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Friedmann ȧ a 2 = 8π 3 G Nρ − k a 2 + Λ 3 = H 2 0 Ωrad a 4 + Ω m a 3 + Ω k a 2 + Ω DE a −3(1+w) • ˙ρ = −3H(p + ρ) =−3H(w + 1)ρ ρ = ρ 0 a −3(w+1) , ρa 3 = ρ 0 a −3w ȧ ∝ a −(1+3w)/2 ä ∝−(1 + 3w) > 0 → w
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