient parking spaces should be located at the back of the proposed hotelsites.Pedestrian linkages to the beach should be created approximately every100m.51

Xai-Xai IDP – PHYSICAL PLANFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOADevelopment Cell T2Xai-Xai Beach2.6 Key InterventionAreas2.7 DevelopmentGuidelinesTwo critical areas should be addressed because of the following:• The area around the esplanade linking the church with beachfront is thecentre of Xai-Xai and constitutes the public face of the town since mostimportant buildings are placed there; and• The entrance to the town since it makes the first impression on the visitor.See section on development guidelines for medium density residential areas,high intensity tourist complexes and areas abutting the promenade. Someproposals on the development of the above mentioned are as follows:The undeveloped area surrounding the esplanade linking the CatholicChurch with the beachfront provides a unique opportunity for high-densityurban development. It is suggested that this area be offered to a reputableinvestor to be developed as upmarket self-catering accommodation units.These units will be positioned in a stacked array in order to negotiate thesteep gradient of the site, which in turn will ensure each unit of anundisturbed sea-view. A development of this nature right in the heart of Xai-Xai Beach would due to its density give the town the critical mass to justifyfurther commercial investment in aspects such as commodity shops andcafes.In exchange for this development right the investor will be required toupgrade the esplanade for public use and to develop public and commercialfacilities at the bottom of the esplanade. Examples of such facilities are thepublic ablutions and the public telephone service currently situated at thebottom of the esplanade. Commercial facilities such as shops andrestaurants may also be added to the development.The area surrounding the traffic circle at the entrance to the town should bedeveloped as a market where local products such as fresh produce andcurios can be sold. This implies landscaping and provision of services suchas water and electricity and facilities such as lock up stands, to the area.It is extreme importance to draft strict development controls for this areabecause of the strong and beautiful building heritage. New developmentshould not be allowed to detract from the original character of the town.Special attention should be given to development at the entrance, along themain roads and abutting the promenade.Sufficient facilities should be provided such as parking space, a touristinformation centre etc.The placing of public facilities should reinforce the importance of the keyelements of the town.52

FAO-MICOA-PAP/RACPHYSICAL PLAN - Xai-Xai IDPPromenade Development: PSegment P2: Xai-Xai Beach1. Existing Framework1.1 Relative Locality The prime beachfront locality abutting the prime swimming area with an easyaccess to the main centre of Xai-Xai Beach. It offers excellent opportunitiesfor rehabilitation and improvement of the Xai-Xai Praia waterfront.1.2 Size andDimensionArea – 15.3 haLength – 1,250mAverage width – 120m1.3 Topography Flat1.4 Height 4-6m1.5 Land Cover Mostly built up. Only the steep section to the back contains natural and parkvegetation.1.6 Existing Access Access is gained from the front segment of the Praia ring road.1.7 Concessions Concessions should be issued for upgrading and management of the centralpromenade (SUIMO).1.8 Built Structures Most of the lots have built structures, but many of them are in a state ofdisrepair (the main hotel) or just a ruin (the scouts’ hotel). Some have alreadybeen reconstructed (the MICOA centre).2. Planning Framework Map 9: Xai – Xai Beach Centre - Land Use2.1 Planning Phase Land-use proposal for rehabilitation and improvement is completed. Actionplan for upgrading and development should be completed in the third phase.2.2 Land Use This part of the promenade takes on a form a pedestrian walkway adjacent tothe beach with an access onto the beach. Being the most intensive part ofthe promenade, it should, among others, accommodate hotels, restaurants,cafes, commercial activities, entertainment facilities, etc.2.3 Density, LandDivision andCapacitySeveral vacant lots on the beachfront could be redivided for the developmentof hotels. The sites are approximately 0,6 ha large and should accommodateabout 150 visitors per hectare. Including the existing rehabilitated hotel theaccommodation capacities are as follows:Hotel beds: 500Residents/Guests: 2002.4 Access Existing access is sufficient.2.5 Roads andPedestrianNetwork2.6 Key InterventionAreas2.7 DevelopmentGuidelines2.8 ImplementationPhaseThe tarred segment of the main ring road should be upgraded and dustyroads should be paved.Sufficient parking spaces should be placed at the back of the proposed hoteland commercial sites development. Lateral pedestrian access network to thebeach should be dense (every 50-150 m)The promenade, which will form the most important tourist area with aconcentration of tourist facilities and activities. (This will be discussed indetail in paragraph 7.10).See guidelines on development abutting the promenade.The ongoing rehabilitation process should be strengthened and speed upimmediately.55

Xai-Xai IDP – PHYSICAL PLANFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOADevelopment Cell: T3Above the Existing Camp Site1. Existing Framework1.1 Relative Locality Above the steep slope behind the camp site, with a spectacular view of mostof Xai-Xai. Although relatively close to the beach, the steep topographyrestricts movement to the beach.It is directly adjacent to the sports cell.It is abutted by open space to the east and the west.1.2 Area Size Lower section: 19.2 haUpper section: 18.3 ha1.3 Topography Relatively flat, some steep lateral slopes1.4 Height 20-60m1.5 Land Cover Although the front section is densely vegetated, vegetation in the backsetsection has been destroyed by cultivation and only contains scattered bush.1.6 Orientation Seaward1.7 Distance fromthe Beachfront100-800m400m average1.8 Existing Access No access road has been constructed.1.9 Concessions The owner of Halley Hotel has a concession to develop a valley behind thehotel; a conceptual proposal for the development of bungalows has beenmade.1.10 Built Structures Only Halley Hotel in the lower western segment.2. Planning Framework Map 9(b): Land Use2.1 Planning Phase Detailed planning to be completed in the third phase.2.2 Land Use Lower section: Camp site, a substitute for the existing one to be removedfrom the prime location. Also, small low rise hotels, houses for rent, etc.Upper section: Low intensity high quality residential development for touristsand local residents including individual residential stands and supportivesports and retail facilities.2.3 Density, LandDivision andCapacityLower section: Low density, individual stands up to 4,000 m 2 with a streetfrontage of 50m. Extension of Halley hotel is within this section.Upper section: Individual stands of 1000 m 2 with a street frontage of 25m.Hotel Beds: 500Camping Guests: 500Residents/Guests: 1,0002.4 Access Access can be gained by two lateral roads from the backset road. Theseroads should be constructed before development takes place in the area.2.5 Roads andPedestrianNetwork2.6 DevelopmentGuidelinesPedestrian links should be created on elevated structures of the beachfrontto protect the dunes vegetation.See sections on development guidelines for medium and low density touristand residential area.56

FAO-MICOA-PAP/RACPHYSICAL PLAN - Xai-Xai IDPPromenade Development: PSegment P3: The Existing Camp Site1. Existing Framework1.1 Relative Locality The prime locality on the main beachfront with an easy access to the maincentre of Xai-Xai Beach and the current boat launching pad. It offers bestdevelopment opportunities along the entire stretch from Xai-Xai Beach toPraia do Chongoene.1.2 TopographySize andDimensionFlatArea: 21.5 haBeach front: 1,100 m1.3 Land Cover MOSTLY BUILT UP OR SAND. ONLY THE STEEP SECTION AT THE BACK CONTAINSNATURAL VEGETATION. FOREDUNES AND VEGETATION ARE MAINLY DESTROYED.1.4 Existing Access Access is obtained via a road along the beach which branches off the ringroad of Xai-Xai Beach. The road connection to Xai-Xai Beach are in a badstate of repair.1.5 Concessions Several concessions have currently been issued for this piece of land:• Concession for the operation of camp site;• Concession for the construction of a dozen of units in Som du Mardevelopment. The development has already started; and• Concessions for the eastern segment of flat area.1.6 Built Structures Camp site service units, a dozen of houses for rent and bungalows underconstruction.Development is not on par with the value of the land and does not fit in withlong-term development proposals for the area.2. Planning Framework Map 9: Xai – Xai Beach Centre - Land Use2.1 Planning Phase LAND-USE PROPOSAL FOR REHABILITATION AND IMPROVEMENT IS COMPLETED.ACTION PLAN FOR UPGRADING AND DEVELOPMENT SHOULD BE COMPLETED IN THETHIRD PHASE.2.2 Land Use High intensity tourist complexes accommodating hotels, commercial activitiesand marine centre to become an extension of the existing and proposed Xai-Xai core eliminating artificial boundaries of the camp site.2.3 Density, LandDivision andCapacityThe land should be divided into lots suitable for the development of hotels.Sites should be of approximately 0,5 ha with dimensions of 50 x 100m 2 andshould accommodate between 100 and 200 visitors per hectare (including theexisting Halley Hotel capacities).Hotel beds: 200Residents/Guests: 2002.4 Access The access road should be laid at the backset of existing and plannedstructures.The existing coastal road should be reset at the foot of the steep slopes at the2.5 Roads andback of the site, thus taking vehicular traffic away from the beach area, as itPedestrianwas initially intended. Parking and service areas should be entered from theNetworkbackset road.Pedestrian access to the beach from the road and parking area should becreated at 100m intervals.2.6 DevelopmentGuidelines2.7 ImplementationPhaseSee guidelines on development abutting the promenade.In the third phase or at the mature stage of the Xai-Xai core areaRehabilitation Plan.57

Xai-Xai IDP – PHYSICAL PLANFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOADevelopment Cell: T4Front Segment: T4-1 - 50/500 Concessions581. Existing Framework1.1 Relative Locality It borders the open space and backset road and is close to the sports area. Itis located along the open stretch of the beach with limited bathingpossibilities.1.2 Size andDimension49.0 ha1.3 Topography More moderate slopes than most other areas. Includes deep lateral valleys.1.4 Height 10m to 40m above sea level.1.5 Land Cover The southern section is densely vegetated. Vegetation is, however, partlydestroyed by intensive tourist development and agriculture. The northernsection is covered by scattered bush.1.6 Orientation Mostly seaward1.7 Distance fromthe Beachfront0-800m1.8 Existing Access The existing access is via the beachfront road which is severely eroded andimpassable in places and is set to deteriorate rapidly with the increasingtraffic. Several spontaneous attempts to improve the road have been madeby the users.1.9 Concessions 12 concessionaires were granted concessions for 2,5ha units withdimensions of 50x500m. Some concessionaires were granted concessionsfor two to four lots.1.10 Built Structures Only two of these 12 concessionaires have started development of the sites,such as the camping site of Golfinho Azul and Oasis. This is due todimensions of the sites, lack of seriousness of the situation and funding. Formost of the sites no proper development proposals are available.2. Planning Framework Map 10(b): Land-use2.1 Planning Phase Layout and land division completed.Detailed planning to be completed during the second phase.2.2 Land Use Medium intensity tourism complexes accommodating hotels, commercialactivities and entertainment facilities at the promenade and lower intensityfragmented development at the back.2.3 Density, LandDivision andCapacityThe size and number of granted concession rights have been respected, butthe shape has been redesigned trying to maintain as much sea frontage aspossible for all properties. The site has been divided into nine 2,5ha units,with dimensions of 100m x 250m, two units of 5 hectares and 1 unit of 10hectares based on the original subdivisions. Should it be necessary in thefuture, larger units can be redivided into smaller ones of 2,5ha. Seriousnessof concessionaires and existing development attempts have been taken intoaccount when granting concession rights. Those who have already starteddevelopment were given preference over concession rights.The suggested density is about 50 visitors per hectare. Density for each siteshould be determined individually based on the sensitivity of the site and itscarrying capacity.Hotel beds: 1,5002.4 Access Access can be obtained via the coastal road and preferably from the backsetroad via two lateral roads.2.5 Roads and This area is linked with the coastal road, which accommodates both

FAO-MICOA-PAP/RACPHYSICAL PLAN - Xai-Xai IDPDevelopment Cell: T4PedestrianNetwork2.6 DevelopmentGuidelinesFront Segment: T4-1 - 50/500 Concessionsvehicular and pedestrian traffic. The main service road is at the back linkedwith the back set road. There are two road linkages from the back to thecoastal road. These roads were designed within accepted developmentrestrictions such as slope. During the first phase access can be gained fromthe front road. This will later be replaced with access from the back road.Each unit has access from one of the lateral service roads. Preferable entrypoints to sites are indicated on the map. The aim is to take access points offthe main roads. Access to developable land and suitable service areas hasbeen taken into account.The lateral roads offer an alternative entrance to the Oasis development,which would be more functional than the current access point. The Oasisdevelopment currently gets access only from the coastal road. This hasresulted in an impractical design with parking areas next to this road and longand steep distances that have to be made on foot by both visitors anddeliveries.Pedestrian routes should be developed next to all roads. Pedestrian accesscan be gained not only through the two service roads but also two lateralpedestrian access routes, which are spaced 300m apart. These link thebackset areas with the beach. These increase accessibility for pedestriansbut limit vehicular movement. This is important to ensure the protection of theenvironment. The pedestrian routes should be extended over the promenadeto the beach. No pedestrian access should be allowed except at designatedareas.Although some public parking facilities will be provided on the coastal road,parking should be secured on site.The density and intensity of development should decrease with increaseddistance from the beachfront. The first row of development abutting thepromenade is of great visual importance and should be of high quality. Itshould be developed in such a way as to define the boundary of thepromenade. Behind this a more fragmented development structure should beimplemented.59

Xai-Xai IDP – PHYSICAL PLANFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOADevelopment Cell: T4 Backset Segment: T4-21. Existing Framework1.1 Relative Locality It is bordered by open space on three sides and a backset road and isremoved from the beachfront.1.2 Size andDimension47.5 ha1.3 Topography More moderate slopes than most other areas.1.4 Height 40m to 60m above sea level.1.5 Land Cover SCARE VEGETATION1.6 Orientation Mostly landward1.7 Distance fromthe Beachfront1.8 Existing Access None1.9 Concessions None1.10 Built Structures None600-1200m2. Planning Framework Map 10(b): Land-use2.1 Planning Phase Detailed planning to be completed in the third phase.2.2 Land Use Medium density residential development for tourists and local inhabitantsincluding individual residential stands and supportive facilities.2.3 Density, LandDivision andCapacityIndividual stands of 1000m 2 with a street front of 25m. Subdivision will beallowed to a minimum of 500m 2 . Cluster development with a density of up to20 units per hectare will be allowed, depending on the natural features of thesite.Residents/Guests: 2,0002.4 Access Access should be gained from the backset road.2.5 Roads andPedestrianNetwork2.6 DevelopmentGuidelinesOnly the basic transportation network is proposed. The secondary networkshould be developed within a detailed plan. There is a possibility to developand plan the area as two distinct units that are separated by the lateral road.This depends on the requirements of the future development.It is possible to gain access from all the three proposed roads depending onthe type of future development. It should link up with pedestrian network.See sections on development guidelines for medium and low densityresidential area.60

FAO-MICOA-PAP/RACPHYSICAL PLAN - Xai-Xai IDPPromenade Development: PSegment P4: Between Xai-Xai to Praia do Alho1. Existing Framework1.1 Relative Locality The central beach segment fronting T4 and western segment of T5 cell. Thissegment of the beach is highly exposed to the wave action and, therefore,bathing opportunities are limited.1.2 Topography,Size andDimensionThe beach rock reef is basically submerged and covered with sand. Theforedunes are high and well vegetated.Area – 27.2 haLength – 2,100mAverage width – 120m1.3 Land Cover The specific vegetation cover (pioneer and final succession plants) at theforedunes is dense and generally well preserved.1.4 Existing Access The coastal road is laid at the back of the foredunes and thus limiteddestruction occurred mainly along few lateral paths that cross the foredunestowards the beach.1.5 Built Structures Few tourist huts are built along the coastal road.2. Planning Framework Map 10(b) and 10(c) : Land Use Map2.1 Planning Phase The planning of this segment should be carried out in the third phase, after thecoastal road has taken a form of a promenade.2.2 Land Use The coastal stretch, beach and foredunes should be kept in almost naturalcondition with the exception of only two small entertainment pointsdevelopment.2.3 Access The pedestrian access should remain along the coastal road which becomes aPromenade. At the mature stage of the Development Plan, a vehicular accessshould be provided by lateral roads, but only to selected points so as to avoidthe transit traffic.2.4 Roads andPedestrianNetwork2.5 DevelopmentGuidelines2.6 ImplementationPhaseSince protection of foredunes should be accorded utmost importance,pedestrian areas should be constructed in a way not to cause further damageto the environment, e.g., elevated boardwalks at selected points.The access to the T4 and T5 development, including entrances to parking andservice areas, should be gained from the backset road, thus enabling thecoastal road to take a form of a promenade with traffic limited to public andemergency transport only.Local building forms (huts) and materials (wood) should be used in limitedentertainment points and for the construction of boardwalks.The improvement of the coastal road while in use as vehicular access shouldbe done with on site available materials, e.g., paving with concrete bricks,taking into account development of a promenade as the final design stage.Immediate and strict protection of natural features. Limited built up structuresin the mature phase of resort Development Plan.63

Xai-Xai IDP – PHYSICAL PLANFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOADevelopment Cell: T5 Western Segment T5-11. Existing Framework1.1 Relative Locality At the edge of a beautiful Praia do Alho lagoon that is safe for swimming andhas natural areas on two sides.1.2 Size andDimensionFront section: 25.8 haBack Section: 13.9 ha1.3 Topography Irregular topography with small sections with slopes less than 25%.1.4 Height 0-60m1.5 Land Cover Dense vegetation1.6 Orientation Seaward1.7 Distance fromthe Beachfront0-600m1.8 Existing Access Existing access is via the beachfront road which is severely eroded andimpassable in places.1.9 Concessions Several concessions have been issued for this piece of land, as described inparagraph 2.3.3.1.10 Built Structures Some chalets under construction, as well as ruins of ‘traditional huts’ fortourists.2. Planning Framework Map 10(c): Land-use Map2.1 Planning Phase Detailed planning to be done during the second phase and back sectionplanning to be included in the third phase.2.2 Land Use Hotels, bungalows, and a camp site.2.3 Density, LandDivision andCapacityFront section: medium to low density hotels and bungalows; 1- 5ha standswith density of less than 20 units per hectare.Back section: Residential and CampingHotel Beds: 400Camping visitors: 250Residents/Guests: 4002.4 Access Temporary access from the front road and later through lateral roadsconnected with the backset road.2.5 Roads andPedestrianNetwork2.6 DevelopmentGuidelinesThe lateral road should connect the backset road with the beachfront roadthrough the eastern cell boundary. The feeder road should follow thecontours to provide access to the cell.EIADevelopment could follow the natural or traditional architecture.2.7 Implementation Implementation is only possible once the backset road has been constructed.Only concessionaires who have already submitted plans would be allowed todevelop.64

FAO-MICOA-PAP/RACPHYSICAL PLAN - Xai-Xai IDPDevelopment Cell: T5Eastern Segment T5-2: Praia do Alho1. Existing Framework1.1 Relative Locality It abuts a beautiful lagoon that is safe for swimming and has natural areas onthree sides.1.2 Size andDimensionFront section: 20.0Back section: 51.01.3 Topography Irregular topography with small section of slopes less than 25%.1.4 Height 0-60m1.5 Land Cover Dense vegetation except for the eastern section which is subject to severeerosion.1.6 Orientation Seaward and landward1.7 Distance fromthe Beachfront0-800m1.8 Existing Access The existing access is via the beachfront road which is severely eroded andimpassable in places.1.9 Concessions Several concessions have been issued for this piece of land, as described inparagraph 2.3.3.1.10 Built Structures A camp site and some chalets under construction, as well as ruins of‘traditional huts’ for tourists.2. Planning Framework Map: Land-use2.1 Planning Phase Detailed planning to be done during the second phase including back sectionplanning in the third phase.2.2 Land Use Front section: Hotels, bungalows and a camp site.2.3 Density andLand DivisionFront section: medium to low density hotels and bungalows; 1- 5ha standswith density of less than 20 units per hectareBack section: Residential and CampingHotel Beds: 600Camping visitors: 250Residents/Guests: 1,5002.4 Access Temporary access gained from the front road and later through lateral roadsconnecting backset roads.2.5 Roads andPedestrianNetwork2.6 DevelopmentGuidelinesA lateral road on the western boundary of the site is planned to connect thebackset road with the beachfront. The other feeder road passes through themiddle of the site.EIADevelopment could follow the natural or traditional architecture.2.7 Implementation Implementation is only possible once the backset road has been constructed.Only concessionaires who have already submitted plans would be allowed todevelop.65

Xai-Xai IDP – PHYSICAL PLANFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAPromenade Development: PSegment P5: Praia do Alho1. Existing Framework1.1 Relative Locality The second large lagoon in the entire Xai-Xai District coastal area which issafe for bathing and other marine activities.1.2 Topography,Size andDimensionThe beach rock provides protection of the lagoon owing to a narrow break atthe western edge. The beach backset is very steep and prone to erosion.Area: 22.5 haLength – 2,200mAverage width – 80m1.3 Land Cover THERE ARE STEEP SEGMENTS WHICH ARE HIGHLY ERODED. PLANTED CASUARINATREES HAVE NOT PREVENTED EROSION PROCESS CAUSED BY WOOD CUTTING ANDTHE COASTAL ROAD PATH DEVELOPMENT.1.4 Existing Access The coastal road is laid at the back of the beach and due to the sharp cut indune foothills is eroded and impassable even with 4WD vehicles.A pass through the beach rocks allows entrance and mooring for small boats.1.5 Built Structures There are two small concrete buildings and ongoing construction of severalbungalows and a camping site at the western edge of the beach.2. Planning Framework Maps 10(c) and 10(d) – Land use2.1 Planning Phase The planning of this segment should be done in the third phase.2.2 Land Use The most western point of the lagoon should be planned as a marine centrewith adequate land facilities at the small promontory.The rest of the western part should be used as a beach with another smallentertainment point planned at the edge of T5 development cell.The eastern part of the lagoon should be kept in natural condition as theextension of the green dunes area at the backset.2.3 Access Access to this cell is gained from the lateral and coastal road at its westernpart. The central and eastern segment are accessible along the coastal road.2.4 Roads andPedestrianNetwork2.5 DevelopmentGuidelines2.6 ImplementationPhaseThe protection of the beach setback should be accorded utmost importanceallowing the limited vehicular transport at the western segment only until thelateral road is constructed. The rest of the cell should be used as a walkwayand for emergency transport.Lateral pedestrian accesses should be constructed in a way not to causefurther damage to the environment, e.g., elevated boardwalks at selectedpoints.Local building forms (huts) and materials (wood) should be used in the marinecentre and entertainment point.The improvement of the coastal road at the western segment while in use asvehicular access should be done with on site available materials, e.g., pavingwith concrete bricks, taking into account a promenade as the final designstage.Immediate and strict protection and rehabilitation of natural environment.Limited built up structures in the mature phase of resort Development Plan.66

FAO-MICOA-PAP/RACPHYSICAL PLAN - Xai-Xai IDPDevelopment Cell: T6Praia do Chongoene1- Existing Framework1.1 Relative Locality It forms the eastern edge of development and is located on the main road toPraia de Chongoene. It is surrounded by green areas.1.2 Size andDimensionFront section: 45.2Back section: 63.81.3 Topography Irregular at the beachfront, more flat to the back.1.4 Height 0-60m1.5 Land Cover Eroded next to the beach, dense vegetation in the western section behind theeroded section with exceptional ‘broodbome’ and scattered bush in the restof the area. The vegetation has been destroyed by agricultural practices.1.6 Orientation Seaward1.7 Distance fromthe Beachfront0-600m1.8 Existing Access The existing access is via the Chongoene road which in some segments is instate of disrepair.1.9 Concessions None1.10 Built Structures Chongoene hotel complex.2. Planning Framework Map 10(d) - Land-use2.1 Planning Phase Detailed planning to be done during the third phase.2.2 Land Use Front section: Medium intensity tourist development next to the beach, smalllow rise hotels, houses for rent.Back section: Low to medium density high quality residential development fortourists and local inhabitants including individual residential stands, andsupportive sports and retail facilities.2.3 Density, LandDivision andCapacityFront section: Individual stands of 4,000 sqm with a street frontage of 50m.Back section: Individual stands of 1000 sqm with a street frontage of 25m.Cluster development with density of up to 20 units per hectare will beallowed, depending on the natural features of the site.Hotel beds: 1,000Residents/Guests: 1,0002.4 Access Access is to be gained by a road following the contours parallel to the coastand connected to the main road to Chongoene.2.5 Roads andPedestrianNetwork2.6 DevelopmentGuidelinesLateral connections towards tourist and residential sections should beensured at selected points.Pedestrian links should be created on elevated structures at the beach frontto protect the dunes vegetation.See sections on development guidelines for medium and low density touristand residential area.2.7 Implementation Implementation should not start before the detailed planning, infrastructuredevelopment and funding framework are completed.69

Xai-Xai IDP – PHYSICAL PLANFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAPromenade Development: PSegment P6: Praia do Chongoene1. Existing Framework1.1 Relative Locality The beach segment of T6 development cell - Praia do Chongoene.1.2 Topography,Size andDimensionThe beach rock reef is exposed, but forms a narrow and shallow lagoon. Theforedune forms a blufftop at 8-10m.Area – 18.5 haLength –1,700mAverage width – 100m1.3 Land Cover The foredune vegetation cover is deteriorated by wood cutting.1.4 Existing Access There is no road access in the area except at the most western point,Chongoene hotel.1.5 Built Structures Chongoene hotel complex.2. Planning Framework Map 10(d): Land-use2.1 Planning Phase The planning of this segment should be done in the third phase.2.2 Land Use This coastal stretch, beach and foredunes should be kept in almost naturalcondition with the exception of only several entertainment points developmentand a nodal activity centre at the Chongoene hotel.2.3 Access The existing road access to Chongoene hotel is sufficient to develop smallscale nodal activities (commerce, entertainment) in the vicinity of the hotel.The pedestrian access - promenade should be laid at the blufftop.2.4 Roads andPedestrianNetwork2.5 DevelopmentGuidelines2.6 ImplementationPhaseSince protection of foredunes should be accorded utmost importance,pedestrian areas should be constructed in a way not to cause further damageto the environment, e.g., elevated boardwalks at selected points.Local building forms (huts) and materials (wood) should be used in severalentertainment points and for the construction of boardwalks.Immediate and strict protection of natural features. Limited built up structuresin the mature phase of resort Development Plan.70

FAO-MICOA-PAP/RACPHYSICAL PLAN - Xai-Xai IDPDevelopment Cell: SSports Centre1. Existing Framework1.1 Relative Locality This area is 600m from the shore and is not linked to the current roadnetwork.1.2 Size andDimensionLower section: 42.0haUpper section: 40.7ha1.3 Topography The southern segment is relatively flat with gentle slopes. The northernsegment is more undulating than the southern one.1.4 Height 40 to 60m above sea level.1.5 Land Cover Scattered bush. Some of the natural vegetation has been destroyed byagricultural practices and the quality of natural vegetation is generally low.1.6 Orientation The southern segment is orientated towards the sea. The northern segmentis orientated towards the mainland.1.7 Distance fromthe Beachfront1.8 Existing Access None1.9 Concessions None1.10 Built Structures None800-2000M2. Planning Framework Map 10(b): Land-use2.1 Planning Phase Detailed planning for sport facilities with supplementary residential facilities tobe done in later phases.2.2 Land Use Flatness of land and distance from the shore make this area ideal for sportsdevelopment that is not linked to the beach and marine environment. Avariety of sport and recreational facilities (e.g., soccer, tennis, and cricket)with a golf course as a central facility should be developed in this area.The surrounding protected natural area could be used for the development ofless formal sport and recreational activities, such as hiking and cross-countryrunning. This enhances the quality of this area as a sports centre. The areais intended for tourists who are interested in active recreation and sportsmenwho need adequate training grounds.This area is also ideal for the development of a golf estate with limited highquality residential development and accommodation for sportsmen, e.g.,hotel.2.3 Land Divisionand DensityHotel capacity should not exceed 150 beds.Residential stands should be of a minimum size of 1000m 2 .2.4 Access Access should be gained via the backset road and lateral access routes tocell T3, and pedestrian walkways. Once the backset road is developed, theadvantages of this site would be its accessibility from various directions.2.5 Roads andPedestrianNetwork2.6 DevelopmentGuidelinesThe internal movement system should originate from the lateral road andplanned crossroad into the northern section of the site.The walkways connecting the northern and southern sections should allowcrossing the road without interference from vehicular traffic.A variety of sport facilities to be developed in phases will be more sustainablesince they could be shared by ablutions, clubhouses, etc. Sport facilities willmake provision for the needs of tourists and local residents. The use offacilities by tourists will subsidise the local sport facilities and their use by the71

Xai-Xai IDP – PHYSICAL PLANFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOADevelopment Cell: SSports Centrelocals will ensure a yearlong use.The architectural and landscape design should respect topographiccharacteristics of the site, e.g., avoiding exposure of structures into thelandscape.2.7 ImplementationPhaseExpected in the mature phase of resort Development Plan.3.8.1 Villages and Areas for Local ResidentsExisting Villages and Residential AreasAs mentioned in chapters before, there are two existing local areas, Macamwine andChinunguine, accommodating approximately 3,000 inhabitants. These areas are located at thebackset of Xai-Xai Beach. Also, there are 1,000 residents in Praia. The satisfaction of basicneeds in these areas is limited, especially with regards to health care, education, andinfrastructure. There is only one health post located in Praia, which is hampered by lack ofequipment and medicine. Education is also pending: means are lacking to satisfy teachingneeds of 1,094 students, on the one hand, and education is belittled by parents, on the other.Also, poverty often forces students to abandon their education before level 5. The survey donein these areas, revealed the need for the following:• EP1-2 primary schools;• Opening of 6 wells in Chinunguine, and 4 in Macamwine;• Construction of 600 improved latrines in Chinunguine, and 400 in Macamwine; and• Improvement of paved access roads.Local residents are poor and only a few benefits are accrued from the exploitation of fisheryresources due to the lack of fishing tools to operate in the open sea. Subsistence agriculture ispractised causing lower fertility of land. Tourism activities have not yet created much benefit forlocal communities. The involvement of local communities in the network of services aimed atpromoting, organising, welcoming, guiding, and hosting visitors, either national or foreign, withrecreational, cultural or leisure activities is weak or almost non-existing. Only 336 persons arecurrently employed in the tourism industry (see Table 7 below).Table 7Employment of Local Residents in TourismSectorAmountHotels and restaurants 142Guards and domestic servants 100Construction 30Selling of agricultural products 10Selling of fishing products 4Children, on temporary basis, e.g.,washing of cars, selling souvenirs, etc.50TOTAL 336Weak production of local communities in traditional sectors, such as agriculture and fisheries, isan obstacle to their active participation in tourism activities. Products sold to tourists are of alimited variety and low quality. Many products consumed in tourism industry come from otherprovinces and countries, e.g., most artisanal products are brought from Maputo.72

FAO-MICOA-PAP/RACPHYSICAL PLAN - Xai-Xai IDPLocal residents could benefit from the development of tourism industry by creating jobopportunities and a market for their goods. There are, however, some points of conflict:• The uncontrolled fishing by tourists inflict losses on local communities who arepractising fishing to satisfy their subsistence needs;• Destruction of natural environment by agricultural practices and felling of trees forfirewood lessens the attractiveness of the area for tourism;• exploitation of women and children by tourists; and• Security of tourists.Upgrading of Existing AreasThe first step to be taken is upgrading of existing villages in order to improve living conditions ofresidents. It includes upgrading of services, facilities and movement routes, security of tenureimprovements, subdivision of plots, and appropriate planning of land.The process of upgrading is an incremental one depending on the means available andincreasing of residents’ income. As regards services upgrading, communal service pointsshould be created firstly and thereafter they could develop into services to each individualstand. It is, however, necessary to prepare a planning framework in order to create guidelinesfor new developments.The existing areas should be upgraded following the principle of cross-subsidisation wherebytourism developments pay for the costs of bulk services making them more affordable for localresidents. Facilities should also be placed in a way that they can be used by both residents andtourists. This will make them affordable for local residents and will ensure their sustainable use.A certain amount of taxes paid by tourists and developers should be channelled into theimprovement of the situation of local residents, such as housing financing and education.Planning ProcessThe process which should be followed by physical planning is to:• establish a forum with the community and the local government to guide theupgrading of the area;• analyse the area in terms of existing situation, and to map the existing conditionsand residents;• determine the needs and the priorities of residents, and to define technology andmethodology to follow;• design the road structure and subdivision of lots;• determine the placing of public facilities;• design services plan;• develop densification and intensification strategies;• initiate formalisation process; and• to ensure funding sources through tourism taxes, international support, etc.Table 8 below presents the expected increase of local population in the area caused by tourismdevelopment:75

Xai-Xai IDP – PHYSICAL PLANFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOATable 8Expected Population Number in Villages andNew Development ZonesArea Cell Expectedpopulation numberMacamwine V1 2,500Chinunguine V2 2,500New Area V3 2,000Chongoene V4 1,000TOTAL 8,000Design GuidelinesThe following guidelines should be used to design the area:• Although these areas are separated, they should be developed in a way so as toensure a long-term integration into formal areas. Thus no artificial boundaries wouldbe created between these areas and Xai-Xai Beach, and sufficient access routeswould be ensured;• Sufficient public spaces should be created at accessible points. These areas shouldform the focus for the provision of services and facilities where facilities areclustered to enable sharing and cross-subsidisation;• Blocks should be scaled to ease the pedestrian movement; this implies a grid typelayout with block lengths of approximately 120m;• The future public transportation system should be taken into account;• New layout should respect existing placing of units;• Residential stands should be large enough to prevent overcrowding; and• Mixed land use will improve the employment opportunities and income generation atthe household and settlement level.Provision of UtilitiesThe first step to be taken would be the provision of collective utility points. The followingstandards could be used (Table 9):Table 9Standards for Provision of UtilitiesCollective Utility PointDistance(in meters)Walking Time(in minutes)Public water standpipe (1) 100 2Communal toilet (several at one point) 75 1.5Solid waste collection point 150 3Public telephones (several at a point) 500 10Post collection points 500 1076

FAO-MICOA-PAP/RACPHYSICAL PLAN - Xai-Xai IDPCollective utility points should be placed at accessible points to develop over time into importantpublic spaces.Enablement StrategiesThe local residents should also be enabled to improve their own situation and to benefit fromtourism development. The following are guidelines for achieving this:• Urban land: land prices should be controlled to prevent speculation and the supplyof land should be raised. Options to increase access to land for the urban poor aregovernment mediated instruments such as land sharing, land adjustment,resettlement and transfers, cross subsidies (UNHCS, 1991);• Land registration: regulation of land-use transactions and property rights. Crucial isbetter registration: both efficient and simplified;• Housing finance: access to ad hoc and small amounts of finance;• Cross-subsidisation and subsidising access of the poor to services;• Involvement of the local community in service provision and public works throughderegulation, artisan training, promotion of local materials, support to small scalecontracting, use of small scale private and community enterprises in urban servicedelivery;• Information channels on the advantages, as well as the responsibilities of tourismand the need for environmental protection; and• Training and education.Development of New AreasBesides rehabilitation of existing areas, several new areas have been identified for thedevelopment of settlements for the local population (See Land-use map). The location criteriaare as follows:• Location of existing villages;• Access to major routes;• Access to agricultural land;• Access to tourism development; and• Land not suitable for tourism development.Detailed plans for these areas should be drawn up on a pro-active basis.3.8.2 Natural and Green AreasStrict natural character within the IDP boundaries should be primarily maintained on theprotected dune hills belt and beach rocks reef. Green areas incorporate beaches, parks, greenbelts within development areas, linear, walkways, sportsfields and playgrounds.The natural areas should accommodate as many roles as possible, such as:• Socio-economic needs: recreation, social interaction and income generation;• Ecological processes, such as the protection of the natural environment andreversing the current trends of deforestation and erosion, and enhancing of biodiversity;• Providing barriers that contain and manage settlement growth; and• Aesthetic needs: reserving the dunes as a vegetated backdrop, and enhancing thevisual image and naturally ‘wild’ character of the area.Important issues to be taken into account with the location of natural areas are:• Location should incorporate sensitive natural environments;• Quality: sufficiently large to maintain seed banks necessary to preserve floralspecies and the breeding stocks necessary to preserve faunal species, and to77

Xai-Xai IDP – PHYSICAL PLANFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAenable the biophysical environment to renew resources and absorb and recycleliquid and solid wastes. Thus, the system would not be overloaded and would notexceed the capacity of the soft open space to perform its life-enhancing andregenerative role; and• Linkage: sufficiently interconnected to enable faunal species to move and breed.Protected Dune HillsThe natural and green areas have been determined, as previously explained, by evaluatingenvironmental sensitivity. Areas with steep slopes, which are eroded and higher than 60m andcovered by dense natural vegetation, have been earmarked for protection. In this manner,various natural areas have been identified. These areas divide the pockets of development. Thenatural areas are linked in an open space system connecting beach with dunes and the valleybehind them. The areas are also sufficiently wide to enhance biodiversity.The largest beach bordering section is located directly west of Praia de Chongoene as this areais extremely sensitive. Three other lateral corridors are located between Xai-Xai Beach andPraia de Chongoene.Within the development cells a number of green belts are proposed to protect the mostsensitive steep sections from development. Detail planning of the other areas may reveal moreof these spaces.The natural areas should be protected at all costs and a programme to rehabilitate the areaswhere the natural vegetation has been destroyed should be implemented. For this an openspace plan has to be drafted. This should take into account the following elements:• Pedestrian routes that link the various sections, as well as link the various sectionswith the beach. These should be designed sensitively so as not to harm theenvironment;• Land for sustainable agriculture is allocated to the longitudinal valley and interiordunes enabling rehabilitation of dune areas where agriculture has destroyed thenatural vegetation. A rehabilitation programme, which is already being implemented,should be more directed towards replenishment of the natural vegetation andintensified;• The edges of the built environment should be refined and a strategy for itsenforcement should be developed;• An education programme on the sensitivity of the natural landscape for both touristsand locals, should be institutionalised; and• The elimination of wild camping in areas under heavy pressure during peak touristseasons through the creation of legal camping grounds.With regards to the beach and foredunes, importance should be accorded to the following:• Avoid construction of permanent structures near the undercut dune front with theset-back distance being a function of the dune height;• Avoid vegetation disturbance in the foredune zone;• Signposting to warn beach users of potential danger of slip failure;• Use of boardwalks wherever the sensitive dune/beach interface is crossed;• Provision for boom control to limit the number of visitors to the various nodesavoiding overloading of facilities and causing overspill into natural areas;• Special efforts should be made in restoring and maintaining the indigenousvegetation cover along the foredunes where narrow and sensitively designedpedestrian walkway should replace the existing road;• The lateral accesses to the beach (wooden stairs) should be elevated from theground to allow restoration and undisturbed growth of plants; and78

FAO-MICOA-PAP/RACPHYSICAL PLAN - Xai-Xai IDP• Particular attention should be accorded to restoring the vegetation cover along theprotected green belt. In the majority of areas the indigenous vegetation should berestored.With regards to infrastructure and road construction:• To reserve green belt corridors along all main roads;• All major engineering contracts to be drawn up including environmental controlmeasures as their integral part;• Where possible, all services to be aligned with road reserves as opposed to midblockin order to minimise destruction of vegetation and soil disturbance;• Contour sewers below erven to be avoided, where possible, and to be aligned withthe greatest sympathy for valley vegetation, as appropriate; and a minimum clearingto be undertaken;• In order to avoid run-off erosion over the dune/beachfront, interface stormwaterretention should be an integral part of stormwater design. The natural state ofswales, watercourses and floodways to be maintained as neatly as possible inaccordance with hardened surfaces wherever possible;• Utility structures, such as sub-stations, pump stations and reservoirs, are to be sitedsympathetically and screened by berms and vegetation. Materials for the structuresto be non-reflective, earth related colours while forms are to be softened wherepossible; and• Construction vehicular movement and clearing should be restricted to the absoluteminimum in order to avoid disturbance of the road verge.3.9 Implementation Framework for Tourist Areas3.9.1 PhasingThe process of development of tourist areas has been divided into three phases relating to thestage in which the planning framework should be finalised. No development should be allowed,nor concessions should be issued before a detailed planning for the area has been finalised.The phases are as follows:Phase 1: It contains the areas in which the detailed planning has been finalised. This is onlyapplicable to Praia Velha Cell T1-1.Phase 2: These are areas for which concessions have been issued and development hasalready started. Some detailed planning has been done, but it could not be finalisedduring this phase. Detailed planning should be completed as a matter of urgency inorder to regulate the pressure for development. These areas are: Cell T2 , Cell P3,Cell T4-1 and Cell T5.Phase 3: This phase includes areas with no immediate pressure for development. The basicdevelopment framework for these areas has been completed. Detailed planning hasonly to be done once the further pressure on development in these areas is existing.These areas are: T1-2, T3, T4-2 and T6.3.9.2 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)The development for sites larger than a residential unit or larger than 2,500sqm should besubjected to an EIA based on preliminary development proposals. The EIA should payparticular attention to the following:• Areas of the site to be protected in their natural condition;• Visual impact of buildings;• Construction methods;• Rehabilitation of the natural vegetation after construction;79

Xai-Xai IDP – PHYSICAL PLANFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA80• The use of decorative plants;• Waste treatment and disposal; and• The risk of erosion of the dunes area, not only during the operation but also duringthe construction phase.3.9.3 Development ControlsAlthough development control is often shunned as an attempt by government to imposerestrictions on private development and is often seen as inappropriate in these circumstances, itis necessary in order to protect the value of private property and to retain the unique image ofthe Xai-Xai area. It is an imperative element in the successful development of the area into ahighly valued tourist area. This view was supported by the stakeholders, e.g. Friends of the Xai-Xai Praia Association.Development control measures should be simple and easy to implement. A board consisting ofmembers of the Ministry of tourism, the municipality and the residents’ organisation should beestablished to consider building and site development plans. These plans should be submittedin order to evaluate their impact on neighbouring properties and on the natural environment, aswell as to evaluate whether the plans are in accordance with the current character of the area.The development controls consist of building controls and architectural considerations. Theseare meant as guidelines for the development and evaluation of development’s suitability.Although being only guidelines, discrepancies should be evaluated with circumspection. Theobjectives of the building codes and guidelines are not to make all the houses in the areauniform, but primary to protect the public and common interests, as well as to avoid possibleconflicts between the concession owners.General Guidelines for Residential AreasHeight restrictions: Houses can have a basement, ground and the first floor, and attic. Therooftop should not exceed 9 meters from the ground floor level. Theground floor level is defined as the average height of the natural terrainof the site.Auxiliary structures: Auxiliary structures, such as garage, storage spaces, etc. should, inprincipal, be attached to the main structure. If detached, the building linerule should be applied.Fencing:Fences can be erected around each lot. Transparent fences arerecommended, such as a low hedge. The neighbours should agree onthe type of the fence separating their lots.Green space: Areas of the lot with a slope steeper than 1:4 should be retained in theirnatural state.Landscaping: Landscaping on the site should mainly consist of indigenous plants.Low density residential areasMinimum stand size: The minimum stand size is 1000m2 with a minimum street frontage of25m.Coverage:The built area on the ground floor (including covered areas on an upperfloor) should not exceed 25 % of the lot surface. The built area of theauxiliary structures is included in this.Floor area ratio: The floor area ratio of the total buildings should not exceed 0,5. Thefloor area at the attic should not exceed 50 % of the ground floorcoverage.Building lines: All built structures should not be built closer than 5 meters to the lotboundaries (this includes auxiliary structures). It is recommendedbuildings be removed at least 10 meters from the street boundary.

FAO-MICOA-PAP/RACPHYSICAL PLAN - Xai-Xai IDPConsolidation: It is possible to consolidate two to three basic lots. In such a case, theabove rules should also be applied to the enlarged lot.No. of units per lot: Only one residential unit should be allowed per lot. Special applicationhas to be made to increase this number.Subdivision of lots: Lots should not be subdivided.Medium density residential areasMinimum stand size: The minimum stand size is 500m2 with a minimum street frontage of15m. Stand size can vary between 500m2 and 1000m2.Coverage:The built area on the ground floor (including covered areas on an upperfloor) should not exceed 30 % of the lot surface. The built area of theauxiliary structures is included in this.Floor area ratio: The floor area ratio of the total buildings should not exceed 0,5. Thefloor area at the attic should not exceed 50 % of the ground floorcoverage.Building lines: All built structures should not be built closer than 3 meters to the lotboundaries (this includes auxiliary structures). This can be reduced to0m on one side with permission of the relevant authority. Buildingsshould be 5m removed from the street boundary.Consolidation: It is possible to consolidate two to three basic lots. In such a case theabove rules should also be applied to this enlarged lot.No. of units per lot: Only one residential unit should be allowed per lot. Special applicationhas to be made to increase this number. Application can be made forcluster housing with a density of 20 units per hectare.Subdivision of lots: Lots can be subdivided to a minimum size of 500m2 per stand.Tourist complexesHeightHeight is restricted to ground floor and maximum two storeys.Buildings should not be higher than 60m above sea level.ServicingServicing should be secured from backset or lateral roads.Parking should be provided on the siteDensity:High intensity tourist Maximum density: 100-200 beds per hectarecomplexesMedium intensity Maximum density: Less than 100 beds per hectaretourist complexesCamping and Maximum density: 20 units per hectare, but the specific density must bebungalowsdetermined by an EIA.Architecture: Rural and traditional architecture consisting of natural materials will beallowed‘Urban’ sections of the promenade• The features of the buildings next to the promenade should address the publicity ofthe promenade and be complementary to the activities taking place on thepromenade. It should define the private/public interface and interact with the publicspace of the promenade.• Where possible visual permeability or linkages on various levels should be createdbetween the building and the promenade.81

Xai-Xai IDP – PHYSICAL PLANFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA• In order to retain the building heritage of Xai-Xai and the general appearance of theexisting resort it is recommended that at least the front of the site on the promenadeshould be developed with a solid facade including modern architectural and colonialelements. It should be characteristic of the intensive urban area around thepromenade. Neither face brick, nor wood structures would be allowed.• No walls should be erected between the building and the promenade.Architectural ConsiderationsThe majority of the development in Xai-Xai Praia took place in the colonial period in the sixties.There is ample evidence of the influence of the modern architectural style of that period,particularly on public buildings. It is evident that the work of Le Corbusier and other leadingarchitects of modern style inspired the architecture of these solid concrete structures. Thearchitectural style of the Church, the Belvedere, the Gasoline station and the Post Office isdefined with a bold use of concrete elements such as staggered and inclined roof shells,inclined pillars or orthogonal structured openings. The less prestigious public buildings andmajority of the residential houses are built in the same style but with dominant simple prismaticvolumes, sometimes fractured but well composed and provided with relatively large andirregularly placed openings. The predominantly white faces of the buildings contribute to thepleasant image of these structures in the evergreen landscape of Xai-Xai Beach.Due to the architectural heritage of Xai-Xai Beach, it is recommended that future architecturefollow the above-identified values of the architectural heritage. It is not the intention to suggestthe repetition of the modern style, but to reach the same quality values. In order to give somebasic guidelines the following is recommended to be applied in future residential housingdesign:• The main structure is preferred to be built of solid material (concrete and concreteblocks);• The dominant colour of house facades should be white;• The roofs could be flat, shallow inclined (gentle sloping) or combined with preferredneutral colours;• Massive single volumes should be avoided;• Light structures resembling local rural architecture could be applied in someauxiliary structures, basically detached from the main house, such as porches,shades, etc.;• Windows should be defined by a protruding frame;• Fences fronting on the street could be developed as semi-transparent structureswith a solid low concrete base wall and steel bars in the upper part or as lowhedges; and• Structures that belong to rural and game reserve areas, e.g. lodges should beavoided and structures that are more common in intensive coastal areas arepreferred.Vegetation• A detailed site investigation has to be done for all development cells with a view topreserving maximum vegetation and integrating it into the design;• Dense vegetation and slopes should be respected;• Areas higher than sixty meters above sea level should not be developed butretained as open space;• The indigenous vegetation cover on the building sites, particularly at the edges oflots, along the streets and within the public areas should be preserved as much aspossible;• Only decorative plants that do not pose a threat to indigenous vegetation should beallowed and only on a limited scale in public areas; and82

FAO-MICOA-PAP/RACPHYSICAL PLAN - Xai-Xai IDP• Public areas should be planted with mostly indigenous species and if other plantsare used, it should be in a way which is sensitive towards the indigenous species.Plants with a low maintenance should be used so as not to waste precious publicfunds. These areas should serve as an example for the planting of private lots.Compliance with development controlsThe local authority is obliged to evaluate development and take adequate steps to enforcepreviously imposed requirements and building codes. They should make sure that onedeveloper must respect the rights of other developers and not infringe on the value of theirproperty.3.9.4 Implementation Framework with Regard to ConcessionsExisting concessionsAll concessions where construction has not started should be re-evaluated. Concessionaireswho did not start development in their sites should be forced to submit financial plans,development proposal and time schedules for development by a certain date. If this is not done,their concession should be loosed and re-allocated through the same process as newconcession. The submissions should be evaluated as to financial capacity to develop the land,suitability of proposal and reasonable time frame. Should the proposal not be sufficient theconcessionaire will have to resubmit. The development of sites should be monitored withregards to compliance with proposals and time schedule. Should a concessionaire not developwithin the given time frame, concession would be loosed.It is the responsibility of the local authorities to reassess the given concessions, establishappropriate circumstances for construction and, if developers are not able to satisfyrequirements within a reasonable timeframe, to reassign the concessions to other developers.New concessionsThe process of consigning new concessions should be done through public meetings andadvertisements and should be based on clearly defined requirements and budget estimates.Most favourable bidders will receive a concession. The value of the land, as well as acontribution for infrastructure development should be added to the price of the concessions,that is the price for a concession should be market related.Until now, concessions were given without specific requirements regarding funding ordevelopment of particular infrastructure. In future developers would have to constructinfrastructure and contribute to waste, roads, water and electricity. This is necessary as theservices are to the advantage of the developers. With regards to bulk service networks andfacilities and contribution to the capital investment, this funding and implementation should befacilitated by government, semi-government or a private agency.The local authority should provide individual developers with adequate infrastructure projects,cost estimates and their share in funding infrastructure. They are also obliged to adequatelyorganise development of infrastructure and guarantee its development within a given time andbudgetary framework.3.9.5 The Way ForwardThe next steps regarding the physical planning and design should be addressed primarily asfollows:• Upgrade Land use and action plan of the Xai-Xai Beach core area, developmentcells T2 and P2;• Design the projects for upgrading the existing and new segments of Promenade, inparticular Cells P2 to P5;• Develop the projects for main centres at Xai-Xai Beach and Praia do Alho;• Develop the Detailed plan for the upgrading of Macamwine and Chinguine villagesincluding new development zones;83

Xai-Xai IDP – PHYSICAL PLANFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA• Develop the plan for the protected dune hills area aiming at rehabilitation of thedeteriorated areas and designating the paths and areas to be used by localpopulation and visitors; and• Elaborate development programmes and where appropriate detailed plans for CellsT3, T4, T5, T6 and Sport Centre cell.3.10 Summary of the Development PotentialsSummary of the development cells potentials are given in Table 10 that follows.Table 10Summary of the Development Cells PotentialsArea - Development Cell -Segment – SectionAreain haHotelBedsResidents/GuestCampVisitorsVillageresidentsPraia VelhaXai-Xai BeachCell T1T1-1 20.5 - 1,000 -T1-2 49.5 - 2,000 -Cell P1 P1 11.4 - - -Cell T2 T2 29.3 150 1,700 -Cell P2 P2 15.3 500 200 -Above the CampsiteCamp site50/500concessionsCamp Site to Praiado AlhoPraia do AlhoPraia doChongoeneCell T3Lower 19.2 500 - 500Upper 18.3 - 1,000 -Cell P3 P3 21.5 200 200 -Cell T4T4-1 49.0 1,500 - -T4-2 47.5 - 2,000 -Cell P4 P4 27.2 - - -Cell T5T5-1 39.7 400 400 250T5-2 71.0 600 1,500 250Cell P5 P5 22.5 - - -Cell T6Front 45.2 1,000 - -Back 63.8 - 1,000 -Cell P6 P6 18.5 - - -Sports CentreCell SLower 42.0 150 - -Upper 40.7 - -Macamwine V1 25.7 - 2,500Chinunguine V2 25.8 - 2,500New Area V3 76.7 - 2,000Chongoene V4 99.0 - 1,000Total 5,000 11,000 1,000 8,000Grand Total 25,00084

4. TRANSPORTATION PLANNINGAND ROADS4.1 Transportation PlanningThis chapter covers the transportation aspects of the Xai-Xai Beach IDP. The recognition of thetransportation needs of the community and stakeholders in the Xai-Xai coastal zone forms thebasis for the design of appropriate transportation systems. Failure to provide sufficient transportinfrastructure or services will lead to uncontrolled settlement and accesses, which can lead tothe destruction of sensitive areas. This transportation assessment was based on observationsand through participation in the planning process. The assessment is mainly conceptual, exceptwith respect to route determinations done in Praia Velha Demonstration Project area and alongthe backset distributor road. The focus of the roads planning was to contribute to the physicaldevelopment framework.Proposals with respect to funding of road construction will be discussed under the institutionalframework. The cost of road construction was based on unit rates used by the provincial roadsmaintenance department in 1998. Road construction cost is very high due to the poor quality oflocal construction material.4.1.1 Environmental ConsiderationsThe environmental impact of development was a serious concern throughout the planning. Theimpact of roads is specifically important, as roads open up the area and change drainagepatterns. The geology of the area is recent sands, formed into dunes under maritime influence.The dunes are orientated perpendicular to the coast, resulting in steep valleys with depressionsas low as 2m above sea level and dune crests as high as 126m above sea level. The dunesperpendicular to the sea, allow some possible routes from the inland, but limit routes parallel tothe coast. The topography of the coastal dunes is not very suitable to development, as many ofthe slopes are too steep for building and roads will have to cut through the dunes. The exposeddune sand is unstable and prone to wind erosion. The implication for roads planning is thatdesign standards must be restricted to fit the horizontal and vertical alignments to the naturalconstraints. Routes should follow contours as far as possible and where slopes are required,the route must follow natural slopes of acceptable gradients. The natural vegetation must beretained as far as possible during construction of roads and slopes resulting from cut and filloperations revegetated. Storm water runoff from roads must be channelled in side drains toavoid erosion and weakening of the sub grade. Storm water is absorbed into the sand oraccumulated in the natural depressions. This drainage patterns should be left as undisturbed aspossible. The area is subject to cyclone conditions. Final design of drainage must take this intoaccount.4.1.2 Transportation PlanningTransportation planning, including the evaluation of alternative solutions and proposals oninfrastructure and services, in the context of this project was taken to be the determination ofthe mobility needs of the community within the proposed development framework. The planningis based on extensions of existing patterns. The planning gives possible scenarios for the futureand is not tied to a specific time or investment framework. It is not a set of decisions, butprovides input into the decision making process.85

Xai-Xai IDP – TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND ROADSFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAThe road proposals were developed in conjunction with the spatial planning framework andrelate to the developable areas along the coastal dunes. These proposals aim to balance theecological impact of roads and access with the need to order the development pressure in thearea.Transportation needsTransportation needs can be estimated for groups or stakeholders within the community havingsimilar transportation demands. The primary groups are the subsistence farmers, woodcollectors and charcoal producers, scholars, informal traders, daily commuters between the Xai-Xai town and the Xai-Xai Beach residential area, weekend commuters, long-distance publictransport users, holiday visitors and tourists.Subsistence farmers have seasonal transportation needs related to obtaining means ofproduction and distribution of surpluses. The light goods vehicles that are converted to publictransport vehicles, also serve the freight transport in the off peak periods.Wood collectors and charcoal producers travel from town to the beach areas where woodsources have not been diminished. Transport is often provided by their employer, whotransports bundled wood and sacks of charcoal back to the town or distribution points along theroads. Additional roads will increase the ease of penetration into the dune vegetation and anecological program must be put in place with the road construction program to control thecollection of wood and harvesting of charcoal within the dunes protected area.Pedestrians, a large proportion being scholars, use the road shoulders. The adequatemaintenance of this infrastructure is required to avoid pedestrians walk on the road surface.Daily commuters travel to town from the beach residential area in private vehicles as individualsor in lift clubs. The low car ownership prevails in the area and the commuting movement onlyresults in low volumes of traffic.Weekend commuters work in urban centres such as Maputo and return home over weekends.They make use of the bus services running along the main route between Maputo and the northand the service between the town and the beach.Holiday visitors and tourists use private transport, often towing caravans or trailers, or touristbuses and safari vehicles. These transport users normally require a high level of service andfacilities.Existing Transport Infrastructure and ServicesThe existing transportation system is primarily roads based. Pedestrians use the road shouldersas facilities to walk and wait for public transport. Cycling was observed on the roads, but thismode of transport is not significant. Motorcycles are fairly numerous around the towns. Roadsafety for motor cyclists is not enforced as a serious issue, as no helmets are required. Roadsafety on the main route to the north, as manifested by the number of vehicle wrecks along theroad, is problematic. This may be ascribed to the relative narrow roadway, ageing vehicle fleetand vehicles that are not roadworthy. Night driving appears to be especially dangerous due toanimals on the roads and vehicles without proper lights. The secondary roads, carrying lesstraffic, do not exhibit the same frequency of wrecks. The average daily traffic, according to theprovincial road maintenance engineer, on the road between the town and the beach isapproximately 500 vehicles per day.Sea travel is restricted to fishing and pleasure cruises. The local fishing industry is limited to skiboats launching off the beach. This is not considered a mobility need, though the provision ofparking facilities and access to the beach is addressed.Air travel is not yet an important mode of travel to Xai-Xai and the nearest landing strip is in thevicinity of the Xai-Xai town. Air travel may become an important travel mode for tourists if thearea develops in a major tourist destination. No investigation was necessary with respect to apossible location of a landing strip in the environmentally sensitive coastal dune area, as theXai-Xai airstrip could serve efficiently the beach area.86

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOATRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND ROADS - Xai-Xai IDPRoadsPraia Xai-Xai is linked to the town of Xai-Xai by means of a typical district road. The distancebetween these two centres is approximately 10 km. The road is provided with a 6m widebitumen and stone (chip and spray) surface seal and is in a fair condition. Pedestrians use roadshoulders. Informal trading facilities and taxi stops occur next to the road at settlements.The internal circulation of Praia Xai-Xai is provided from a circle route with several gravel localroads leading from this bitumen sealed road. The circle route is in a bad condition with severalpotholes and insufficient drainage. A serious slip was occurring on the coastal section of theroad, behind which was the old Boy’s Scouts hostel in 1998. The gravel local roads aregenerally in a very bad state, with sandbanks, potholes and lacking drainage.The gravel parking area in front of Halley’s Hotel is not properly drained and shaped. This areais used as the local bus terminus. No supporting facilities are provided. The parking area isavailable at the bottom of the central stairway serving the central beach area.Public and Private TransportMost of the movement between the Xai-Xai town and Beach is by private vehicles, belonging topeople who work in the town and stay in the beach area. The peak of this movement takesplace in the morning and evening.Buses and converted light goods vehicles provide public transport. Bus transport services aredeviations of regional bus services between Maputo and the north. Two buses per day aredirectly linking Maputo and Xai-Xai Beach. Light goods vehicles (delivery vehicles) with plasticcanopies transport passengers (standing if the vehicle is full) between the beach and the town.This service is for local passengers going to town, as well as bringing people from the town toharvest wood in the dune areas. The terminal facilities are located at the entrance to Praia Xai-Xai, where some informal trading is also located.Non-Motorised ModesWalking and cycling were observed as non-motorised modes of transport. Walking is restrictedto between scattered villages along the route to town as well as internal circulation. A largenumber of motorcycles were observed in the town. Only a few animal drawn vehicles wereobserved along the main roads.4.2 Transportation System ProposalsThe transportation system will, for the foreseeable future, be road based. Routes must open upthe area for development as envisaged in the framework and should be conveniently situated tocater for vehicular and non-motorised transport modes.4.2.1 Network ProposalsThe coastal management development framework aims to strike a balance between theprotection and preservation of sensitive coastal environments, and development pressure withconcomitant access requirements. The land-use and environmental suitability analysis definedthe areas that can be opened up for development. The road network proposals are aimed atproviding access in a defined hierarchy of routes. The existing layout of Xai-Xai Beach isapplied as a pattern to maintain some theme in the development layout, within the constraintsof the topography and road standards.4.2.2 Classification of RoadsA four-class system was used in the network evaluation, as described in Table 11 below.87

Xai-Xai IDP – TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND ROADSFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOATable 11Classification of RoadsRoad classFunction(I) District road Provide mobility between the activity centres such as the town and beach areas.Runs perpendicular to the coast.(II)(III)DistributorroadCollectorroadLink district roads. Runs parallel to the coast.Links local roads to distributor roads.(IV) Local road Provides access to lots.(I) District roadsThe existing roads between the Xai-Xai town and Xai-Xai Praia, as well as the road betweenthe national road and the Hotel Chongoene, are classified as district roads (I). These roads runperpendicular to the coast, between the beach and the main inland national road. Care must beexercised to protect these roads from informal and unsafe direct accesses by providing wellspacedand visible intersection roads. Pedestrian walkways and public transport facilities mustalso be provided near settlements.(II) Distributor roadsThe distributor road links the district roads and runs parallel to the coast. No distributor roadsexisted in 1998. Three alternatives were investigated: a) a coastal alignment between the beachand the dunes; b) an inland alignment along the barrier lakes valley separating the dunetopography from the inland; and, c) a backset alignment.a) The continuous coastal alignment was rejected because of the higherenvironmental impact, the separation of inland development from the beach areaand traffic disruption of the promenade. Sections of such an alignment had to beutilised in the vicinity of the existing development in Xai-Xai Beach, because accessis already provided off these sections.b) The inland alignment is geometrically feasible and it was thought to be designed ata later stage. For the present project, this alignment would not serve the proposeddevelopable areas directly as a distributor road and cost would be high to link theproposed developments with the inland route.c) The backset alignment was investigated as it runs on the inland edge of thedevelopable area and thus defines this edge. It can be constructed in stages as thedemand for land grows. No direct access to any individual properties should begiven to this road. Only collector road or access roads from mayor concession areamay intersect with it. This road will be designed for mobility and regional access,thus requiring relatively high design standards. However, the steep slopes on thedunes will constrain the design with respect to gradients and sight distance andnecessitate careful siting of intersecting roads. The main advantage of the backsetroad is that it will not be visible from the beach area as it is often behind dunes andthe height of the beach dunes cuts off the line of sight to the developments on thedune plateau.The coastal section from Xai-Xai Beach to the east is at present served by a coastal road. Theexisting development along this strip is dependent on this access and will be until access fromthe inland is available. The area through which this route goes is already spoilt and partiallydeveloped. It is proposed that this coastal road is upgraded in the short term as distributorroute, but it must be relocated towards the dunes to free the beach area and promenade fromtraffic. This will avoid pedestrians crossing the road on the way to the beach from, for example,the Caravan Park. This road must not be continuous along the beach and is shown to link up88

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOATRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND ROADS - Xai-Xai IDPwith the regional distributor road. Direct access from this road should be limited to a few largedevelopments.(III) Collector roadsThese roads are shown as links between the regional distributor road and the traffic circles asfocus of each of the developable areas. From these circles they encompass the developableareas, some linking with the coastal road where possible. In the existing Xai-Xai Beach,collector roads run from the big circle toward Praia Velha to the west. Access can be providedfrom the collector road, but due care must be exercised with respect to sight distances.(IV) Local roadsLocal roads to give access to each concession or lot were not shown for the developable areasin the framework plan. This will depend on the shape and format of the concessions and mustbe done at detail design stage. The local roads for Praia Velha area are elaborated indicated aspart of Praia Velha Detailed Plan serving as a Demonstration Project.4.2.3 Rehabilitation of Existing RoadsThe rehabilitation of the existing circle road in Xai-Xai Beach requires urgent attention as amajor slip is developing in the coastal section due to blocked and broken drainage. Drainage ingeneral need attention as many drains are blocked or insufficient. Shoulder (edge) break iscommon on the sealed roads. The bitumen seal at the entrance is breaking up, especially onthe inside, which was added later. The local gravel roads in the residential area and the roadtowards Halley’s Hotel must be re-gravelled, shaped and maintained to serviceable standards.The parking area in front of Halley’s Hotel should be levelled and paved to avoid standingwater. This can be done in phases, focusing on the immediate needs, seasonal needs and thenlong- term needs. A clear distinction must be drawn between the through movement, circulationand parking. This rehabilitation action should be undertaken on the basis of urban designproject which should also propose sites for other needed activities in the area, such as bus andtaxi stop, information agency, park surfaces, etc.4.2.4 Public Transport Facilities and ServicesThe regional bus service stops at Halley’s Hotel. Proper facilities for the bus, such as parkingbays, shelters, benches and ablutions are needed.The local public transport stops at the circle at the entrance to Xai-Xai Beach. Provision shouldbe made for stopping bays, as the gravel shoulders are damaged where vehicles pull off.Shelters and ablutions are needed.The need for public transport services and mechanism to supply these services must beinvestigated further. At present, the entrepreneurial spirit of the local community, in the form ofconverted goods vehicles, serves the local needs at an acceptable level of service. Thisapproach is sustainable, though traffic safety is compromised. If the Praia Xai-Xai areadevelops in future, the local community should benefit from the employment opportunities. Theemployment should be within walking distance from local residential areas.In the mature phase of resort development a non-polluting vehicle for public transport should beinvestigated targeting tourist and residential population along the 8 to 10 kilometres lengthPromenade.4.2.5 Roads Layouts per Development CellsCell T1: Praia VelhaThe previously awarded concessions and the topography of the area between Wenela Houseand the existing Xai-Xai Beach dictated the road layout in this cell. Local roads serve theresidential area. The first road leads from the bigger circle in Xai-Xai Beach and is terminatedtowards the east to discourage through traffic. The second road serves lots to the rear and linksto a collector road that follows the existing road to Wenela House. A short section of road89

Xai-Xai IDP – TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND ROADSFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAserves the parking area in the eastern section while existing houses are served from adiscontinuous road along the top of the beach dunes. A feeder road serves lots along the lastdune on the western side. Wenela House is also linked into this layout. A backset road is shownat the boundary of the developable area, from where future layout can be served.Cell T2: Praia Xai-XaiThe existing development provides a framework for the layout of other cells. The basic roadlayout is not changed, but if the local roads are upgraded, some of the access points on thecircle route must be investigated for possible closure as some are not necessary and some joinin positions where there may be insufficient sight distance.Cell T3: Above the existing camp siteThis valley will be served by the backset road in future, but access can be provided from thecoastal road passing Halley’s Hotel initially. The basic layout is taken from the existing Xai-Xaicircle. The collector roads run along the sides of the valley to serve developable areas. Thedepression in the centre of the valley must be protected for a storm water retention pond. A golfcourse is proposed to the rear of the cell and can be designed around the backset distributorroad and the collector road. The eastern leg of the collector road will not connect on the coastaldistributor road due to steep gradients and to discourage traffic along the beach.Cell T4: Concessions 50/500Concessions have been allocated over most of this area. Initial access can be provided fromthe coastal road along the alignment of the collector road until the backset distributor road isconstructed. As in Cell T3, only the western leg of the collector road can link to the beach, asthe eastern leg ends on a high dune. The collector roads serve the perimeter of the cell tomaximise coverage, while local roads will provide access to lots. The area has a number ofdepressions, which must be protected from storm water retention.Cell T5: Praia do AlhoThe coastal road turns inland through this cell and links with the backset distributor road. Thisopens the area up and allows collector roads to link up along the road. The area is also alreadydivided into concessions along the beach and further areas for tourism and residentialdevelopment is made accessible. Some steep gradient will occur on local roads and high dunesmust be protected from denudation.Cell T6: Praia do ChongoeneThe topography of the dunes east of the Hotel Chonguene is more broken towards the beachand allows a collector road along the back of the coastal dunes. The beach area must beprotected from roads. The area between the road and the beach is made accessible for tourismbut is too narrow and sensitive for residential development. Residential development can belocated inland of the collector road and local roads can give access to lots.4.3 Road Design and Construction Standards4.3.1 Design StandardsLocal design standards for district road were used as guidelines. The restrictive topography andsensitive dune environment were taken into account in restricting design standards to theminimum for road safety and functionality.Cross-sectionThe district road cross section containing a 6m roadway was used for all the distributors andcollector roads. The road reserve width will vary in relation to earthworks (toe-lines of cuts andfills), but should not be less than 25m. The local road cross section was also based on a 6mroadway, but in a 12m-road reserve, with side slopes allowed to enter into the concessionwhere deep cuts and high fills occur. Services, such as water and electricity were assumed to90

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOATRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND ROADS - Xai-Xai IDPbe in the road reserve, while sewerage (if provided) was assumed to run mid block. A typicalcross section is shown in Figure 1 that follows.Figure 1TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONCUT 1,5m 3m 3m 1,5m FILLSIDESLOPESHOULDERROADWAYSHOULDERSIDESLOPEDrainageThe sandy dune material drains very quickly and the existing district road between the town andthe beach has not drainage culverts under the roadway. Natural depressions serve as sumpsfor storm water runoff. This approach was also adopted where possible. The detail design mustreview the drainage approach based on better information on the material and natural groundlevels.Design speedThe design speeds on the distributor and collector roads were taken as 60 km/h as these roadsserve short distance traffic in a coastal resort setting. The design speeds on local roads weretaken as 40 km/h.GradientsThe high dunes dictate that either steep gradients or deep cuts and high fill is constructed. Asthe sand lacks cohesion and is prone to wind erosion after denudation, the design option ofsteep gradients (maximum 15% for short sections) was chosen for the route determination. Thefinal design must review this option when more accurate surveys and geotechnical informationare available.Pavement designThe local pavement design for district roads consists of formed and compacted sub grade,200mm selected sub-base, 150mm cemented base and double bitumen seal (see Figure 2below). This pavement design should be the basis of the detail pavement design for distributorand collector roads, as the local road maintenance teams are geared to maintain these roads.The structural requirement in terms of traffic loading may reduce some layer thickness to150mm.91

Xai-Xai IDP – TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND ROADSFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAFigure 2Double sealsurfacingBase course:Sand + 6% cementSub-base course:CBR > 45%TYPICAL PAVEMENT DESIGNCROSS SECTION19mm and 8,5 mmstone150 mm thick200 mm thickSub-gradeCompaction 95%CBR > 30%In situ processing200 mm thickVariableThe pavement design for local roads should be based on a design for brick paving. A lightlycemented base may be required for structural strength, on a selected sub base.4.3.2 Construction and Construction MaterialsConstruction cost was obtained from the provincial roads department. The rates are based oncurrent internal rehabilitation rates and may be conservative for a large contract whereeconomy of scale comes to play. However, the risk to a contractor may result in high rates. Thecost estimate of USD $470,900 for the 3.37 km of Praia Velha internal roads gives a cost perkm of US$ 141,157, which can be rounded off to US$150,000 per km.Construction materialsThe available material for road construction is sand. The soil consists of red and white sands.Both types are very fine (up to 25% of the material is finer than 75 micron). The plasticity indexof the material is in the order of 10, indicating no cohesion. It is prone to wind and water erosionif exposed and is highly permeable.The dunes consist of either white sand or red sand. The latter has some cohesion (PlasticityIndex of 7 to 12) and generally has a higher California Bearing Ratio than the white sand.Borrow pits are located along the district road between the town and the beach. By utilising theexisting borrow pits, the environmental impact is reduced and provision can be made to finishoff the borrow pits in an orderly manner. At present, some of the borrow pits are used asrubbish dumps.There is a total absence of local alternative construction materials. Coarse aggregate for sealsand concrete aggregate must be transported in from Maputo and is very expensive. Bitumen isavailable as by-product from fuel refinery, though transport cost may be significant.The use of paving bricks made for local sand and cement must be investigated as a means ofretaining income in the local community. Variations in colour and texture can be used toenhance the appearances and link with urban design elements.92

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOATRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND ROADS - Xai-Xai IDPLabour intensive constructionConstruction must be planned for high labour content in order to maximise the opportunities forthe local community. This includes training schemes, assistance in obtaining finance andequipment.Specific opportunities for labour intensive construction are found in the construction of localroads where the variability in material preparation is less critical, the construction of side drainsand paving. A patented system such as Hyson Cells can be used for side drains: this systemprovides a preformed cell structure that is filed with a sand-cement mix, resulting in asegmental slab with controlled cracking.Potential Demonstration projects emanating from roadsThe following projects can be developed into demonstration projects:Local roads in Xai-Xai Beach or Praia Velha: Manufacture of paving bricks from local materialand cement; Pre-forming of sub-grade by construction equipment; Transport of selected andbase course material from borrow pits by local contractors; Forming, mixing and compaction oflayers by local labour; Paving and drainage by local contractors.Parking area and public transport facilities at Halley’s Hotel: Manufacture of paving bricks fromlocal material and cement; Pre-forming of sub-grade by construction equipment; Transport ofselected and base course material from borrow pits by local contractors; Forming, mixing andcompaction of layers by local labour; Paving and drainage by local contractors.Promenade: Manufacture of coloured and textured paving bricks from local material andcement; Paving by local contractors.4.3.3 MaintenanceThe design and construction of all the roads must be done with a predetermined maintenancepolicy in mind to ensure that the correct trade off between initial construction cost andmaintenance is made over the life cycle of the road. If no maintenance is planned, and the roadis to maintain serviceability, a stronger initial construction is needed.93

Xai-Xai IDP – TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND ROADSFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA94

5. INFRASTRUCTUREPRELIMINARY PROJECTSIt is important to remain focussed on the purpose of development of the Xai-Xai coastal area,namely to provide a safe secure and healthy environment where development of the touristindustry can proceed. In this regard, a high standard of services for water, sewerage and wastedisposal is essential. These must meet and be seen to meet international standards without anydeviation. Tourism requires expensive investment by developers and they will only be attractedby a safe secure environment.5.1 Water SupplyThe aim of this report is to provide a framework for the development of a practical and workablesystem of water supply and waste disposal. Although variations of scale can be expected,because of different rates of growth, financial and other constraints, etc. it is important thatdevelopment adheres to the framework by building reservoirs at one level, keeping sewageseepage off the lagoon by avoiding the old septic tank systems, etc.If development will not be restricted, it will be expensive and difficult to promote it, because thewater to supply is polluted, or insufficient, or at the wrong pressure; sewerage and wastedisposal will also pollute; and standards for health will not be met, especially for internationaltourists adjacent coastal development along 11 km between Xai-Xai Beach and Chongoene.The area consists of lovely beaches and lagoons protected by reefs with heavily bushedsandhills stretching far into the hinterland. It is relatively sparsely populated with somerebuilding of houses and hotels which have been largely abandoned and demolished since the1970s.Following the proposals of the Physical Plan, the likely existing and future water demand to begenerated, is planned to be cross examined and integrated within the IDP. This in turn willgenerate sewerage flows, which will have to be catered for, as well as solid waste materialrequiring disposal.5.1.1 Existing System at Xai-Xai BeachFresh water abounds in the dense sands and is drawn through a number of existing wells bothprivate and public. The main water supply for Xai-Xai Beach is pumped from a well on publicland about 100m north-west of the old hotel in the centre of the town. The new water meter onthe electric pump registered 20m 3 per hour into a 75 mm galvanised steel rising main some450m long to a reservoir on the top of the hill. The reservoir is roofed and is in operation but ina poor state of repair. It is 5m in diameter and 2m deep with a capacity of approximately 40m 3 .From the reservoir the water is led to the town through a reticulation system installed in the60’s. We requested the Engineer’s Department to investigate the condition of the reticulation byexcavating and exposing the pipe, especially the fittings at bends and interconnections. Pastexperience has shown that galvanised fittings are likely to have corroded through in places so itwas expected that the system had serious leakage problems although these would be difficultto discern from the surface as water will seep underground in the sandy soil.The shortcomings of the existing system are as follows:95

Xai-Xai IDP – INFRASTRUCTURE PRELIMINARY PROJECTSFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOASupply WellThe supply well is situated in the middle of a built-up area some 30m from a newly renovatedtoilet block, which discharges via a septic tank into a soakaway. There is a risk of pollution andsteps should be taken to monitor water quality and to minimise the pollution risk. This problemwill get more severe as water consumption increases and also as a number of tourists increaseand the toilet block becomes more heavily loaded.PumpStandby pumping is required in case of pump failure, as well as an auxiliary generator in caseof power failure. During a storm at the end of July 1998 the power was interrupted for 16 hoursand intermittently thereafter for shorter periods. The supply of water to the town was interruptedfor almost two days over this period.Pumping MainDelivery to reservoir must be checked against the meter to determine if 20m 3 /hour is reallybeing delivered. The 75 mm dia pumping main is on the small side for such volumes whichgenerate velocities in excess of 1,2m/second.ReservoirStorage is much too small for pumping rates of 20m 3 /hour representing only 2 hours storage atthis rate (40m 3 ). Moreover, projected water consumption can be expected to reach 400m 3 /day(see Annex I) within a year or two if rehabilitation of existing houses and development continuesand if water is made available to the existing inland villages as required. Storage should beprovided for 48 hours being standard practice for a pumped supply system, which equates to aminimum of 800m 3 (not 40m 3 as at present). In addition, the old reservoir is built with a topwater level of only 60m which is too low to supply much of the adjacent area.ReticulationReticulation was believed to be leaking badly and may have to be replaced in part or in itsentirety. However, brief initial investigations on 21 September allowed the reticulation to beinspected at six points, two of which exhibited dampness with minor weeping of water (notserious) while one leak in the pavement next to the hotel was more serious. Pipes exposedwere a mixture of asbestos cement, galvanised iron and uPVC.The condition of the reticulation may, therefore, not be as bad as first thought and newconnections should continue to be made to serve rehabilitated or new residences. No plans areavailable so the strength of the reticulation is uncertain. Therefore, the reticulation should beexposed on a systematic basis and proper plans prepared. This will enable the system to bechecked for leaks and will enable the capacity of the system to the town to be calculated. In thepast, when the big hotel was operating, it had large storage tanks and its own well so placedproduced little load on the system. The hotel also had a large generator to provide standbypower for its pumps.Summary of Existing SystemsThe present system is in a poor condition and is unable to provide an assured water supply tothe town. The main problem is it has very little reservoir storage (only 5% of currentrequirements), it only has one pump dependent on an erratic electricity supply without standbypump or generator. Moreover the source of water is a well which risks pollution from nearbyseptic tanks or possible salt water contamination if over pumped (it is only 100m from the sea).Finally, the reticulation is old and uncertain and unlikely to be able to meet peak demands ifmajor hotels are to be built. There is also a risk of local pollution through possible contaminationon many occasions when the pipes stand empty when the pumps fail. The danger of pollutionthrough the reticulation is also increased because there is no system of chlorinating to treat thewater and protect against contamination and impurities.96

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAINFRASTRUCTURE PRELIMINARY PROJECTS - Xai-Xai IDP5.1.2 Water DemandThe projected demand for water based upon town planning development proposals drawn upby the team at the end of July 1998 is estimated as follows:Current Water Demandyear 1998 – 400 m 3 /dayIncreasing at 12% per annum for 20 years – year 2018 – 4000 m 3 /dayTable 12 details the makeup of the projected 20 year water demand at full development. Agrowth rate of 12% is not unusual in an area of rapid new development starting from a smallbase as may occur along this coast so planning for a water demand of 4000m 3 /day in 20 yearsto 25 years is considered quite reasonable. Projected growth over 20 years was indicatedgraphically at the Steering Committee meetings and in discussions and was accepted as thebasis for staged implementation of the water supply system.5.1.3 Method of Water Supply to be AdoptedIn order to meet this demand and to supply good pressure to proposed development along thecoast up to the 60m contour it is necessary to build new reservoirs at a common top water levelof 88m close to the areas of consumption. The elevation of 88m has been chosen as top waterlevel as there are a number of sites where reservoirs can conveniently be built at this elevationclose to the areas they serve. Placing all the storage at the same level allows interconnection ofdistribution systems between reservoirs without overflow problems, as well as economicalextension of the system over the years. Because the supply of water is from aquifers found inthe sand all along this coast the supply to reservoirs can be drawn from wells sited as requirednext to the reservoirs. Such wells should be carefully sited away from habitations to reduce thepossibility of pollution.A new water distribution system (reticulation) will be required to suit the new higher reservoirswith resulting higher pressures in pipelines. Reservoirs set at 88m top water level also coincidewith piping designed to work at this pressure as piping is designed in steps of 30m.Therefore, all pipes used in any future work should be able to work at 88m (being Class 9 uPVCor Class 18 in fibre cement). Galvanised or steel pipes and fittings subject to corrosion shouldnot be used.5.1.4 Future Well Reservoirs and ExtensionsAdditional hydrogeological testing needs to be undertaken to determine the optimum rate ofdraw off and the spacing of wells so that the existing fresh water aquifers are preserved withoutintrusion of either salt water or polluted water. The quality of water needs to be tested andmonitored. The Department of Public Works has provided the working team with initialhydrogeological data and reports which indicate that each well in the zones of fresh water nearthe coast can safely supply up to 80 m3/hour. Catchment areas and areas next to wells shouldalso be protected. Six future well sites have been identified, being three each at Xai-Xai andChongoene, and these should provide sufficient water for the next twenty years.Between Xai-Xai and ChongoeneVery little development has occurred along the coast between Xai-Xai Beach and Chongoeneand the little that has occurred can be supplied from local wells. These should, however, besited well away from any source of pollution especially septic tanks. We understand from thelocal doctor that there has already been one case of cholera at Xai-Xai, which could havearisen from drinking from a local well which has been polluted.At Chongoene itself there is an old well just above the hotel which contains water. It wouldappear that this well supplied the hotel in the past but it is no longer equipped with pump ormotor.99

Xai-Xai IDP – INFRASTRUCTURE PRELIMINARY PROJECTSFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAWe have, therefore, selected reservoir sites at level 88m to serve Chongoene and itssurroundings, as well as to feed back towards Xai-Xai to interconnect with this system set at thesame level. We have also identified three well sites to supply Chongoene reservoirs asdiscussed under item 3.4 Future Well Reservoirs and Extensions.5.1.5 SummaryIn conclusion:• The existing water supply system is uncertain and needs replacement. This watersupply is subject to potential pollution at source, as well as through leaking pipes.• The storage reservoir is too small and in a poor state of repair.• A new system is required and any work done in the future should allow for higherfuture pressures from reservoirs with a common top water level of 88m.• A phased construction programme can be put in place to suit the projected futuredemand for water.• It is emphasised that no future development can safely proceed at Xai-Xai without anew water supply system.• First priority is to build a new reservoir of 1 Ml capacity at the correct selected TopWater Level (TWL) 88 metres on the selected site north of Xai-Xai. At the sametime, the first of a series of three of four wells must be constructed and equippednorth of the reservoir and a pumping main laid to the reservoir. At the reservoir thewater supply should be chlorinated as protection against contamination. Also a trucksupply main must be constructed from the new reservoir to the town.• Because the pressure is too high for the existing reticulation the trunk main shouldfeed into the existing old reservoir which should be converted into a break pressuretank by installing a float control valve.• This will ensure a relatively secure water supply system to the town and localinadequacies in the distribution system (reticulation) can be attended to on an adhoc basis until the time comes for it to be extended with new high pressure pipes,as development demands. As an example the new development of 100 stands atPraia Velha should be supplied through a separate system of high pressure pipedconnected directly to the reservoir trunk main at full pressure from the new reservoirat TWL 88m.100

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAINFRASTRUCTURE PRELIMINARY PROJECTS - Xai-Xai IDPTable 12Water Demand for Existing and Proposed Future DevelopmentArea - Development Cell -Segment - SectionHotelBedsResidents/GuestCampVisitors/ VillageresidentsWaterdemandM 3 /dayPublicuseM 3 /dayCumulativeWaterdemandM 3 /dayRate per person M 3 /day 0,3 0,15 0,1/0,08Praia VelhaXai-Xai BeachAbove theCamp siteCamp site50/500concessionsCamp Site toPraia do AlhoPraia do AlhoPraia doChongoeneCell T1T1-1 - 1,000 - 150T1-2 - 2,000 - 300Cell P1 P1 - - - - 10 460Cell T2 T2 150 1,700 - 300Cell P2 P2 500 200 - 180 25 505Cell T3Lower 500 - 500 200Upper - 1,000 - 150Cell P3 P3 200 200 - 90 15 440Cell T4T4-1 1,500 - - 450T4-2 - 2,000 - 300Cell P4 P4 - - - - 20 770Cell T5T5-1 400 400 250 205T5-2 600 1,500 250 430Cell P5 P5 - - - - 25 660Cell T6 Front 1,000 - - 300Back - 1,000 - 150Cell P6 P6 - - - - 15 465Sports Centre Cell S Lower 150 - - 45Upper - - - 15 60Macamwine V1 2,500 200Chinunguine V2 2,500 200New Area V3 2,000 160Chongoene V4 1,000 80 640Sub Total 5,000 11,000 9,000TOTAL 25,000 4,000ESTIMATED CURRENT DEMAND IF ALL OCCUPIED IN 1998 400TOTAL PROJECTED WATER DEMAND WHEN AREA FULLY DEVELOPED IN 20 YEARS –YEAR 20184,000 m 3//dayThis translates to an equivalent population of some 25,000 persons during peak holiday periodsin the year 2018. Of these some 8,000 would be resident in the existing and new villages.101

Xai-Xai IDP – INFRASTRUCTURE PRELIMINARY PROJECTSFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA5.2 Sewerage5.2.1 Expected QuantitiesIn normal urban areas volumes of the order of 70% of water consumed finds its way back intothe sewers as wastewater. Along the coast with a narrow, widely dispersed pattern ofpopulation growth a smaller percentage is likely to be collected in sewers. On the basis ofprojected water consumption of 4000m3/day in about 20 years time the amount of waste waterlikely to reach the sewers can be expected to be of the order of 2500m3/day and we shouldplan accordingly.5.2.2 Method of CollectionBecause all sewerage drains downhill towards the sea the collection of sewerage along thecoast has always provided problems. With all the sewerage collecting at the same level, namelysea level, there is no fall available and the only way of moving waste water along the coast isusing a series of pump stations to lift the sewage artificially so it may drain along the coast.Such pump stations are expensive to build and operate and require careful expert maintenanceand uninterrupted power supplies. Under present conditions of development and reconstructionwith limited resources a series of pump stations are not regarded as a feasible solution.Sewers contain a mixture of liquid and solids and sewers, therefore, have to be laid at steepgrades of the order of 1 in 200 in order to provide self cleansing velocities of the order of0,7m/second minimum in the pipes.If, however, the sewerage is pre-treated to remove the solids lower velocities of flow would bepermissible and pipes could be laid at much flatter gradients, of the order of 1 in 1000 to1 in 1500 for 200 mm diameter pipes. This would allow sewerage to be transported along thecoast for up to 1,5 km with only 1m fall and would allow most of the areas of concentratedsewage flows from hotels or dense developments, such as camp sites, group housing, etc. tobe moved up or down the coast without pumping. Such a collecting sewer could also easily beutilised by all development on the hills above it.On this basis a sewer could be laid from the existing hotel east of the town past the central areaand the old existing hotel and proposed new hotel to a point opposite Praia Velha where it coulddrain into the sea beyond the reef. Eventually, in years to come, sewerage could be treated onland before sea discharge by introducing one pump station and treatment facilities. The extentof such treatment will be determined by both quantities and the effectiveness of dispersion anddilution in the sea at the discharge point. In other words, the system could be improved on anadd-on basis as required without having to abandon or lose the benefit of any of the originalpipe system.5.2.3 Pre-treatmentInitially all pre-treatment could be in the form of suitably sized septic tanks with a minimumretention period of 24 hours each. Tanks to be fitted with a filter device to preclude solids fromentering the system. The only pumping or mechanical plant required would be a vacuum tankerto empty septic tanks occasionally as required and to transport the residual solids and sludge toa properly managed and designed land disposal area. A specialised team could be trained tooperate and maintain the vacuum tanker and equipment and to dispose of the sludge.In the case of the larger sources of waste water, such as hotels, more sophisticated pretreatmentpackage plants could be installed such as totally enclosed biodisk plants, etc. Againthe plant would have to operate so only liquid was discharged into the sewer pipes.5.2.4 Assessment of PossibilitiesIt is noted that further research will be required to check levels and position a possible collectingsewer laid at flat grades. A survey technician is to made available by the Xai-Xai Water Sectionto do surveys in mid September 1998. Also to be investigated is the best position for an outfallsewer into the sea near Praia Velha.102

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAINFRASTRUCTURE PRELIMINARY PROJECTS - Xai-Xai IDPSites for possible development for sewerage treatment have been identified in both the westand central areas and these can be further investigated once the level and possible position ofthe collecting sewers along the coast have been more accurately determined.These possibilities may be summed up as follows:• Again it must be emphasised that it is necessary to avoid the old methods ofdischarging sewerage into the sand along the beach. Such methods will result inserious pollution of the lagoon with time as seepage through the sand takes placeand this is unacceptable to tourists of the future;• Any hotel development or major source of sewerage will have to allow for pretreatmentand construction costs for part of the sewer necessary to discharge to thesea;• We consider that the basis for a sensible pragmatic solution exists which can beadapted and applied as development takes place. This requires better definition bycareful investigation and checking details on site. It is also necessary to define thesystem on plans so that future development can take place in positions and at levelsto suit.5.2.5 Preliminary Sewage ProjectsDescription of ProjectsAt present, there is no operational vacuum tanker available to serve Xai-Xai and itssurroundings. Therefore, septic tank systems cannot be put into operation, especially for largerpopulations as in hotels, busy restaurants, etc. as there is no means of emptying the tanks toremove solids as periodically required.Along the seafront it is possible to lay a 200 diameter sewer at a fall of 1 in 300 or a 250diameter sewer at 1 in 400 from the main hotel to discharge through the reef at the low waterlevel 800m west of the hotel. Provision will be made for an intercepting pump station to beinstalled as a point along this line and to pump to a future waste water treatment works 600minland. These works would be of the activated sludge type with chlorinated treated sewageeffluent being returned by gravity along the same route in a parallel sewer to the pump stationsite and will, then, connect to the existing sewer again to discharge treated effluent to the sea.This same pipeline would act as an emergency overflow in the case of pump break down.The advantage of this system is that it never needs vacuum tanker services, all pipelineconstructed are used in perpetuity with nothing wasted, and that the system when fully inoperation will meet required discharge standards. A disadvantage is that sewage is not treatedinitially unless funds are available for the sewerage works from the beginning.Estimated Cost of ProjectThe survey of the pipeline route and establishing a possible outlet to the sea had not beencompleted by the Xai-Xai technical staff at the end of the period. Detailed design will only thusbe completed when data is collated and also when the sizes of the hotels to be built areestablished.As a preliminary estimate some 900 m of 200 mm diameter concrete sewer pipe will berequired to be laid along the esplanade and at the foot of the sand dunes in difficult conditionsat:Estimated cost of approximately US$ 45 000Plus reinforcement across beach, etc US$ 20 000Total - estimated US$ 65 000Allowing for contingencies and unknowns at this stage a sum of US$100 000 should bereserved from developers of the hotel sites as a preliminary estimate subject to review whenrequirements are properly known.103

Xai-Xai IDP – INFRASTRUCTURE PRELIMINARY PROJECTSFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAGuidelines for Execution• Survey and preliminary design of pipeline to be completed by Xai-Xai technical staff;• An experienced engineer to be approached to complete detailed design oncedevelopment is defined; and• Please, refer to sketch plans and annexes for further information.5.3 Solid Waste5.3.1 Sites and Present Collection / Disposal MethodsAt present, disposal of solid waste is not done on a systematic basis and some unsightly andunhealthy dumping at random occurs. Most of the waste is being dumped along the road nearan existing quarry site and again this is not controlled and the waste is not covered.Investigation of the quarry site where material is being extracted shows it to be unsuitable forwaste disposal as excavation is undertaken by removing the side of the hill leaving no space forwaste disposal.The Municipal Council of Xai-Xai sends a 5 ton flat bed truck to collect waste on Praia do Xai-Xai once a week. This truck, then, dumps the waste approximately 1 km outside of Praia doXai- Xai on the road to Xai-Xai. There is no formal landfill site; the waste is just dumped on theside of the road going to the quarry.The waste is not covered but some of it is burned. A large portion of the waste consists of glassand cans. A certain amount of the cans and plastic has been scavenged by villagers. It wouldappear that this is not being used for recycling but rather for making curios or for use ascontainers.In Xai-Xai Beach each business and/or household has informally dug a small pit into which theythrow their garden refuse, perishables, papers and plastic. In some cases, this is burnt andcovered. Vacant land and the road reserves are also used as places to dispose of refuse.5.3.2 QuantitiesAt present, the volumes are very low. It is estimated at ±60m3 per week. This is for peakperiods and will probably be lower out of season when the hotel and camp site are empty. It willprobably reduce to ±40m3 per week. This includes ±15m3 for the villages just outside of Xai-Xai Beach. If these are excluded the out of season volumes would probably be ±25m3.If the 5 ton truck has a capacity of 3.5m3, then it should be doing 7 - 8 trips a week. If theymodify the truck side to being 1.5m high then it would only need to do 2 -3 trips a week in offpeak and 4 - 5 trips a week in season, excluding the villages.The fact that the truck is doing only one trip a week at present shows clearly why it is necessaryfor people to burn and bury their waste.In ten years time weekly quantities are expected to have reached ±200m3 per week and in afurther twenty years will have grown to ±450m3 a week.PlantThe Municipality has only got one truck. They do not have any other plant. This is a problem asthey cannot open an area for people to dump or provide cover material. This is the reason whydumping is at the side of the road.There is a contractor who has a TLB and truck, and, therefore, they should considerprivatisation of collection and disposal and levy each household and business to pay for this.Bury / Cover in Landfill SitesWith the limited budget available it is best to use the area that has already been quarried as alandfill site despite the limitations previously mentioned. From a location point of view it is a bitclose to the people and the road.104

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAINFRASTRUCTURE PRELIMINARY PROJECTS - Xai-Xai IDPFrom a hydrogeological point of view it is relatively high and away from the sources of water. Allthe soil is sandy so pollution of ground water will take place. It is, however, already being usedat present so pollution would continue to be limited to one area.There is a limited amount of space available, but it is hard to determine its volume without anaccurate survey and with uncertain rate of growth. In the longer term they will have to useanother site or the site at Xai-Xai. This site is 14 km away (28 km return trip) which is noteconomical for a tractor and trailer as it is too far.A suitable cut and cover site could be established close to the town but where futuredevelopment is not envisaged. This can be developed as a properly managed landfill site inaccordance with both national and international standards.Septic and Vacuum Tanker EffluentSuch a site may also be developed to accept sewage sludge or septic tank effluent should thisbecome necessary in the future. Such a site should be situated on higher ground well above thewater table and a kilometre away from dwelling houses and carefully designed and monitored tominimise danger of pollution.Estimated CostsExisting plant (truck/tractor & trailer) and labour should be sufficient to collect and cover usingthe present site. Provided land is free, development of a new site entails mainly building anaccess road using existing resources with cut and cover using hand labour initially. Therefore,capital costs are minimised.Guidelines for Execution• It is, therefore, proposed in the short term that the existing quarry site continues tobe used, but that waste material should be covered even if done by hand withwheelbarrow and spade;• People should be discouraged from dumping in the street by increased frequency ofcollection; and• Within the next five years consideration should be given to developing the new sitedescribed above.105

6. IMPLEMENTATIONFRAMEWORKThis chapter provides and describes the IDP implementation framework in two parts as follows:• General guidelines for implementation of overall IDP for Xai-Xai Beach; and• More detailed Action Plans/Programmes for implementing the IDP, theDemonstration Project, the Bankable Projects, and Development Models for someof the other developable areas or cells.For both parts this chapter proposes the practical guidelines for action and also elaborates thesources, mechanisms and arrangements for funding the actions. It differentiates between short,medium and long-term actions. It also proposes for the most part actions that could be takenwithin existing legal frameworks and institutional capacity. Those that may require someamendment of policies and legislation and/or bureaucratic procedures are mostly in the longterm.The above requires inter alia some analysis and evaluation of:• Existing policy and legal frameworks and procedures with regard to tourism andgeneral development;• Existing institutional arrangements and capacity for development implementationand administration;• Existing funding for installation, maintenance and operation of infrastructure andpublic facilities; and• Potential, alternative funding specifically appropriate mechanisms for recoveringinfrastructure costs from developers and other beneficiaries (local business,residents, etc.).A specific component of the report is a proposal for the setting up and running of a"Development Agency" for Xai-Xai Beach.6.1 General Guidelines for Implementation of the IDP6.1.1 Approach/Principles to be Used Throughout:• Basic approach is the marriage of local and expert knowledge/wisdom. Do notunderestimate local wisdom, and make best practical use of it whenever possible.• Be practical, flexible and realistic (always allow for tactical alternatives to strategicplans).• Work within existing legal and administrative frameworks and procedures (butinvestigate steps for rationalisation/streamlining of procedures if necessary andpossible). Also recognise existing civic, public, specific interest group forums, etc.,and allow all to continue without threat from new suggestions (people will find ownways to change and challenge).• Recognise constraints of funding and technical capacity, availability of resources(but look creatively at alternatives, better use of existing resources andenhancement through training, etc.).107

Xai-Xai IDP – IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORKFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA• Distinguish between what is possible in short, medium and long term (prioritisationand phasing). Always set goals which are realisable and measurable in terms ofprogress and success, even if it means starting with small interventions.• Be specific in terms of: action(s) needed, who is responsible, time frame, cost andfunding source, monitoring, evaluation and review techniques, reporting, etc. (butflexible enough to allow for local creativity and initiative to enhance process and getaround obstacles).• Devise ways to harness all the energy and resources potentially available fordevelopment, i.e., public sector, private sector and civil society by ensuring thateach contribute according to their responsibility and benefit derived. Some of it canbe achieved in a very specific way through public-private partnerships and jointventures.• Also look at post-development phase: Long-term estate and territorial managementwithin policy, constraints, etc.).6.1.2 Main Objectives of the ProjectThe main objective is to bring tourists (and other investors) to Xai-Xai Beach (to act as enginefor economic and social development), but to manage the process to bring maximum economicand social benefit to the area and minimise damage/bad effects on community andenvironment. To achieve this, at least the following needs to be done:• Create IDP and strategy for management (must be adopted and used by localgovernment);• Remove bureaucratic and other obstacles, streamline procedures, clarify roles andresponsibilities, etc., to reduce uncertainty and risk for investors and government;• Provide, maintain and operate infrastructure and services (NB: This requires thesetting up of an adequate funding framework and strengthening of local technicalcapacity); and• Improve service efficiency and "image" of Xai-Xai as destination for visitors andmore permanent investors.6.1.3 Some Specific Major Issues that Need Attention:• Mapping and demarcation of concessions to be regularised/sorted out (Cadastralsystems: maps, records, register, survey, costs, etc.);• Conditions for issuing concessions (agreement between concessionaires and localgovernment/provincial government. Supplementary to existing legal procedures);• The setting up of a "Development Agency" for Xai-Xai Beach. This Agency could bea government one, but probably a private company acting as an agent for localgovernment in carrying out its developmental mandate in the area;• If a "Xai-Xai Development Agency" cannot be realised or is not accepted, findappropriate channels through which developers can be made to pay their share ofinfrastructure and service costs (also upgrading of some existing infrastructure, e.g.,ring road, water supply, etc.);• Improving vertical and horizontal co-operation/co-ordination amongst all roleplayers/stakeholders: government, and private (consultation, information,communication). Also make procedures more automatic than discretionary, as thisincreases certainty and removes scope for corruption;• Local organisation for Integrated Development and tourism promotion (ifDevelopment Agency is not realised);108

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK - Xai-Xai IDP• Procurement procedures (tendering, bidding, contracting, joint ventures, etc.).Uniform tender procedures, contract conditions, and criteria for evaluation of bidsand proposals could be developed with the help of the Development Agency andothers;• Training and technical support of government officials and local communities; and• Identification and organisation of local skills, resources, etc., to share in benefits ofconstruction and development trade. A good idea is to carry out a local skills andresources audit and keep it on a database for developers and new investors wishingto employ local people. This may even be developed into a labour exchange officeadministered by the municipality, alone or in partnership with local businesschambers, labour organisations and other community organisations.6.1.4 Possible Vehicles/Mechanisms to Assist Implementation• Inter-governmental Development Co-ordinating Committee:− To deal with Xai-Xai Beach development in an integrated and co-ordinatedfashion; and− To remove obstacles or delays, streamline bureaucratic procedures, clarify andassign roles and responsibilities, etc., and monitor development and progress.• Xai-Xai Beach Development Agency:− To initiate and manage the funding, building, maintenance and operation ofinfrastructure for development, and provide technical and other support toauthorities and investors.• Xai-Xai Beach Association(s) of Business Improvement District(s) (BIDs):− To improve level of service efficiency and promote Xai-Xai as tourist andinvestment destination.6.2 Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework6.2.1 Existing ArrangementsThe existing situation is that all spheres of government play a direct role in determining tourismdevelopment policy and practice, even at individual project level! This includes:• National Departments and Ministries in Maputo;• Decentralised branches of the above;• Provincial Government; and• District and Municipal authorities.Certain decisions on project applications are taken at local level, others are referred toProvincial and even Central Government in Maputo. There appears to be a degree of overlapand duplication, too much referral to Maputo, and a perception that there is a lack ofcompetence/capacity to evaluate development proposals and enforce development controls ata more local level. The relationship between the governor and ministries is not clear.The ideal would be if project-level decisions could be taken locally within a general policy,regulatory and facilitating framework laid down by Central and Provincial Government. Thisrequires clear guidelines, procedures and definition of powers, duties and responsibilities.The obvious and practical thing to do, appears to be the formalisation and streamlining ofintergovernmental co-operation and co-ordination in the planning for, and regulation and controlof development. It is our view that with the IDP to guide planning, the assistance of aDevelopment Agency, and greater organisation and co-ordination, much could be done locallyto ensure sustainable development.109

Xai-Xai IDP – IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORKFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOANo doubt a degree of consultation and co-ordination takes place already between officials ofthe different spheres of government and at political level, but perhaps this could be more formaland structured, without creating additional bureaucratic burdens.6.2.2 Formation of Intergovernmental Development CommitteeIt is suggested that a formal Standing Committee be constituted to sit regularly (say once amonth) to co-ordinate planning and policy issues, but also to receive and evaluateapplications/proposals for concessions and development projects. The idea is that instead ofproposals going from one department to another in serial, with constant referrals and delays, allthe inputs, questions and discussions can happen at one sitting or hearing.There are at least two options for decision-making:1. In the first, the Committee is a technical one, consisting of officials only, who thenmakes recommendations to a political executive for ratification.2. In the second, the Committee itself is constituted of officials and politicians, andtakes decisions without further referral.The Committee may also co-opt stakeholders from the private sector and civil society if itwishes. The processes which such a Committee would be planning, co-ordinating and guidingwould include:• Integrated development planning;• Land-use approval and allocation of concessions;• Technical evaluation of project proposals, with recommendations for developmentcontrols;• Prioritisation, phasing, programming, and elaboration of infrastructure requirements;• Regulation of tourism and other development and business; and• Elaboration of uniform guidelines for service agreements with developers,conditions of contract and tender procedures for outsourcing, joint ventures and"Build, Operate and Transfer" infrastructure projects. In this, it could be assisted bythe Development Agency.Specific procedures such as issuing of building permits, inspections and approvals, certificatesto occupy, registration of provisional and final titles, trading licences, etc. could continue to beadministered by the responsible departments, but they would be guided by, and answerable tothe Committee on a regular basis.If it is not possible to get government to agree to decentralise certain decision-making powerswhich now lie with national departments/ministries, the Committee could at least ensure thatproperly motivated, screened and evaluated proposals are referred higher up for quickdecisions with minimum comebacks and delays.Another important task of the Committee could be to analyse existing capacities and skills, andidentify further training and information needs of officials at all levels.If the above is considered, it should be done with full cognisance of the potential difficultiessuch as:• Additional costs of convening such a committee. It is unlikely that local budgetswould be able to carry the additional burden, and perhaps central governmentshould be approached for funding. Alternatively a fee could be charged forevaluation of development proposals and applications. (There should be noadditional payment to officials and politicians as the activities of the Committeeinclude their regular administrative duties).110• So-called "Turf issues" and protocols around power and authority between differentlevels of government (This is a very difficult one, and probably means that such a

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK - Xai-Xai IDPcommittee should be constituted at quite a high level, say under the auspices of theGovernor's office with political backing from a key ministry or even the President'soffice).• The need to refer incomplete or complex proposals back to applicants or to higherauthorities and the waste of time and delays this may cause (perhaps a smallertechnical committee, or the Development Agency if it is realised, could be taskedwith pre-screening of, and assistance in the preparation of proposals andapplications at a reasonable fee to the applicant).• Conflict of interest and pressure-group influence. The key is to avoid concentrationof power and exclusion of some sectors. (This is a matter best understood and dealtwith by participants, local and otherwise).If, for the above or other reasons, it is not possible or considered desirable to form such aformal committee, at least the establishment of some form of informal forum forintergovernmental consultation and streamlining should be explored. This forum could at thevery least, with the help of the Development Agency, if it is established, compile a simple,practical manual for project applicants and officials alike, and even provide some "training"and/or information service.6.3 Funding Framework6.3.1 IntroductionThere are three main areas of funding to be considered. The first is operational funding for localgovernment to ensure that it can continue to carry out its task of providing services to thecommunity, and of regulation and administration. The second concerns bridging finance ordevelopment capital for infrastructure construction. The third area of funding concerns theongoing operation and maintenance of infrastructure and services provided by local authoritiesand utility companies. A funding framework for a developing area such as Xai-Xai Beach wouldtypically rely on a combination of:• Subsidy from central and provincial government;• Taxes and levies on locals and visitors;• Cost recovery on services provided at local level;• Loans (short-term and long-term both from International Development Banks andlocal banks);• Donor funding (grants and special loans); and• Private capital (equity).It could be seen as the task of the proposed Intergovernmental Development Committee,assisted by the Development Agency, to elaborate a realistic, practical and equitable system offunding the development needs of the area from the above sources.The main instruments for raising funds locally are:• Taxes and levies on local business and residents to fund administration costs andrecover capital costs of infrastructure;• Tourist levies on visitors;• Revenues from the sale or cost recovery of so-called trading services (water,sewage, waste removal, etc.); and• Private investment in infrastructure.Observation of the existing situation suggests that the major unutilised source of potentialfunding is the basic "land value" of concessions to private investors/developers.111

Xai-Xai IDP – IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORKFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA6.3.2 Core or Operational Funding for Local GovernmentLocal government needs an ongoing source of revenue to pay salaries of officials and otheradministrative costs.Existing sources include:• transfers from central and provincial government; and• taxes, levies and licence fees on local businesses.There is probably not much that can, or need to be done to change the above system, otherthan to look at possible ways of improving efficiency of collection and administration ofrevenues, and ensuring that revenues raised locally remain in municipal hands.6.3.3 Bridging Finance/Development Capital for Infrastructure ConstructionPossible options (alone, or in combination) include:• Direct cost recovery through "sale" of concessions to developers. Every concessionwould then be apportioned a "land value" which would have to be paid by thedeveloper up-front as a contribution to bulk and link infrastructure for the wholearea. For internal services (roads, water, sewerage, etc. within the boundaries ofconcession) the developer could remain responsible as is now the case, or theDevelopment Agency could pre-finance these through grants and loans,recoverable from the developer over time (say 5 - 15 years) or as individual unitsare "sold" by the developer.• Loans to local government (from central government or Development Banks) usedto pre-finance infrastructure development which are then recovered through ageneral tax on urban residential, commercial and industrial land in the area.Considering the general inability of the local population to be burdened with a land tax, and thelack of capacity to administer such a tax, the first option where developers are directly chargedon a project-by-project base is probably the most practical, realistic and equitable.6.4 Funding for Operation and Maintenance of Infrastructure and ServicesThere are three aspects to the above:1. Maintenance of capital infrastructure) municipal roads, bulk water supply, municipalsewage works, etc.)Developers (concessionaires), residents and business should contribute to a levyaccording to the "land value" of concessions, the turnover of businesses, andperhaps a flat rate for residents. This levy could be collected and administered bythe proposed Development Agency on behalf of the local authority and under itscontrol and supervision.2. Provision and maintenance of public facilities and amenities (parks, clinics, libraries,tourism information and marketing, etc.).The funding for this should also come from the levy mentioned in 1. above,supplemented by direct charges for some of the services where possible.3. Cost of municipal services (water consumption, sewage disposal, solid wastedisposal, cleaning services, etc.).Local government can either provide these itself and charge consumers directly ona cost-recovery basis or outsource some or all of it to local private contractors andthen collect a royalty amount on the sale of all such services. This could also bemanaged for local government by the proposed Development Agency.112

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK - Xai-Xai IDP6.4.1 Summary and ConclusionThe main concern around funding for development, operation and maintenance of infrastructureand services is that effective, equitable mechanisms need to be created to ensure thatdevelopers of concessions (both private and commercial) contribute in proportion to the burdentheir developments will place on public resources and the value and benefit they will derive fromimproved infrastructure and administrative capacity.Such mechanisms should not be created in isolation by different departments, but in coordinatedfashion to ensure proper distribution of resources and directing of investment inaccordance with IDPs. This could possibly be done by the proposed IntergovernmentalCommittee, without or preferably with the assistance of the Development Agency.Controls will have to be instituted to ensure that revenues collected are applied directly to thecost centres they relate to, that the money remains in local coffers, and that anyapportionments to "general overheads" or cross-subsidisation of essential social services whichdo not always attract revenue, are done in a sensible and transparent way. It is also importantthat procedures be instituted to ensure the shortest possible route of funds from source toservice providers/contractors.This report does not make much of grant or donor funding. These sources are often crucial inproviding start-up funding for key interventions. They should continue to be pursued for suchapplications for instance the initial resourcing of the proposed Intergovernmental Committeeand Development Agency. For long-term sustainability, however, a local revenue base linked tocost-recovery and payment for benefit/value received has to be established, expanded andmaintained.6.5 Proposed Development AgencyMozambique is currently rebuilding its economy after a long period of disruption. This putsstrain on the financial, administrative and technical capacity of government to deal alone withdevelopment needs. This is especially true for local government in an area such as Xai-XaiBeach, where there is huge potential and pressure for integrated and sustainable tourism andother development.A first step in enhancing efficiency and ensuring integrated approaches would be greaterintergovernmental co-ordination as suggested in 6.2.2 above. Even if this is done though, thereare still many mechanisms to be set up, detailed guidelines and procedures to be elaborated,and daily implementation tasks to be carried out which would probably extend local governmentbeyond its current level of technical and other resources and capacity.It is, therefore, proposed that local private sector capacity be drawn in the form of aDevelopment Agency acting on behalf of and under supervision of local government.This Agency would not have statutory powers, but would be a properly constituted legal entity,with a clear mandate from the Mayor's office to project manage infrastructure development andthe provision of certain services in the area. It is also suggested that it would take part in andadvise the proposed Intergovernmental Committee if that body is established.It is proposed that the Agency be set up in stages, and that it starts operations on a limitedscale. In the first stage it will act as a "Provisional Agency", SUIMO being the suggested vehiclefor this stage. During this stage its main tasks will be:1. Acting as the main member of a task team appointed by the district and localauthorities to define the legal and operational framework (including fundingproposals) for the proposed Agency;2. Elaboration of detailed action plans and funding frameworks for:• Infrastructure development, first for Praia Velha and then the whole of the IDParea, prioritised in phases (Table 13 and 21);113

Xai-Xai IDP – IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORKFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA• Evaluation of existing concessions and reporting to the authorities (Table 21and 2);• Elaboration of criteria for issuing concessions and tender procedures for thecalling of bids for concessions (1.6, Table 1; 2.6 and 2.7, Table 2); and• Marking of sites according to new layout for Praia Velha as a pilot project (2.4,Table 2).If the above tasks are carried out competently, the authorities may then adopt the proposedframework and Terms of Reference of the Agency, and set it up as a separate business entityto act on their behalf as envisaged.The Agency could operate in one, or a combination of three ways:(A) As a wholly-owned and controlled organ of local government, set up as a separatebusiness entity under the mayor's office with no permanent staff, but making use ofconsultants such as SUIMO on a contract basis to do the actual work.(B) As a private entity, contracted to local government as a service provider. For thisoption, tenders would probably have to be called once the "Provisional Agency"(SUIMO) has completed the Terms of Reference for such an Agency and thesehave been approved by the authorities.(C) A Joint Venture (JV) between the private sector and local authorities, with sharedrisk and control.The final decision is up to the relevant authorities, but we propose the third option for thefollowing reasons:• It would probably be the most flexible mechanism, ensuring at the same timeoptimum access to both private and public resources and capacity, and appropriatelevels of control and public accountability.• It should combine public sector responsibility and executive power with privatesector efficiency and capacity to arrange funding and manage implementation ofdevelopment in the best interests of the region and its people (see Figure 3 thatfollows).114

Figure 3Possible Structure of Xai-Xai Beach Development Agency, as a Joint VentureBetween Government and Private SectorMEMBERS/ "CONTROL" FUNDING"OWNERSHIP"• Government• Private Company• Government - 50%• Private - 50%• CoreFunding• DevelopmentFinance• Initial set-upgrant 1 year• Loans"Shares"/Debentures(Proportion to bedecided)Board of"directors"orExecutive Committee• Contributionsfromdevelopers• Revenue fromoperations• Grants• Developers' Equity• Government?• Government?XAI-XAI BEACH DEVELOPMENT AGENCY(Incorporated legal entity not for profit)B.O.T. (Build, operate, transfer)?INFRASTRUCTURE:• Funding (loans, grants, etc.)• Construction (private contractors)• Operation and maintenance (privatecontractors)OTHER SERVICES TO AUTHORITIESAND INVESTORS/DEVELOPERS:• Marketing, information, communication• Technical assistance• Liaison and assistance in dealing withgovernment• Training, etc.115

Xai-Xai IDP – IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORKFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA6.6 Proposed Association(s) of Business Improvement Districts (BIDs)In many large cities of the world where inner cities and business districts went through a periodof economic and physical decay, accompanied by rising levels of crime, local businesses andresidents have come together to clean up and improve the image of their areas.It usually starts with building owners and business tenants (both formal and informal) in onestreet or block forming and association which is funded by the members and employs people tokeep the area safe and clean for tenants, customers and visitors. As soon as people in the nextblock see the positive results (less crime, more trading and higher rentals for space), they jointhe existing association or form their own, and so it spreads.These associations are not a substitute for local or law enforcement authorities, but co-operateclosely with the authorities in providing the services as set out in Figure 4 below. It is proposedthat a small grant be made available to kick-start such associations for say the areas along thebeach between Golfinho and the MICOA centre, around Halley's and possible the informalmarket at the town entrance.Figure 4:Possible Structure of Xai-Xai Beach Association of "Business ImprovementDistricts (BIDs)"MEMBERS/ CONTROL FUNDING"OWNERSHIP"• Existing business• Existing concession holders• Existing associations• Residents• Municipality• Informal traders• Traditional authority?ExecutiveCommittee• Contributionsfrom members• Visitor levies?"Contract""Contract"ASSOCIATION(S) OF BUSINESS IMPROVEMENT DISTRICTS (BIDs)OBJECTIVE: TO PROMOTE SAFE, CLEAN, FRIENDLY, ATTRACTIVE ENVIRONMENTSFOR VISITORS, BUSINESS AND RESIDENTSNB:NOT substitute for local government, but provides supplementary services.• Identify and project unique aspects of area (marketing): "Uniforms", badges, banners;• "Ambassadors" for area(s) (Information assistance to visitors)• Keeping clean (building facades, streets, parks and other public areas)• Keeping safe (patrolling security guards)Train and use existing employees of business, etc., if not enough funds for full-time staff.116

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK - Xai-Xai IDP6.7 Action PlansOverall action plan for all of IDP area is given in Table 13 that follows:Table 13 Overall Action Plan for All of IDP AreaSTEP ACTION FINANCEDBYESTIMATEDCOST(whereavailable)RESPONSIBLEORGANISATIONTIMEFRAME1.1 Elaboration of the topographic maps (scale 1:5000 – 1:1000)0 Public sector(municipal,district budget)24 000 USD Government orprivate companySponsored byFAO(completed)1.2 Elaboration of the IDP, including:- Physical plan;- Infrastructure preliminary projects; and- Implementation framework.Public sector(municipal,district budget)50 000 USD Government andprivate companyguided by municipalor district authoritySponsored byFAO, executedby PAP/RACand MICOAworking team(completed)1.3 Definition of legal and operational framework for proposed DevelopmentAgency, including:- Definition of legal and working relationships betweenstakeholders(including local authorities and utility companies);- Definition of funding framework for development, including long-termguidelines for the development of a proper revenue and budgetingsystem, and short-term guidelines for ensuring contributions fromdevelopers proportionate to the land value of their concessions; and- Detail guidelines for specific development cells (e.g. Praia Velha, T3,T4, etc.).Shared bygovernment andinvestorsproportionate tothe serviceprovided to each(Pre-finance withgrant or loan andrecover throughrevenues)15 000 USD Task team selectedby district andmunicipal authorities(Suggested optionSUIMO)Detailedproposal forfunding to bepresented atworkshop inMarch 19991.4 Elaboration of detailed action plan for development prioritised in phases,and in relation to the different development cells or areas, activities andfacilities.Municipality.From revenues3 000 USD DevelopmentAgency with relevantauthoritiesShort to mediumterm1.5 Evaluation of existing concessions and reporting to the relevant authorities Grant 6 000 USD Development Short term117

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK - Xai-Xai IDPTIMEFRAMERESPONSIBLEORGANISATIONESTIMATEDCOST(whereavailable)STEP ACTION FINANCEDBY(3 months )Agency reporting tomayor, municipality,district and provincialtourist authorities(Governmentand/or privatedonors)on eliminating speculation with concessions, and ensuring that seriousdevelopers will initiate appropriate developments within reasonabletimeframesAs in 1.5 Included in 1.5 As in 1.5 As in 1.51.6 Definition of tender procedures for the calling of bids for new concessionson remaining vacant land and land becoming vacant through the lapsing orcancellation of existing concessionsPreliminaryprojectsprepared byPAP/RAC andMICOA teamDevelopmentAgency andcontractorssupervised bygovernment150 000 USD1.7 Development of capital infrastructure for the IDP area: Governmentagencies anddevelopers inshares adequateto theirinvestment andrevenuesShort term(1-2 years)Long term(20 years)DevelopmentAgency andcontractors withwater company,supervised bygovernment1.7.1 Water supply150 000 USD- Initial phase: Upgrading of supply to Xai-Xai Beach, including well,reservoir, pumping and distribution mains (Bankable Project)1 800 000 USD- Long term: System of wells, pumping mains, interconnected reservoirsat 88m level and distribution mains for the areaShort term(1-2 years)Individual investors/developerssupervised bygovernmentIndividualinvestors/developers1.7.2 Sewage disposal60 000 USDInitial phase: Individual septic tanks and small disposal and treatmentsystemsLong termMunicipality andinvestors/developers inadequate shareto theirinvestment- Long term: Complete water-borne municipal disposal and treatmentsystemDevelopmentAgency andmunicipality1.7.3 Roads Government and Development Short to medium118

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK - Xai-Xai IDPSTEP ACTION FINANCED- Upgrading of the existing road system in Praia- Construction of back-set road- Construction of beach road and promenade (including parking)- Construction of some of the lateral roadsBYinvestors/developers inadequate shareto theirinvestmentESTIMATEDCOST(whereavailable)RESPONSIBLEORGANISATIONAgency andcontractorssupervised bygovernmentTIMEFRAMEterm1.7.4 Electricity- Electrification of public areas and private sitesGovernment andinvestors/developers inadequate shareto theirinvestmentDevelopmentAgency andElectricity companyto elaborate plans forpreliminary projectsand others in phasesShort term forelaboration ofprojects andidentifyingpriorityinvestments1.7.5 Solid waste disposal- Initial phase: Providing equipment to improve use of existing land-fill site Households andbusiness througha levyMunicipality andDevelopmentAgency - outsourceto private contractorShort term- Long term: Development of new land-fill site with access road Long term1.8 Conceptual tourism development framework for the IDP area Government andlocal touristassociation10 000 USD Government tourismagencies and to beformed tourism NGOShort term119

6.7.1 Action Plans/Programmes for Development Cells (Using Cell T3 as a Model)Note: For future development of development cells or areas twooptions are presented below. One is where a whole cell or areais parcelled out to a single developer under one concession ona tender basis as previously described (see Table 14). Thedeveloper would then be responsible for elaboration of thedetailed layout plan within the overall guidelines of the IDP, andfor investing in and arranging the construction of internalservices. In the other option lots are allocated to individualseach under its own concession and subject to the conditions asdefined elsewhere (see Table 15). In this case theDevelopment Agency in co-operation with, and undersupervision of relevant authorities will be responsible to therelevant authorities for preparing detailed layout plans, forarranging pre-financing of the construction of services (to berecovered from concessionaires through revenues raised onland values and consumption of services)A mix of the above options could be applied to any particulararea.Table 14 Development Cell T3 – Single Developer OptionSTEP ACTION FINANCEDBYESTIMATEDCOST(WHEREAVAILABLE)RESPONSIBLEORGANISATIONTIMEFRAME1.1 Elaborate infrastructure investment/development programme departing from thepreliminary projects proposals1.2 Assess the value of the land and prepare tender documentation for bids for newconcessions(Including criteria for adjudication of bids)1.3 Prepare legal, technical and other documents required to facilitate developmentof the area1.4 Define development control measures, including for the monitoring ofdevelopment proposals to ensure that they comply with IDP guidelines, and thatdevelopers contribute a fair share of the cost of general development of thearea within reasonable timeframesInitially from fundsgenerated throughlevies on land value ofconcessions andother developmentrevenues asdescribed in othersections above15 000 USDDevelopmentAgency in cooperationwithrelevantauthoritiesShort tomedium term120

Table 15 Development Cell T3 – Individual Concession Option1.1 Elaborate infrastructure investment/development programme as in 6.1 above1.2 Assess the value of the land and define tender procedures for calling of bids fornew concessions on vacant land, and issue together with tender documents a setof development guidelines/building codes1.3 Elaborate detailed layout plan, including allocation of building lots with co-ordinates(Pegging and registration of sites to be done by concessionaires as the need arisesat time of construction start-ups)Municipality - fromrevenuesDevelopmentAgency in cooperationwithauthoritiesShort tomedium-term121

Table 16 Action Plan/Programme for Cell T4 – Partly Concessioned, Partly Vacant Land – Developer OptionSTEP ACTION FINANCEDBYESTIMATEDCOST(WHEREAVAILABLE)RESPONSIBLEORGANISATION1.1 Adoption of the redesigned layout of concessions by responsible authorities. --- --- Responsibleauthorities (local,district andprovincial)1.2 Marking of sites:• Preparation of documents with co-ordinates according to new layout(Pegging and registration of sites to be done by developers as the need arisesat time of construction start-ups)Municipality (fromrevenues)8 000 USDResponsibleauthorities withhelp fromDevelopmentAgency1.3 Elaborate infrastructure investment/development programme in phases, departingfrom the recommendations contained in sectoral reports for roads, water, sewageand solid waste disposal.Municipality (fromrevenues)3 000 USD DevelopmentAgency reportingto authorities fordecisions1.4 Evaluation of existing concessions to eliminate speculation and ensure seriousdevelopment on the basis of the infrastructure investment programme and otherrequirements.Grant funding(government and/or private donors)10 000 USD DevelopmentAgency1.5 Develop tender procedures for vacant land, using land value as basis to securecontributions from developers towards development costsGrant funding(government and/or private donors)To beincluded in10 000 USDof 9.4DevelopmentAgencyTIMEFRAMEImmediate(2 months)Short termShort termShort term(3 months)Short term(3 months)122

Table 17 Development Cell T2, Xai-Xai Beach Central AreaSTEP ACTION FINANCEDBYESTIMATEDCOSTRESPONSIBLEORGANISATIONTIMEFRAME1.1 Elaboration of the adequate map for the central area (scale 1:2000 –1:1000 )900 USD Government or privatecompanySponsored by FAO(completed)1.2 Elaboration of the detailed guideplan for the central area 900 USD Government andprivate companyPublic sector(municipal)guided by municipal ordistrict authoritySponsored by FAO,executed by PAP/RACand MICOA workingteam (completed)1.3 Detailed inventory and plan of action for rehabilitation of existingdilapidated sites and buildings to comply with building codes andstandards of health and safety3 000 USD 12 months in phases1.4 Elaborate plan of action and appropriate projects for urban design ofcentral area and beach front, including improving appearance of touristareas through greening projects, parks, etc.9 000 USD 12 months in phases1.5 Prepare tender documents for bids for vacant lots in the central area1.6 Action plan for upgrading the port landing site(Port development – seeManagement strategy document)In the meantime implement upgrading of existing boat landing siteRevenuesgenerated bydevelopments1 500 USD Development Agency12 months in phases30 000 USD and authorities Medium term 3-5 yearsShort term 12 months1.7 Prepare documents and action plan for:- Relocation of campsite to new designated area- Better utilisation of existing camping area, for example marine centre,hotel accommodation, commercial activity, etc.Revenuesgenerated bydevelopments3 000 USDMedium term3-5 years1.8 Development of a Xai-Xai Beach association of local business and otherstakeholders to provide voluntary services with regard to keeping thearea safe and clean for visitors, and a visitor information serviceLocalbusinessOngoing Local business withassistance ofDevelopment AgencyShort term1.9 Prepare documents for the establishment of adequate safety systems foruse of the beaches and swimming areas e.g. zoning to keep boats,bathers, etc. in designated areas, life-saver and medical first-aidservices, etc.Tourist taxes Ongoing Responsible localauthoritiesShort term12 months123

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7. DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES7.1 Praia Velha Demonstration ProjectGoalsWithin the overall framework of EAF/5 Second Phase activities in Mozambique, theDemonstration Project has the following basic goals:• To prepare an adequate management strategy that promotes the use of anintegrated approach to coastal area management and planning (ICAM);• To address critical issues at the level of a pilot project through a thoroughparticipatory process;• To incorporate the interest of key site specific stakeholders based on the needs anddemands in the country;• To reduce user conflicts, promote co-ordination of policies and prioritisedevelopment opportunities;• To strengthen capacity to manage the coastal area ecosystem through training andimplementation of integrated management tools and techniques; and• To identify investment opportunities and priorities through the development of a pilotproject.The main objective of the Demonstration project is to implement the proposals contained in theIntegrated Development Plan (IDP) on a limited scale, so as to act as an example for futuredevelopment. In the case of Xai-Xai Beach, an appropriate demonstration project includes theelaboration of a more detailed plan, adequate infrastructure execution projects andimplementation on a limited spatial unit or small segment. In this case, the Demonstrationproject includes the following:• The elaboration of a detailed new layout plan including allocation of building lots;• The preliminary projects for infrastructure development (identification completed -detailed levels and specifications of services to be elaborated by "ProvisionalDevelopment Agency" (SUIMO) with the APV);• The demarcation and pegging of lots (proposed as a pilot project to be carried outby the "Provisional Development Agency" with the authorities and MPV); andConclusions for the Praia Velha SiteAfter the adoption of the EAF/5 First Phase Management Strategy in 1997, the Municipalityembarked on the issuing of development concessions for the construction of single residentialunits in the Praia Velha area. Praia Velha is an area of approximately 20ha to the west of Xai-Xai Beach, which is largely undeveloped. Both Praia Velha and Xai-Xai Beach fall within thejurisdiction of the Municipality of Ciudade do Xai-Xai.The issued concessions are based on a layout plan drafted by an unknown source. The plantakes the form of a diagram that is not drawn to scale, does not contain any co-ordinates anddoes not consider the existing topography. The basic scheme takes the form of two residentialblocks with straight streets set at rigid perpendicular angles. The blocks were divided into lots of1000m² with dimensions of 20mx50m (see Annex 3.). It is impossible to implement this layoutboth from a legal and a practical point of view. Firstly, it is impossible to give an accurate125

Xai-Xai IDP – DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIESFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAdescription of a lot and thus register it and secondly, it is impossible to construct the roadsbecause of the steep undulating topography. Even if the roads could be constructed, some lotswould not be able to get access because of the steepness of some slopes.The layout also poses severe environmental problems: firstly, the existing road next to theocean is exposed and leads to the destruction of the sensitive foredune area. In some areasthis road has been so eroded that it is impassable. The proposed roads, which cut across thedunes without taking into account the steepness of the slopes, will not only be difficult toconstruct but also expensive to maintain, especially with regards to storm water runoff and willalso lead to severe erosion.In spite of these limitations, the local surveyors embarked on the marking of lots, starting from acertain point on the ground and then just adding lots according to their placing in the diagrambut without a clear layout plan showing the relations of all the lots and their co-ordinates. Themain guiding principle with the demarcation was the dimension and size of lots. Due to theinadequate registration of issued concessions and staff replacements within the responsibleMunicipal department, it was difficult to inventorise all issued concessions. As far as could bedetermined, approximately 120 concessions have been issued in this area. Two of theseproperties have been developed 6 . No services have been installed but the owners of plots areconstructing rudimentary roads.Decision on Demonstration ProjectDuring the first session of the working team and particularly at the first meeting of the SteeringCommittee the above-mentioned obstacles in the plan implementation became evident. Themayor of Xai-Xai, as well as the Association of Friends of the Xai-Xai Beach 7 suggested toMICOA and the working team to elaborate a new layout for Praia Velha. The SteeringCommittee accepted the proposal suggesting to the working team to elaborate a detailed plan.After considering the proposal MICOA and PAP/RAC decided to take the Praia Velha area as ademonstration project. It was decided that, besides the elaboration of a detailed plan, it waspossible and necessary to implement some of its foreseen components, such as theremarcation of the lots, the construction of roads and if the budget allows, the development of asegment of the new infrastructure network.It was agreed that the following criteria should be taken as given elements for the drafting of theDetailed Plan:• The concession rights granted by the municipality will be accepted andapproximately 120 lots should be secured within a new layout;• The minimum lot size should be 1000 m²;• The quality of the given concessions should be accepted and within a new layoutapproximately the same number of lots should be provided with a seawardorientation;• The approximate locality of each lot should be retained and the current concept ofthree rows of lots parallel to the beachfront should be respected;• The lots which are already developed or under development should be regarded asfixed elements and kept in their exact positions and thus accommodated within thenew layout;• A minimum of 100 meters 8 green belt along the beach and on the bluff top of theforedunes should be provided to protect the sensitive dunes; and6 One existing house occupies 2 lots of approximately 1000m² each, while another site that is currently beingdeveloped occupies 3 lots.7 The Association of Friends of the Xai-Xai Beach is an NGO representing some of the concessionaires.8 100m from the high water mark.126

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOADEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES - Xai-Xai IDP• The new layout should create space for some service and entertainment areas.Praia Velha Detailed Plan7.1.1 Concept of the Praia Velha Detailed PlanThe existing layout has been remodelled based on the above mentioned criteria whilstaccepting the following goals and principles:• Physical: Provide similar or better quality lots compared to the original layout bycreating an environment that respects environmental and landscape values;• Environmental: Avoid unnecessary damage to the indigenous vegetation, secureconditions for protecting and restoring the vegetation cover at areas most prone tosoil erosion, such as foredunes and seaward exposed dune slopes;• Functional: Design a residential-tourism area, which is a fully functional segment ofthe larger resort settlement by providing the necessary infrastructure, services andpublic facilities and is effectively linked with the existing development; and• Efficiency and cost effectiveness: Design a layout where roads can be constructedand services installed at reasonable cost.Description of the LayoutBased on the above mentioned criteria, goals and planning principles the Detailed Plan layoutwas drafted and has the following characteristics:• The road network has been placed in such a way as to respect the topography. Itthus follows the longitudinal and lateral valleys and is located in the lowest areas.Therefore, the roads in general are not visually exposed to the seaward side;• A longitudinal orientation of the main feeder roads parallel to the beachfront hasbeen retained, in order to secure the adequate number and quality of the lots as inthe original layout;• The main feeder roads are supplemented by roads located in the lateral valleys;• The road next to the sea has been replaced with a pedestrian route and propertiesfronting onto the sea generally have access from the back. The pedestrian routefalls within the 100m green belt, comprising the beach and the foredunes;• The road network has been supplemented with pedestrian routes that cut throughsome of the longer blocks to facilitate pedestrian movement to the beach and to thegreen areas. Pedestrian access to the beachfront whether by means of exclusivepedestrian routes on the sidewalks of other roads is spaced approximately 200mapart to enhance permeability;• Provision has been made for public parking;• As far as possible the number, placing and dimensions of the existing concessionshave been taken into account, while the average width of the lot has been increasedto 25 meters to allow more green space between the houses;• Areas which are not suitable for housing development, such as depressions andlandward oriented slopes are generally planned as green areas, retention ponds orfor services and public facilities;• Adequate space has been created for public facilities including playgrounds, marketand sport centre; and• Linkages with existing and future development have been created by means ofgreen space and vehicular roads.The area taken up by the various land uses in the Praia Velha Detailed Plan is given in Table18 below.127

Xai-Xai IDP – DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIESFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOATable 18Land UseActivityArea in haGreen foredunes belt 4.5Other green areas 2,5Service area (106) 0,6Sports centre 2.0Lots area (in total 136 lots) 20.0Movement network 3.9Total 33.57.1.2 Movement NetworkRoad NetworkThe road network of Praia Velha is linked to the existing settlement of Xai-Xai Beach at twopoints:• To the east it connects with the existing dust road in the western outskirts of Xai-XaiBeach which links to the main paved road; and• To the west it connects with the existing dust road which connects Wenela housewith the main road between Xai-Xai Beach and Cuidade do Xai-Xai (see Map ).The eastern connection needs only a small rectification and paving of the existing street toallow for easy construction and movement towards the two main longitudinal feeder streets ofPraia Velha.The existing road from Wenela house to the main road is about 5 km long and at the momentcan be used only by 4WD vehicles due to the steep segment at the top of dunes hills.Generally, this road is well placed and with relatively modest interventions and paving canbecome the western entrance to the entire area of Xai-Xai Beach. Therefore, in the future thisconnection can relieve the traffic from the main streets of the Xai-Xai Praia core area.The street network within the Praia Velha allows for easy movement of vehicles due to thedesign principles of safety and easy flow that were adhered to. There are very few steep andcull de sac segments. These segments service only a relatively small number of lots. Thenetwork is quite efficient with an average of 24,5 meters of street per lot, as most of the streetsare planned to feed the double row of lots (see Table 19 that follows).The width of the street reserves are 6 meters allowing for the construction of shoulders whichinclude pedestrian sidewalks on both sides of the street.128

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOADEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES - Xai-Xai IDPTable 19Street and Lots RatioTitle Segment Length inmPublicParkingNumberof LotsLength perlot in mNorthern Street A 300 6 50.0B 483 26 23.7C 132 7 18.9Middle Street D 138 10 13.8E 367 21 17.5F 215 35 9 26.8Sport Centre G 300 65 11 27.3Coastal Cull de Sac H 289 25 11 26.3Western Lateral I 482 1 482.0Western Cul de Sac J 286 24 12.0Northern Lateral K 174 6 29.0Southern Lateral L 170 4 42.5Total Praia Velha A – L 3,336 125 136 24,5Pedestrian NetworkThe main pedestrian movement is along the blufftop of the foredunes. This is placed along theonly existing dusty road, which is highly eroded. This road is thus transformed into a scenicwalkway that aids the protection of these sensitive areas. This walkway is the eastern extensionof the Xai-Xai Beach Praia promenade.The lateral pedestrian accesses should allow for easy movement towards the green belt andthe beach. The segments of these lateral routes that cross the foredune should be elevated toavoid vegetation damage which leads to sand blowouts.All streets are planned with pedestrian walkways on both sides.It is recommended that less busy streets and pedestrian routes be paved with concrete bricksthat can be produced locally, thus creating employment in the area.7.1.3 Placing of Public FacilitiesAs this is a resort area, which is close to the core of Xai-Xai Beach, the neighbourhood isprovided with the minimum of public facilities. The central position is dedicated to the smallmarket area to serve the residents. It is located in one of the depressions in the dunes area soas to reserve the prime locations for houses. Besides a market, store and parking area it givesopportunity to create a small children’s playground with a splash pool. It simultaneously acts asa drainage area. Two other drainage areas could also be utilised as green areas and equippedwith children’s playgrounds.On the eastern side the shallow depression, which currently serves as an improvised footballground a sport centre is planned. This area is approximately 2.0 ha large and could bedesigned to accommodate tennis, volleyball and other small size sport playgrounds. It shouldbe multi-functional and serve both the local community and the residents in order to besustainable. If it is equipped with a clubhouse, parking area, swimming pool, mini golf, etc. itcan also provide services to both Praia Velha residents and tourists.All public facilities are highly accessible both on foot and by car and their lots are designed insuch a way as to be able to accommodate a variety of facilities.131

Xai-Xai IDP – DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIESFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA7.1.4 Green AreasPraia Velha area is situated on sandy wind blown dunes. Most of the Praia Velha area iscovered with indigenous vegetation characteristic to coastal dunes of Mozambique (see Figure5). The dominant plant species are Mimusops caffra (20.9 %) and Diospyros rotundifolia(14.0%) forming the dense bush forest particularly in the secondary dunes area (see Figure6 9 ).The specific vegetation cover at the foredunes is highly deteriorated by human activitiescausing severe erosion and sand movement towards the interior part of the Praia Velha area.The main cause of this deterioration is construction activities, the use of the existing road alongthe foredunes and the lateral paths leading to the beach. The introduction of the Causarinatrees in the past has not proven to be effective in preventing erosion. It must be brought to theattention of developers that the removal of vegetation during a phase of construction will resultin a cost implication when it comes to revegetating these exposed areas.In most cases the natural vegetation will recolonise the area, if left alone. However, to speed upthis process, it is advisable to replant a site with species found on the site originally. This willresult in the indigenous character of the site being retained after construction. Secondly, theuse of indigenous plants species will ensure the maintenance and restoration of the naturalecosystem.It is, however, unavoidable that some of the indigenous vegetation will be lost during theconstruction of houses, streets and other buildings. This can be mitigated by the followingactions:• To preserve as much as possible of the indigenous vegetation cover on the buildingsites, particularly at the edges of lots, along the streets and within the public areas;• Special efforts should be made in restoring and maintaining the indigenousvegetation cover along the foredunes where narrow and sensitively designedpedestrian walkway should replace the existing road;• The lateral accesses to the beach (wooden stairs) should be elevated from theground to allow restoration and undisturbed growth of plants;• Special attention should be placed in restoring the vegetation cover along theprotection green belt. In the majority of this area the indigenous vegetation shouldbe restored;• Only decorative plants that do not pose a threat to indigenous vegetation should beallowed and only on a limited scale in public areas; and• Public areas such as the playground, the viewpoint and the restaurant area shouldbe planted with mostly indigenous species and if other plants are used, in a waywhich is sensitive towards the indigenous species. Plants with a low maintenanceshould be used so as not to waste precious public funds. These areas should serveas an example for the planting of private lots9 Map and relevant information is adapted from Roda S. Nuvunga, Alfredo Nuvunga, Viriato Chiconela,“Caracterizacao da vegetacao nativa da zona costeira entre a Prai-Velha e Chongoene”, GTA, Xai-Xai, Novembro1998.132

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOADEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES - Xai-Xai IDP7.1.5 Infrastructure Preliminary ProjectsWater SupplyThere is no existing water supply to Praia Velha. The nearest existing pipelines are to the eastin the existing town of Xai-Xai Beach but are old pipes of small diameter and uncertaincondition designed to supply only the few existing houses. The pipes are connected to the smallexisting low level reservoir and are, therefore, subject to low working pressure and do not havecapacity to supply Praia Velha.The proposal is that the whole coast will be supplied from new high level reservoirs with a topwater level of 88 metres which allows for development of stands to the 60 metre contour as ageneral rule. All new pipe work should be designed accordingly to a working head of 90 metres- pipes should, therefore, be Class 9 in the PVC range of equivalent.A new pipeline must, therefore, be laid to Praia Velha with Class 9 pipe. Initially, this pipe canbe connected to the low level reservoir to supply water for the early development of the area.Provided the low level reservoir has water in it this elevation should be sufficient to supply thehighest stands which reach the 45 metre level. It must be emphasised, however, that thereservoir is often empty, sometimes for a few days at a time so the supply at present isintermittent.In due course Praia Velha can be connected to the new reservoir at higher pressure. Ideally,the pipes should be sized to supply the whole of the township of 120 stands but developmentcan be phased to suit funding availability and projected growth rates for building of homes,although this will be more costly in the long run.Proposed sizes and lengths of mains are given in Table 20 below:Table 20Praia Velha Water Supply and ReticulationLocationDiametermmLengthIn metresTo Praia Velha Reservoir to east border of township 150 1100In Praia VelhaUpper RingCentral ArmLower RingMinor reticulation and interconnectionTotal 44001007575100757550300700750400600350200The cost of the water supply system can be easily ascertained by applying current constructioncosts to the pipelines scheduled above and allowing for the cost of connections and watermeters to each property. Policy will dictate as to whether an additional contribution is requiredfrom purchasers of stands towards the costs of the proposed new bulk water supply systemwith new pumps, pumping mains, reservoirs and chlorinating, and supply mainsLiquid Waste Treatment and DisposalInitially, all liquid waste for the houses at Praia Velha will be disposed of by septic tanks withsoakaways. Because of the steep terrain care must be taken in siting soakaways sufficientlywithin each property to ensure that there is no surface seepage onto lower neighbouringproperties or the road. All septic tanks should also be located to connect to the futuresewerage reticulation with minimum disruption in future and this will usually be on the low sideof the property.135

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOADEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES - Xai-Xai IDPThe township has been laid out to suit a future waterborne sewerage system and a planshowing the position of the key pipeline routes prepared. It is important that 2 metre servitudesbe maintained for future sewer installation across certain stands.This reticulation will be collected into an intercepting sewer on the seaside which in turn willconnect to a future proposed pump station in the small valley to the east between Praia Velhaand Xai-Xai Beach. Separate proposals have been made to build a pump station and pumpingmain to take sewerage to a treatment site north of Praia Velha and land should be reserved forthis purpose. After treatment the liquid will be returned to the sea by gravity via a pipelinethrough the reef opposite the east corner of the township.Again policy will dictate whether an additional contribution is required from purchasers of standstowards the cost of a possible future sewerage reticulation system and the proposed treatmentfacility7.1.6 Development ControlsThe Need and Implementation of Development ControlAlthough development control is often shunned as an attempt by government to imposerestrictions on private development and is often seen as inappropriate in these circumstances, itis necessary in order to protect the value of private property and to retain the unique image ofthe Xai-Xai area. It is an imperative element in the successful development of the area into ahighly valued tourist area. This view was supported by the Friends of Xai-Xai Association.Development control measures should be simple and easy to implement. A board consisting ofmembers of the tourism ministry, the municipality and the resident’s organisation should beestablished to consider building and site development plans. These plans should be submittedin order to evaluate its impact on neighbouring properties and on the natural environment, aswell as to evaluate whether it fits in with the current character of the area. The developmentcontrols consist of building controls and architectural considerations. These are meant asguidelines that should guide development and the evaluation of the suitability of development.Even though these are only guidelines, deviation from them should be evaluated withcircumspection.Building ControlsIn order to facilitate the implementation of the Praia Velha Detailed Plan it is necessary toestablish some basic building codes. The objectives of these codes and guidelines are not tomake all the houses in the area uniform, but primary to protect the public and common interestsand also to avoid the possible conflicts between the concession owners.Coverage:The built area on the ground floor (including covered areas on anupper floor) should not exceed 25 % of the lot surface. The built areaof the auxiliary structures is included in this.Floor area ratio: The floor area ratio of the total buildings should not exceed 0,5. Thefloor area at the attic should not exceed 50 % of the ground floorcoverage.Building lines:All built structures should not be built closer than 5 meters to the lotboundaries (this includes auxiliary structures). It is recommendedbuildings be removed at least 10 meters from the street boundary.Height restrictions: Houses can have a basement, ground floor, first floor and attic. Therooftop should not exceed 9 meters from the ground floor level. Theground floor level is defined as the average height of the naturalterrain of the site.Auxiliary structures: Auxiliary structures, such as garage, storage spaces etc., in principleshould be attached to the main structure. If detached, the buildingline rule (5 meters from neighbours and 10 m from the front line)should be applied.137

Xai-Xai IDP – DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIESFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAConsolidation:It is possible to consolidate two to three basic lots. In such case theabove rules should also apply to this enlarged lot.Number of units per lot: Only one residential unit should be allowed per lot. Specialapplication has to be made to increase this number.Subdivision of lots: Lots should not be subdivided.Fencing:Fences can be erected around each lot. Transparent fences arerecommended such as a low hedge. The neighbours should agree onthe type of the fence separating their lots.Green space:Areas of the lot with a slope steeper than 1:4 should be retained in itsnatural state.Landscaping:Landscaping on the site should mostly consist of indigenous plants.Architectural ConsiderationsThe majority of the development in Xai-Xai Praia took place in the colonial period in the sixties.There is ample evidence of the influence of the modern architectural style of that period,particularly on public buildings. It is evident that the work of Le Corbusier and other leadingarchitects of modern style inspired the architecture of these solid concrete structures. Thearchitectural style of the Church, the Belvedere, the Gasoline station and the Post Office isdefined with a bold use of concrete elements such as staggered and inclined roof shells,inclined pillars or orthogonally structured openings. The less prestigious public buildings andmajority of the residential houses are built in the same style but with dominant simple prismaticvolumes, sometimes fractured but well composed and provided with relatively large andirregularly placed openings. The predominantly white faces of the buildings contribute to thepleasant image of these structures in the evergreen landscape of Xai-Xai Beach.The architectural styles to be implemented in the Praia Velha area are not prescribed in thisDetailed Plan. Due to the architectural heritage of Xai-Xai Praia, it is recommended though thatfuture architecture follow the above-identified values of the Praia Velha architectural heritage. Itis not the intention to suggest the repetition of the modern style, but to reach the same qualityvalues. In order to give some basic guidelines the following is recommended to be applied infuture residential housing design:• the main structure is preferred to be built of solid material (concrete and concreteblocks);• the dominant colour of house facades should be white;• the roofs could be flat, shallow inclined (gentle sloping) or combined with preferredneutral colours;• massive single volumes should be avoided;• light structures resembling local rural architecture could be applied in some auxiliarystructures, basically detached from the main house, such as porches, shades, etc.;• windows should be defined by a protruding frame; and• fences fronting on the street could be developed as semi-transparent structureswith a solid low concrete base wall and steel bars in the upper part or as lowhedges.7.1.7 Demonstration Project ImplementationAs envisaged within the framework of the EAF/5 – Second Phase project for Xai-Xai Beach,Mozambique, besides elaboration of the Detailed Plan the implementation activities areessential in demonstrating the integrated management of coastal resources. The Detailed Planfor implementation activities segment that is supported within this Demonstration project,includes the following:138

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOADEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES - Xai-Xai IDP• The adoption of the Detailed Plan by the Xai-Xai Municipality;• The review of concessionaires list and assignment of newly created lots toconcessionaires;• The development of the layout plan with co-ordinates suitable for pegging;• The selection of appropriate surveyor and pegging of new lots; and• The engagement of a local institution in the preparation of the detailedimplementation framework for Praia Velha.To facilitate the process of the overall Detailed Plan implementation an action plan/programmefor Praia Velha Demonstration Project implementation has been prepared. This is presented inTable 21 below:139

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES – Xai-Xai IDPTable 21 Action Plan for Praia Velha Demonstration Project ImplementationSTEP ACTION FINANCEDBYESTIMATEDCOST(whereavailable)RESPONSIBLEORGANISATIONTIMEFRAME2.1 Elaboration of detailed layout plan Sponsored byFAO10 000 USD Joint PAP/RACMICOA teamCompleted2.2 Elaboration of preliminary execution projects relevant to the detailed plan Sponsored byFAO10 000 USD Joint PAP/RACMICOA teamCompleted2.3 Adoption/approval of the plan by responsible authorities (Steering committeeand Municipality)- - Responsiblemunicipaldepartments andcity councilAdopted inthe end of19982.4 Marking of sites:- Preparation of diagrams with co-ordinates- Pegging of sites- Registration of titlesSponsored byFAOConcessionaires15 000 USD “Provisional”DevelopmentAgency (SUIMO)Pegged inFebruary19992.5 Elaborate the criteria and propose to the municipality guidelines for eliminatingconcessionaires who are not able or willing to contribute to the cost ofdeveloping infrastructure servicesMunicipality andconcessionaires2 000 USD SUIMO reportingto city council fordecisions3 months2.6 Issue together with re-registration of concessions and tender documents fornew concessions a set of development guidelines/building codes, including atopographical site map (scale 1:2000 ) showing building restrictions such asbuilding lines, etc.Municipality frombudget500 USD Responsiblemunicipaldepartments(withassistance ofDevelopmentAgency ifrequired)Short term(3 months)2.7 Develop tender documentation for the calling of bids for concessions on landbecoming vacant through the process described in B5 above, in order to securesufficient contribution towards development costs by concessionaires. (Thevalue of land should be used as a basis to raise levies to provide funds fordirect investment in development of the area (e.g. operation of DevelopmentConcessionairesand municipality2 000 USD DevelopmentAgency reportingto municipality fordecisionsShort term(3 months)

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES – Xai-Xai IDPSTEP ACTION FINANCEDAgency)BYESTIMATEDCOST(whereavailable)RESPONSIBLEORGANISATIONTIMEFRAME2.8 Definition of Terms of Reference for the Development Agency with regard todevelopment of the Praia Velha. This will serve as a model for otherdevelopment cells as well:• Legal and operational framework for Agency• Legal and working relationships between stakeholders (concessionaires,APV, government authorities, utility companies)Sponsored by theFAO project5 000 USD(This is inaddition to the15 000 USDfor A3 above)“ProvisionalDevelopmentAgency”(SUIMO)Beforeworkshopin March1999)• Definition of infrastructure options (types, levels and specification ofservices)• Elaboration of detailed investment programme with specific reference to:- Share of capital infrastructure investment per concession;- Share of investment within the Praia Velha area; and- Cost of individual connections.2.9 Construction of water supply to Praia Velha:• New borehole, supply and distribution mainsPre-financed bybank loan andrecovered fromConcessionaires35 000 USD 12-24months• Individual connections Concessionaires 700 USD/lot DevelopmentAgency and watercompany withcontractors12-24months• Connection to main water system (wells, reservoirs, etc.) Pre-financed bybank loan andrecovered fromconcessionaires10 000 USD 24 months2.10 Construction of road network for Praia Velha:• Share of upgrading of existing roads in Praia and to WenelaPre-financedthrough bank loanand recoveredfrom72 000 USD DevelopmentAgency andcontractorssupervised by142

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES – Xai-Xai IDPSTEP ACTION FINANCEDESTIMATEDCOST(whereavailable)RESPONSIBLEORGANISATIONBYconcessionaires governmentTIMEFRAME• Cost of internal roads, pedestrian paths, and public parking areas:− Grading and stabilising only (Initial phase); and− Paving and concrete stormwater channels.160 000 USD340 000 USDShort term(12-24months)2.11 Electrification of Praia Velha:• Share of bulk supply (sub-stations, supply lines, etc.)• Street lighting and lighting of common areas• Internal reticulation (domestic supply)• Individual connectionsElectricitycompany to defineTo be providedby electricitycompanyDevelopmentAgency andElectricitycompany withcontractors,supervised bygovernmentShort term(12-24months)2.12 Sewage disposalShort term• Initial phase: Individual septic tanks and small disposal and treatmentsystemsIndividualconcessionaires1 200 USD/lot Individualssupervised bygovernment(12-24months)• Upgrading to complete municipal disposal and treatment system Pre-financed bybank loan andrecovered fromconcessionairesDevelopmentAgency andcontractorssupervised bygovernmentMedium tolong term

Xai-Xai IDP – DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIESFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA7.1.8 Demarcation and Pegging of the Praia Velha Detailed PlanThis chapter refers to the pegging of the Praia Velha Detailed Plan, including 139 lots in thearea known as the Praia Velha beachfront, between January 26 and February 11, 1999. Theprivate company SUIMO Lda. was appointed provisional tendering agent (provisionalDevelopment Agency) for this crucial first step of implementation. Following the evaluation offour different bids the work was contracted to a joint venture of the national survey service ofDINAGECA and the MHP GEOMATICS, prominent South-African surveying company.The principal consideration for the co-operation was private company efficiency (MHP) backedby the legal and administrative framework, as well as on site support by the national surveyingservice (DINAGECA). It was proven that the national service is technically capable of providingthe contracted service, however, the experience of the MHP was a valid speed and efficiencyfactor. The collaboration was a success in terms of personal and professional exchange andhas led to the required results.Methodology AppliedStandard practice demands that Y, X co-ordinates for a development project be referenced tothe national co-ordinate system. Aerial mapping had previously been done and referenced tothis system. While connecting our survey onto the national grid system of reference points,inconsistencies appeared between actual physical measurements and the mathematicaldistance based on the co-ordinates supplied.This initial referencing is vital, not only to the survey at hand, but also to the success of thewhole project. Our survey co-ordinates where derived from the mapping previously done and assuch the physical position of the monument which we place, must conform to the designposition as designed from the mapping.The survey was undertaken in its totality with LEICA Real Time GPS. Two of the PrimaryNational Reference points were visited in the area. As well as a secondary National referencepoint based in Xai-Xai itself. Comparison between GPS co-ordinates and the two PrimaryNational Clark 1866 co-ordinates were shown to be contradictory.To solve this discrepancy in the reference points, it was able to source the survey control pointsco-ordinates utilised by the previous surveyor and from this we were able to use the samereference points the previous surveyor used and maintain the consistency of our survey and themapping. Finally, a system was devised whereby the relative co-ordinates of the mapcorresponded to measurements on the ground. The map was then positioned to match theexisting structures, as well as possible.PeggingThe process then started by placing the property beacons. The methodology we used for thiswas that MHP surveyor would place steel pegs as the beacon and then the DINAGECAsurveyors were referencing point and substituting the concrete blocks.The area of survey was very bushy, in most places 2 meters high, what radically affected initialplanning of the project and the survey methodology had to be revised, and required as follows:• Employment of substantially more labour was required to “cut lines through thedense vegetation”;• The time planned for the project would not be met;• Further additional labour had to be procured due to the heavy nature of each surveymonument (concrete blocks weighing approximately 50kg) and the added logisticalproblems caused by the vegetation; and• Vehicular access to the site was also equally constrained by the dense vegetation.The job became extremely labour intensive because of this and at one stage we where using15 labourers to do the cutting and carrying of the heavy concrete beacons.144

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOADEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES - Xai-Xai IDPThe GPS method used was very efficient. It allowed for an almost constant reading of coordinatesof high precision. Marking the pegs thus became a question of following instrumentindications through the bush. There are two limitations to this method:4. Severe wear and tear on the sensitive instruments due to high temperature,humidity and rain; and5. The mundane job of cutting a path through the bush and clearing enough tree-coverto allow a constant satellite reading.The first set of obstacles is a logistical problem of backup equipment and repair kits, the secondproblem could be avoided by doing road clearings at the same time as the surveying.Apparently a bulldozer could be navigated by GPS to clear the road along a pre-set path, at thesame time surveyors could peg out the stands along the way. Also the bulldozer could transportthe marker stones. This method would shorten the time needed for an area the size of thedemonstration project down to a few days.ConclusionThe pegging of lots according to the Praia Velha Detailed Plan layout is completed. Therepresentatives of the local institutions, such as INPF, co-operated in pegging, contributed to it’ssuccess and approved the work done. The results have been presented at a SteeringCommittee meeting and have been approved of.There, however, remain a number of conceptional questions as were also raised at asubsequent meeting of the association “Amigos de Praia Velha”. Foremost among these is thecurrent legal status of the plots including title rights. Further questions of implementation ofinfrastructure are still pending and should be tackled as the crucial issues of the furtherimplementation process.7.2 Bankable Projects - Definition and SelectionOne of the tasks to be undertaken and the expected Outputs within the framework of the EAF/5Second Phase in Xai-Xai, Mozambique, is the preparation of several Bankable Projects. Sincethe Bankable Project is not a generally known category of projects, it may be defined as adocument aiming to attract attention of donors or investors for funding of a particular project,which is part of the ICAM implementation process. In principal, the selected Bankable Projectsare expected to fulfil the following criteria:• To be evaluated by the state and local authorities, and stakeholders in a widersense, as one of priorities to be resolved within the frame of other developmentproblems of a particular area;• To have a marked environmental component, i.e. to fit up with sustainabledevelopment framework; and• To provide real chances for the reimbursement of financial means obtained forProjects’ realisation, so as to be evaluated as acceptable for providing financialsupport by investors, i.e. financing institutions.7.2.1 Contents of Bankable ProjectsIn order to fulfil the above-mentioned criteria, the Bankable Project should:1. Explain the importance, range and time frame of Bankable Project’s realisationwithin the entire development of a particular area;2. Provide technical explanation for the Project including information about itscontents, extent and envisaged technical solutions;3. Provide explanation for Project’s goals and its contribution to resolving ICAMproblems of a particular area, i.e., determine benefits and risks to be expected;4. Provide explanation for environmental and sustainability component of the Project;145

Xai-Xai IDP – DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIESFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA5. Prepare cost estimate for Project’s realisation (separately per particular items and intotal);6. Determine financing sources and time frame within which the reimbursement offinancial means invested into the Project’s preparation by end users could beexpected; and7. Provide explanation for organisational framework and the way of Project’simplementation, i.e., the activities to be undertaken.As it could be seen from the above mentioned, the Bankable Project might include a variety ofactivities in the coastal area, such as development of a particular economic branch (i.e.,fisheries). Also, the Project might be extremely environmentally oriented (i.e., rehabilitation andenhancement of the coastal dunes state). However, it has been confirmed in most cases thatBankable Projects are related with the development and enhancement of infrastructure inparticular areas with the emphasised environmental component, such as liquid and solid wastetreatment and disposal.7.2.2 Selection of Bankable ProjectsWithin the framework of the preparation of the Integrated Development Plan (IDP) for Xai-XaiBeach, the opportunity appeared for the selection of a large number of Bankable Projects. Theneeds for rehabilitation and development opportunities of this extremely tourist locality haveconsiderably been increased after the long period of political and economic instability in thecountry calling for their immediate realisation. After several discussions within the working teamand with the representatives of local authorities, it has been concluded that developmentcomponent should be given highest priority whereby infrastructure reconstruction anddevelopment is the biggest problem of this tourist area. The following Bankable Projects wereselected:• Reconstruction and Development of the First Phase of the Xai-Xai Beach WaterSupply System;• Construction of the Backset Distributor Road; and• Elaboration of a Tourist Marketing Portfolio.The above-mentioned projects are only a smaller part of interventions envisaged to beundertaken within the framework of the Xai-Xai IDP being of particular importance for startingtheir systematic and organised implementation. By realisation of these projects, an ad hoc andconsequently a haphazard approach to the resolution of development problems would definitelybe given up and prerequisites would be created for a sustainable tourism development, as wellas for the development of other accompanying activities in the area.Taking into account the limited possibilities for funding and reimbursement of invested financialmeans, particular attention should be accorded to the phase realisation of elaborated projects.7.3 Construction of Backset Distributor Road7.3.1 Roads Network Proposals within IDP FrameworkThe transportation system in Xai-Xai Beach area will, for the foreseeable future, be road based.Routes must open up the area for development as envisaged in the framework and should beconveniently situated to cater for vehicular and non-motorised transport modes.The coastal management development framework aims to strike a balance between theprotection and preservation of sensitive coastal environments, and development pressure withconcomitant access requirements. The land-use and environmental suitability analysis definedthe areas that can be opened up for development. The road network proposals are aimed atproviding access in a defined hierarchy of routes. The existing layout of Xai-Xai Beach isapplied as a pattern to maintain some theme in the development layout, within the constraintsof the topography and road standards.146

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOADEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES - Xai-Xai IDPThe road proposals have been developed in conjunction with the spatial planning frameworkand relate to the developable areas along the coastal dunes. These proposals aim to balancethe ecological impact of roads and access with the need to order the development pressure inthe area.The backset distributor road is categorised as second important in hierarchy, after existingdistrict road linking the Xai-Xai town to Praia which is first category. The distributor road linksthe two district roads and runs parallel to the coast.The backset alignment of the distributor road was adopted as it runs on the inland edge of thedevelopable area and thus defines this edge. It can be constructed in stages as the demand forland grows. No direct access to any individual properties should be given to this road. Onlycollector road or access roads from mayor concession area may intersect with it. This road willbe designed for mobility and regional access, thus requiring relatively high design standards.7.3.2 Technical DescriptionThe backset distributor road will be constructed in sensitive and protected area of coastaldunes following the contour lines at approximate altitude of 60 m above sea level. The roadincludes several sections of different length thus enabling phase construction beginning fromthe existing district road to Xai-Xai towards district road to Chongoene. The entire length of thebackset distributor road is given in Table 22 below:Table 22Length of the Backset Distributor RoadSection No. Section Description Distance in kmT2 - T3 Xai-Xai district road to Cell-3 collector road 1.153T3 – T4 Cell-3 collector road to Cell-4 collector road 1.737T4 – T5 Cell-4 collector road to Cell-5 collector road 2.394T5 – T5A Cell-5 collector road to Cell-5A collector road 477T5A – T6 Cell-5A collector road to Chongoene district road 3.314Total Backset distributor road 9.075Design Standards, Typical Cross-section, Drainage, Design speed, Gradients, Pavementdesign, and Construction materials that should be the part of the bankable projects whenpresented to potential investors are presented in chapter 4. of this report.7.3.3 Objectives and Benefits of the ProjectThe backset distributor road is the backbone of spatial and functional organisation of the Xai-Xai Beach tourist settlement. Its realisation would definitely confirm the orientation of populationtowards giving up spontaneous and environmentally harmful development. Also, either realisedin phases, or particularly as a whole, benefits from the road construction would be numerous,among them the most important are given below:• The orientation of national and local authorities towards organised and sustainabledevelopment of tourism and policy for preservation and enhancement of coastalresources (e.g., beaches and foredunes vegetation) would be confirmed;• Opportunities would be created for a sustainable development of the entire area notonly of a narrow coastal belt running along the beach;• Opportunities would be created for a successful realisation of the other neededinfrastructure development, such as electricity and water supply, solid wastecollection and disposal, etc.;147

Xai-Xai IDP – DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIESFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA• Re-location of traffic from the coastal to the backset distributor road would definitelyeliminate negative impacts and pollution from the beaches (i.e., air pollution, noise,destruction of vegetation) caused by intensive traffic;• The value of land intended for tourism and housing development would beincreased resulting in making offers for land to important and financially powerfuldevelopers;• The increasing of land value and interest for construction would result in incomecreation for the local community, thus making possible the fulfilment of obligationstakenover, among others, the reimbursement of financial means invested in therealisation of the Project; and• Re-location of access for visitors and services, such as waste transportation,supplying, and vehicular access to future built-up areas would enable realisation ofa Promenade, thus, raising the level of tourist offer in the beach segment to thehigh world level.It is obvious that each project brings along certain risks. In the case of the backset distributorroad construction prerequisites would partly be created for influx of settlers along the road,thus, posing threat to further non-sustainable exploitation of resources in the dunes belt.However, the risk the local population would be exposed to by creation of quality constructionand housing prerequisites in the areas envisaged for the development within the framework ofIDP, would relatively be low.Also, due to various external factors, such as political and economic instability in the widerregion, the expected interest of developers could lack. The local community should take thisrisk, which, however, could be reduced if the road construction and its utilisation would start assoon as possible, i.e., until interest of developers still exists.7.3.4 Environmental ConsiderationsThe environmental impact of development was a serious concern throughout the planning. Theimpact of roads is specifically important, as roads open up the area and change drainagepatterns. The geology of the area is recent sands, formed into dunes under maritime influence.The dunes are orientated perpendicular to the coast, resulting in steep valleys with depressionsas low as 2m above sea level and dune crests as high as 126m above sea level. The dunesperpendicular to the sea, allow some possible routes from the inland, but limit routes parallel tothe coast. The topography of the coastal dunes is not very suitable to development, as many ofthe slopes are too steep for building and roads will have to cut through the dunes. The exposeddune sand is unstable and prone to wind erosion.The implication for roads planning is that design standards must be restricted to fit thehorizontal and vertical alignments to the natural constraints. Routes should follow contours asfar as possible and where slopes are required, the route must follow natural slopes ofacceptable gradients. The natural vegetation must be retained as far as possible duringconstruction of roads and slopes resulting from cut and fill operations revegetated. Storm waterrunoff from roads must be channelled in side drains to avoid erosion and weakening of the subgrade. Storm water is absorbed into the sand or accumulated in the natural depressions. Thisdrainage patterns should be left as undisturbed as possible. The area is subject to cycloneconditions. Final design of drainage must take this into account.However, the steep slopes on the dunes will constrain the design with respect to gradients andsight distance and necessitate careful siting of intersecting roads. The main advantage of thebackset road is that it will not be visible from the beach area as it is often behind dunes and theheight of the beach dunes cuts off the line of sight to the developments on the dune plateau.The coastal section from Xai-Xai Beach to the east is at present served by a coastal road. Theexisting development along this strip is dependent on this access and will be until access fromthe inland is available. The area through which this route goes is already spoilt and partiallydeveloped. It is proposed that this coastal road is upgraded in the short term as distributor148

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOADEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES - Xai-Xai IDProute, but it must be relocated towards the dunes to free the beach area and promenade fromtraffic.7.3.5 Cost EstimateConstruction cost was obtained from the Provincial roads department. The rates are based oncurrent internal rehabilitation rates and may be conservative for a large contract whereeconomy of scale comes to play. However, the risk to a contractor may result in high rates. Thecost estimate of 150,000 US$ per km includes the preparation of projects to be implementedcovering about 5% of total cost amount. Without preparation of cost estimate, constructionworks should not start (see Table 23 below).Table 23Backset Distributor road Construction Cost EstimateSection No.Distance inkmGrading andconstruction ofstabilised base(32 % of total)Cost Estimate in US$Paving andconstruction of concretestormwater channels (68% of total)ConstructionTotalCost per km = 150,000 48,000 102,000 150,000T2 - T3 1.153 55,344 117,606 172,950T3 – T4 1.737 83,376 177,174 260,550T4 – T5 2.394 114,912 244,188 359,100T5 – T5A 477 22,896 48,654 71,550T5A – T6 3.314 159,072 338,028 497,100Total 9.075 435,600 925,650 1,361,2507.3.6 Financial FrameworkIt is to be supposed that Provincial and Municipality authorities would be in charge for providingfinancial support to Project’s development. Most of investments require engagement ofconsiderable financial means. However, taking into account enormous needs for roadsreconstruction in Mozambique, financing from budget lines is not to be expected. In otherwords, a loan should be claimed from a bank.The sources from which the loan would be paid back would, among others, be as follows:• Contribution from developers in adequate share of their development;• Share of the upgraded land value for each concession;• Levies and taxis that are regular source for road construction and maintenance; and• Specification of tourist levies.7.3.7 Project Organisation and ImplementationThe extenuating circumstance for financing the entire Project is that all the investments couldbe divided into two physically and in terms of time independent sections, namely :a) Grading and construction of stabilised base, being the smaller amount ininvestments percentage, and creating above all access to built-up areas in theplanned development cells; andb) Paving and construction of concrete stormwater channels enabling undisturbedfunctioning of developed tourist and residential complexes.149

Xai-Xai IDP – DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIESFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAFurthermore, each of the above-mentioned sections may also be developed as a separateinvestment thus reducing considerably initial costs, and organising the road construction for along term depending on developers’ interest for construction in particular development cells.It should be pointed out that almost half of the entire investment (568,650 US$) accounts forsections T5-T5A and T5A-T6 that connect very small development areas and make the alreadydeveloped tourist area a functional whole. Therefore, the development of these sections couldnot be possible before the mature period of the Xai-Xai Beach resort development.Based on the current construction and concessions granted, it would be opportunely to prepareat present a detailed project documentation, and start with realisation of the following:I phase:Grading and construction of stabilised base for sections T2 to T4 in total138,720 US$; andII phase: Grading and construction of stabilised base for section T4 to T5A2 in total114,912 US$.In such a way, the whole Bankable Project could be realised in the nearest future.7.4 Construction of Water Supply System - First Phase7.4.1 Summary of Existing SystemsThe present system is in a poor condition and is unable to provide an assured water supply tothe town. The main problem is a very little reservoir storage (only 5% of current requirements),and only one pump dependent on an erratic electricity supply without standby pump orgenerator. Moreover, the source of water is a well, which risks pollution from nearby septictanks or possible salt water contamination if over pumped (it is only 100m from the sea).Finally, the reticulation is old and uncertain and unlikely to be able to meet peak demands ifmajor hotels are to be built up. Also, there is a risk of local pollution through possiblecontamination when the pipes stand empty and the pumps fail. The danger of pollution throughreticulation is also increased, because there is no system of chlorinating to treat the water andprotect against contamination and impurities.7.4.2 Technical DescriptionThe proposed water supply project (see Chapter 5.) begins with new wells located inland awayfrom sources of pollution. Water from the wells is to be pumped to new reservoirs at higherelevations of 88m. Water from the new reservoirs is to be supplied by gravity with new highpressurewater mains to the town. Water is to be distributed through new high-pressure pipeswith metered connections to consumers in the town and to new development along the coast.The old well, old reservoir, old reticulation and distribution system will then be dismantled andabandoned as being unsafe, old and unhygienic. A start on the new construction can be madeby building one component of the future new distribution system to supply the new township ofPraia Velha. This would comprise new high-pressure pipework:1. With a new main laid from the existing old reservoir at the entrance to the townalong the existing ring road, to run west to Praia Velha.2. New high-pressure distribution mains in the new Praia Velha township.3. Metered connections to each stand to be installed and paid for by the stand owner.The pipes would be plastic uPVC pipes class 9 designed to a working water pressure of 90metres head. All valves and fittings would also be class 9 designed to 90 metres working waterpressure.150

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOADEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES - Xai-Xai IDP7.4.3 Benefits and RisksThe benefits are as follows:• Provision of a sound properly designed and constructed water supply system to allthe stands at Praia Velha;• This new system is designed as the first phase of a totally new and safe watersupply system, and the high pressure pipes are designed to connect to the newsystem in the future; and• Provision of the system will generate income from connections, rates and paymentfor water consumed.The risks, if not done, are as follows:• Water supply will have to be from individual boreholes. This could be costly andthere is the risk of pollution;• No income would accrue from the sale of water, etc.; and• The offered benefit of a kick-start to the provision of a proper water supply systemusing funding made available under this programme would be lost.7.4.4 Sustainability and Environmental ImpactAt present, collection of income from water supply would appear to be on the low side and doesnot provide an economic base to maintain and upgrade the system, nor to finance inputs, suchas electricity costs for pumping, etc.Provision of a proper water supply system would provide a big increase to the rates base, ifstands are taxed from the outset and this income plus revenue from the sale of water andprovision of connections could be an essential component for sustainable development of theinfrastructure for Xai-Xai Beach.Provision of such a water supply scheme would have only positive impacts on the environmentin that the system would make it unnecessary to install lots of individual boreholes with theattendant problems of pollution; also, problems are possible associated with drawing down thewater table in sandy areas causing settlement/foundation problems, etc.Therefore, construction of a new water supply system to Praia Velha is recommended as a firstphase in the provision of a better safer water supply system to the coastal area of Xai-XaiBeach (see Table 24 below).7.4.5 Cost EstimatesTable 24Water Supply Phase ISTEP ACTION ESTIMATEDCOST3.1 Construction of new well no. 1 10 000 USD3.2 Construction of pumping mains 10 000 USD3.3 Construction of new reservoir 100 000 USD3.4 Construction of new supply anddistribution mains40 000 USDFINANCEDBYPre-financed bybank loan,recovered fromconcessionairesand other usersRESPONSIBLEORGANISATIONWater companywith contractorsTOTAL160 000 USD151

Xai-Xai IDP – DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIESFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA7.5 Marketing Portfolio7.5.1 Technical DescriptionWith the exception of a few island destinations, all tourism activities came to virtual standstillduring the 16 years of civil strive in Mozambique. In the Gaza Province tourism related activitiesresumed in 1993, a year after the signing of the Peace Accord. Tourism in Gaza and, therefore,also in Xai-Xai Beach is in process of reconstruction – not only of physical infrastructure butalso of human resources and most importantly of its tourism image.In order to place Xai-Xai Beach back in its rightful place on the tourism itinerary of the regionand of the world, an integrated marketing strategy needs to be planned and implemented. Thereconstruction of the desired tourism image through a concerted marketing effort should,however, go hand in hand with consistency in terms of the delivery of quality tourism productsin order for it to have a lasting effect.Aspects which currently provides Xai-Xai Beach with a not-to-be-missed window of opportunityfor drawing the market’s attention are:a) The improvement of access through the Maputo Corridor development;b) The professionally drafted Integrated Development Plan for Xai-Xai Beach currentlyunder preparation and financed by UNEP; andc) Investment in prime in tourism development in the area, such as Zongoene Lodgeand the Oasis Hotel.These aspects should be effectively communicated to potential investors and to travellers inorder for Xai-Xai Beach to effectively capitalise on them by drawing long-term investment to thetown and region.7.5.2 ObjectivesThe objective of a marketing campaign for Xai-Xai Beach is to inform the broad public in theRepublic of South Africa (expected source of ± 70 % of all visitors) and the international traveltrade of the Praia’s efforts to re-establish itself as the prime resort town it was known to beduring its heydays in the 60’s.An Integrated Marketing Strategy for Xai-Xai Beach should, therefore, be launched, based on amulti-media approach and should aim to reach a broad spectrum of potential visitors/investorswith enough information in a palatable format and at a reasonable cost.7.5.3 Project structureThe recommended marketing campaign should span a period of approximately two years andshould include the following:Marketing agentA marketing agent should be appointed and made responsible for co-ordinating the campaignand for responding to enquiries resulting from the various marketing initiatives. The agentshould preferably be situated close to the source market – Gauteng (Johannesburg/Pretoria)would, therefore, be a recommended base.Print mediaXai-Xai Beach’s printed campaign will be structured to inform potential large-scale investors,the travel trade and travellers. The following approach is recommended:a) 1 x full page advertisement in two major South African newspapers – totalcirculation of 500 000 +;b) 1 x full page advertisement in the travel section of two major South Africannewspapers – 5 total circulation of 500 000 +;152

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOADEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES - Xai-Xai IDPc) Coverage by South African travel media to be arranged through sponsored visit by± 10 selected journalists to Xai-Xai Beach; andd) 2 x print runs of 5 000 colour information brochures for selective distribution.Electronic mediaActing as support to the printed campaign, the following electronic media campaign isrecommended for its cost-effectiveness:a) The professional production of a film clip to be used as information tool and to beaired by a major Southern African TV Network (M-Net) as a newsclip or as part of apopular actuality programme; andb) The production and management of an interactive website supplying updatedinformation on Xai-Xai Beach’s tourism products and related investmentopportunities.Other initiativesOther recommended marketing initiatives to be included in the Xai-Xai Beach campaign are:a) Staging a joint Xai-Xai Beach exhibit at the annual South African Indaba TravelShow in Durban in order to attract the attention of the incoming tour operatorsserving Southern Africa; andb) A sponsored 2-day visit by ± 5 international travel agents to introduce them to thePraia and its potential.7.5.4 Benefits and RisksThe benefits of such a campaign are innumerable, but could be summed up as being that,without a concerted marketing effort of this nature, the word-of-mouth process will need morethan 5 years to effectively re-focus the attention of investors and travellers on the potential ofXai-Xai Beach as an accessible resort destination. A well planned and executed marketingcampaign will result in attracting the necessary visitors number and investors capital so dearlyneeded to make the Xai-Xai dream come true.The greatest risk involved in a marketing campaign of this nature lies in creating expectationswhich cannot be met, both in terms of what is offered to investors and to visitors. Xai-XaiBeach’s marketing campaign, in order to be effective, therefore needs to be backed up by aneffective communication forum, fully representative of all the decision-making authorities on alocal, and central government level. In this manner interest generated through the marketingcampaign may be dealt with effectively, thus leading to further positive interest.7.5.5 Technical AssistanceA focussed marketing project of this nature, needs to enjoy the full support of the localauthorities involved, but has to be managed by an experienced marketing agent contracted forthe purposes of the campaign. Such an agent will have to be comprehensively informed of thevarious investment opportunities and tourism resources within the area worth communicating tothe market and will require the support of existing private initiatives in the region. Whileparticularly targeting the potential investors the IDP framework could be of a great helppresenting the Xai-Xai Beach as a rare area in Mozambique offering organised approach totourism development.7.5.6 SustainabilityThis project will have no direct environmental impact, but by attracting visitors and seriousinvestors has the potential to contribute substantially to the implementation of IntegratedDevelopment Plan (IDP) and, therefore, on sustainability of the entire Xai-Xai Beach area.153

Xai-Xai IDP – DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIESFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA7.5.7 Project Cost EstimateBased on the recommended project structure, the project budget will be as follows (see Table25 below)Table 25Project Cost EstimateMedia sector Deliverable Cost in US$Marketing agent 24 Months marketing campaign 25,000Print Media Business section full page x 2 25,000Travel section full page x 2 8,000Visit by 10 x journalists 2,000Cour brochure:Production + 2 x print runs (5 000 ea)5,000Electronic mediaFilm clip – productionWebsite generation8,5001,500OtherIndaba Travel ShowVisit by 5 x travel agents5,0004,000TOTAL 84,000Financing a co-operative marketing campaign such as the one recommended for Xai-Xai Beachand environs will be problematic due to the fact that the expenditure on the project will not occurin the same entity where the benefits will occur. An option might be raise a contribution fromtourism product owners currently active in the area, but this approach is bound to be met withsevere resistance due to the small amount of product owners in the area and their current lowoccupancy levels.Other potential approaches include raising the funds through adding a marketing levy to theconcession fees levied from investors taking up property in the area, or applying for donorfunding from agencies interested in seeing the Xai-Xai Beach area developing in a sustainablemanner.For the beginning, the important step forward would be preparation of a printed brochure aimingto attract potential developers. To that aim, contents of this IDP (mostly maps) could be usedreducing in such a way brochure related costs to approximately 10,000-15,000 US$.154

ANNEXES1. Training of National ExpertsWithin the framework of the EAF/5 – Second Phase in Xai-Xai, Mozambique, the need for anincremental learning-based approach was recognised among other activities. In the projectworkplan, besides planning and implementation tasks, particular attention was paid to trainingtasks.The pilot training task should be an interactive participatory learning process. The training processshould be adaptive enough to enable the participants to identify the already conflicting anddiverging interests over resources, e.g. fisheries, forestry, tourism, in heavily developed sites.Further, the training process should pro-actively evolve to provide the participants with a dynamicmanagement tool to facilitate the adequate decisions in resource allocation. This task should bepractical on-the-job exercises, providing experience and a comprehensive information basis onwhich a process towards a holistic approach to coastal resource management should bedeveloped.In order to transfer to Mozambican experts an adequate knowledge and training, particularlyrelevant to tourism being the main activity in the pilot site, Xai-Xai Beach, the training task wasbased on the following components:1. Learning from the existing examples of tourism development and managementrelevant to the pilot site in environmental and market oriented issues;2. Providing on-the-job training by international experts that includes activities relevantto particular components of the project, such as tourism and physical planning,design of infrastructure projects, implementation framework elaboration, etc.; and3. Elaboration and implementation of the Demonstration project as a specificcomponent of on-the-job training providing the national experts with the guidelinesfor the implementation of the planning proposals.1.1 Study Tour - Learning from ExperienceFor the accomplishment of the first component, i.e. learning from the existing examples oftourism development and management, a study tour for national experts to the developedtourist coastal region was chosen as the most appropriate learning method. Since the adequateexamples were not available in Mozambique, a visit to the neighbouring coastal region ofKwazulu - Natal in the Republic of South Africa came out as a logical choice based on thefollowing facts:• The northern coast of Kwazulu - Natal belongs to the same coastal region ofparabolic dunes as the Xai - Xai area, thus having the similar physical andenvironmental characteristics;• As regards tourism, Kwazulu - Natal is a developed coastal region and hasundergone the stages of tourism development process that is still to begin inMozambique;• Since the majority of visitors to the coastal Kwazulu - Natal and to the south ofMozambique, particularly to Xai-Xai Beach, are and will be from the RSA, more orless successful examples of tourism development could be found in this coastalregion; and155

Xai-Xai IDP – ANNEXESFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA• A good relationship MICOA has developed with the RSA Ministry of Environmentand Tourism guarantees a good reception and presentation of achieved results toMozambican trainees.ObjectivesThe existing tourism development in Mozambique, particularly in the Xai-Xai district, is mainlybased on limited facilities that remained from colonial times, and a few development incentivesthat occurred recently in the area (the Zongoene lodge). Most of the officials working in therelevant government institutions at the local level (Directorate for Industry, Commerce andTourism, Department of Physical Planning, Directorate for Public Works, etc.) have a verylimited knowledge of managing tourism and almost no basic experience in the development ofinternational tourism.The main objective of the study tour was to present to national experts, i.e. the selectednational members of the joint working team, the various stages and examples of the coastaltourism development process. The basic fields of interest were as follows:• Environmental considerations based on carrying capacity assessment andenvironmental impact appraisal;• Land-use planning, including spatial structure and organisation, the built-up areasfor tourism accommodation, public and recreation facilities, housing development,etc.;• Development and construction pattern plan relevant to the type and capacity oftourism and housing structures, public, recreation, commercial and infrastructurefacilities, modes and types of construction in a fragile dunes environment, etc.;• Communication network comprising roads, pathways and parking areas network, asmall port or a mooring site, and boat landing facilities;• Infrastructure network including water supply, electricity supply, liquid and solidwaste treatment and disposal; and• Implementation framework including funding, institutional framework andstrengthening.Programme and ParticipationThe programme of the study tour that was realised between May 10 and 17, 1998 coveredmost of the objectives mentioned above. Six national experts took part in the study tour. Thesites and institutions visited are chronologically and geographically listed, and the main topicsdiscussed, are as follows:1. Town of Richards Bay, in the northern Kwazulu Natal:• Council of Richards Bay Town – town planning and development plansimplementation;• Town Council Camping Sites – small scale tourism development inenvironmentally sensitive area;• Visit to the town and liquid waste treatment plant – small scale liquid wastetreatment; and• Richards Bay Minerals, mining enterprise – large scale mining operation indunes area;2. Durban area:• Zimbali Development Project - luxury tourism development, sports, recreationand residential area;• Ballito, town and coastal resort – town planning and development; and• City Council of the City of Durban – environmental issues;156

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAANNEXES - Xai-Xai IDP3. Pietermariztburg, Headquarters of Kwazulu Natal Parks Board – environmentalprotection and tourism development strategy;4. Hluhlue-Umfolozi Natural Reserve – nature reserve operation; and5. Saint Lucia town in the northern Kwazulu Natal:• Natal Parks Board and town – town and tourism development inenvironmentally sensitive area; and• DukuDuku Community Development – integration of local population incommunity development.Study Tour SummaryIn their summaries of the study tour, the participants judged the study tour as a very usefulintroduction to their work on Integrated Development Plan for Xai-Xai to Chongoene Beach.The following conclusions and recommendations based on these summaries illustrate best themain benefits of the study tour:• The existing examples of tourism development and management are the best andmost convincing way of acquiring the necessary knowledge required for the work ofexperts on the Xai-Xai Plan;• Sustainable development of tourism is possible in the fragile environment of coastaldunes, if properly planned and implemented;• Nature protection and conservation is the basic resource for tourism development.Also, tourism could provide most of the revenues to be used for nature protection;• Integration of local communities within the process of tourism development shouldbe given priority in order to maximise the benefits and avoid the negative impacts asmuch as possible;• To achieve the best results in tourism development a high level of co-operation isrequired between the government institutions and private entrepreneurs;• In tourism development, the role of government is of primary importance to secure aproper development by providing adequate plans, infrastructure facilities and otherpublic services;• The value of land intended for tourism development and its natural assets should bebetter estimated in the case of Xai-Xai. Land concessions should be awarded toinvestors in a more selective way; and• There is a need for a better and more organised co-operation with the RSAinstitutions (government and private) the majority of investors and visitors arecoming from.1.2 On-the-job Training1.2.1 General Aim of the TrainingOne of the overall goals of Integrated Coastal Area Management (ICAM) is to provide amechanism for capacity building. The Xai-Xai District Coastal Area Management Strategy(1998) identifies a lack of technical human resources for an efficient control and managementof natural resources and environment at the Xai-Xai district level.Moreover, the threats that have been identified in the above-mentioned document are mostlyrelated to the existing institutional and management aspects. The problems which should beeliminated first are as follows:• Lack of adequate development plans and projects;• Lack of control over exploitation of natural resources by tourists and localpopulation; and157

Xai-Xai IDP – ANNEXESFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA• Lack and overlapping responsibilities and competencies of local authorities in themanagement of coastal issues.The goal of the training programme was thus to train the national experts and create a team ofplanners and other experts who would be able to implement the principle of a sustainabletourism development in sites proposed within the Tourism Master Plan. This would ensure aplanned and not haphazard development of tourism which should be fully integrated into thelocal environment and would enable the local team to recognise the growing demand fortourism development.1.2.2 General Method of TrainingThroughout the three joint working sessions of national and international experts working teamin Xai-Xai Beach, an interactive participatory learning process was followed. That entailedpractical on-the-job exercises which provided experience for national experts, and attainment ofa comprehensive information basis on which the process towards a holistic approach to coastalresource management should be developed. The process necessitated the joint work ofnational and international experts at the site and minimisation of separate work. The processconsisted of formal meetings, informal discussions, completion of particular tasks andevaluations, and site visits.During the three working sessions, the national experts were trained on elaboration of thephysical plan, the preliminary infrastructure projects, and presentation and implementation ofdemonstration activities. The basic components of those activities were as follows:• Assessment of the existing development;• Carrying capacity assessment;• Suitability analysis development;• Drafting of development programme and development strategy;• Drafting of land-use plan;• Setting of transportation network;• Designing of water supply network;• Outlining of drainage and liquid waste treatment and disposal;• Integration of the basic planning components into a coherent plan; and• Drafting of implementation framework.The national experts were also involved in presentation of the work done during those twoweeks to the relevant authorities and interested parties. That was an excellent occasion forgaining experience in presentation of skills, both verbal and graphic.Besides on-the-job training a significant effort was made within the working groups to integratethe sectoral inputs within a consistent planning document. That integration was achieved anddemonstrated in the frame of a continuos integrative work of the various working groups andthrough the plenary meetings of the whole joint working team.1.2.3 Training in Sectoral SkillsTraining of Physical PlannersThe general goal of physical planners training was to enable them to draft an integrateddevelopment plan since they should be able to guide the process and to co-ordinate the inputsfrom the different fields of expertise.The other goal was to enable the physical planners to effectively manage the future tourismdevelopment in line with the principles and guidelines of the integrated development plan.Specific issues tackled during the training were as follows:• The need for planning, and the difference between a good plan and a registeredplan;158

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAANNEXES - Xai-Xai IDP• Structure planning process, among others, the carrying capacity assessment of thearea and particular sites, land-use planning, development control process, etc.;• Linkages between the local population and tourism development, and the need forupgrading the existing settlements and planning of the new ones; and• Environmental sustainability principles.Training of Transportation EngineersThe specific goal of the training was to assist in route determination, preliminary design andoptimisation of road alignments of the primary and distribution network for Xai-Xai Beach. Thespecific issues tackled during the training were as follows:• Road construction adapted to the dunes morphology in order to achieve themaximum stability of dune hills;• Plotting of profiles, gradients and curves from survey plans at various scales;• Obtaining information on construction materials and in situ road conditions;• Applying local design standards for road geometric design, pavement design andstorm water hydrology; and• Reporting on local drainage conditions in the dunes area – rate of absorption,rainfall intensity and duration needed for pipes and calverts.Training of Civil Engineers: Water and SanitationThe general goal of the training was to create an appreciation for an integrated approach todesign of water reservoir storages, and waste water treatment and disposal systems whichcould be applied to other areas. The specific issues tackled during the training were as follows:• Expected water demand by local inhabitants;• Expected water demand within a twenty-year period, from 1998 to 2018, on thebasis of preliminary land-use plan;• Location of reservoir storages at suitable elevations and interlinked with the inlandwell fields to form the network of water supply distribution for the coastal area; and• Selection of the appropriate waste water treatment and disposal system, i.e. apreliminary design and location requiring a system of sewers leading to the initialsea outfall disposal, and design within the adequate timeframe.Training of Tourism ExpertsThe main goal of the training was to ensure a sustainable development of tourism based on theoutcomes of the integrated development plan. The specific goals of the training were focusedon social impacts of tourism and facilitation of tourism development.Particular attention was paid to development of the local community to effectively take part intourism development and to get benefits from it. A social survey based on a Questionnaire wasconveyed in Xai-Xai villages in order to determine the maximum benefit from tourismdevelopment for the local population.The issues tackled were as follows:• Social impacts of tourism development on the local community, both positive andnegative;• Influx of squatter communities into designated tourism areas in search of economicopportunities and a disappointing tempo with which tourism development ismanaging to provide direct job opportunities; and• Cultural and socio-economic values which should be considered and given dueimportance in the framework of tourism development.159

Xai-Xai IDP – ANNEXESFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAFacilitation of tourism development included the issues crucial to sustainable long-termdevelopment of Xai-Xai Beach, as follows:• The importance of a continued and effective community consultation andinvolvement;• The use of an integrated development plan as a basis for a pro-active approach toawarding concessions;• Identification of optimal sites for different tourism facilities, such as hotels, campingand self-catering establishments;• The need for quality developments in Xai-Xai and all potential investors; and• Ecotourism which should be promoted and site's natural attributes which should beexploited.1.3 Training within Demonstration ActivitiesOne of the main goals of Demonstration activities was, among others, the training of nationalexperts in ICAM implementation. Within the framework of the Xai-Xai Beach pilot project, thetraining included the following components:1. Preparation of the Praia Velha Detailed Plan including the new layout plan, roadnetwork, water supply and liquid waste disposal components carried out by all thenational experts of the working team;2. Implementation of the Detailed Plan in which the most important role played themembers of the working team carrying out the leading functions in the responsibleinstitutions in the Xai-Xai Municipality, with particular stress on the following:• Revision of awarded concessions respecting the existing legal procedure andachieving results which would be optimal for the Xai-Xai Beach community;and• Planning of the relevant infrastructure development including the technicaland financial component; and3. Pegging of the Detailed Plan new layout as the first step in the implementation ofthe Praia Velha area development.Taking into account bad experiences with pegging carried out formerly by local experts, thepegging of the new layout was realised as a joint venture of a renowned company from theRSA – MHP surveyors and the responsible national institution – DINAGECA.The MHP and DINAGECA joint venture team was represented by a surveyor and a technicianfrom both parties. The DINAGECA surveyor was fully conversant with the use of GPS in staticoperational mode, and state of the art GPS has progressed to the Real Time use of GPS. Theappraisal of those problems and consequential solution were successful. It was also agreedthat MHP’s methodology applied was efficient, rendering a fast solution to the problemsencountered.The DINAGECA technician had the opportunity to become familiar with the methods appliedand on a limited basis, render assistance in placing some of the survey monuments. However,he utilised the opportunity to learn substantially about the management of labour operations toensure the efficient completion of the project.160

FAO-PAP/RAC-MICOAANNEXES - Xai-Xai IDP2. Recommendations and Conclusions of the WorkshopThe Workshop took place at the MICOA Centre for Coastal Zones Sustainable Development(CDS) in Xai-Xai Beach, on May 20 and 21, 1999. The Workshop was organised by MICOA’sDepartment for Coastal Zone Management and supported by the Municipality of Xai-Xai. Theofficial language of the Workshop was Portuguese.2.1 Objectives of the WorkshopThe general objective of the Workshop was to assess the work done and results achievedwithin the EAF/5 - Second Phase pilot project on integrated coastal area management (ICAM)in Xai-Xai, Mozambique. The specific objectives were as follows:• To appraise the proposed Integrated Development Plan (IDP) for Xai-Xai Praia;• To evaluate the implementation of the already adopted Praia Velha Detailed Plandemonstration project; and• To discuss the proposed IDP Implementation Framework and suggest the follow up.2.2 Participants of the WorkshopThe participants of the Workshop were as follows:• Representatives of the Xai-Xai Municipality authorities headed by Mr. Faquir Bay,Xai-Xai Major;• Representatives of the Gaza Province and Districts’ authorities including theadministrators of Bilene-Macia and Manjacaze Districts;• Representatives of the leading tourism development enterprises in Mozambique;• Local stakeholders and potential investors in the area; and• Members of the IDP Steering Committee, national and PAP/RAC working teamexperts.2.3 Workshop Recommendations• IDP should be presented to the Municipal Assembly and Government of the Xai-XaiDistrict by responsible authorities and national working team members in order tobe adopted as the official implementation document;• The Steering Committee, which was created during the planning phase, shouldcontinue to co-ordinate the work of local authorities in the forthcoming process ofthe IDP implementation;• There is a need to establish the “Development Agency”, whose priority tasks shouldbe the implementation of the IDP Action Plans, such as the elaboration of detailedinvestment programmes in particular for infrastructure development, availablebudget sources, including the necessary contribution from each existing and futureconcession holder;• The Municipal Council and the District of Xai-Xai should work together on therevision of the fees and taxes policy, in particular establishing the appropriate valueof the land to be assigned to the future concessionaires. In carrying out this task theabove mentioned authorities should be assisted by the “Development Agency”;• The “Development Agency” should, as its primary task, identify and try to securefinancial sources for the implementation of the Bankable projects, e.g. “Tourismmarketing portfolio”. This also includes the preparation of the “development cell”necessary documentation for one of the IDP proposed “development cells” in orderto advertise and select the most appropriate potential developer;161

Xai-Xai IDP – ANNEXESFAO-PAP/RAC-MICOA• Xai-Xai Municipality should give priority in defining the long-term landfill site whichshould also satisfy the needs of Xai-Xai Beach;• The “Development Agency” should report regularly to the Municipal Council andDistrict Government on the implementation progress following the IDP proposedAction Plan; and• It is recommended that the integrated development plans, similar to the Xai-Xai IDP,should be developed in other sites of coastal Mozambique, in particular where rapidtourism development is taking place. On the condition that the funds are securedpriority should be given to elaboration of the IDP for Bilene and Manjacaze touristresorts.2.4 Workshop ConclusionsBased on the relevant discussions, general conclusions were prepared and anonymouslyadopted by Workshop participants. They are as follows:• The IDP was elaborated in a participatory manner, involving all interested partiesand stakeholders in the Xai-Xai Praia coastal area;• Taking into account the environmental, social and political characteristics andpotentials, and integrating them into a coherent planning and implementationdocument, the IDP corresponds to the development needs of the Xai-Xai Praiacoastal zone; and• The IDP represents a unique and innovative experience in Mozambique, and,therefore, it should be supported by national and local institutions.162

The Priority Actions Programme (PAP),implemented by the Regional Activity Centre(RAC) in Split, Croatia, is part of theMediterranean Action Plan (MAP) of the UnitedNations Environment Programme (UNEP).Although PAP acts as one of the MAP Centressince 1978, it is a national institution with thebudget and mandate to carry out a certain numberof MAP activities in coastal areas of theMediterranean Sea.PAP is an action-oriented organization aimed atcarrying out practical activities which are expectedto yield immediate results contributing to theprotection and enhancement of the Mediterraneanenvironment, and to the strengthening of nationaland local capacities for integrated coastal zonemanagement. PAP cooperates with a largenumber of organizations in the UN system (UNEP,FAO, IMO, UNESCO, IOC, WHO, IAEA, WTO,UNDP), financial institutions (World Bank,European Investment Bank), other internationalorganizations (European Union, Council ofEurope, IUCN, etc.), as well as internationalinstitutions and consultancy companies.For more information about PAP, please, contact:Priority Actions Programme Regional ActivityCentre (PAP/RAC)Kraj sv. Ivana 11, HR-21000 Split, CroatiaTel: +385 21 343499/591171,Fax: +385 21 361677E-mail: pap@gradst.hr

SidaUNEPF A OFIATPSIA NMICOA - MOZAMBIQUEEast African Regional Seas Technical Reports Series No. 5UNEP/FAO/PAP/MICOA, 2000