Insect-pests - Biology East Borneo

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2 Introduction iii. to derive general conclusions on the impact of pests and diseases, and make informed judgment on the future risks. University. In addition, there was correspondence with representatives of several plantation companies to elicit information on pest and disease outbreaks. 1.3. Methodology Information was gathered from published and grey literature, field visits and discussions with Indonesian entomologists and pathologists. The TREECD database published by the Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International (1939-1998(4)) was screened for abstracts of formal publications. Most relevant publications were in the Indonesian language (Bahasa Indonesia) and many in conference proceedings, student theses and departmental and consultant reports. Full text of most of the relevant publications, both in English and Bahasa Indonesia, was read to extract information. Field visits were made to plantations of Tectona grandis, Paraserianthes falcataria and other species in Java, and of Acacia mangium, Gmelina arborea and Eucalyptus spp. in East Kalimantan. Discussions were held with specialist scientists at CIFOR, FERDA (Forestry and Estate Crops Research and Development Agency of Indonesia), IPB (Bogor Agricultural University), Gadjah Mada University and Mulawarman 1.4. Presentation The results of the study are presented in five chapters. Chapter 2 presents an overview of the state of the forest and plantation trends in Indonesia and Chapter 3 a general comparison of the pest and disease problems in natural forests and plantations. In Chapter 4, the insect pests and diseases of major plantation species in Indonesia are discussed in detail by tree species. This sets the background for Chapter 5 in which general conclusions are drawn on the impacts of pests and diseases, the current status of research on the subject and constraints to research and management of pests and diseases. Based on the available information and the personal experience of the authors, an assessment is made of the future threats of pest and disease outbreaks in plantations. Suggestions are made to meet the challenges. In addition to the cited references, there is a separate bibliography of published and grey literature for insect pests and diseases, which includes documents in English, Bahasa Indonesia and Dutch.
Chapter 2 The State of the Forest and Plantation Trends C. Cossalter and K.S.S. Nair 2.1. A time of change Indonesian forests are in a state of transition. The traditional low-level exploitation of forests by indigenous communities has been supplemented, over the past 30 years, by increased logging operations for selected timbers which has led to degradation of foests over large areas. Presently, there is large-scale replacement of degraded natural forests with short rotation industrial tree crops, raised and managed by commercial companies. Estate crops such as rubber and oil palm have also replaced part of the natural forests. What drives these changes is not the Indonesian consumer demands, but the rapidly rising international demand for engineered wood products, e.g. medium density fibre board and pulp and paper; and rubber and palm oil. 2.2. Forest types, area and policies Nature has endowed the country with a rich variety of tropical forests. Dominated by dipterocarps, these include the monsoon forests, hill rainforests, lowland rainforests, peat-swamp forests, swamp forests, littoral forests and mangrove forests (Handadhari 1997). Forest area statistics given by different authors are often conflicting. In addition to degradation due to shifting agriculture and selective logging, since the 1970s, large areas have been converted to agricultural land, estates and human settlements. Estimates based on remote sensed data, show that the forest area of Indonesia is about 124 million ha and the rate of deforestation during 1972–1990 was about 840 000 ha per year (Sumahadi et al. 1997). As noted earlier, in 1996 FAO estimated forest area as 96.2 million ha, and there has been further reduction since then (Fox et al. 2000). Most Government sources continue to give higher figures with estimates of 92-124 million ha in many publications. Often there is confusion between land area classified as forest in Government records and the land area actually covered by forest. Since most forest policy decisions of Government have been made on the basis of the older figures, it is difficult to use more recent figures in the following discussion. The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia dictates that all forests of the country are to be governed by the State and there are a number of Acts and Rules that set principles and guidelines for their management. In 1984, the Government classified the forests into five categories, based on land-use preference established by a consensus of provincial Government agencies (Handadhari 1997, Gautam et al. 2000). Data in Table 2.1 show about 49 million ha reserved for conservation purposes (first and second categories), 34 million ha for production and about 30 million ha for limited production. About 30 million ha are designated as convertible forest area for long-term non-forestry uses. The areas assigned to each category are only estimates, as all lands not otherwise identified with existing agricultural or urban land uses in records available to provincial offices at that time were designated as forests (Gautam et al. 2000). The estimates were often contended and adjustments
Page 1 and 2: Insect Pests and Diseases in Indone
Page 3 and 4: © 2000 by Center for International
Page 5 and 6: 4.8. Dyera spp. 24 4.9. Eucalyptus
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgements We thank Mr. E.A.
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Literature Cited 55 Philippines. In
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58 Bibliography of Insect Pests and
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Indexes Tree Acacia 17, 19, 31, 41,
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Indexes 89 Insect Acanthopsyche 28,
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Indexes 91 Disease Aecidium fragifo
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Insect-pests - Biology East Borneo

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