Insect-pests - Biology East Borneo

32 Insect Pests and Diseases of Major Plantation Species
Another sporadic pest is the yellow butterfly, Eurema
spp. (mainly E. blanda and to a lesser extent E. hecabe
and others), whose caterpillars often build up in large
numbers and cause locally widespread defoliation.
Severe defoliation occurs occasionally in Java,
Sumatra, Kalimantan and Sulawesi (Tikupadang et al.
1993; Irianto et al. 1997; Suhendi and Sembiring
1998). Although heavy defoliation may cause dieback
of branches (Irianto et al. 1997), the infestation is
usually transient and the damage not serious.
Other minor pests reported on P. falcataria include a
few species of scarabaeid beetles whose larvae feed
on the roots of saplings, the bark feeding caterpillar,
Indarbela quadrinotata, the twig borer, Xylosandrus
morigerus (Tikupadang et al. 1993) (Table 4.8), and
other polyphagous, occasional feeders.
plantations in South Kalimantan and Jambi, Sumatra
(Anggraeni and Suharti 1997). Older trees are attacked
by root rot fungi of the genera, Ganoderma (Widyastuti
et al. 2000) Ustulina and Rosellinia. Dieback due to
unknown reasons has been reported by some
companies. Generally, root rot is a problem only in trees
older than 10 years. Except for nursery diseases that
can be controlled, P. falcataria does not suffer from
any major disease.
Table 4.9. Diseases of Paraserianthes falcataria in Indonesia
Disease
Damping-off
Causative agent
Pythium sp.
Phytophthora sp.
Rhizoctonia sp.
Notes
On seedlings
Diseases
Damping-off caused by Pythium, Phytophthora and
Rhizoctonia spp. is common in nurseries (Table 4.9).
Anthracnose disease, characterised by sudden death of
the seedlings and caused by Colletotrichum sp., has
been reported (Kobayashi and Zinno 1984). Root rot
disease caused by Botryodiplodia sp. occurs in young
Anthracnose
disease
Root rot
Colletotrichum sp.
Botryodiplodia sp.
Ganoderma sp.
Ustulina sp.
Rosellinia sp.
On seedlings
On young trees
On older trees
Table 4.8. Insect pests of Paraserianthes falcataria in Indonesia
Type of damage
Scientific name
Common name
Notes
Trunk boring
Xystrocera festiva
(Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)
Sengon borer
(albizia borer)
Serious pest
X. globosa
-
Minor pest
Leaf feeding
Pteroma plagiophleps
(Lepidoptera, Psychidae)
Small bagworm
Occasionally serious;
feeds also on bark
surface
Eurema blanda
(Lepidoptera, Pieridae)
Yellow butterfly caterpillar
Sporadic
Root feeding
Several species
(Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae)
White grubs
On saplings
Bark feeding
Indarbela quadrinotata
(Lepidoptera, Indarbelidae)
Bark caterpillar
Twig boring
Xylosandrus morigerus
(Coleoptera, Scolytidae)
Scolytid beetle