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esistant insects should have PBO on all surfaces so that the mosquitoes cannot avoid contacting both insecticide and synergist at the same time. What is Piperonyl Butoxide Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) is a synergist which has long been used to improve the performance of pyrethroid insecticides especially household aerosols. Synergists are chemicals that lack insecticidal activity of their own but enhance the insecticidal performance of other chemicals. How does Piperonyl Butoxide combat resistance All insects, whether susceptible or resistant, have enzymes that can metabolise insecticides into harmless components. Some of these enzymes, known as cytochrome P450s, are powerful oxidising agents that can detoxify an active ingredient before the desired effect is achieved; PBO is a powerful inhibitor of these enzymes and therefore blocks this action. In resistant insects the activity of these enzymes can be greatly enhanced which can significantly reduce the efficacy of an insecticide. PBO acts on these enzymes in resistant insects and inhibits the breakdown or the metabolism of insecticides, rendering the insecticide more effective. PBO also increases the activity of pyrethroids to susceptible insects, so adding PBO to an LLIN has a benefit even in areas where there is no resistance. There are many scientific papers which demonstrate the impact of PBO on pyrethroid resistance, and some specifically highlight the impact on permethrin resistance. See for example: Evidence of multiple pyrethroid resistance mechanisms in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto from Nigeria. Awolola, T.S. et al., Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Vol: 103, Issue: 11, Pages: 1139- 1145 (2009). Piperonyl Butoxide Key Points: • Inhibitor of P450 enzymes. • Enhances insecticide penetration. • Used in many household aerosols and space sprays products. • Not an insecticide but a synergist. • Low mammalian toxicity. • Known and used for >50 years. Olyset Plus Regeneration Rapid regeneration of surface active ingredients after washing -- and therefore the provision of an almost continuously available insecticide plus PBO barrier against mosquitoes -- is required to maximise the protective effect. This is especially important in areas where resistant mosquitoes have been found. The rate at which permethrin and PBO migrate from the internal reservoir in the fibre to the surface of the net (known as the ‘bleed rate’) has been adjusted in Olyset Plus to provide a rapid rate of regeneration, making the net active again within 1 – 2 days after washing. Full efficacy in less than 2 days after washing. 4
Controlled Release Technology Incorporated Polyethylene Controlled-Release Fibres vs “Coated” Polyester Fibre Permethrin and PBO Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Standard Net Above: Olyset Plus, permethrin and piperonyl butoxide migrate to the surface of the net fibre over a period of three years or longer, maintaining a biologically effective surface concentration. Insecticide particles “glued” to net surface Left: For “coated” LLINs, surface concentration of insecticide declines over time. Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
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Page 15 and 16: Olyset Plus nets are ready to use.

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