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Frontier Vietnam Environmental Research 

REPORT 7 

Ba Na Nature Reserve 

Site Description and Conservation Evaluation 

Frontier Vietnam 

1996

Frontier Vietnam Environmental Research 

Report 7 

Ba Na Nature Reserve 

Site Description and Conservation Evaluation 

Hill, M., Chan, L. and Harrison E-M. (eds) 

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development 

Forest Protection Department 

Frontier-Vietnam 

Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources 

Society for Environmental Exploration 

Hanoi 

1996

Ba Na Nature Reserve 1996 

Technical report citation: 

Frontier Vietnam (1996) Hill M., Chan, L. and Harrison, E-M. (eds) Ba Na Nature Reserve: Site 

description and conservation evaluation.. Frontier Vietnam Environmental Research Report 7. Society 

for Environmental Exploration, UK and Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Hanoi 

Section citations: 

Hill, M., Chan, L. and Harrison, E-M. (1996) Vegetation surveys In Ba Na Nature Reserve: Site 

Description and Conservation Evaluation. pp. 7-14. Frontier Vietnam Environmental Research Report 

7. Society for Environmental Exploration, UK and Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, 

Hanoi. 

Hill, M., Chan, L. and Harrison, E-M. (1996) Invertebrate surveys In Ba Na Nature Reserve: Site 



Hanoi. 

Hill, M., Chan, L. and Harrison, E-M. (1996) Butterfly survey In Ba Na Nature Reserve: Site 



Hanoi. 

Hill, M., Chan, L. and Harrison, E-M. (1996) Fish In Ba Na Nature Reserve: Site Description and 

Conservation Evaluation. pp. 24-26. Frontier Vietnam Environmental Research Report 7.. Society for 

Environmental Exploration, UK and Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Hanoi. 

Hill, M., Chan, L. and Harrison, E-M. (1996) Vegetation surveys In Ba Na Nature Reserve: Site 



Hanoi. 

Hill, M., Chan, L. and Harrison, E-M. (1996) Reptiles and amphibians In Ba Na Nature Reserve: Site 

Description and Conservation Evaluation. p 27. Frontier Vietnam Environmental Research Report 7. 

Society for Environmental Exploration, UK and Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Hanoi. 

Hill, M., Chan, L. and Harrison, E-M. (1996) Bird survey In Ba Na Nature Reserve: Site Description 

and Conservation Evaluation. pp. 28-29. Frontier Vietnam Environmental Research Report 7.Society 

for Environmental Exploration, UK and Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Hanoi. 

Hill, M., Chan, L. and Harrison, E-M. (1996) Mammal surveys In Ba Na Nature Reserve: Site 



Hanoi. 

Hill, M., Chan, L. and Harrison, E-M. (1996) Human impact assessment In Ba Na Nature Reserve: Site 



Hanoi. 

© Frontier Vietnam 

ISSN 1479-117X 

Frontier-Vietnam Environmental Research Report 7 

i


The Society for Environmental Exploration 

The Society for Environmental Exploration is a UK based non-profit making company, formed in 1989. 

The Society's objectives are to advance field research into environmental issues and implement practical 

projects contributing to the conservation of natural resources. Attention is focused on the protection of 

wildlife and biological diversity in natural habitats whose survival is threatened by human activity. The 

Society also acts to promote co-operation between scientists from collaborating institutions and 

counterparts, and has strong links with scientific expertise around the globe. 


Frontier-Vietnam is a collaboration of the Society for Environmental Exploration (SEE), UK and 

Vietnamese institutions, that has been undertaking joint research and education projects within the 

protected areas network of Vietnam since 1993. The majority of projects concentrate on biodiversity and 

conservation evaluation and are conducted through the Frontier-Vietnam Forest Research 

Programme. The scope of Frontier-Vietnam project activities have expanded from biodiversity surveys 

and conservation evaluation to encompass sustainable cultivation of medicinal plants, certified training 

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recently the Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources and the Institute of Oceanography) and national 

research agencies. Partnerships are governed by memoranda of understanding and ratified by the National 

Centre for Natural Science and Technology. 

Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources (IEBR) 

The Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources (IEBR) was founded by decision HDBT 65/CT of the 

Council of Ministers dated 5 March 1990. As part of the National Center for Natural Science and 

Technology, IEBR’s objectives are to study the flora and fauna of Vietnam; to inventory and evaluate 

Vietnam’s biological resources; to research typical ecosystems in Vietnam; to develop technology for 

environmentally-sustainable development; and to train scientists in ecology and biology. IEBR is 

Frontier's principal partner in Vietnam, jointly co-ordinating the Frontier-Vietnam Forest Research 

Programme. In the field, IEBR scientists work in conjunction with Frontier, providing expertise to 

strengthen the research programme. 

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Fax: +84 (0) 4 7335685 

E-mail: cites_vn@fpt.vn 

FOR MORE INFORMATION 


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Street, Hanoi, Vietnam 

Tel: +84 (0) 4 868 3701 

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E-mail: frontier@netnam.vn 

Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources 

Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam 

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Fax: +84 (0) 4 736 1196 

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Tel: +44 20 76 13 24 22 

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E-mail: info@frontier.ac.uk 

Internet: www.frontier.ac.uk 


ii


TABLE OF CONTENTS 

List of tables 

List of figures 

Executive Summary 

Acknowledgements 

1.0 Introduction 

1.1 Location 

1 

1.2 Topography 

1 

1.3 Geology 

1 

1.4 Climate 

1 

2.0 Aims and objectives 2 

3.0 Period of study and study sites 2 

4.0 Work undertaken 6 

5.0 Vegetation surveys 

5.1 Aims and Methods 

5.2 Results 

5.2.1 Forest tree survey 

5.2.2 Sapling survey 

5.3 Other vegetation types present 

5.3.1 Plantation 

5.3.2 Pioneer growth 

5.3.3 Montane rain forest 

5.3.4 Montane grassland 

5.3.5 Primary forest 

5.4 Floristic composition 

5.5 Conclusions 

6.0 Invertebrate surveys 


6.1.1 Sweep-netting 

6.1.2 Pitfall trapping 

6.2 Results 




7.0 Butterfly survey 


7.2 Methods 

7.3 Results 


8.0 Fish 

8.1 Introduction and Methods 

8.2 Results 

8.2.1 Species collected 

8.2.2 Fish populations 


9.0 Reptiles and amphibians 27 

10.0 Bird survey 


28 

10.2 Results and Discussion 

28 


29 

11.0 Mammal surveys 


11.2 Results 


12.0 Human imapct assessment 

12.1 Forest use; Logging 32 

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12.2 Forest use; Other forest products 

32 

12.3 Tourism 

32 

13.0 General conclusions 34 

14.0 References 36 

15.0 Appendices 

Appendix 1. Plant species list 

Appendix 2. Forest transect diagrams 

Appendix 3. Butterfly species list 

Appendix 4. Fish species list 

Appendix 5. Amphibian species list 

Appendix 6. Reptile species list 

Appendix 7. Bird species list 

Appendix 8. Mammal species list 

Appendix 9. Specimens collected at Ba Na nature reserve 


iv


LIST OF TABLES 

Table 1 Summary of tree data for forest sites 8 

Table 2 Composition of the forest sites in terms of tree families 9 

Table 3 Summary of sapling and ground flora data 12 

Table 4 Summary of sweep-net data 16 

Table 5 Summary of pitfall trap data 17 

Table 6 Number of butterfly species and individuals caught on transects 21 

Table 7 Most widespread fish species 25 

Table 8 Number of species recorded in Red Data Book 34 


v


LIST OF FIGURES 

Figure 1 Map showing the location of Ba Na reserve 3 

Figure 2 Map of Ba Na reserve showing study sites 4 

Figure 3 Map of Ba Na vegetation 5 

Figure 4 Chart of species composition of pitfall trap catches 18 

Figure 5 Chart of percentage of total number of individuals 

in different insect groups, from pitfall trap catches 18 

Figure 6 Chart showing butterfly family composition 20 

Figure 7 Chart showing distribution of butterfly species between families, for three transects 22 

Figure 8 Chart showing distribution of butterfly individuals between families, for three transects 22 

Figure 9 Chart showing dominant species of fish as a proportion of total catch 25 

Figure 10 Chart showing the population densities of dominant fish species 26 


vi


Executive Summary 

This report presents the results of the 1995 expedition to the forest reserve at Ba Na, 

Quang Nam-Da Nang, carried out by the Society for Environmental Exploration 

(Frontier), in conjunction with the Xuan Mai Forestry College. The aims of the 

expedition were to carry out an extensive survey of the biodiversity (plants, insects, 

birds and mammals) of the reserve, and to make a more detailed study of the 

dominant vegetation types. In addition, a study of human utilisation of the reserve 

area was carried out, in order to identify threats to its existence. 

Vegetation surveys identified a total of 472 species from 112 families. Five forest 

plots at different altitudes and stages of regeneration after logging, were studied. The 

plots were chosen to represent important vegetation types in the reserve. All contained 

early-succession tree species, and showed signs of selective logging in the past. The 

floristic composition of the lowland sites studied was similar, but the Lower Montane 

Forest studied was significantly different, dominated by the family Fagaceae and 

containing trees not found in any of the other plots, such as Podocarpus 

(Podocarpaceae) and Michelia (Magnoliaceae). 

Invertebrate faunas of the forest sites were studied by pitfall trapping and sweepnetting. 

The diversity of invertebrates in the litter layer (sampled by pitfall trapping) 

was greatest in theleast disturbed forest. That in the shrub and herb layers (sampled by 

sweep-netting) was greatest in the early-successional forest. 

Butterfly surveys were carried out using transects through different vegetation types 

in the reserve. The composition of the butterfly fauna varied over time and between 

the different habitats; the Pieridae (Whites and Yellows) preferred open sites, whereas 

the Amathusiidae were most abundant in the forested transect. One species, Ragadia 

crisilda (Satyridae) was confined to the forest transect. A total of 126 species of 

butterfly, from 10 families, was identified. 

Freshwater fish were the subject of a study by Dr. Nguyen Kiem Son (IEBR, Hanoi). 

A total of 33 species were caught in the streams in and around the reserve, using a 

variety of fishing techniques. Three of these species are listed in the Red Data Book 

for Vietnam (Phan Dong Vat, 1992). 

Reptiles and amphibians were collected opportunistically during the expedition and 

identified in Hanoi by Dr. Nguyen Van Sang (IEBR). A total of 6 amphibian and 20 

reptile species were identified. Three of the reptiles are listed as nationally threatened 

in the Red Data Book for Vietnam. 

A bird survey of the reserve was carried out over the period of the expedition, and a 

total of 106 species was observed. Two of these species, the Crested Argus Pheasant 

(Rheinhardia ocellata) and the Brown Hornbill (Anorrhinus tickelli) are listed in the 

Red Data Book for Vietnam. 

A mammal survey was carried out, using mammal-trapping, bat-netting and sightings 

of large mammals. Only four species were trapped, and bat-netting was unsuccessful, 

due to the lack of suitable sites. However, 29 species of mammal have been identified 

as occurring in the Ba Na reserve. 


vii


The reserve at Ba Na is close to a large population centre at Da Nang and relatively 

accessible. Human use of the forest is widespread, and hunting, timber extraction 

(both legal and illegal), collection of forest products (such as rattan) and mining all 

occur in the reserve. Hunting directly threatens the mammal fauna of the reserve, 

particularly favoured quarry species such as muntjac, wild pig, and black bear. 

Hunting is carried out both as a subsistence activity and for profit, game animals 

being taken alive to local markets. 

Timber extraction by then local Forest Enterprise organisation has in the past caused a 

great deal of disturbance to Ba Na's forests, but these activities are due to cease. 

However, illegal extraction of trees by local people continues to occur. Although the 

rate of extraction by illegal loggers is relatively low, its relentless nature increases the 

impact it has on the forest, especially upon high value timber trees such as Sindora. 

Rattan is also taken from the forest, at times in large quantities; although a more 

renewable resource than timber, this too is in danger of overexploitation. 

Mining for gold and other minerals has occurred in the area in the past, and tungsten 

is still being illegally removed. 

Other developments in the area of the reserve, including its potential development 

into a tourist attraction, further threaten the biological value of the reserve. Ba Na is a 

small reserve (although plans to link it to Bach Ma Biosphere Reserve to the North 

have existed for some time) with a particularly high biodiversity value, which is in 

danger of being eroded through human pressure. 

Existing protection measures seem to be inadequate to preserve it in the long-term. 


viii


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

This report is the culmination of the advice, co-operation, hard work and expertise of many 

people. In particular acknowledgements are due to the following: 

INSTITUTE OF ECOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES 

Director 

Prof. Cao Van Sung 

Biologist 

Dr Nguyen Kiem Son 

Taxonomist (reptiles) 

Dr Nguyen Van Sang 

RUSSIAN TROPICAL CENTRE 

Taxonomist (butterflies) 

MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY 

Taxonomist (butterflies) 

Dr. Alexander Monastyrskii 

Dr. A.L. Devyatkin 

SOCIETY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL EXPLORATION 

Managing Director: Ms. Eibleis Fanning 

Research Programme Manager: Ms. Leigh Stubblefield 

Operations Manager: 

Ms. Amy Banyard-Smith 

XUAN MAI FORESTRY COLLEGE 

Botanist 

Dr. Le Mong Chan 

Research Assistants: 

NguyenTu Kim and Phung Van Khoa 

FRONTIER-VIETNAM 

Project Co-ordinator: Mr. Steven Cavers 

Assistant Science Co-ordinator: Ms. Maysie Harrison 

Research Assistants: 

Ms. Gemma Alnut, Mr. Klaus Armstrong-Braun, 

Mr. Mark Ayre, Ms. Alexandra Couchman, 

Mr. Simon Dyer, Ms. Jenny Gadsden, 

Ms. Anne Francis Gourlay, Mr. Duncan James, 

Ms. Angela LLoyd, Mr. Andrew Nott, 

Mr. Tim Riley, Mr. Ian Taylor, Mr. Bryan Te, 

Ms. Samantha Toye, Mr. Mike Trickett and 

Mr. Ian Wingate 

Editorial Comments: 

Dr Neil Burgess, Copenhagen Museum; Mr. Neville Kemp, SEE. 


ix


1.0 INTRODUCTION 

1.1 Location 

Ba Na (Nui Chua) is a Forest Reserve situated in Quang Nam-Da Nang Province, Vietnam. It is 

located approximately 27 km west of Da Nang, Vietnam's fourth largest city, and 10 km from the 

village of Hoa Ninh. The area lies between 107 o 57' and 108 o 03'E by 15 o 57' and 16 o 03'N, and 

is within the biogeographic division of Central Annam. The reserve covers 5, 217 ha. 

(MacKinnon, 1990), and together with surrounding forests (including the Ngoch Linh Nature 

Reserve, and Bach Ma Biosphere Reserve to the north), makes up central Vietnam's largest 

remaining area of evergreen tropical rainforest. 

1.2 Topography 

The reserve is centred around Ba Na mountain, which rises from the coastal plain to a height of 

1440 metres above sea level. There is little flat land within the reserve, except on the top of 

mountain ridges and the plateau summit of Ba Na mountain, the site of a French colonial hill 

station, built in 1919 (now destroyed). Less steep slopes at the boundaries of the reserve have 

largely been cleared of their semi-natural forest cover and converted to Eucalyptus plantation. 

There are several large waterfalls within the park boundaries, which attract tourists in the summer 

months. 

1.3 Geology 

The geology of the area was not studied in detail, but is obviously highly varied, with igneous 

rocks apparent on the slopes of Ba Na, and sedimentary rocks (sandstones, shales and mudstones) 

predominating in the surrounding area. Within historical times, deposits of gold and tungsten in 

the region have been commercially exploited (the latter mineral is still mined within the reserve). 

1.4 Climate 

The nearest weather station to Ba Na is at Da Nang, where the climate is likely to be milder in the 

winter and hotter in the summer than Ba Na. Rainfall is also likely to be higher at Ba Na due to 

the climatic effects of the reserve's altitude. 

The area falls within Vietnam's southern climatic zone, with a relatively even temperature 

distribution throughout the year. Rainfall is concentrated in the rainy season, from around mid- 

September to January. The dry season (February-early September) is distinct; mean monthly 

rainfall for February is 30mm, that for October (the wettest month), 680 mm. 

Frontier- Vietnam Environment Research Report 7 1


2.0 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 

The aims of the work carried out at Ba Na were to describe the site in order to make an 

assessment of the conservation value of the reserve, and to add to the data gathered by the earlier 

Frontier study (VN 9401; see section 3, below). The specific scientific aims were; 

• Site survey; to identify and map the major vegetation types within the reserve, describing 

their species composition and structure, and major differences between vegetation types. 

• Biodiversity appraisal; to assess invertebrate diversity within the major vegetation 

types, and species distribution and diversity of vertebrates as thoroughly as possible, and to judge 

the relative conservation value of the recorded speciesin terms of rarity and endemism at a 

regional, national and international level 

• Analysis of threats; to identify and measure the level of human disturbance in the 

reserve, and assess potential threats to its nature conservation value. 

• Management options; to suggest potential management strategies for the reserve. 

3.0 PERIOD OF STUDY AND STUDY SITES 

The Ba Na region has been the subject of two periods of study by Frontier teams, the first 

between 6th February and 31st March 1994 (VN 9401), and the second between 19th July and 

16th September, 1995 (VN 9503). Where appropriate, this report brings together the results of 

these two phases to highlight seasonal, and more long-term changes in patterns of species 

abundance and resource use. 

Study sites chosen for vegetation transects and butterfly surveys during the VN 9503 phase are 

shown in Figure 2. 





Figure 2. Map showing study sites and transects conducted 



Figure 3. The Ba Na region, showing major vegetation types (see text for details). 



4.0 WORK UNDERTAKEN 

The work carried out at Ba Na is listed below. Methodology is contained in the relevant sections 

of this report. 

• The diversity of the forest flora was assessed. In each selected habitat transect, all 

trees were 

identified and their diameter measured. Saplings were sampled for their size and relative 

abundance, using a quadrat method. 

• Invertebrate fauna of the forest transects was assessed from pitfall traps and sweep 

netting. 

• A butterfly survey of the area was carried out to identify the range of speces present, their 

value 

as indicators of habitat disturbance, and changes in abundance over time. 

• Freshwater fish (and other aquatic animals) were collected from streams and rivers within 

and 

outside the reserve, using hook, net, and electric fishing techniques. 

• Reptiles (snakes and lizards) were collected where possible. 

• An extensive bird survey of the area was carried out. 

• A mammal survey was carried out using small mammal traps and mist nets (for bats), in 

addition to casual sightings, to construct an accurate species list and assess the relative 

importance of the reserve. 

• The impact of human activities within and around the reserve was researched through 

observation, and interviews with local people and forestry workers. 



5.0 VEGETATION SURVEYS 


The aim of the vegetation survey was to describe the major vegetation types found in Ba Na. As 

the reserve is largely forested, only forest areas were studied in any detail, although other 

vegetation types are represented in the reserve, and these are described in section 5.3. 

After extensive exploration in and around the reserve area, five sites were chosen to represent the 

various forest types present. No untouched primary forest was apparent either within the reserve 

or in its immediate vicinity, so all the sites chosen were secondary, differing mainly in the level 

of disturbance. All sites except FT3 were Tropical Lowland Evergreen Rain Forest (Whitmore, 

1985). The five sites chosen (with altitude in brackets) were; 

• FT1 - Secondary Tropical Lowland Rain Forest (430m) - heavily disturbed 

• FT2 - Secondary Tropical Lowland Rain Forest (380m) - less disturbed 

• FT3 - Lower Montane Rain Forest (1180m) 

• FT4 - Secondary Lowland Rain Forest (380m) - recently logged 

• FT5- Secondary Lowland Rain Forest (480m) - least disturbed. 

At each study site, the following surveys were carried out; 

(1) Forest tree survey (all trees over 6cm DBH or Diameter at Breast Height, 1.3 m) 

(2) Sapling survey (trees under 6cm DBH) 

For the forest tree survey, the DBH of all trees was measured for all trees of 6cm DBH or more in 

a 50m x 40m plot (2000m 2 ). Wherever possible, the species were identified. From these data, 

species diversity, tree density, wood basal area (which can be used as an index of biomass), and 

dominance of each species/family can be determined for each forest type (see 5.2, below). The 

structure of each forest type was measured in a transect 10m x 30m within the larger plot. For this 

transect, the top height, base of canopy, extent of canopy, height of lowest branch and DBH were 

measured for each tree within the transect, or whose canopies overlapped into the transect area. 

Transect diagrams were then drawn to scale from this data and field sketches. 

The sapling survey involved sampling 5% of the forest plot area (100m 2 ) with 2m x 2m quadrats, 

placed systematically across the diagonals of the plot. All saplings under 6cm DBH were 

identified and their abundance and average height measured. 

In addition, the herbaceous ground flora and shrub layer species in each forest plot were 

identified where possible. 



5.2 Results 

5.2.1 Forest tree survey 

Transect diagrams for the five transects studied are shown in Appendix 2. A summary of the data 

collected in the five forest survey sites is given in Table 1, below.Table 2 shows the relative 

abundance and stocking densities of trees of different families. In addition to the families shown 

in Table 2, several families were represented by very few individuals in the transects studied. 

These families included Aquifoliaceae, Arecaceae, Dilleniaceae, Fabaceae, Myrsinaceae, 

Proteaceae, Sabiaceae, Samydaceae, Simaroubaceae, and Staphyllaceae. 

Table 1. Summary of tree data for forest sites 

Site (most 

disturbed 

first) 

Number of 

Families 

per plot 

Number of 

Genera per 

plot 

Number of 

trees per 

plot 

No. of 

trees per 

ha. 

FT 4 39 53 269 1345 35.82 

FT 1 31 43 294 1470 29.19 

FT 2 27 45 254 1270 39.77 

FT 3 30 45 184 920 20.35 

FT 5 32 51 276 1380 57.75 

Total basal 

area of trees 

(m 2 ha -1 ) 



Table 2. Composition of the different forest sites studied, in terms of tree families. Minor 

families (with %BA < 1 in at least one site) have been omitted. 

(%BA = Percentage of total basal area of trees in plot) 

FT1 FT2 FT3 FT4 FT5 

Family %BA No./pl 

ot 

%BA No./pl 

ot 

%BA No./pl 

ot 

%BA No./pl 

ot 

%BA No./pl 

ot 

Present at all 

sites 

Anacardiaceae 27.41 23 22.30 27 3.01 7 30.59 33 29.06 21 

Annonaceae 2.11 13 5.71 19 2.74 8 0.40 1 0.28 5 

Elaeocarpaceae 0.09 1 0.42 2 1.61 5 0.25 1 2.34 10 

Euphorbiaceae 11.99 57 6.99 40 1.47 3 2.97 17 9.12 51 

Fagaceae 17.42 23 1.74 5 28.17 35 3.93 19 7.27 18 

Lauraceae 4.31 14 1.65 3 9.74 28 1.47 13 2.18 2 

Myrtaceae 3.85 20 5.80 33 5.36 13 10.29 30 10.40 30 

Rubiaceae 2.56 12 0.40 2 0.98 3 3.31 10 2.17 6 

Sapindaceae 0.09 1 3.79 1 0.55 1 0.74 5 3.97 3 

Sapotaceae 0.33 2 6.07 9 15.34 11 2.01 2 2.91 7 

Sterculiaceae 3.75 3 1.31 6 0.28 2 0.98 8 0.89 5 

Symplocaceae 0.44 1 0.98 10 1.88 8 1.23 7 2.74 14 

Xanthophyllacea 7.33 25 1.82 10 1.39 3 0.03 1 1.36 10 

e 

Absent from high altitude site (FT3) 

only 

Burseraceae 0.45 4 0.06 1 - - 0.04 1 6.43 5 

Caesalpiniaceae 1.26 4 0.19 1 - - 0.58 1 1.20 1 

Clusiaceae 0.84 1 2.77 3 - - 2.55 6 0.99 5 

Dipterocarpacea 0.50 2 18.95 16 - - 0.16 1 2.81 27 

e 

Ebenaceae 2.49 9 2.78 8 - - 1.50 10 6.27 20 

Moraceae 0.37 2 0.32 2 - - 6.69 13 1.17 2 

Myristicaceae 1.52 5 1.45 11 - - 0.80 8 0.50 4 

Ulmaceae 0.64 4 0.29 3 - - 3.23 7 0.38 6 

Present in FT3 only 

Magnoliaceae - - - - 3.81 8 - - - - 

Podocarpaceae - - - - 2.59 2 - - - - 

Present in less disturbed transects (FT2, FT3 & FT5) 

only 

Apocynaceae - - 1.77 8 0.09 1 - - 0.04 1 

Others 

Araliaceae - - 0.12 1 1.06 4 0.66 4 - - 

Hypericaceae 1.03 7 - - - - 0.89 3 1.09 3 

Juglandaceae 4.36 13 0.14 1 0.65 3 5.34 16 - - 

Linaceae 0.99 3 - - 6.94 2 1.05 1 - - 

Mimosaceae 0.31 3 - - 3.44 6 - - - - 

Myrsinaceae - - - - 0.09 1 0.07 1 - - 

Rosaceae - - 1.52 5 1.41 7 0.20 2 0.04 1 

Rutaceae - - - - 0.77 3 5.55 2 2.42 2 

Theaceae - - - - 2.57 4 0.05 1 0.24 3 

Tiliaceae - - 10.02 22 - - 1.83 3 - - 



Verbenaceae - - - - - - 2.85 1 0.42 1 

Most of the study sites shared a high proportion of their woody taxa. Even the least disturbed 

areas of forest contained early successional species such as Xylopia sp., Drimycarpus sp. and 

Cratoxylon sp. (sometimes present as large trees), suggesting that the entire area has been subject 

to human disturbance over a long period. 

5.2.1.1 Forest Transect 1 (Highly disturbed) 

Forest Transect 1 was the closest transect to the base camp, at an altitude of 430m. Many of the 

trees present in the transect were small (this transect had the highest density of trees; see Table 1), 

and the forest was regenerating after logging. Three canopy layers were evident; the upper 

canopy, lower canopy and shrub/herb layer. The upper canopy was not complete, due to the past 

logging of the site. Occasional trees reached 25m, although the majority were around 20m tall. 

Important families in this layer were the Fagaceae (Castanopsis sp.), Euphorbiaceae (Antidesma 

and Bridelia spp.), Juglandaceae (Engelhardtia sp.), and Mimosaceae (Pithecolobium sp.). 

The Dipterocarpaceae (a family containing highly valued timber trees, such as Hopea and 

Dipterocarpus) were rare (only 10 trees per hectare). 

The lower canopy (5-15m) was dense, and was dominated by early-successional species such as 

Xanthophyllum sp. (Polygalaceae) and Xylopia vielana (Annonaceae). The Myrtaceae (Syzygium 

sp.), Anacardiaceae (Drimycarpus sp.) and Simaroubaceae (Eurycoma longifolia) were also 

represented, although less abundant. 

The presence of many early successional species, occasionally as large trees, is a result of 

disturbance to this site. The Euphorbiaceae, a family containg many early-successional trees such 

as Croton spp. made up 12% of the total tree basal area in the plot; some of the largest trees 

present belonged to this family, which also made up a significant proportion of the lower canopy. 

5.2.1.2 Forest Transect 2 (Less disturbed) 

Forest Transect 2 was close to FT1, but further from the base camp, at an altitude of 380m. Tree 

diversity (in terms of the number of genera represented in the plot) was higher here than at FT1, 

and the upper canopy was more complete (see Appendix 2(b)), with many large trees (and fewer 

individuals than FT1). However, the largest trees still only reached around 20m. 

Amongst the important species of the upper canopy, the family Dipterocarpaceae were 

represented by Dipterocarpus retusus and Hopea pierrei. Other families represented in the upper 

canopy included Anacardiaceae (Drimycarpus sp.), Euphorbiaceae (Croton spp.), and Fagaceae 

(Lithocarpus sp.). 

The lower canopy was less complete than at FT1, and was dominated by the Symplocaceae 

(Symplocos sp.), Myrtaceae (Syzygium sp.), Tiliaceae (Microcos paniculata), and Euphorbiaceae 

(Croton, Endospermum and Macaranga spp.).Bamboos were present in the understorey. 

The presence of early successional species both in the lower and upper canopies suggests that 

disturbance has occurred here, although less recently than at FT1, and the plot was in the process 

of recovery from selective logging. 

5.2.1.3 Forest Transect 3 (High altitude) 

The highest slopes of Ba Na Mountain are covered in montane rainforest (see 5.3.3), but 

unfortunately this was largely inaccessible due to the steep slopes in this area. However, the site 

chosen for Forest Transect 3, at 1180m, was in an intermediate zone of Lower Montane Forest, 

which showed characteristics of both the lowland rainforest and the montane rainforest above. 

The site chosen was beside the French Road to Ba Na summit, built around 1919 (now an 

overgrown track). At this altitude, the ruins of villas from the French period were present beside 



the road, and it is probable that the forest within this transect was severely disturbed or even 

clear-felled at that time, despite the steep slope on which it stands (around 45 o ). 

The floral composition of Forest Transect 3 differed radically from the other sites, containing a 

higher proportion of trees of the families Fagaceae and Lauraceae than the lowland plots. There 

were representatives of families totally absent from the other transects studied, the Magnoliaceae 

and Podocarpaceae. Some groups typical of the lowland forests (such as the Dipterocarpaceae and 

Moraceae) were completely absent at these elevations; in all, eight families were present in all 

transects except for FT3. The Euphorbiaceae, important in the lowland forest sites, was less 

important at FT3. 

The structure of the forest at FT3 was also distinctive when compared to the lowland forests 

studied (which were all below 500m above sea level). FT3 had fewer trees per hectare than the 

other transects, and stratification of the canopy was less clear here. 

The upper canopy at FT3 reached around 15-20m, with occasional taller trees to 25m. This layer 

was dominated by the family Fagaceae (Castanopsis sp.). The Myrtaceae (Trystania sp.) and 

Podocarpaceae (Podocarpus sp.) were also represented. 

Because the upper canopy was dense, casting a heavy shade, this plot had fewer trees in the lower 

canopy. The lower canopy contained a greater variety of families than the upper canopy, however 

(it was less clearly dominated by the Fagaceae); in addition to those genera already listed, it 

contained Symplocos sp. (Symplocaceae), Elaeocarpus sp. (Elaeocarpaceae), Cryptocaria sp. 

(Lauraceae), and Xylopia vielana (Annonaceae). 

5.2.1.4 Forest Transect 4 (Highly disturbed) 

Forest Transect 4 was at an altitude of 380m. It was the most recently disturbed forest plot 

studied, having been logged 5-10 years previously. 

As would be predicted, this transect contained a large number of small trees. Surprisingly, 

however, it also showed highest diversity (in terms of number of tree genera represented; see 

Table 1). This may reflect the selective nature of the felling carried out on the site. As a result, 

some old forest trees as well as young trees of pioneer species were found in this locality, 

contributing to high biological diversity and higher than expected structural diversity. The profile 

(Appendix 2 (d)) was dominated by an old fig tree (Moraceae; Ficus sp.) which had escaped 

felling. Other families represented in the upper canopy included the Anacardiaceae (Drimycarpus 

sp.), Clusiaceae (Garcinia sp.), Ixonanthaceae (Ixonanthes cochinchinensis), Sapotaceae 

(Sarcosperma sp.), and Caesalpiniaceae (Peltophorum ferrugineum). The Dipterocarpaceae were 

rare (probably having been removed by logging). The lower canopy was dominated by the 

Fagaceae (Lithocarpus sp.), Lauraceae (Machilus and Cryptocaria spp.), Rubiaceae (Randia sp.), 

and Juglandaceae (Engelhardtia spp.). 

5.2.1.5 Forest Transect 5 (Least disturbed) 

Structurally, Forest Transect 5 (at an altitude of 480m) resembled primary forest or old secondary 

growth more closely than any of the other transects studied. However, it was evident from several 

large tree stumps, and its proximity to the Forestry Enterprise logging road, that the forest had 

been recently disturbed (in view of the area's history of disturbance, it seems unlikely that 

primary forest remains; see 5.3.5). Large forest trees were still present (some with epiphytes, 

including Asplenium nidus and Platycerium sp. attached); the upper canopy reached 20m.The 

upper canopy was dominated by the Anacardiaceae (Drimycarpus sp.), Fagaceae (Lithocarpus 

sp.), and Myrtaceae (Syzygium sp.). There were also occasional large individuals of Vatica 

tonkinensis (Dipterocarpaceae). The Dipterocarpaceae were abundant (27 trees in the transect, 

135 per hectare), but small trees were far more common than mature specimens, suggesting that 

logging had removed the larger trees. The presence of mature pioneer trees of genera such as 

Drimycarpus, Cratoxylon, and Xylopia also suggested some disturbance had occurred here. 



The lower canopy layer was dominated by the Dipterocarpaceae (Vatica tonkinensis), Clusiaceae 

(Garcinia sp.), Myrtaceae (Syzygium sp.), and Simaroubaceae (Eurycoma longifolia). 

5.2.2 Sapling survey 

A summary of the data collected in the five forest survey sites is given below: 

Table 3. Summary of sapling and ground flora data for forest sites 

Site No. of species of No. of saplings Mean no. of No. of species of 

saplings in plot sampled in plot saplings m -2 ground flora 

FT4 33 240 2.4 10 

FT1 40 156 1.6 8 

FT2 28 129 1.3 8 

FT3 34 240 2.4 21 

FT5 28 204 2.0 12 

As expected, the most disturbed lowland plots generally show a higher density of saplings 

(woody plants < 6cm DBH) than the less disturbed sites. In most transects, the composition of the 

sapling layer corresponds closely to the mature trees above, with the exception of two groups; 

some woody early successional species rarely reach tree proportions are therefore 

overrepresented in the sapling layer (such as Cylindrokelupha spp. and some members of the 

Euphorbiaceae). In addition, the timber trees Vatica tonkinensis (Dipterocarpaceae) and Sindora 

glabra (Caesalpiniaceae), although absent or rare in transects FT1, FT2 and FT4 (having been 

removed for timber), were regenerating as saplings. Ficus spp. (Moraceae) and Dipterocarpus 

retusus (Dipterocarpacae), absent from FT3 as mature trees, were present as saplings in that 

transect, although it is unclear whether this signifies further successional change of the high 

altitude forest, or whether the saplings would be unable to survive to reach the canopy. Generally, 

fewer species of sapling were found in the less disturbed, more established forest areas than in the 

highly disturbed areas, where more light reaches the forest floor. FT3 is again anomalous, 

however; although relatively undisturbed it has a diverse sapling flora. This may be because the 

lower, less architecturally complex canopy of this forest allows more light to reach the forest 

floor. FT3 also showed a particularly diverse ground flora. The high humidity of FT3 allowed 

species such as filmy ferns (Hymenophyllum sp.) to thrive, along with other epilithic and 

epiphytic species which were absent from the other transect sites. 

The shrub layers of all the sites studied were dominated by the fan palm Licualla sp., which is 

used in the manufacture of traditional Vietnamese conical hats, although apparently not collected 

for this purpose at Ba Na. Rattan palms (Calamus spp.) were also present in all the sites studied, 

although few large mature rattan plants were observed. Bamboos, which are opportunistic 

invaders of disturbed forests, were present at all the study sites except for FT5, where their 

absence, together with the sparseness of the ground flora and shrub layers, suggests that, prior to 

very recent logging activities, this site had remained undisturbed for many years. 



5.3 Other vegetation types present 

A number of other vegetation types were represented in the Ba Na region which were not the 

subject of forest transect studies; these are listed below. 

5.3.1 Plantation 

The lower slopes of Ba Na mountain and surrounding lowlands are dominated by Eucalyptus 

camandunensis plantations, with other tree crops such as jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and 

Acacia mangium also being grown. The ground flora of these plantations was limited to pioneer 

shrubs such as Mallotus spp. Where this scrubby flora had been cleared to allow grazing of 

livestock, Mimosa pudica and grasses were dominant. At the edges of the Ba Na reserve, natural 

secondary forest is still being cleared to make way for Eucalyptus plantations. 

5.3.2 Pioneer growth 

Where forest growth had been totally cleared, pioneer vegetation consisting principally of shortlived 

shrubs and climbers had grown up. Common shrubs included Mallotus barbatus, 

Macaranga sp., Rubus spp., Melastoma candida and Clerodendron paniculatum. Occasional trees 

of Cassia siamea are also present. In many places the herbaceous climber Pueraria montana 

(Fabaceae) grew over shrubs and into the crowns of trees at the edges of secondary forest. 

Pioneer vegetation dominates the young Eucalyptus plantations and cleared areas along the edge 

of the reserve, and P. montana and other pioneer species are also found in smaller clearings 

throughout the forest. 

5.3.3 Montane Rain Forest 

At heights of around 1300m and above (to near the summit of Ba Na mountain at 1440m), the 

dominant vegetation is montane rainforest, containing many genera not represented elsewhere in 

the Ba Na forests. Conifers such as Podocarpus spp. are common. Other important families in 

this forest formation are the Fagaceae (including genera such as Quercus), and Lauraceae. 

Typical lowland rainforest genera, such as Dipterocarpus (Dipterocarpaceae), are absent. 

Unfortunately, the steep nature of the slopes on which this forest is found meant that it was not 

possible to study a vegetation transect in the montane forest proper, but a site which was 

intermediate between the montane and lowland forests was selected (Forest Transect 3, see 

above). 

5.3.4 Montane Grassland 

The plateau at Ba Na summit was cleared of forest using herbicides in the mid to late 1960s, and 

is still treeless. Grasses predominate, although there are also a number of alien weedy species, 

originally garden escapes from the grounds of villas built here during the French period; these 

include dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), strawberries (Fragaria sp.), Lantana camara, 

Gladiolus sp., and montbretia (Crocosmia sp.). 

5.3.5 Primary Forest 

It appears unlikely that any undisturbed primary forest exists in the Ba Na forest reserve or its 

immediate vicinity. Even at high altitudes on the slopes of Ba Na, logging has taken place since 

the French colonial period. This cutting has often been small-scale and patchy, and, in recent 

times at least, selective in the species removed. There is therefore the possibility that small areas 

of forest remain in a condition similar to that of untouched primary forest, but no such areas were 

discovered over the period of Frontier phase VN9503. 



5.4 Floristic composition 

Overall, a total of 472 plant species (belonging to 112 families) were identified in Ba Na over the 

period of the expedition, and these are listed in Appendix 1. This is by no means a complete 

inventory, as work concentrated on the woody species, and herbs are underrepresented in the list. 

However, it demonstrates the high diversity of the forest at Ba Na. 

The families represented by the largest number of species were; 

Euphorbiaceae 36 species, 23 genera 

Rubiaceae 

18 species, 15 genera 

Moraceae 


Lauraceae 


Caesalpiniaceae 12 species, 7 genera 

As in other studies in Vietnamese lowland forest reserves, for example Ba Be (Kemp et al, 1994), 

Pu Mat (Kemp et al, 1995), the Euphorbiaceae are particularly diverse at Ba Na. The 

Euphorbiaceae and Rubiaceae contain many early-successional species and shrubs, reflecting the 

disturbed nature of the forests at Ba Na. The high biodiversity of the Lauraceae here is probably 

due to the presence of high-altitude forest rich in this family. 

One of the tree species recorded, Markhamia pierrei (Bignoniaceae), is rare and protected within 

Vietnam. Two herbaceous species, Costus speciosus (Zingiberaceae) and Homalonema occulta 

(Araceae) are nationally threatened due to their collection for medicinal purposes. 


All of the forest studied in the Ba Na reserve appeared to be secondary in nature, and the area has 

a long history of forest disturbance. However, even in the recently disturbed forest plots, 

seedlings of economically important trees such as the dipterocarps were found. Successful 

regeneration of these species is by no means certain, as mortality among tropical rainforest 

seedlings is high (Kennedy and Swaine, 1992). Among the lowland sites, floristic composition 

was similar, a major determinant of the abundances of the various plant families present being the 

extent and history of selective logging. The Lower Montane site (FT3), however, supported a 

distinctive woody flora, including members of the families Magnoliaceae and Podocarpaceae. 

The least disturbed site studied (FT5), in the North of the reserve, was furthest from the reserve 

boundaries but was in an area of forest still being logged by Forest Enterprise over the period of 

the expedition. These logging activities were due to cease, but the presence of the Forest 

Enterprise logging road will leave the area open to illegal logging and hunting. Forest protection 

measures in the reserve must be directed in particular to these least disturbed areas, and the highaltitude 

forests on Ba Na Mountain, but it is also important that the more disturbed secondary 

forests on the reserve's boundaries are protected from encroachment by plantations and 

agriculture. 



6.0 INVERTEBRATE SURVEYS 


The aim of the invertebrate survey was to compare the invertebrate communities of the forest 

transects outlined above, and thus to assess relative diversity of invertebrate groups in the habitats 

represented in the Ba Na reserve. 

Two methods were used in order to quantitatively sample invertebrates in the forest transects: 

sweep-netting and pitfall trapping. Both are commonly used methods of insect collection, and the 

principles and drawbacks associated with each are discussed by Southwood (1978), Biological 

Survey of Canada (1994), and other authors. 


In each transect, 100 sweeps were made with a sweep-net and the invertebrates captured were 

removed using a pooter. Once caught, the animals were preserved in ethanol and sorted into 

Recognisible Taxonomic Units (RTUs), or morphospecies (morphologically distinct types). The 

efficiency of sorting to RTU varies between different animal groups, depending on the degree of 

inter- and intraspecific variation found. However, Oliver and Beattie (1993) have found that the 

number of RTUs correlate closely to the number of actual species for most orders, even when 

unskilled labour is involved. The use of RTUs allows diversity indices to be calculated, and, 

therefore, the faunas of different sites can be compared. Unfortunately, however, the possibility 

of comparison to other surveys is limited, as the taxonomic and ecological data conveyed by the 

RTU is limited (Biological Survey of Canada, 1994). 

Sweep netting is a difficult technique to standardise, and the catch depends on the nature of the 

habitat being sampled and the individual carrying out the sampling, as well as many other factors 

(Biological Survey of Canada, 1994). 


Pitfall traps were laid out for two nights at each of the forest transects. On each occasion, four 

traps were placed in an array which covered approximately 3.14m 2 . Salt water was used in the 

traps as this does not cause bias in the final catch, as do other preservatives such as ethanol. 

Invertebrates were removed from the salt solution and placed in ethanol for preservation, and 

sorted to orders, and RTUs, as for sweep net catches. 

Two indices were calculated to describe the insect assemblages caught; Fisher's α, a measure of 

diversity which takes account of the number of species (here, RTUs) and individuals in a sample 

(Fisher et al, 1943), and the dominance measure d (Berger and Parker, 1970), the proportion of 

the total number of individuals in the sample which belong to the most abundant species. 

Methods follow Magurran (1988). 



6.2 Results 


Members of 12 insect orders, 3 arachnid orders and one crustacean order (Isopoda) were 

captured by sweep-net sampling. 

Table 4 shows the summary data for sweep-net sampling of transects FT1-FT5. 

Table 4. Summary of Sweep-net samples for five sites. 

Site No. Individuals No. RTUs α d 

FT1 86 43 34.23 0.15 

FT2 35 24 33.63 0.14 

FT3 49 26 22.43 0.39 

FT4 13 12 75.92 0.15 

FT5 61 32 27.21 0.15 

All the sweep net samples were small; sweep netting is not an ideal sampling method in woody 

vegetation. The overall catch is also dependent on the environmental conditions prevailing at the 

time of sampling, and this may influence the apparent diversity in different sites when these are 

sampled on different days, as was the case at Ba Na. In addition, the density of invertebrates in 

the shrub and ground layers of closed tropical forest can be low (Novotny, 1992). 

In all cases, values for the diversity index α were considerably lower than those found in forest 

sites at Ba Be, Cao Bang Province, Vietnam (Kemp, Le Mon Chan and Dilger, 1994), where 

values of up to 247 were recorded. However, such values are extreme: Novotny (1993), studying 

Auchenorrhynchine Hemiptera in the Tam Dao Mountains, Vietnam, recorded α values of 83 and 

108 in sweep net samples. He regarded these values as exceptionally high for tropical climax 

forests.The diversity index values arrived at for the Ba Na sweep-net samples are low in 

comparison, especially given the highly disturbed nature of some of the sites studied. 

The highest diversity of invertebrates gathered by sweep-netting was found in the early 

successional forest (eg, FT4 and FT1), and this reflects the more open nature of these forests, 

with more vegetation in the shrub and herb layers, which are the strata sampled by this method. 

The highest diversity value, at site FT4, is probably an artefact resulting from the extremely low 

catch at this site; the diversity index α is robust to changes in catch size, but the sample collected 

in FT4 was particularly small. The fauna at site FT3 was heavily dominated by isopod crustacea, 

rare or absent in the sweep-net catches at other sites. At the time of sampling, the forest at FT3 

was exceptionally humid, and this may have made the Isopoda more active and hence more 

readily caught by sweep-netting. 

6.2.2 Pitfall traps 

Members of 14 insect orders, 4 arachnid orders and 4 other invertebrate groups were captured in 

pitfall traps. 

Table 5 shows the summary data for pitfall trap sampling of transects FT1-FT5. 



Table 5. Summary of Pitfall trap samples for five sites. 

Site No. Individuals No. RTUs α d 

FT1 522 65 19.58 0.44 

FT2 296 62 23.90 0.36 

FT3 298 66 26.26 0.29 

FT4 203 49 20.52 0.27 

FT 5 (with ants) 5233 64 10.28 0.81 

FT5 

(without ants) 

123 58 42.88 0.15 

The pitfall assemblage at FT5 was heavily dominated by ants, and the diversity and dominance 

indices were calculated both with and without the ants considered (the number of ants trapped can 

vary greatly for stochastic reasons). When the ants were ignored, the diversity was highest at FT5, 

the least disturbed transect. Diversity was lowest in the most disturbed transects (FT1 and FT4). 

Diversity was also high in the high altitude transect FT3, possibly due to the addition of highaltitude 

invertebrates to the secondary forest floor faunas caught at the other sites. 

Figures 4 and 5 show the composition of the assemblages from each Forest Transect, in terms of 

the number of species in each of the major groups, and the number of individuals trapped 

(excluding ants). 

The most diverse invertebrate groups (those having the greatest number of species) in all transects 

are the flies (Diptera), beetles (Coleoptera), and spiders (Araneae). There is some apparent 

variation in the relative importance of each of these groups, with Diptera being especially diverse 

in transects FT4 and FT1 (the early successional transects), but insufficient data was collected to 

test any patterns statistically. 

The high diversity of the Coleoptera is expected, as this is the most species-rich order of animals 

on earth. 

In terms of numbers of individuals (Figure 5), the springtails (Collembola), a group showing 

relatively little species diversity in these samples, forms a large proportion of each assemblage. 

The Collembola are an ancient order of small, wingless insects, generally inhabiting soil and leaf 

litter, which are ideally sampled by pitfall trapping, but their dominance of the pitfall fauna in this 

case probably reflects the true importance of the insects in the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of the 

Ba Na forests. The Diptera are again important, perhaps surprisingly as the majority of the flies 

caught were fully winged adults, which would seem able to avoid passive pitfall trapping. The 

spiders, although showing high species diversity, were usually present in small numbers (many 

species were represented by only one or two individuals), and so make up a small proportion of 

the total catch. 



100% 

90% 

80% 

70% 

60% 

50% 

40% 

30% 

20% 

10% 

0% 

1 2 3 4 5 

Transect 

Araneae 

other Arachnida 

Collembola 

Dictyoptera 

Diptera 

Hemiptera 

Orthoptera 

Coleoptera 

Hymenoptera 

other Insecta * 

other non-insect + 

Figure 4 Chart showing the proportion of the total species taken in pitfall traps at each vegetation 

transect in major invertebrate groups (excluding ants) 

* Other Insecta include Dermaptera, Mallophaga, Microcoryphia, Phasmatoptera , Psocoptera, 

and Thysanoptera. 

+ Other non-insect include Diplopoda, Chilopoda, Oligochaetae and Isopoda. 

100% 

90% 

80% 

70% 

60% 

50% 

40% 

30% 

20% 

10% 

0% 

1 2 3 4 5 

Transect 

Araneae 

other Arachnida 

Collembola 

Dictyoptera 

Diptera 

Hemiptera 

Orthoptera 

Coleoptera 

Hymenoptera 

other Insecta * 

other non-insect + 

Figure 5 Chart showing the proportion of the total number of individuals taken in pitfall traps at 

each vegetation transect in major invertebrate groups (excluding ants) 

* + See above. 




The diversity of invertebrates caught by pitfall trapping at Ba Na was high. Sweep-netting, 

although a less reliable measure of diversity in forest ecosystems generally, provides 

complimentary data to describe invertebrate diversity; together, the diversity measures produced 

by the two sampling methods used give a good indication of the differing stages of development 

of the secondary forest at Ba Na. Unfortunately, it was not possible to sample the invertebrate 

population of the forest canopy, which harbours a large proportion of insect biodiversity of 

tropical forest ecosystems, and is best studied using knock-down methods using insecticides (see, 

for example, Stork, 1987). 

7.0 BUTTERFLY SURVEY (LEPIDOPTERA, PAPILIONOIDEA) 


A butterfly survey, using methods developed at Monk's Wood Nature reserve, UK. (Pollard, 

1977), was carried out to study the distribution and diversity of butterflies at Ba Na. Although 

designed for long-term surveys of butterfly abundance, Pollard's method remains the most 

relevant for the short-term investigation of butterfly communities. 

Due to their abundance and diversity, butterflies could not be identified to species with certainty 

in the field. However, most butterflies could be placed in families or genera. Within each family, 

RTUs (Recognisable Taxonomic Units) were identified, and their relative abundance in the 

butterfly transects noted over time. Oliver and Beattie (1993) have determined that the number of 

RTUs correlate closely to the number of actual species, even when unskilled labour is involved. 

7.2 Methods 

Three transects, each one kilometer long, were laid out along pathways in or near the Ba Na 

reserve (see Figure 2 for transect positions). Each transect was predominantly within one 

vegetation type, although, due to their distance from camp, the least-disturbed secondary 

Lowland rainforest and Lower Montane rainforest could not be studied. The transects chosen 

were: 

• Transect BT1 followed a track from above the Tungsten Mine toward the base camp. 

The vegetation here was predominantly made up of pioneer shrub and herb species such as 

Mallotus barbatus and Macaranga sp., with abundant flowering plants of Verbena officinalis, an 

attractive nectar plant. Along the edges of the track itself, grasses (Miscanthus sp.) and ferns 

(Blechnum orientale) were common in shadier spots. 

• Transect BT2 began close to the base camp and went through plantations dominated by 

Eucalyptus camandunensis, but included a small area planted with tea (Camellia sinensis), and 

occasional jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) trees. The herb layer beneath the Eucalyptus was 

made up of grasses, Mimosa sp., and Verbena officinalis, with some other pioneer shrubs and 

herb species. 

• Transect BT3 began close to vegetation transect FT1, crossing the top of a wide 

waterfall and continuing through similar heavily disturbed secondary forest. This transect was 

along a narrow forest path, and for much of its length the canopy was unbroken above the path. 



Each 1km transect was split into ten 100m sections (marked with coloured barrier tape), for ease 

of recording, and each survey took approximately one hour. 

The transects were each surveyed once a week throughout the phase, at approximately 1400 hours 

(in order to minimise the effects of diurnal fluctuations in butterfly activity). Butterfly behaviour 

is also influenced by weather conditions, and surveys were therefore carried out on sunny days 

with minimal cloud cover. However, this was not always possible, and the transects were 

surveyed occasionally in suboptimal weather (except rain; when rain occurred during the survey, 

the transect was re-recorded on the following day). 

The surveyors walked the transect at a steady pace, identifying all RTUs that entered an 

imaginary 10 x 10m box in front and to the sides of them. All RTUs were described in the field, 

and an attempt made to capture them, or identify the genus using A Field Guide to the Butterflies 

of Thailand (Lekagul et al, 1977). Each transect was replicated 8 times. In Hanoi, butterflies were 

identified to species level by A. Monastryrskii of the Tropical Centre (all RTUs collected were 

found to represent different species). Specimens of the Hesperiidae (skippers) were sent to Dr. A. 

L. Devyatkin at Moscow State University for identification. 

In addition to the butterfly transect data, butterflies were collected in other areas of the reserve. 

7.3 Results 

A total of 128 species of butterfly from 10 families were captured during the phase. These are 

listed in Appendix 3. The proportions of the total species caught belonging to each family are 

shown in Figure 6, below. 

Hesperidae 

Papilionidae 

Pieridae 

Lycaenidae 

Danaidae 

Riodinidae 

Amathusiidae 

Satyridae 

Acraeidae 

Nymphalidae 

Figure 6. Chart showing the family composition of the total species caught 

Appendix 3 is not a complete list of the butterflies of Ba Na; several other species were observed 

but could not be caught. These included Troides helena (Papilionidae) and Sticopthalma louisa 

(Amathusiidae). The list includes many Lycaenidae and Hesperidae (see Figure 6, above), 

although it is possible that these smaller species (and species with many morphologically similar 

congeners) were sampled less effectively than the larger, more obvious butterflies (such as the 



Papilionidae). Species inhabiting high-altitude or old-growth forests may also be underrepresented 

due to the limited amount of collecting time spent in these habitats. 

The number of species and individuals caught in each of the butterfly transects is shown in 

Table 6. 

Table 6. The total number of butterfly RTUs (S) and individuals (N) recorded from each transect 

in 8 replicate surveys 

RTUs (S) Individuals (N) α d 

Transect 1 50 246 18.96 0.236 

Transect 2 57 339 19.61 0.215 

Transect 3 56 133 36.44 0.105 

The degree of disturbance of the habitat decreased from BT1 to BT3. The degree of 'nativeness' 

of vegetation decreased 3-1-2, with transect BT3 being the closest to a natural forest formation 

for the area, and transect BT2 containing the highest proportion of alien species. It is perhaps 

surprising therefore, that transect 2, where the vegetation is made up largely of a few, non-native 

species, should have a highly diverse and abundant butterfly fauna. This runs counter to the 

results of Spitzer et al (1987), who found that the number of butterfly species observed in 

Vietnameses savanna and forest vegetation increased with the number of woody species present 

in the habitat. 

Although this result may be influenced by the high visibility of butterflies in the light shade of the 

Eucalyptus, compared to the forest transect (where some species may have been confined to the 

canopy, out of sight of the observers), it is in accordance with the results of studies in the Tam 

Dao mountains, Vietnam (Spitzer et al, 1993), where disturbed habitats showed greater species 

diversity than late-sucessional ones.The herb layer beneath the Eucalyptus stand may have 

provided nectar plants to attract butterflies, and there were still open, sunny patches at the 

plantation floor to attract heliophilous species. 

However, when the diversity index, α, is calculated, diversity is greatest in the forest transect, 3. 

Although the number of species found in this transect is fairly similar to those in other transects, 

the diversity index is higher because each species was seen in lower numbers. Hence the index of 

dominance d is considerably lower for transect 3 than 1 or 2. It is possible that, had BT3 been 

subject to greater replications than the other transects, increasing the number of individuals (N) 

observed, the number of species (S) may have been greater than that for the other transects. 

The butterfly faunas recorded in the different habitat areas also showed distinct differences. 

Figures 5 and 6 show the relative importance of each butterfly family in each transect, in terms of 

the proportion of the total number of species and the total number of individuals. 



25 

20 

% 

15 

10 

BT1 

BT2 

BT3 

5 

0 

Figure 7. Chart showing the proportional distribution of butterfly species between families in the 

three transects studied (BT1-BT3) 

40 

35 

30 

25 

% 20 

15 

10 

BT1 

BT2 

BT3 

5 

0 

Figure 8. Chart showing the proportional distribution of individuals between families 

Members of the family Papilionidae were present in all transects, owing to their large size and 

mobility. However, they were most important (both in terms of number of species and 

individuals) in the plantation transect, BT2. This habitat provides many of the Papilionidae with 

foodplants (several species are pests, particularly on citrus plants). In forests, the Papilionidae are 

often represented by high-flying canopy dwellers (Spitzer et al, 1993), which are under-recorded 

by the survey technique used. For these reasons, the swallowtails are poor indicators of the 

quality of natural habitats. 

The Pieridae show a marked preference for the open, disturbed habitats of BT1 and BT2, and 

very few were seen in transect 3. Similar results were obtained by Leps and Spitzer (1990) in the 

Tam Dao Mountains, Vietnam. The most abundant pierid species were the migratory Eurema 



hecabe and Catopsilia pomona, which were present (albeit in small numbers in BT3) in all the 

habitats. 

The family Lycaenidae, although showing greatest diversity in the forested transect BT3, were 

present in greatest numbers in the the open BT1 (where over 30% of the butterflies observed 

belonged to the Lycaenidae). 

The Satyridae, usually associated with grasses (Spitzer et al, 1987), were abundant in all 

transects. However, one species, Ragadia crisilda, appeared to be confined to the forest transect 

BT3. As a larva, this species feeds on Selaginella species on the forest floor (Fukada, 1983). 

The Amathusiidae (and, to a lesser extent, Riodinidae) appear to show a marked preference for 

the forested transect BT3, although the numbers caught were small. These results are comparable 

to those recorded at Ba Be (Kemp, Chan and Dilger, 1994) and Pu Mat, Vietnam (Kemp, Chan 

and Dilger, 1995). However, the presence of one amathusiid species (Faunis cumeus) in the 

early-successional BT1 suggests that there may be problems associated with the use of these 

butterflies as habitat quality indicators. 


The study at Ba Na revealed a particularly high butterfly diversity, particularly when compared to 

other forest sites in Vietnam (see Kemp et al, 1994, Kemp et al, 1995). Given the seasonality of 

butterfly populations, the true diversity in the reserve is likely to be even higher; many butterfly 

imagos emerge in April-May in Vietnam (A. Monastryrskii, pers. comm). This diversity may be 

explained by the range of habitats found within the Ba Na reserve. Although a similar number of 

species was found in all the habitat types surveyed, early successional and Eucalyptus plantation 

supported larger populations of butterflies. The diversity index α for the forested transect studied 

was particularly high (because smaller numbers of individuals were caught here). Few species 

were restricted to any one of the habitats studied, allthough many were more abundant in one or 

two of the transect sites. In particular, heliophilous species and crop pests were more abundant in 

the early successional and Eucalyptus transects. It seems likely that human intervention has 

actually increased the number of species in the reserve area. 



8.0 FISH 


The freshwater fish of the Ba Na area were studied by Dr.Nguyen Kiem Son of IEBR, Hanoi. 

Collection of fish specimens took place in streams in secondary forest, pioneer vegetation, and 

plantations near An Loi village. Three methods of capture were used: 

1) Hand net 

2) Hook and line 

3) Electric fishing. 

Electric fishing is carried out by some local fishermen in the region; the fish in a stretch of water 

are stunned by the use of an electric current from a battery, and float to the surface. 

Identification of fish specimens collected was carried out using Mai Dinh Yen (1978, 1992). 

In addition to the identification of specimens, the density of populations was measured in 

standard squares (4m 2 in small streams, 25m 2 in the large stream). Population estimates were 

carried out in 27 locations. At each site, two standard squares were observed (one from each bank 

of the stream). The numbers of fish of each species entering the standard square over a fiveminute 

period was recorded. The clarity of the streams meant that, at every site the streambed 

could be seen from the bank and accurate observation of fish activity was possible. 

8.2 Results 

8.2.1 Species collected 

A list of the species observed in the Ba Na streams is given in Appendix 4. In total, 33 species 

were collected including three which appear to be undescribed species or new races (for example, 

a local race of the Japanese eel, Anguila japonica. Three species are listed in the Red Data book 

of Vietnam (Phan Dong Vat, 1992) as threatened to some degree; Anguilla japonica, Tor 

tambroides and Ophiocephalus striatus. 

Species collected for food in the area include A. japonica, O. striatus and O. gachua, Tor 

duronensis, Parasiluris cochinchinensis and Cirrhinus jullienni. In addition to more traditional 

techniques, local fishermen have used electric fishing (see above) and dynamite fishing 

techniques (observed during VN9401). 

8.2.2 Distribution and concentration of fish populations 

Fish populations were observed using the standard square technique (see above) on twenty-seven 

occasions. Observations were carried out in different streams (both small streams and the large 

stream at An Loi village), and differing places in each stream studied. Seventeen species were 

seen; the most widespread taxa (those recorded in ten or more sites) are shown in Table 7. 



Table 7. The most widespread fish species recorded in streams at Ba Na. 

Species Number of survey points observed at (of 27) 

Synogastromyzon minutum banaensis 23 

Neomacheilus masyae 18 

Opsarichthys uncirostris 14 

Glossogobius giurus 11 

Rasbora lateristriata sumatrana 10 

In all, a total of 1566 individual fish were observed. The most commonly recorded species are 

shown in Figure 9. 

F 

A 

E 

B 

D 

C 

Figure 9. Chart showing dominant species as a proportion of total fish observations at Ba Na. 

A = Synogastronmyzon minutum (ca bam da) 

B = Opsarichthys uncirostris (ca chao) 

C = Rasbora lateristriata and Puntias stigmatosomus (cac loai ca long tong) 

D = Glossogobius giurus and Acentrogobius viridipunctatus (cac loai ca bong) 

E = Neomacheilus masyae and Botia gigantea (cac loai ca chach) 

F = others (ca kach) 

The population densities of several species in different streams are shown in Figure 10. 



1.4 

1.2 

1 

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0 

1. Waterfall I 

2. Waterfall II 

3. Small stream (head) 

4. Small stream (middle) 

5. Small stream (end) 

6. Large stream (head) 

7. Large stream (middle) 

8. Large stream (An Loi 

village) 

Figure 10. Chart showing the population densities (fishes m -2 , over five minute period), of 

several fish species in different streams at Ba Na. 

A few, dominant species make up a large proportion of the entire fish fauna at Ba Na (see Figure 

9): however, few of these species are found in a large number of the sites studied. Among the 

dominant taxa, there appear to be clear preferences for certain water bodies. Only 

Synogastromyzon minutum was found in all the streams studied (see Figure 10). Opsarichthys 

uncirostris was only found in the lower reaches of the largest stream (Khe Lon). Rasbora 

lateristrata was commonest in the smaller streams studied. 


The Ba Na nature reserve has a complex system of freshwater streams, with 33 fish species 

including three threatened species. Many of the fish have an economic role as food for local 

people. However, some of the fishing techniques used (electric, and dynamite fishing) are 

indiscriminate, resulting in large amounts of wastage and damaging fish stocks and the aquatic 

environment. 



9.0 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 

Reptiles were caught opportunistically throughout the phase, and specimens were also caught by 

local people. Identification was possible in the field for some snake specimens, using Cox (1991) 

and Campden-Main (1970). Other snake specimens, together with lizards and amphibians, were 

identified by Dr. Nguyen Van Sang, of IEBR, Hanoi. In addition, two species of forest tortoise 

were observed in the field, and being collected by local people (the shell is valued in Chinese 

traditional medicine, and the tortoise flesh may be eaten). 

A list of amphibian species collected at Ba Na forms Appendix 5, and Reptiles, Appendix 6. 

A total of 6 amphibian and 20 reptile species were recorded. Two of the lizard species collected, 

Gekko gekko and Physignathus cocincinus, are listed as nationally threatened in the Red Data 

Book for Vietnam (Phan Dong Vat, 1992). G. gekko is endangered due to its over-collection for 

use in traditional Vietnamese medicine. P.cocincinus is not recorded as present in Quang Nam- 

Da Nang province in the RDB. One of the snakes, Ptyas korros, is also listed as threatened in the 

Red Data Book. 



10.0 BIRD SURVEY 


A survey of the birds of Ba Na reserve was carried out throughout the period of the phase. 106 

species were positively identified, and these are listed in Appendix 7. 

Notes on the habitats in which sightings were made, and the apparent abundance of each species 

in the Ba Na area, are also given. 

The data were collected during approximately 160 hours of bird surveying within the reserve, and 

incidentally during around 100 hours of other activities in the forest (the latter accounted for only 

around 1% of the sightings made). The birds of habitat 1 (Eucalyptus plantation) were mainly 

those observed incidentally around the base camp. The greatest amount of dedicated birdwatching 

was carried out in habitats 2-6 (pioneer vegetation - undisturbed secondary forest), with a fairly 

even distribution of effort between these habitats (although the greatest time was spent in habitat 

2, pioneer vegetation, and a little less in habitats 5 & 6, the less disturbed secondary forest areas). 

Three survey methods were used; 

• Point counts of all species visible from a good lookout, on morning or evening 

birdwatches. 

• Walking set paths (transects) through the forest. 

• A combination of the above two methods, stopping for point counts along the path of a 

transect. 

Field identification was carried out using 'Birds of South East Asia' (King et al, 1975) and 'A 

guide to the birds of Thailand' (Lekagul and Round,1985). 

During the period of the survey, three mixed flocks of passerines were observed in the forest, and 

details of these flocks are recorded in Appendix 7. 

10.2 Results and Discussion 

The majority of taxa were identified, although flycatchers in particular were not well surveyed. 

The white-eyes (Zosterops spp.) were not identified to species level in the field but the only 

species present in the area, according to King et al. (1975) should be Zosterops japonica 

(simplex), the Japanese White-eye. 

Apparent abundances are based merely upon the number of sightings made (or, in the case of 

birds with an easily recognisable call, such as the Common Koel, Eudynamys scolopacea, the 

number of occasions on which the bird was identified from its call). Thus, species which are 

found in areas close to the base camp (such as the Vinous-breasted Starling, Sturnus 

burmannicus) will tend to be over-recorded. The abundances of species which are large, 

colourful, easily identified, or have an active habit in places where observation is easy (such as 

the Puff-throated Bulbul, Criniger pallidus) will tend to be over-estimated, in comparison to 

species which are small or difficult to identify (such as the White-eyes, Zosterops spp.). However, 

although abundance data shows some bias, it still gives a useful idea of the relative importance of 

many species in the reserve. 

A number of the birds observed were outside their known ranges in the region (as given in King 

et al, 1975): these are noted in Appendix 7. The species showing range extensions include two of 

the most regularly seen birds in the reserve, the Red-whiskered Bulbul, Pycnonotus jocosus, and 

the Vinous-breasted Starling, Sturnus burmannicus. 



Other species outside their normal ranges include; 

• Long-tailed Shrike (Lanius schach). The 'dusky melanistic form' (King et al, 1975) was seen, a 

range extension for this form, normally found in North Annam. 

• White-vented Needletail (Hirundapus cochinchinensis (caudacutus)); seen only in the first two 

days, these birds were probably migrants passing through the area to South Annam. 

• Brown Hornbill (Anorrhinus tickelli). Large groups of hornbills were observed flying through 

the forest canopy. 

Two of the species identified, the Crested Argus Pheasant (Rheinardia ocellata) and the Brown 

Hornbill (Anorrhinus tickelli), are included in the Red Data Book of Vietnam, Volume 1: 

Animals (Phan Dong Vat, 1992). 

The Crested Argus Pheasant (Rheinardia ocellata) was identified from its distinctive tail feathers, 

regularly carried from the forest by various forestry workers and found in vegetation transect 

FT2. This species is regarded as vulnerable on a global scale (Collar et al, 1994). It is known to 

be present in and around Bach Ma National Park to the north of Ba Na, which may contain one of 

the largest remaining populations of the species (Eames et al., 1992). Although this species may 

still be relatively common in parts of its range in Vietnam, its presence in the reserve adds greatly 

to the conservation value of the area. 

The Brown Hornbill (Anorrhinus tickelli) was seen twice, on both occasions in large flocks. The 

largest group was seen in the forest to the North of Ba Na, around FT5. This species is listed as 

'Near Threatened' in Collar et al (1994). The flocks probably travel long distances searching for 

food and therefore it seems likely that the existence of an unbroken forest canopy to the north and 

West of the forest reserve at Ba Na is an important factor in their survival at this location. 

The White-bellied Pigeon (Treron sieboldii), also listed as a near-threatened species by Collar et 

al. (1994), was seen once feeding in the forest canopy well inside the reserve. 


Bird diversity at Ba Na was relatively high, and species of national importance were present in 

the reserve. The presence of Rheinhardia ocellata in particular emphasises the importance of 

managing the reserve at Ba Na in cojunction with the surrounding forests, where it may still be 

found. Both this species, and the hornbill species which were recorded are reliant on high quality 

forested habitat and are vulnerable to poaching, and protection measures need to be strengthed to 

prevent their decline. 



11.0 MAMMAL SURVEYS 


Three main methods were used to arrive at a list of the mammal fauna of Ba Na; 

• Casual sightings of mammals, or tracks and signs left by mammals, were made while in 

the forest. 

• Mammal trapping was carried out for at least two nights in each of the vegetation transect 

areas FT1-5. Live traps were used (both Vietnamese cage traps and Longworth traps), baited 

with banana or fish. 

• Bat-netting was carried out at or near possible roosting sites on several occasions. 

Specimens of small mammals and bats were identified at IEBR, Hanoi, by the Director, Professor 

Cao Van Sung. 

11.2 Results 

The combined mammal lists produced by VN9401 and VN9503 are shown in Appendix 8. Two 

species were caught in live traps during VN9503; 

1) Edwards' Rat (Rattus edwardsi) was caught in the high-altitude transect FT3. This species is 

typically found in highland evergreen forests (Lekagul and McNeely, 1977). 

2) Common Treeshrew (Tupaia glis) was caught at FT5. 

In addition, specimens of the Himalayan Rat (Rattus nitidus) and Polynesian Rat (Rattus exulans) 

were caught at the camp using spring traps. 

Three specimens of a shrew (Sorex electus) were caught in pitfall traps at FT5. 

Bat-netting produced very poor results, as the geology of the area limited the roosting sites that 

could be found, and only three bat specimens were recorded during VN9503. These all belonged 

to the widespread species Hipposideros armiger. 

Other mammals that were identified from traces, or seen in the field during VN9503, included; 

• Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta); one individual seen near a logging camp close to 

transect 

FT5. 

• Malayan Pangolin (Manis javanica); one individual being carried from the forest by 

hunters. 

• Squirrels- Tamiops rodolpei and Callosciurus finlaysoni. T. rodolpei in particular was 

common 

and regularly seen in all types of secondary forest in the reserve, to a height of 1200m. 

• Bamboo Rats Rhizomys sumatrensis and R. pruinosus were both taken from the forest by 

local 

people for meat. 

• Lesser White-toothed Rat (Rattus berdmorei); one specimen was taken by a local dog. In 

Vietnam, this is a southern species which appears to be extending its range northwards at 

present. 

Ba Na is near its northernmost limit at present (Cao Van Sung, pers. comm.) 

• Masked Palm Civet (Paguma larvata); the tail of one animal was given to the Frontier 

group by a 

hunter who had shot it in secondary forest nearby. 

• Leopard Cat (Felis bengalensis); seen in secondary forest. 



A number of other mammals, including the Asiatic Black Bear (Selenarctos thibetanus), were 

reported to be present by local people and hunters. S. thibetanus is included in the Red Data Book 

for Vietnam (Phan Dong Vat, 1992). 

The earlier Frontier phase, VN9401, reported several mammals which were not seen by members 

of the VN9503 phase. These included the Golden Cat (Felis temmincki), sighted from a distance 

of about five metres in secondary forest. This species is listed as 'Vulnerable' in the Red Data 

Book for Vietnam (Phan Dong Vat, 1992). Common Barking Deer (Muntiacus muntjak) and 

Wild Pig (Sus scrofa) were both common and regularly killed by hunters. The Common Barking 

Deer is listed in the RDB as a 'Vulnerable' species. In addition, the Hog Deer (Cervus porcinus) 

was reported. The RDB considers this species to be 'Endangered', and Ba Na is outside its range 

as given in Lekagul and McNeeley (1977). Although hunters were observed entering and leaving 

the forest during the VN9503 phase, none of these large mammals appeared to be taken in this 

period. Species taken from the forest by hunters included Malayan Pangolin, (Manis javanica), 

Masked Palm Civet (Paguma larvata), and Asiatic Black Bear (Selenarctos thibetanus). 

Hunters also reported the presence of white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar), but Ba Na is well 

outside the range of this species as given in Mammals of Thailand (Lekagul and McNeely, 1977), 

and the White-cheeked Gibbon (H. leucogenys) seems a more likely species for this area, 

although no gibbons were directly observed on either Frontier phase. 


A total mammal list of 29 species was produced by the two Frontier phases at Ba Na. 

Although relatively few large mammals were observed during VN9503, the reserve is obviously 

relatively rich in mammals given its small size. The presence of nationally endangered mammals 

(particularly Cervus porcinus, Cuon alpinus and Selenarctos thibetanus) increases the 

conservation value of the reserve. 

However, hunting of these species must be a cause for concern, especially given the accessibility 

of the Ba Na area from large population centres (and markets for game and wild mammal 

products). Even if hunting was prevented within the Ba Na reserve, if it continues in the 

surrounding forest (or if surrounding forest is lost or replaced by plantations), it is possible that 

the larger mammal species could be driven to extinction within the reserve, unable to maintain 

viable populations in the small protected area. 



12.0 HUMAN IMPACT ASSESSMENT 

Socio-economic surveys were conducted among people living in and around the reserve area, to 

assess the extent of the utilisation of the forest resource by local people. Interviews were carried 

out, using a Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) techniques, consisting of a standard structured 

questionnaire, with people in the communities adjacent to the reserve, and with loggers and other 

forest workers within the boundary of the reserve. 

12.1 Forest Use: Logging 

Official logging operations, which were being carried out by Forestry Enterprise, the commercial 

wing of the Forestry Department in Da Nang, over the period of the 1994 phase, have now ceased 

in the Ba Na region. Currently, around ten loggers are working to extract the last felled timber 

(mainly large dipterocarps such as Dipterocarpus and Hopea spp., but including many tree 

species). The men have in the past worked in the forest for six days a week from January to 

October each year, returning to their farms in Hoa Ninh and surrounding villages for October to 

December. 

However, illegal logging activities, concentrating on the high-value timber species Sindora sp. 

(used in cabinet making), are still continuing. These operations are small-scale, the sawn timber 

generally being removed by bicycle. 

12.2 Forest Use: Other forest products 

During the 1994 Frontier phase at Ba Na, large quantities of rattan (Calamus spp.) were observed 

being taken from the forest. These were harvested by groups of 10-15 workers who spent periods 

of several days in the forest, transporting the rattan out by logging truck. However, very little 

rattan was harvested from the forest in the VN9503 phase. Few large specimens of the rattan 

palms were seen in the forest, and it is possible that this resource had been over-harvested 

(although it is in theory renewable, new stems growing from the base of the plant to form 

harvestable canes in a few years). 

The bark of trees in the family Lauraceae was gathered by several families in the forest, for use in 

the production of resins. However, these activities are now illegal within the reserve. 

Hunting is carried out on an organised basis in the reserve, with species such as Asiatic Black 

Bears (Selenarctos thibetanus) being highly prized, but many mammal species being taken. In 

addition, forest tortoises (Geomyda and Cistoclemmys spp.) were taken by hunters and forest 

workers, as the shells are valued in traditional Chinese medicine. 

12.3 Tourism 

During the period of the VN9503 phase, large groups of local Vietnamese tourists visted the 

reserve, drawn by the scenery and waterfalls. However, facilities for tourism are scant and 

unlikely to attract foreign tourists: over the period of the phase, only five groups of foreign 

tourists were seen, mainly on day-excursions from Da Nang. All were under the impression that 

the summit of BaNa was accessible by road, having little information about the area. Unless the 

infrastructure of the area is improved considerably, it appears unlikely that tourism will be able to 

develop here. However, any such development would need to be sensitive to the ecological and 

scenic value of the reserve. Future plans to reinstate the French road to the Ba Na summit, and 

possibly reconstruct the hill station there, could prove popular with tourists from Da Nang but 

would increase local disturbance of the forest. Access would be easier for poachers, although the 

improved facilities should also make policing of the reserve easier (at present, there is little or no 



official monitoring of the reserve). Other proposed developments at the edge of, or impinging 

onto, the reserve (including a golf course and hydroelectric facilities) will also bring direct 

ecological impacts. There is a danger that any such developments could encourage further 

projects in the area, and all would be fuelled by an improvement of road links. 



13.0 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 

The Ba Na reserve is an important reservoir of forest habitat close to a heavily populated area of 

Vietnam. Its bird and mammal fauna in particular appear to be richer and more varied than might 

be expected in such a small reserve, consisting entirely of secondary forest which has been 

disturbed by human activity to a greater or lesser extent. Of the 320 animal species recorded, 16 

are listed in the Red Data Book for Vietnam as under some degree of threat (see Table 8). This 

species richness and diversity appears to be due to a combination of factors. One influential factor 

is the elevation of Ba Na mountain itself (providing habitats for a variety of high-altitude species) 

and another, the forested connections to other large reserves and wooded areas nearby. This 

effectively enlarges the reserve, making it more suitable as a habitat for wide-ranging species. 

The proposals of the Tropical Forestry Action Plan for Vietnam (MacKinnon, 1990), to link the 

reserve at Ba Na to the Bach Ma Biosphere Reserve (a National Park) to the North would, if 

carried out, ensure the integrity of these forests. At present, the forests outside official reserves 

have little protection; improvements to their protection could ensure that the Ba Na reserve 

remains viable as a protected habitat for larger mammals and birds which may otherwise become 

locally extinct. In addition, the greater resources available for forestry protection at Bach Ma 

would ease the threats to species survival in Ba Na. 

Table 8 Number of animal species recorded in Red Data Book for Vietnam, with degree of 

threat. 

Endangered = most highly threatened, Threatened = lowest level of threat. 

Status in Red Data Book (Phan Dong Vat, 1992) 

Endangered Vulnerable Rare Threatened 

4 5 2 5 

With the cessation of official logging in the reserve, a major threat to its survival has been lifted, 

but others remain, including illegal logging and hunting, and more major development 

encouraged by the area's proximity to a large centre of population at Da Nang. 

Since almost all the reserve is easily accessible on foot, illegal logging, rattan gathering and 

hunting can reach all parts of the protected area. Loggers are constrained by the need to extract 

timber once it is cut (usually by bicycle, after cutting into planks in the forest), but may be driven 

further into the forest as easily harvested timber is removed (demand for the Sindora timber taken 

is high). Hunting pressure is particularly intense on the large mammals such as bears and 

ungulates. 

The tourist potential of the area has yet to be exploited to the full, but any attempt to do so would 

involve major infrastructural developments that could endanger the reserve itself. Sensitive 

development could result in the area becoming an important source of revenue locally. However, 

in May 1996, Quang Nam-Da Nang Tourist Company announced plans to construct a "Ba Na 

tourist Zone", encompassing 50 hectares at the base of Mount Ba Na, and 10 hectares at the 

summit, and to include golf course, tennis court, 50 bungalows and services for hunters and 

mountain climbers. The implementation of such plans depends on foreign investors being found 

(to realize the project fully would require US $100 million). Such development, if it occurs, will 

dramatically affect the ecology of the area. In particular, the proposal to reopen the French road to 

the top of Ba Na mountain, and use the summit for leisure activities, would damage the Lower 

Montane and Montane forests near the summit of the mountain. These forest types only occur in a 

small area of the reserve. Although the summit area has been badly damaged by previous human 



interventions, the scale of the proposed developments are entirely inappropriate for consideration 

in the vicinity of a reserve, let alone within one. Golf courses require a large water supply, and 

the provision of this supply would lead to further development in the area. The inclusion of 

hunting alongside other leisure activities is also inappropriate for the region. 

Other potentially damaging developments in the area are also influenced by the proximity of Da 

Nang. The Ba Na region would be an attractive location for the construction of reservoirs for 

power and irrigation, and the mineral resources of the area have yet to be exploited fully. 

In order for the biodiversity and natural resources of Ba Na to be preserved, forest protection in 

the reserve must be strengthened, and local populations educated in the sustainable management 

of forest resources. 



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Whitmore, T. (1975). Tropical Rain Forests of the Far East. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 


APPENDIX 1 

PLANT SPECIES RECORDED AT BA NA 

Identified by Dr. Le Mon Chan (Xuan Mai Forestry College) 

Key; HAB = Habitat; P Old growth forest 

S Secondary forest 

D Disturbed forest 

Rs Riverside 

FER = Fertile stages observed; Fl Flower 

Fr Fruit 

USE = Use/economic value, other notes; T Timber 

M 

O 

R 

D 

Medicine 

Oil 

Rare 

Decorative 

HAB FER USE 

PINOPHYTA 

1. Podocarpaceae 

1 Dacrydium pierrei P T 

2 Podocarpus imbricatus P T 

3 Podocarpus neriifolius P R 

4 Podocarpus fleuryi P T 

2. Gnetaceae 

5 Gnetum montanum S Fr 

MAGNOLIOPHYTA 

MAGNOLIOPSIDA 

3. Acanthaceae 

6 Acanthus ilicifolius S 

7 Chroestes pubiflora S 

8 Gendarussa vulgaris S M 

9 Phaulopsis dorsiflora D 

10 Strobilanthes auriculatus S 

11 Strobilanthes affinis S 

4. Aceraceae 

12 Acer oblongum S T 

5. Alangiaceae 

13 Alangium chinense S T 

6. Amaranthaceae 

14 Achyranthes aspera D M 

15 Amaranthus spinosus D 

16 Alternanthera sessilis D Fr M 

7. Anacardiaceae 

17 Bouea oppositifolia 

18 Choerospondias axillaris S Fr T 

19 Dracontomelum duperreanum S T 

20 Melanorrhea laccifera P O,T 

21 Rhus semialata D Fl 

22 Spondias lakonensis Fr

23 Swintonia sp. S Fl,Fr O,T 

24 Toxicodendron succedaneum O 

25 sp. 1. D 

26 sp. 2. S T 

8. Ancistrocladaceae 

27 Ancistrocladus uncinatus D 

9. Annonaceae 

28 Alphonsea mollis P 

29 Alphonsea. squamosa S Fr 

30 Desmos cochinchinensis 

31 Fissistigma latifolium Fr 

32 Miliusa sp. P 

33 Polyalthia cerasoides S 

34 Polyalthia laui 

35 Xylopia vielana S T 

10. Apiaceae 

36 Cantella asiatica Fr M 

37 Hydrocotyle sibthorpiodes 

11. Apocynaceae 

38 Alstonia scholaris S T 

39 Bousigonia mekongensis D Fr 

40 Cerbera manghas M 

41 Ervatamia kwangsiensis M 

42 Ervatamia. officinalis M 

43 Paravallaris macrophylla S Fl 

44 Rauvolfia verticillata P M 

45 Rauvolfia sp. 

46 Wrightia annamensis 

47 Wrightia laevis T 

12. Aquifoliaceae 

48 Ilex crenata Fr 

49 Ilex pubescens S 

50 Ilex rotunda S 

51 Ilex triflora Fr 

52 Ilex thorelli 

13. Aptandraceae 

53 Harmandia mekongensis D Fr 

14. Araliaceae 

54 Heteropanax fragrans M 

55 Schefflera octophylla S M 

56 Schefflera polypyrena D Fl M 

57 Trewesia palmata 

15. Asclepiadaceae 

58 Dischidia esquirolii P 

59 Ecdysanthera rosea 

60 Streptocaulon griffithii D M 

16. Asteraceae 

61 Ageratum conyzoides D M 

62 Blumea glomerata D 

63 Bidens pilosa S 

64 Chromolaena odoratum D Fl 

65 Lactuca indica D M 

66 Parthenium hysterophorusD 

67 Siegesbeckia orientalis D Fr M

68 Synedrella nodiflora D Fl 

69 Vernonia andersonii D 

70 Vernonia arborea S 

17. Balanophoraceae 

71 Balanophora sphaerica Fl 

18. Betulaceae 

72 Betula alnoides S T 

19. Bignoniaceae 

73 Markhamia pierrei P T 

20. Boraginaceae 

74 Ehretia acuminata 

75 Ehretia thyrsiflora D 

21. Burseraceae 

76 Canarium album S T 

77 Canarium aff. bengalense P T 

78 Protium sp. T 

22. Caesalpiniaceae 

79 Bauhinia pierrei Fl 

80 Bauhinia touranensis 

81 Caesalpinia crista 

82 Caesalpinia nuga 

83 Cassia alata S Fr M 

84 Cassia siamea S Fl,Fr T 

85 Cassia tora Fr M 

86 Cynometra ramiflora P Fr 

87 Peltophorum ferrugineum S T 

88 Pterolobium punctatum D Fr 

89 Saraca indica Fr 

90 Sindora glabra P T 

23. Capparidaceae 

91 Crataeva religiosa S 

24. Caprifoliaceae 

92 Viburnum odoratissimum D 

25. Celastraceae 

93 Evonymus sp. P 

26. Chenopodiaceae 

94 Chenopodium album D 

95 Chenopodium ambrosiodes D M 

27. Chloranthaceae 

96 Sarcandra glabra 

28. Clusiaceae 

97 Callophyllum balansae Fr 

98 Cratoxylon polyanthum S Fr T 

99 Garcinia cowa S 

100 Garcinia multiflora P Fr T 

101 Garcinia oblongofolia S 

102 Garcinia sp. 

103 Mesua ferrea P R 

29. Combretaceae 

104 Calycopteris floribunda D 

105 Quisqualis indica Fr M

30. Connaraceae 

106 Connarus cochinchinensis 

107 Rourea rubella D Fl 

31. Convolvulaceae 

108 Argyreia obtusifolia D Fl 

109 Parania volubilis D 

32. Crypteroniaceae 

110 Crypteronia paniculata S T 

33. Cucurbitaceae 

111 Hodgsonia macrocarpa S O 

112 Momordica cochinchinesis 

113 Trichosanthes tricuspidata Fl 

114 Zehneria indica 

34. Dillenaceae 

115 Dillenia indica D 

116 Dillenia heterosepala S Fl T 

117 Saurauja tristyla Fr 

118 Tetracera scandens D 

35. Dipterocarpaceae 

119 Dipterocarpus retusus S Fr T 

120 Hopea pierrei P T 

121 Parashorea sp. P Fr T 

122 Vatica tonkinensis P Fr T 

36. Ebenaceae 

123 Diospyros chevalieri S T 

124 Diospyros eriantha S 

125 Diospyros finetii S Fr T 

126 Diospyros mun P R 

127 Diospyros tonkinensis p T 

37. Elaeocarpaceae 

128 Elaeocarpus dubius S T 

129 Elaeocarpus griffithii S 

130 Elaeocarpus limitaneus S T 

131 Elaeocarpus japonicus S T 

132 Elaeocarpus rugosus P Fr T 

133 Elaeocarpus stipulaceus S T 

134 Elaeocarpus sylvestris P T 

38. Ericaceae 

135 Rhododendron emarginatum D 

136 Enkianthus quinqueflorus P 

137 Vaccinium bracteatum D Fr 

39. Euphorbiaceae 

138 Acalypha indica 

139 Alchornea tiliaefolia S Fl 

140 Alchornea trewioides S Fr 

141 Andrachne chinensis Fl, Fr 

142 Antidesma acidum D Fr 

143 Antidesma bunius Fr 

144 Antidesma fordii 

145 Antidesma ghaesembila D 

146 Aporosa microcalyx S 

147 Aporosa sp. 

148 Baccaurea ramiflora S 

149 Breynia fruticosa Fr

150 Bridelia balansae D T 

151 Bridelia tomentosa D 

152 Croton argyratus S 

153 Croton oblongifolius D 

154 Croton laevigatus 

155 Croton tiglium 

156 Deutzianthus tonkinensis S T 

157 Endospermum chinense D T 

158 Gelonium aquarum S 

159 Glochidion eriocarpum 

160 Glochidion spaerogynum 

161 Homonoi riparia Fl 

162 Macaranga denticulata S 

163 Macaranga henryi Fr 

164 Mallotus apelta S 

165 Mallotus barbatus S 

166 Mallotus cochinchinensis S 

167 Mallotus philippinensis S 

168 Microdesmis caseariaefolia P T 

169 Ricinus communis O 

170 Sapium discolor S Fr 

171 Sauropus androgynus 

172 Trigonostemon thyrsoideus 

173 Vernicia montana S Fr O, T 

40. Fabaceae 

174 Dalbergia cochinchinensisP T 

175 Dalbergia sp. D 

176 Millettia dielsiana D Fl 

177 Millettia sp. 

178 Ormosia fordiana S T 

179 Ormosia merrelliana S 

180 Pueraria montana D 

41. Fagaceae 

181 Castanopsis calathiformis S T 

182 Castanopsis hystrix S Fr T 

183 Castanopsis indica S Fl T 

184 Castanopsis mekongensis S Fr T 

185 Castanopsis poilanei S Fr T 

186 Lithocarpus echinophorus S Fr 

187 Lithocarpus pseudoreiwardtii S Fr T 

188 Lithocarpus sphaerocarpus S Fr T 

189 Quercus bambusaefolia P T 

190 Quercus helferiana P T 

42. Flacourtiaceae 

191 Casearia sp. S 

192 Homalium cochinchinensis P Fl T 

193 Hydnocarpus hainanensis P T 

194 Xylosoma congestum S 

43. Hamamelidaceae 

195 Eustigma balansae P T 

196 Exbucklandia populnea P T 

44. Icacinaceae 

197 Gonocaryum macclurei S Fr O 

198 Platea latifolia P T

45. Illiciaceae 

199 Illicium sp. P 

46. Ixonanthaceae 

200 Ixonanthes cochinchinensis S Fr T 

47. Juglandaceae 

201 Engelhardtia chrysolepis S Fr T 

202 Engelhardtia colebrokeana S 

48. Lamiaceae 

203 Elsholtzia fruticosa Fl 

204 Leonitis nepetaefolia 

205 Teucrium quadrifolium Fl 

49. Lauraceae 

206 Beilschmedia intermedia T 

207 Beilschmedia sp. T 

208 Cinnamomum burmannii S T 

209 Cinnamomum iners P T 

210 Cinnamomum obtusifolium S T 

211 Cinnamomum sp. 

212 Cryptocaria impressa S T 

213 Cryptocaria lenticellata D T 

214 Litsea cubeba S O 

215 Litsea glutinosa S Fr 

216 Litsea monopetala S T 

217 Litsea polyantha S 

218 Litsea verticillata 

219 Litsea sp. S 

220 Machilus thunbergii Fr 

50. Lecythidaceae 

221 Barringtonia cochinchinensis S Fr T 

222 Barringtonia racemosa S Fr T 

51. Leeaceae 

223 Leea guineensis S M 

52. Loganiaceae 

224 Fagraea fragrans P T 

225 Strychnos wallichiana S M 

53. Magnoliaceae 

226 Magnolia champacifolia S T 

227 Magnolia eriosepta S 

228 Magnolia fistulosa P Fl 

229 Magnolia sp. Fl T 

230 Manglietia conifera P T 

231 Michelia cavalierieri P T 

232 Michelia faveolata S T 

54. Malvaceae 

233 Abelomoschus sp. D 

234 Malvastrum coromandelianum Fl 

235 Urena lobata D Fl 

55. Melastomiaceae 

236 Blastus cochinchinensis D 

237 Blastus multiflorus S 

238 Melastoma candidum D Fl 

239 Melastoma dodecandrum D 

240 Melastoma normale S 

241 Osbeckia truncata D Fr

242 Oxyspora paniculata P Fr 

56. Meliaceae 

243 Alphanamixis grandiflora T 

244 Chisocheton sp. S 

245 Dysoxylon cochinchinensis S T 

246 Melia azederach Fr T 

247 Trichilia connasoides S T 

248 Walsura robusta Fl 

57. Menispermaceae 

249 Pericampilus glaucus D Fr 

250 Stephania hernandifolia D Fr 

58. Mimosaceae 

251 Acacia pennata M 

252 Adenthera pavonina P Fr T 

253 Albizzia lucida S T 

254 Cylindrokelupha balansae S Fr 

255 Cylindrokelupha robinsonii S Fr 

256 Entada phaseoloides P Fr 

257 Mimosa pudica D Fl 

258 Pithecolobium clypearia S 

259 Pithecolobium lucidum S T 

59. Moraceae 

260 Antiaris toxicaria S 

261 Artocarpus heterophyllus 

262 Artocarpus styracifolius S T 

263 Artocarpus sp. D 

264 Broussonetia papyrifera S Fr 

265 Ficus annulata 

266 Ficus benjamina P 

267 Ficus fistulosa 

268 Ficus fulva S 

269 Ficus hirta S 

270 Ficus hispida D 

271 Ficus leckensis D Fr 

272 Ficus vasculosa S 

273 Ficus sp. 

274 Maclura cochinchinensis D Fr 

275 Taxotrophis ilicifolia P 

60. Myristicaceae 

276 Horsfieldia glabra S Fl 

277 Knema cinerea S Fr 

278 Knema conferta S Fl, Fr M 

61. Myrsinaceae 

279 Ardisia bicolor P 

280 Ardisia crenata S 

281 Ardisia depressa 

282 Ardisia gigantifolia S Fr 

283 Embelia ribes 

284 Maesa japonica Fl 

285 Maesa perlarius 

286 Rapania linearis P 

62. Myrtaceae 

287 Baeckea frutescens S Fr O 

288 Eucalyptus camaldunensis T

289 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Fl 

290 Syzygium cumini S T 

291 Syzygium latilimbum P Fr 

292 Syzygium vestitum S 

293 Syzygium sp. S 

63. Nepenthaceae 

294 Nepenthes sp. 

64. Oleaceae 

295 Jasminum adenophyllum Fr 

296 Osmanthus yunnanensis S 

65. Ochnaceae 

297 Ouratea thorellii P Fl D 

66. Opiliaceae 

298 Lepionurus sylvestris 

67. Oxalidaceae 

299 Averrhoa carambola D Fl, Fr 

300 Oxalis latifolia 

68. Piperaceae 

301 Piper nigrum Fl 

302 Piper lolot D 

303 Piper bonii P 

69. Plantaginaceae 

304 Plantago major D Fl M 

70. Polygalaceae 

305 Polygala caudata P Fl 

306 Xanthophyllum hainanense S T 

307 Xanthophyllum yunnanense S T 

71. Polygonaceae 

308 Polygonum cymosum 

309 Polygonum barbatum 

310 Polygonum perfoliatum D 

72. Portulacacae 

311 Portulaca oleracea M 

73. Proteaceae 

312 Helicia cochinchinensis S 

313 Helicia hainanensis S 

314 Helicia grandis D 

315 Heliciopsis lobata S T 

74. Ranunculaceae 

316 Clematis sp. P 

75. Rhamnaceae 

317 Sageretia thea 

318 Ziziphus rugosa 

76. Rhizophoraceae 

319 Carallia brachiata S T 

320 Carallia lucida S 

77. Rosaceae 

321 Eriobotrya bengalensis S 

322 Eriobotrya deflexa 

323 Pygeum arboreum S Fr T 

324 Pygeum topengii S T 

325 Rubus acerifolius Fr 

326 Rubus leucanthus

78. Rubiaceae 

327 Adina pilulifera Fr 

328 Anthocephalus indicus D T 

329 Canthium dicoccum S T 

330 Coffea arabica Fr 

331 Hedyotis hedyotida D 

332 Ixora coccinea Fl 

333 Lasianthus kwangtungensis Fr 

334 Morinda cochinchinensis 

335 Mussaenda kwangtungensis Fl 

336 Nauclea officinalis 

337 Pavetta arenosa 

338 Paederia scandens M 

339 Psychotria siamica Fr 

340 Psychotria serpens 

341 Randia acuminatissima P 

342 Randia cochinchinensis 

343 Randia spinosa S Fr 

344 Uncaria ovafolia M 

79. Rutaceae 

345 Acronychia pedunculata S T 

346 Atalantia roxburghii 

347 Clausena excavata 

348 Evodia meliaefolia S T 

349 Evodia lepta D M 

350 Zanthophyllum avicenniae D 

351 Zanthophyllum rhetsoides D 

80. Sabiaceae 

352 Meliosma longipes P T 

81. Sapindaceae 

353 Amesiodendron chinense P Fr T 

354 Cardiospermum halicacabum 

355 Dimocarpus sp. Fr 

356 Dodonea viscosa 

357 Harpulia cupanoides 

358 Nephelium bassasence S T 

359 Nephelium chryseum S T 

82. Sapotaceae 

360 Donella roxburghii P T 

361 Eberhardtia aurata S T 

362 Madhuca pasquieri Fl T 

363 Palaquium annamense P 

364 Sarcosperma kachinense T 

365 Sarcosperma laurina T 

83. Saururaceae 

366 Houttuynia cordata M 

367 Saururus chinensis 

84. Scrophulariaceae 

368 Scoparia dulcis D Fr M 

369 Torenia fournierii Fl 

85. Simaroubaceae 

370 Ailanthus triphysa S T 

371 Brucea javanica D Fr M 

372 Eurycoma longifolia S M

86. Solanaceae 

373 Physalis angulata Fr 

374 Solanum nigrum Fl 

375 Solanum torvum Fl 

87. Staphyleaceae 

376 Turpinia nepalensis T 

377 Turpinia taiwaniana 

88. Sterculiaceae 

378 Helicteres angustifolia D Fl 

379 Helicteres hirsuta D 

380 Heritiera macrophylla P T 

381 Heritiera sp. S 

382 Pterospermum lancaefolium S 

383 Scaphium lychnophora P T 

384 Sterculia sp. S 

385 Tarrieta javanica S T 

89. Styracaceae 

386 Alniphyllum fortunei S 

90. Symplocaceae 

387 Symplocos angustifolia S Fl, Fr 

388 Symplocos cochinchinensis S T 

389 Symplocos laurina S T 

390 Symplocos touranensis S T 

91. Theaceae 

391 Adinandra millettii S T 

392 Adinandra megaphylla S 

393 Camellia flava P D 

394 Camellia aff. gigantocarpa Fr 

395 Eurya distichophylla D 

396 Eurya trichocarpa D Fr 

397 Schima superba S Fr T 

398 Ternstroemia gymnanthera S T 

92. Thymelaeaceae 

399 Aquilaria crassna D R 

400 Wikstroemia sp. 

93. Tiliaceae 

401 Grewia abutifolia 

402 Microcos paniculata S T 

94. Ulmaceae 

403 Commersonia bartramia D Fr 

404 Celtis sp. S T 

405 Gironniera subequalis S T 

406 Trema orientalis S Fr 

95. Urticaceae 

407 Pouzolzia sanguinea 

96. Verbenaceae 

408 Callicarpa macrophylla 

409 Clerodendron infortunatum D Fl 

410 Clerodendron kaempferi D Fl M 

411 Gmelina arborea S Fr T 

412 Lantana camara D Fl, Fr 

413 Stachytarpheta jamaicensis D Fl M 

414 Verbena officinalis Fl 

415 Vitex quinata S Fr T

416 Vitex trifolia S Fl T 

97. Vitaceae 

417 Cayratia trifolia 

418 Cissus modeccoides 

419 Tetrastigma planicaule P 

LILIOPSIDA 

98. Amaryllidaceae 

420 Curculiga gracilis P 

421 Curculigo orchioides 

422 Crinum latifolium S Fl 

99. Araceae 

423 Colocasia macrorhiza S 

424 Homalomena occulta P M 

425 Pothos repens P 

426 Pothos scandens P D 

427 Rhaphidophora bonii 

100. Arecaceae 

428 Arenga pinnata S D 

429 Caryota ochlandra S 

430 Calamus platyacanthoides D 

431 Calamus tetradactylus D 

432 Licuala spinosa P 

433 Livistona chinensis S 

434 Pinanga sp. D 

101. Commelinaceae 

435 Commelina communis D 

436 Floscopa glabratus 

102. Convallariaceae 

437 Liliope spicota 

438 Ophiopogon reptans P M 

439 Peliosanthe macrophylla 

103. Cyperaceae 

440 Cyperus rotundus D 

441 Cyperus sp. 

442 Fimbristylis monostachyusD 

443 Schleria terrestris 

104. Discoreacea 

444 Discorea cirrhosa P 

445 Discorea glabra 

446 Discorea persimilis S M 

105. Marantaceae 

447 Phrynium thorelli S 

106. Musaceae 

448 Musa uranoscopos D 

107. Orchidaceae 

449 Cymbidium ensiformis P D 

450 Cleisostoma rostratum S Fl D 

451 Dendrobium acinaciforme S D 

452 Luisia morsei S D 

453 Paphipedilum sp. P D 

454 Rhyncostylis gigantea P D 

455 Tropidia curculigoides D Fl D 

108. Pandanaceae 

456 Pandanus forceps

457 Pandanus gressitii 

109. Poaceae 

458 Bambusa procera S 

459 Dendrocalamus latiflorus S 

460 Imperata cylindrica D Fl 

461 Miscanthus floridulus 

462 Neohouzeana dullosa S 

463 Panicum montanum S 

464 Phragmites communis D 

465 Phyllostachys sp. S 

466 Thysanolena maxima D Fl 

110. Smilacaceae 

467 Smilax ovifolia P 

468 Smilax timorensis 

111. Zingiberaceae 

469 Alpinia chinensis S Fr 

470 Alpinia zerumbet P 

471 Costus speciosus S M 

472 Hedychium villosum S

APPENDIX 2 

FOREST TRANSECT DIAGRAMS 

2a) Heavily disturbed secondary forest - FT1 

Anacardiaceae: Drimycarpus sp. (Dr). Annonaceae: Xylopia vielana (Xy). 

Burseraceae; Canarium sp. (Ca). Caesalpiniaceae; Peltophorum ferrugineum (Pe). 

Ebenaceae; Diospyros sp. (Di). Elaeocarpaceae; Elaeocarpus sp. (El). 

Euphorbiaceae; Antidesma sp. (An), Bridelia sp. (Br), Glochidion sp (Gl). 

Fagaceae; Castanopsis sp. (Cs). Hypericaceae; Cratoxylon sp. (Cx). 

Juglandaceae; Engelhardtia sp. (Eg). 

Lauraceae; Cinnamomum sp. (Ci), Cryptocaria sp. (Cr). 

Lecythidaceae; Barringtonia sp. (Ba). Moraceae; Artocarpus sp. (Ar). 

Mimosaceae; Pithecolobium sp. (Pi). Myrtaceae; Syzygium sp. (Sy). 

Polygalaceae; Xanthophyllum sp. (Xa). Simaroubaceae; Eurycoma longifolia (Eu). Sterculiaceae; 

Tarrieta javanica (Ta). 

2b) Less disturbed secondary forest - FT2 

Anacardiaceae: Drimycarpus sp. (Dr), Unknown species (A1). Annonaceae: Alphonsea sp. (A2), Miliusa 

sp. (Mi), Xylopia vielana (Xy). Burseraceae; Canarium sp. (Ca). 

Dipterocarpaceae; Dipterocarpus retusus (Dp), Hopea pierrei (Hp). Ebenaceae; Diospyros sp. (Di). 

Elaeocarpaceae; Elaeocarpus sp. (El). Euphorbiaceae; Croton sp.1 (C1), Croton sp.2 (C2), Endospermum 

sp. (En), Macaranga sp. (Ma). Fagaceae; Lithocarpus sp. (Li). 

Myristricaceae; Knema sp. (Kn), Horsfieldia glabra (Ho). Myrtaceae; Syzygium sp. (Sy). 

Rosaceae; Pygeum sp. (Py). Sapotaceae; Sarcosperma sp. (Sa). 

Sterculiaceae; Scaphium sp. (Sc). Symplocaceae; Symplocos sp. (Sm). Tiliaceae; Microcos paniculata 

(Mc), Unknown species (Ti). Ulmacaeae; Girroniera subequalis (Gi). 

2c) High-altitude forest - FT3 

Anacardiaceae; Toxicodendron succedaneum (Tx). Annonaceae: Alphonsea sp. (Al), 

Araliaceae; Schefflera sp. (Sf). Elaeocarpaceae; Elaeocarpus sp. (El). 

Euphorbiaceae; Sauropus androgynus (Sa). Fagaceae; Castanopsis sp. (Cs). 

Juglandaceae; Engelhardtia sp. (Eg). Lauraceae; Cryptocaria sp. (Cr), Unknown species (La). 

Myrtaceae; Syzygium sp. (Sy), Trystania sp. (Ty), Unknown species (My).

Podocarpaceae; Dacrydium pierrei (Da), Podocarpus sp. (Po). 

Polygalaceae; Xanthophyllum sp. (Xa). Rubiaceae; Canthium dicoccum (Ct). 

Samydaceae; Casearia sp. (Cs). Sapotaceae; Madhuca sp (Md). 

Sterculiaceae; Reevesia sp. (Re), Tarrieta javanica (Ta). Symplocaceae; Symplocos sp. (Sm). 

2d) Heavily disturbed secondary forest - FT4 

Anacardiaceae: Drimycarpus sp. (Dr). Araliaceae; Schefflera sp. (Sf). 

Aquifoliaceae; Ilex sp. (Il). Caesalpiniceae; Peltophorum ferrugineum (Pe). 

Clusiaceae; Garcinia sp. (Gc). Fagaceae; Castanopsis sp. (Cs). 

Ixonanthaceae; Ixonanthes cochinchinensis (Ix). Juglandaceae; Engelhardtia sp. (Eg). 

Lauraceae; Cryptocaria sp. (Cr), Machilus thunbergii (Ma). 

Lecythidaceae; Barringtonia sp. (Ba). Meliaceae; Cipadessa sp. (Ci). 

Moraceae; Ficus sp. (Fi). Myristricaceae; Knema sp. (Kn). 

Rubiaceae; Randia sp. (Ra). Sapindaceae; Unknown species (Sp). 

Sapotaceae; Sarcosperma sp. (Sa). Sterculiaceae; Tarrieta javanica (Ta). 

Symplocaceae; Symplocos sp. (Sm). Tiliaceae; Microcos paniculata (Mi). 

2e) Undisturbed secondary forest - FT5 

Anacardiaceae; Drimycarpus sp. (Dr). Annonaceae; Alphonsea sp. (Al), Xylopia vielana (Xy). 

Clusiaceae; Garcinia sp. (Gc). Dipterocarpaceae; Vatica tokinensis (Va). 

Ebenaceae; Diospyros sp. (Di). Elaeocarpaceae; Elaeocarpus sp. (El). 

Euphorbiaceae; Unknown species (Eu). Fabaceae; Ormosia sp. (Or). 

Fagaceae; Lithocarpus sp. (Li). Lecythidaceae; Barringtonia sp. (Ba). 

Myrtaceae; Syzygium sp. (Sy). Rubiaceae; Randia sp. (Ra). 

Sapotaceae; Madhuca pasqueri (Ma). Simaroubaceae; Eurycoma longifolia (Eu). 

Ulmaceae; Gironniera subequalis (Gi).

APPENDIX 3 

BUTTERFLY SPECIES RECORDED AT BA NA (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea) 

Identified by Dr. Alexander Monastryrskii, Russian Tropical Centre, Hanoi. 

Family Papilionidae 

Family Pieridae cont. 

1 Pachliopta aristolochiae 25 Hebomoia glaucippe 

2 Graphium sarpedon 26 Eurema hecabe 

3 G. doson 27 Eurema andersonii 

4 G. agamemnon 28 Eurema pallida 

5 G. (Pathysa) antiphates 29 Eurema blanda 

6a Chilasa clytia f. dissimilis 

6b Ch. clytia f. clytia Family Danaidae 

7 Atrophaneura varuna 30 Danaus genutia 

8 Papilio paris 31 D. chrysippus 

9 P. demoleus 32 D. (=Radena) similis 

10 P. helenus 33 Parantica aglea 

11 P. polytes 34 Tinumala septentrionis 

12 P. noblei 35 Euploea diocletianus 

13 P. protenor 36 E. mulciber 

14 P. nephelus chaon 37 E. core 

15 P. memnon f. agenor 38 E. tulliolus 

16 Lamproptera curius 

17 L. meges Family Amathusiidae 

39 Thauria aliris 

Family Pieridae 40 Thaumantis diores 

18 Cepora nadina 41 Discophora deo 

19 Prioneris philonome 42 Faunis cumeus 

20 Ixias pyrene 43 F. canens 

21A Catopsilia pomona f. pomona 

21B C. pomona f. jugurtha Family Nymphalidae 

21C C. pomona f. catilla 44 Cethosia biblis 

21D C. pomona f. hilaria 45 C. cyane 

21E C. pomona f. alcmeone 46 Lebadea martha 

22 Appias albina 47 Terinos terpander 

23 A. lyncida 48 Vindula erota 

24 A. libythea 49 Polyura jalysus

Family Nymphalidae cont. 

Family Satyridae cont. 

50 Rhynopalpa polynice 80 Mycalesis anaxias 

51 Hypolimnas bolina 81 M. intermedia 

52 Ariadne merione 82 M. visala 

53 Chersonesia risa 83 M. mineus 

54 Cupha erymanthis 

55 Precis iphyta Family Riodinidae 

56 Precis atlites 84 Laxita sp. 

57 P. lemonias 85 Zemeros flegyas 

58 P. almana 86 Abisara echerius 

59 Euthalia sp 87 A. neophron 

60 Euthalia lepidea 

61 E. phemius Family Lycaenidae 

62 E. anosia Sub family Curetinae 

63 Tanaecia julli 88 Anthene sp. 

64 Modusa procris 89 Caleta elna () 

65 Neptis miah 90 Celastrina (=Acytolepis) puspa 

66 N. clinia () 91 Castalius rosimon 

67 N. hylas 92 Jamides bochus 

68 N. sp. (Very similar to N. hylas) 93 J. sp. 

69 Pantoporia hordonia 94 J. celeno 

70 Penthema darlisa 95 Catochrysops panormus 

96 Megista malaya () 

Family Acraeidae 97 Zizina otis 

71 Acraea violae () 98 Pithecops corus 

99 Prosotas sp. 

Family Satyridae 

72 Ypthima hubneri Sub family Poritini 

73 Y. baldus 100 Poritia erycinoides 

74 Y. sp. 

75 Ragadia crisilda Sub family Theclini 

76 Elymnias hypermnestra 101 Surendra quercetorum 

77 Orsotriaena medus 102 Surendra sp. 

78 Melanitis leda 103 Hypolycaena erylus 

79 Mycalesis perseus 104 Zeltus amasa

Family Lycaenidae cont. 

105 Loxura atymnus 

106 Yasoda tripunctata 

107 Thamala marciana 

108 Thamala sp. 

109 Drupadia ravindra 

110 Spindasis syama 

111 Rapala suffusa () 

112 Arhopala pseudocentaurus 

113 Amblipodia anita 

114 Rapala sp. 

Family Hesperidae 

Identified by Dr. A. L. Devyatkin, Moscow State University 

* = New for Vietnam based on collection of A. L. Devyatkin 

115 Hasora badra badra 

116 Tagiades menaka menaka* 

117 Caprona agama agama* 

118 Astictopterus jama 

119 Iambrix salsala salsala 

120 Koruthaialos rubecula hector 

121 Notocrypta paralysos asawa 

122 Notocrypta clavata theba 

123 Pyroneura margherita miriam* 

124 Lotongus calanthus* 

125 Matapa druna 

126 Oriens gola pseudolus 

127 Polytremis lubricans 

128 Pelopidas agna

APPENDIX 4 

FISH SPECIES RECORDED AT BA NA 

Identified by Dr. Nyugen Kiem Son, IEBR Hanoi. 

Fish distribution 

1. Waterfall I; 4 species. 

2. Waterfall II; 6 species. 

3. Small stream, between FT1 and FT2; 1 specie. 

4. Small stream beside French road to Ba Na summit; 2 species. 

5. Small stream near waterfall II; 1 specie. 

6. Small stream, logging road; 7 species. 

7. Small stream; 3 species. 

8. Small stream, logging road; 5 species. 

9. Small stream near Hoa Vang forest station; 10 species. 

10. Small stream between Hoa Vang forest station and Hoa Ninh; 3 species. 

11. Medium stream, Hoa Ninh; 10 species. 

12. Small stream, An Loi village; 7 species. 

13. Large stream (Khe Lon); 30 species. 

NT = Nationally Threatened 

(*) = Level of threat: E (Endangered) V (Vulnerable) R (Rare) T (Threatened) 

(Listed in the Red Data Book for Vietnam, Vol. 1: Animals, 1992) 

Fishing method: H = Caught by hook N = Net E = Electric fishing 

Fishing 

Distribution Threat Method 

Anguilliformes 

Family Anguillidae 

1) Anguilla japonica banaensis nsp. 13 NT(E) H 

Synbranchiformes 

Family Flutidae 

2) Fluta alba (Zuiew.) 13 N 

Cypriniformes 

Family Cyprinidae 

3) Rasbora lateristriata sumatrana (Bleeker) 6,9,10,11,12,13 E 

4) R. l. lateristriata (Bleeker) 13 E

5) Puntias leiacanthus (Bleeker) 1,2,6,7,8,10,13 E 

6) Puntias stigmatosus H. M. Smith 6,9,10,11,12,13 H 

7) Acrossocheilus deauratus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 13 ` E 

8) Scaphidonichthys sp. 2,13 E 

9) Tor duronensis (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 13 H 

10) Tor tambroides (Bleeker) 13 NT(V) H 

11) Cirrhinus jullieni Sauvage 13 E 

12) Opsarichthys uncirostris (Schlegel) Bidens 4,8,9,11,12,13 H,E 

13) Garra fulignosa Fowler 13 E 

Family Homalopteridae 

14) Synogastromyzon minutum banaensis nsp. 1,2,6,7,8,9,11,13 E 

15) Homaloptera zollingeri Bleeker 1 N 

Family Cobitidae 

16) Botia hymenophysa (Bleeker) 12,13 H 

17) Lepidocephalus octocirrhus (Van Hasselt) 13 N 

18) Botia molerti Tirant 13 N 

19) Botia gigantia nsp. 9,11,13 N 

20) Neomacheilus masyae H. M. Smith 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,11,13 N 

Siluriformes 

Family Siluridae 

21) Parasilurus cochinchinensis (Cuvier & Valenciennes) 9,13 H,E 

22) Wallagonia miostoma (Vaillant) 13 H 

Family Bagridae 

23) Mystus wolfii (Bleeker) 13 H,E 

24) Mystus vittatus (Bloch) 13 H,E 

Mastacembeliformes 

Family Mastacembelidae 

25) Mastacembelus armatus favus Hora 13 H 

Cyprinodontiformes 

Family Cyprinodontidae 

26) Aplocheilus panchax (Hamilton) 11 N 

Ophiocephaliformes 

Family Ophiocephalidae 

27) Ophiocephalus striatus Bloch 11,12,13NT(T) E 

28) Ophiocephalus gachua Hamilton 2,5,6,8,9,13 H,E

Perciformes 

Family Anabantidae 

29) Macropodus operculatus L. 11,12,13 H 

Family Eleotridae 

30) Eleotris fuscus (Bloch) 9 N 

Family Gobiidae 

31) Aceutrogobius canius (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 13 N 

32) Aceutrogobius viridipuctatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 2,13 N 

33) Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton) 6,9,11,12,13 H

APPENDIX 5 

AMPHIBIAN SPECIES RECORDED AT BA NA 

Identified by Dr. Nguyen Van Sang, IEBR Hanoi. 

ANURA (Frogs and toads) 

Family Bufonidae 

1. Bufo melanostictus Schneider, 1799 

Family Ranidae 

2. Rana limnocharis Boie, 1834 

Family Rhacophoridae 

3. Rhacophorus leucomystax (Kuhl, in Gravenhorst, 1829) 

Family Microhylidae 

4. Kaloula pulchra Gray, 1831 

5. Kalophrynus pleurostigmata Tschudi, 1838 

6. Microhyla ornata (Dumeril et Bibron, 1841)

APPENDIX 6 

REPTILE SPECIES RECORDED AT BA NA 

Identified by Dr. Nguyen Van Sang, IEBR Hanoi. 




SQUAMATA 

Family Gekkonidae 

1. Gekko gekko (Linnaeus, 1758). NT(T) 

2. Hemidactylus frenatus Schlegel, in Dumeril et Bibron, 1836. 

Family Agamidae 

3. Acanthosaura capra Gunther, 1861. 

4. Calotes versicolor (Daudin, 1802). 

5. Physignathus cocincinus Cuvier, 1829. NT(V) 

Family Scincidae 

6. Mabuya multifasciata (Kuhl, 1820) 

7. M. macularis (Blyth, 1853) 

8. (Scincella rufocaudata) 

Family Lacertidae 

9. Takydromus wolteri (Fischer, 1885) 

Family Colubridae 

10. Calamaria pavimentata Dumeril, Bibron and Dumeril, 1854. 

11. Oligodon sp. (O.cinereus) 

12. Indochinese Rat Snake Ptyas korros (Schlegel, 1837). NT(T) 

13. Red-necked Keelback Rhabdophis subminiatus (Schlegel, 1837). 

14. Rhyncophis boulengeri Mocquard, 1897. 

15. Amphiesma sauteri (Boulenger, 1909). 

16. Oriental Whip Snake Ahaetulla prasina (Reinhardt, in Boie, 1827). 

17. Psammophis condanarus (Merrem, 1920). 

Family Viperidae 

18. Bamboo Pit Viper Trimerusus steijneri K. Schmidt, 1925. 

TESTUDINATA (Tortoises) 

Family Emydidae 

19. Geoemyda sp. 

20. Cistoclemmys sp.

APPENDIX 7 

BIRD SPECIES RECORDED AT BA NA 

(Nomenclature following Lekagul and Round, 1985) 

Key to abbreviations: 

[] = Area in which the species was seen or heard: 1 = Eucalyptus plantation 

2 = Pioneer vegetation/scrub 

3 = Secondary forest (5-20 yrs growth) 

4 = Secondary forest (20-50 yrs growth) 

5 = Undisturbed secondary forest (>50 yrs growth) 

6 = High altitudes (>1000m) 

() = Abundance rating at Ba Na: R = Rare (identified once) 

O = Occasional (identified 2-3 times) 

C = Common (4-8 times) 

A = Abundant (>8 times) 

RE = Range Extension (from that in 'Birds of South-East Asia', King et al, 1989) 

F = Identified from feathers 

C = Identified by call only 

NT = Species recorded in the 'Red Data Book in Vietnam: Vol. 1, Animals' (Phan Dong Vat, 1992) 

Location Abundance Notes 

1. Hawk (Accipiter sp.) [4,5] (O) 

2. Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela) [3,4,5] (A) 

3. Black Eagle (Ictinaetus malayensis) [3,4,5,6] (A) 

4. Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus) [4] (C) 

5. Crested Argus Pheasant (Rheinardia ocellata) [4] (C) F,NT(T) 

6. Scaly-breasted Partridge (Arborophila chartonii) [4] (R) RE 

7. White-bellied Pigeon (Treron sieboldii) [4] (R) RE 

8. Thick-Billed Pigeon (Treron curvirostra) [2] (R) 

9. Pink-necked Pigeon (Treron vernans) [2,3] (O) RE 

10. Barred Cuckoo-dove (Macropygia unchall) [6] (R) 

11. Red Turtledove (Streptopelia tranquebarica) [1,2] (C) 

12. Emerald dove (Chalcophaps indica) [1,2] (O) 

13. Red-breasted Parakeet (Psitticula alexandri) [4] (R)

14. Vernal Hanging-parrot (Loriculus vernalis) [2] (R) 

15. Common Koel (Eudynamus scolopalea) [1-6] (A) C 

16. Green-billed Malkoha (Phaonicophaeus tristis) [2,3,4,5] (A) RE 

17. Greater Coucal (Centropus sinensis) [1-4] (O) 

18. Lesser Coucal (Centropus bengalensis) [2] (R) 

19. Mountain Scops-owl (Otus spilocephalus) [6] (R) C, RE 

20. Collared Scops-owl (Otus lempiji) [6] (R) 

21. Great Eared Nightjar (Eurostopus macrotis) [1-4] (A) 

22. Nightjar (Caprimulgus sp.) [1-4] (A) 

23. Red-headed Trogon (Harpactes erythrocephalus) [6] (R) 

24. Common Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) [2] (C) 

25. Banded Kingfisher (Lacedo pulchella) [4] (O) RE 

26. Chestnut-headed Bee-eater (Merops leschenaulti) [1-6] (A) 

27. Blue-tailed Bee-eater (Merops philippinus) [1-3] (A) 

28. Green Bee-eater (Merops orientalis) [1] (A) 

29. Blue-throated Bee-eater (Merops viridis) [1-3] (A) 

30. Blue-bearded Bee eater (Nyctyornis athertoni) [2] (R) 

31. Indian Roller (Coracius benghalensis) [2,3] (C) 

32. Dollarbird (Eurystomus orientalis) [1-5] (A) 

33. Brown Hornbill (Ptilolaemus tickelli) [3-5] (O) NT(T) 

34. Indian Pied Hornbill (Anthracoceros albirostris) [4] (R) 

35. Lineated Barbet (Megalaima lineata) [6] (R) 

36. Green-eared Barbet (Megalaima faiostricta) [3,4] (C) 

37. Golden-throated Barbet (Megalaima franklinii) [6] (C) 

38 Greater Yellownape (Picus flavinucha) [3-6] (C) 

39. Bay Woodpecker (Blythipicus pyrrhotis) [3,4] (O) 

40. Pitta (Pitta sp.) [4,5] (O) 

41. Asian Palm-swift (Cypsiurus balasiensis) [1-6] (A) 

42. Pacific Swift (Apus pacificus) [1-3] (A) 

43. White-vented Needletail (Hirundapus cochinchinensis (caudacutus) 

[2,3] (C) RE 

44 Red-rumped swallow (Hirundo daurica) [1-6] (A) 

45. Grey Wagtail (Motacilla cinerea) [1-4] (C) 

46. Forest Wagtail (Dendronathus indicus) [2] (O) 

47. Large Wood-shrike (Tephrodornis virgatus) [4] (R) 

48. Large Cuckoo-shrike (Coracina macei) [4] (R)

49. Short-billed Minivet (Pericrocotus brevirostris) [2] (R) RE 

50. Long-tailed Minivet (Pericrocotus ethologus) [6] (R) RE 

51. Scarlet Minivet (Pericrocotus flammeus) [3,4] (A) 

52. Common Iora (Aegithina tiplina) [1-5] (C) 

53. Great Iora (Aegithina melaschista) [2-5] (A) 

54. Golden-fronted Leafbird (Chloropsis aurifrons) [3] (R) 

55. Blue-winged Leafbird (Chloropsis cochinchinensis) [3-5] (C) 

56. Orange-bellied Leafbird (Chloropsis hardwickii) [6] (R) 

57. Black-crested Bulbul (Pycnonotus melanicterus) [2-5] (A) 

58. Red-whiskered Bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus) [1-5] (A) RE 

59. Stripe-throated Bulbul (Pycnotus finlaysoni) [1-5] (A) 

60. Puff-throated Bulbul (Criniger pallidus) [2-6] (A) 

61. Grey-eyed Bulbul (Hypsipetes propinquus) [2,4] (O) 

62. Ashy Drongo (Dicruris leucophaeus) [3-6] (A) 

63. Crow-billed Drongo (Dicrurus annectans) [6] (O) 

64. Bronzed Drongo (Dicruris aeneus) [1-5] (A) 

65. Hair-crested Drongo (Dicruris hottentotus) [1-5] (C) 

66. Greater Racket-tailed Drongo (Dicruris pardiseus) [1-5] (A) 

67. Slender Billed Oriole (Oriolus tenuirostris) [3] (R) RE 

68. Asian Fairy Bluebird (Irena puella) [2-5] (A) 

69.. Racket-tailed Treepie (Crypsirina temia) [1-5] (C) 

70. Large Billed Crow (Corvus macrorhyncus) [4] (R) 

71. Black Throated Tit (Aegithalos concinnus) [6] (O) 

72. Sultan Tit (Melanochlora sultanea) [4,5] (O) 

73. Velvet Fronted Nuthatch (Sitta frontalis) [4] (R) 

74. Buff Breasted Babbler (Trichastoma tickelli) [4] (R) 

75. Large Scimitar Babbler (Pomatorhinus hypoleucos) [3,4] (O) C 

76. Eye-browed Wren-babbler (Napothera epilepipota) [3] (O) 

77. Striped Tit-babbler (Macronous gularis) [3,4] (C) 

78. White-crested Laughingthrush (Garrulax leucolophus) [1-3] (O) 

79. Mountain Fulvetta (Alcippe peracensis) [6] (O) 

80. White-bellied Yuhina (Yuhina zantholeuca) [4] (R) 

81. Warbler (Phylloscopos sp.) [2] (R) 

82. Long-tailed Sibia (Heterophasia picaoides) [4] (R) RE 

83. Common Tailorbird (Orthotomus sutorius) [1-4] (A) 

84. Dark-necked Tailorbird (Orthotomus atrogularis) [1-4] (A)

85. Oriental Magpie-robin (Copsychus saularis) [1] (O) 

86. White-rumped Shama (Copsychus malabaricus) [3] (C) 

87. Slaty-backed Forktail (Enicurus schistaceus) [3] (O) 

88. Blue Whistling Thrush (Myiophoneus caeruleus) [3] (R) 

89. Eyebrowed Thrush (Turdus obscurus) [3] (R) 

90. Grey-headed Flycatcher (Culicicapa ceylonensis) [6] (R) 

91. Pale Blue Flycatcher (Cyornis unicolor) [4] (R) 

92. Black-naped Monarch (Hypothymis azurea) [4] (R) 

93. Asian Paradise-flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradisi) [3] (R) 

94. Long-tailed Shrike (Lanius schach) [2] (R) RE 

95. Ashy Wood-swallow (Artamus fuscus) [4] (R) 

96. Vinous-breasted Starling (Sturnus burmannicus) [1,2] (A) RE 

97. Hill Mynah (Gracula religiosa) [2,3] (C) 

98. Ruby-cheeked Sunbird (Anthreptes singalensis) [2] (R) 

99. Olive-backed Sunbird (Nectarinia juglaris) [1,2] (O) 

100. Crimson Sunbird (Aethopyga sipiraja) [1-3] (A) 

101. Little Spiderhunter (Arachnothera longirostra) [2] (R) 

102. Streaked Spiderhunter (Arachnothera magna) [4] (R) 

103. Yellow-vented Flowerpecker (Dicaeum chrysorrheum) [3] (R) 

104. Plain Flowerpecker (Dicaeum concolor) [4] (R) 

105. Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker (Dicaeum cruentatum) [2-4] (A) 

106. White-eyes (Zosterops spp.) [2,3] (O) 

107. White-rumped Munia (Lonchura striata) [1] (R)

Mixed flock data 

Many passerines of tropical forests form mixed flocks. Wherever possible, these associations were noted 

and the main associations observed are noted below; 

1) 30/7/95 9.45am 

Habitat type 4 

3 Scarlet Minivet 

Banded Kingfisher 

Sultan Tit 

Blue-winged Leafbird 

Velvet-fronted Nuthatch 

Pale Blue Flycatcher 

Large Cuckoo-shrike 

Large Wood-shrike 

Puff-throated Bulbul 

Ashy Drongo 

2) 4/9/95 2.30pm 


Sultan Tit 

2 Great Iora 

Greater Racket-tailed Drongo 

2 Bronzed Drongo 

3) 9/9/95 10.00am 


Puff-throated Bulbul 

Long-tailed Minivet 

Green-eared Barbet 

Red-headed Trogon

APPENDIX 8 

MAMMAL SPECIES RECORDED AT BA NA 

(Nomenclature following Lekagul and McNeely, 1977) 

Small mammals and bats identified by Prof. Cao Van Sung, IEBR Hanoi. 

Record Status: 

1 = Specimen 

2 = Identification based on clear sightings 

2 = Traces present, or call heard 

3 = Information from interviews with local people 




Order Insectivora 

VN9401 VN9503 

Family Tupaidae 

1. Common Tree Shrew (Tupaia glis) 2 1 

2. Northern Smooth-tailed Treeshrew (Dendrogale murina) 

2 - 

Family Soricidae 

3. Shrew (Suncus electus) 1 1 

Order Chiroptera 

Order Primates 

Family Rhinolophidae 

4. Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus sp.) 1 - 

Family Hipposideridae 

5. Great Roundleaf Bat (Hipposideros armiger) - 1 

Family Cercopithecidae 

6. Stump-Tailed Macaque (Macaca arctoides) 2 - NT(V) 

7. Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) 2 2 

8. Gibbon (Hylobates sp.) 4 - 

Order Pholidota 

Order Rodentia 

Family Manidae 

9. Malayan Pangolin (Manis javanica) 2 2 

Family Sciuridae

10. Cambodian Striped Tree Squirrel (Tamiops rodolphei) 

2 2 

11. Variable Squirrel (Callosciurus finlaysoni) 2 2 NT(R) 

Family Rhizomyidae 

12. Large Bamboo Rat (Rhizomys sumatrensis) - 1 

13. Hoary Bamboo Rat (Rhizomys pruinosus) - 2 

Family Muridae 

14. Lesser White-toothed Rat (Rattus berdmorei) - 1 

15. Himalayan Rat (Rattus nitidus) - 1 

16. Polynesian Rat (Rattus exulans) - 1 

17. Edwards' Rat (Rattus edwardsi) - 1 

Family Hystricidae 

18. Bush-Tailed Porcupine (Atherurus macrourus) 2 - 

Order Carnivora 

Family Canidae 

19. Asian Wild Dog (Cuon alpinus) 2 3 NT(E) 

Family Ursidae 

20. Asiatic Black Bear (Selenarctos thibetanus) 3 3 NT(E) 

Family Viverridae 

21. Masked Palm Civet (Paguma larvata) - 2 

22. Javan Mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) - 2 

Family Felidae 

23. Fishing Cat (Felis viverrina) 3 - NT(R) 

24. Leopard Cat (Felis bengalensis) 2 2 

25. Asian Golden Cat (Felis temmincki) 2 - NT(V) 

Order Artiodactyla 

Family Suidae 

26. Common Wild Pig (Sus scrofa) 2 - 

Family Cervidae 

27. Common Barking Deer (Muntiacus muntjak) 2 - NT(V) 

28. Hog Deer (Cervus porcinus) 3 - NT(E)

APPENDIX 9 

SPECIMENS COLLECTED AT BA NA RESERVE, 18/2/94 - 31/3/94 

Herbarium Specimens 

Held at Xuan Mai Forestry College, Ha Tay Province,Vietnam. 

Invertebrate specimens (other than butterflies and moths) 

Held by Frontier-Vietnam, 29 Dinh Ngang, Hanoi, Vietnam. 

Invertebrate specimens (Butterflies and moths) 

Fish specimens 

Held by Dr. A. Monastryrskii, Russian Tropical Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam. 

Held by Dr. Nguyen Kiem Son, Institute for Ecology and Biological Resources, Hanoi, 

Vietnam. 

Amphibian and reptile specimens 

Held by Dr. Nguyen Van Sang, IEBR, Hanoi, Vietnam. 

Mammal specimens 

Held by Prof. Cao Van Sung, IEBR, Hanoi, Vietnam.

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