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appropriate research and training. The initiation phase is characterised by opportunities being
identified either by a private sector or civil society organisation even when limited networking
and research or training are available. As with planned innovations, this usually requires an
individual or institutional ‘champion’ to take an initiative. This can lead to the emergence of
private-sector initiatives and informal networks developing, even in the absence of incentives.
Both planned and opportunity-led innovation can lead to a system of sustainable innovation
where coordinating bodies have been established that in turn encourage and support other
actors. Attitudes change, reflecting openness in partnering and collaboration, with inclusion of
all stakeholders. This gives rise to a dense network of formal and informal interactions with a
drive to achieve systems improvements. Such progress is facilitated by incentives for appropriate
research and training, and importantly, by financial-sector participation in activities.
14 Agricultural Innovation in Sub-Saharan Africa