HERE - Hackett Publishing Company

CLASSICS
OF
AMERICAN POLITICAL AND
CONSTITUTIONAL THOUGHT
Volume 1
Origins through the Civil War
Edited, with Introductions, by
SCOTT J. HAMMOND
KEVIN R. HARDWICK
HOWARD L. LUBERT
Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.
Indianapolis/Cambridge

CONTENTS
The Declaration of Independence xvii
The Constitution of the United States xx
1 Absolutism and the Ancient Constitution 1
James I Address before Parliament (1610) 4
Early Colonial Documents The Third Charter of Virginia (March 12, 1611) [selections] 5
The Mayflower Compact (1620) 7 Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) 8
The Maryland Toleration Act (1649) 11
John Winthrop Model of Christian Charity (1630) 13 Little Speech on Liberty (1645) 18
Nathaniel Ward The Simple Cobbler of Aggawam (1647) [selections] 20
James Harrington Oceana (1656) [selections] 23
Samuel Pufendorf On the Law of Nature and Nations (1672) [selections] 30
Algernon Sidney Apology (1683) 35
Discourses Concerning Government (1689) [selections] 36
William Penn Frame of Government of Pennsylvania (February 2, 1683) 41
Charter of Privileges Granted by William Penn, Esq. to the Inhabitants of Pennsylvania and
Territories (October 28, 1701) 46
Resolutions of the Germantown Mennonites (February 18, 1688) 49
John Locke Second Treatise of Government (1689) [selections] 50
English Bill of Rights (1689) [selections] 72
2 Liberty and Monarchy under the “Balanced” Constitution 75
Joseph Addison Letter against Parties (1711) 78
John Wise A Vindication of New England Churches (1717) [selections] 80
John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon Cato’s Letters (1719–1723) [selections] 85
William Byrd Letter to John Perceval, Earl of Egmont (July 12, 1736) 94
Sir John Randolph Re-Election Speech (1736) 96
Jonathan Edwards Northampton Covenant (1742) 98
David Hume Essays Moral, Political and Literary (1742, revised 1777) [selections] 99
Idea of a Perfect Commonwealth (1754) [selections] 106
vii

viii
Contents
Georgia Trustees A Brief Account of the Causes That Have Retarded the Progress of the Colony of
Georgia (1743) 108
Montesquieu Spirit of the Laws (1748) [selections] 109
Jonathan Mayhew A Discourse Concerning Unlimited Submission and Non-Resistance to the Higher
Powers (1750) [selections] 134
William Livingston Essays from the Independent Reflector (1752–1753) [selections] 138
Peter Fontaine Letters (1756–1757) 145
3 The American Revolution 148
James Otis Against Writs of Assistance (recorded, with notes, by John Adams) (1761) 151
Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved (1764) [selections] 154
Stephen Hopkins The Rights of the Colonies Examined (1764) [selections] 160
Thomas Whately The Regulations Lately Made (1765) [selections] 166
Jared Ingersoll Letter to Thomas Fitch (February 11, 1765) [selections] 171
The Virginia Resolutions as Printed by the NEWPORT MERCURY (June 24, 1765) 174
Resolutions of the Stamp Act Congress (October 19, 1765) 175
William Pym Letter to the London General Evening Post and the Newport Mercury (1765)
[selections] 176
Daniel Dulany Considerations on the Propriety of Imposing Taxes in the British Colonies (1765)
[selections] 177
John Adams Clarendon, No. 3 (January 27, 1766) 182
Richard Bland An Inquiry into the Rights of the British Colonies (1766) 186
Britannus Americanus Untitled (Boston, 1766) 193
Letter to the PENNSYLVANIA JOURNAL (March 13, 1766) [selections] 194
Samuel Adams Circular Letter from the Massachusetts House of Representatives to the Speakers of
Other Houses of Representatives (February 11, 1768) 197
Benjamin Rush Letter to Ebenezer Hazard (October 22, 1768) 199
John Dickinson Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (1768) [selections] 200
Thomas Hutchinson A Dialogue between an American and a European Englishman (1768)
[selections] 214
Samuel Adams Letter to the Boston Gazette (February 27, 1769) 226
The Rights of the Colonists (November 20, 1772) 227

Contents
ix
Thomas Hutchinson Speech of the Governor to the Two Houses (January 6, 1773) [selections] 230
Bowdoin, Gray, Otis, Hall, et al. Answer of the Council to the Speech of Governor Hutchinson
(January 25, 1773) [selections] 233
Massachusetts House of Representatives (S. Adams, J. Hancock, et al.) Answer of the House of
Representatives to the Speech of the Governor (January 26, 1773) [selections] 238
Phillis Wheatley Letter to Reverend Samson Occum (March 11, 1774) 244
Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress (October 14, 1774) 245
Isaac Backus A History of New England with Particular Reference to the Baptists, Volume 2 (1774)
[selections] 247
Thomas Jefferson A Summary View of the Rights of British America (July 1774) 249
Alexander Hamilton The Farmer Refuted (1775) [selections] 257
John Wesley A Calm Address to Our American Colonies (1775) [selections] 263
Thomas Paine Common Sense (1776) [selections] 267
Candidus [James Chalmers] Plain Truth; Addressed to the Inhabitants of America, Containing Remarks
on a Late Pamphlet, Entitled, Common Sense (1776) [selections] 281
Carter Braxton Letter to Landon Carter (April 14, 1776) 288
John Adams Letter to Mercy Warren (April 16, 1776) 290
Thoughts on Government (April 1776) 291
The Virginia Declaration of Rights (June 12, 1776) 295
Four Letters on Interesting Subjects (1776) [selections] 296
John Adams Letters to Abigail Adams (July 3, 1776) [selections] 299
Benjamin Rush Letter to Patrick Henry (July 16, 1776) 301
Benjamin Franklin Letter to Lord Howe (July 20, 1776) 302
Notes of Debates in Congress (1776) [selections] 303
John Witherspoon Speech in Congress (July 30, 1776) 306
The Dominion of Providence over the Passions of Men (1776) [selections] 308
Benjamin Rush Notes for a Speech in Congress (August 1, 1776) [selections] 315
Henry Laurens Letter to John Laurens (August 14, 1776) [selections] 317
Concord Town Meeting Resolution (October 21, 1776) 318
Thomas Paine The Crisis, No. 1 (1776) 318
Carter Braxton A Native of This Colony (1776) 323

x
Contents
4 Toward a More Perfect Union 329
Articles of Confederation (1777, 1781) 332
Alexander Hamilton Letter to James Duane (September 3, 1780) [selections] 337
James Madison Letter to Thomas Jefferson (1781) [selections] 341
Hector St. Jean de Crèvecoeur Letters from an American Farmer (1782) [selections] 342
Thomas Jefferson Notes on the State of Virginia (1782) [selections] 347
Benjamin Banneker Letter to Thomas Jefferson (August 19, 1791) 355
Thomas Jefferson Letter to Benjamin Banneker (August 30, 1791) 357
James Madison Notes on Debates in Congress (February 21, 1783) [selections] 357
Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments (June 20, 1785) 359
Richard Henry Lee Letter to Samuel Adams (March 14, 1785) 363
Letter to George Mason (May 15, 1787) 364
Northwest Ordinance (1787) [selections] 365
George Washington Letter to John Jay (August 15, 1786) [selections] 367
John Jay Letter to George Washington (January 7, 1787) 368
George Washington Letter to John Jay (March 10, 1787) [selections] 369
James Madison Vices of the Political System of the United States (1787) 370
Letter to George Washington (April 16, 1787) [selections] 374
Notes on the Debates in the Federal Convention (1787) [selections] 376
5 The Ratification Debate 454
Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay (“Publius”) The Federalist Papers (1787–1788)
[selections] 456
James Wilson Speech on Ratification (1787) 521
James Madison Letter to Thomas Jefferson (October 24, 1787) 523
Letter to Thomas Jefferson (October 17, 1788) 527
Thomas Jefferson Letter to James Madison (March 15, 1789) [selections] 529
George Clinton Cato, No. 4 (1787) 531
An Old Whig, No. 5 (1787) 532
Robert Yates Brutus Essays (1787–1788) [selections] 534
Federal Farmer (1787–1788) [selections] 558
Melancton Smith Speeches (1788) [selections] 578

Contents
xi
John Adams Letter to Roger Sherman (July 18, 1789) 584
Letter to Samuel Adams (October 18, 1790) 586 Discourses on Davila (1789) [selections] 589
6 Liberty, Authority, and the Implementation of Government 597
Henry Knox Report on White Outrages (1788) [selections] 599
Tribal Council of the Delaware and Twelve Additional Tribes (1793) 600
Red Jacket (Segoyewatha) Speech in Response to White Missionaries (1805) 600
Speech in Response to Land Speculators (1811) 601
George Washington Inaugural Address (April 30, 1789) 602
Letter to the United Baptist Churches of Virginia (May 1789) 604
James Madison and Alexander White Debates in the First Congress (June 16–18, 1789)
[selections] 605
Thomas Jefferson Letter to Nehemiah Dodge and Others, a Committee of the Danbury Baptist
Association, in the State of Connecticut (January 1, 1802) 611
Letter to Benjamin Hawkins (February 18, 1803) [selections] 611
Alexander Hamilton Report on Public Credit (January 9, 1790) [selections] 612
Report on a National Bank (December 13, 1790) 615
Thomas Jefferson On the Constitutionality of a National Bank (February 15, 1791) 615
Alexander Hamilton Opinion on the Constitutionality of a National Bank (February 23, 1791)
[selections] 618 Report on the Subject of Manufacturers (December 5, 1791) [selections] 622
Letter to George Washington (August 18, 1792) [selections] 628
James Madison A Candid State of Parties (September 26, 1792) 633
Alexander Hamilton Pacificus, No. 1 (June 29, 1793) 634
James Madison Helvidius, No. 1 (August 24, 1793) 638
Alexander Hamilton Letter to George Washington (August 2, 1794) 643
Tully, No. 1 (August 23, 1794) 645 Tully, No. 3 (August 28, 1794) 646
George Washington Letter to Henry Lee (August 26, 1794) [selections] 647
Thomas Jefferson Letter to James Madison (1794) [selections] 648
Alexander Hamilton Memorandum on the French Revolution (1794) [selections] 649
George Washington Farewell Address (September 19, 1796) 651
Alexander Addison On Liberty of Speech and of the Press (1797) [selections] 659
Thomas Jefferson Draft of the Kentucky Resolutions (before October 4, 1798) 664
James Madison Virginia Resolutions against the Alien and Sedition Act (December 21, 1798) 668
John Marshall Report of the Minority on the Virginia Resolutions (January 22, 1799) 669

xii
Contents
Thomas Jefferson Letter to Elbridge Gerry (January 26, 1799) [selections] 673
Letter to William Green Munford (June 18, 1799) [selections] 676
James Madison Report on the Virginia Resolutions (January 7, 1800) [selections] 677
Samuel Chase Calder v. Bull (1798) [selections] 680
William Patterson Calder v. Bull, Concurrence (1798) [selections] 684
James Iredell Calder v. Bull, Dissent (1798) [selections] 686
Thomas Jefferson First Inaugural Address (March 4, 1801) 688
7 Liberty, Morality, and Nationalism 691
Benjamin Franklin Autobiography (1791) [selections] 694
Phillis Wheatley Selected Poems (1770–1776) 737
John Marshall Marbury v. Madison (1803) [selections] 739
Thomas Jefferson Letter to John Adams (October 28, 1813) [selections] 742
Letter to Samuel Kercheval (July 12, 1816) [selections] 744
John Adams Letters to Thomas Jefferson (1813) [selections] 748
Fisher Ames A Sketch of the Character of Alexander Hamilton (1804) 751
The Mire of Democracy (1805) 755
James Madison Speech to the Virginia Constitutional Convention (1829) 757
William Emerson Fourth of July Oration (July 5, 1802) [selections] 760
William Manning The Key of Liberty (1798) [selections] 764
Alexis de Tocqueville Democracy in America (1835, 1840) [selections] 770
Richard McNemar The Kentucky Revival (1808) [selections] 801
Joseph Story Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816) [selections] 806
John Marshall Barron v. Baltimore (1833) 812
Ralph Waldo Emerson Politics (1844) 814
8 Liberty, Order, and the Market 821
Charles Jared Ingersoll Inchiquin’s Letters (1810) [selections] 824
Peter Porter Speech on Internal Improvements (February 8, 1810) [selections] 830
Tenkswatawa (The Prophet) Address at Fort Vincennes (1808) 836
Tecumseh Three Speeches (1811–1812) 837
Pushmataha Speech Opposing Tecumseh (1811) 840

Contents
xiii
John Marshall Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) [selections] 842
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) [selections] 847
James Kent Addresses before the New York State Constitutional Convention (1821) [selections] 856
John Marshall Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) [selections] 860
Henry Clay Speeches on the American System (February 1832) [selections] 866
John C. Calhoun Fort Hill Address (July 26, 1831) 871
John Marshall Cherokee Nation v. State of Georgia (1831) 885
Worcester v. Georgia (1832) [selections] 888
T. Hartley Crawford Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs (1838) [selections] 892
Andrew Jackson Veto of the Maysville Road Bill (1830) [selections] 894
Message on Removal of Southern Indians (1835) [selections] 896
Memorial and Protest of the Cherokee Nation (1836) [selections] 897
Roger Taney Charles River Bridge Co. v. Warren Bridge Co. (1837) [selections] 898
Joseph Story Charles River Bridge Co. v. Warren Bridge Co., Dissent (1837) [selections] 903
Daniel Webster Speech on the Presidential Veto of the Bank Bill (July 1832) [selections] 908
Theophilus Fisk Capital against Labor (1835) [selections] 913
David Henshaw Remarks upon the Rights and Powers of Corporations, and the Rights, Powers and
Duties of the Legislature toward Them (1837) [selections] 917
Ralph Waldo Emerson Divinity School Address (1838) 924
Henry David Thoreau Civil Disobedience (1849) [selections] 932
Walden (1854) [selections] 940
9 Slavery and Secession 948
James Forten et al. A Voice from Philadelphia (1817) 951
Richard Furman Exposition of the Views of Baptists, Relative to the Coloured Population in the United
States, in a Communication to the Governor of South Carolina (1822) [selections] 953
James Madison Letter to Edward Everett (August 28, 1830) 959
David Walker Appeal in Four Articles to the Colored Citizens of the World (1830) [selections] 964
Abraham Lincoln Address before the Young Men’s Lyceum of Springfield, Illinois (1838) 969
William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator (1831–1844) [selections] 973
Robert Hayne and Daniel Webster Speeches in Debate over Foot’s Resolution (1830)
[selections] 981
Henry Highland Garnet An Address to the Slaves of the United States of America (1843)
[selections] 1010

xiv
Contents
Frederick Douglass What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July (1852) [selections] 1012
George Fitzhugh Sociology for the South (1854) [selections] 1021
Henry David Thoreau Slavery in Massachusetts (1854) [selections] 1024
Roger Taney Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) [selections] 1030
Benjamin Curtis Dred Scott v. Sandford, Dissent (1857) [selections] 1037
Abraham Lincoln Fragments on Government (1854) 1046
Fragments on Slavery (1854) 1046 “House Divided” Speech (1858) 1048
Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas Selected Debates (1858) 1052
Abraham Lincoln Cooper Union Address (1860) 1075
Address in Independence Hall, Philadelphia (1861) 1084 First Inaugural Address (1861) 1085
Alexander Stephens Cornerstone Speech (March 21, 1861) [selections] 1090
10 The Civil War and Reconstruction 1094
Abraham Lincoln Letter to Orville H. Browning (September 22, 1861) 1097
Message to Congress Recommending Compensated Emancipation (March 6, 1862) 1098
Proclamation Revoking General Hunter’s Martial Order of Emancipation (May 9, 1862) 1099
Address on Colonization to a Committee of Colored Men (August 14, 1862) 1100
Letter to Horace Greeley (August 22, 1862) 1102 Reply to a Committee from the
Churches of Chicago Requesting the Issuance of an Emancipation Proclamation (1862) 1103
Proclamation Suspending Writ of Habeas Corpus (September 24, 1862) 1105
Meditation on Divine Will (1862) 1105 Emancipation Proclamation (January 1, 1863) 1106
Letter to Erastus Corning et al. (June 12, 1863) 1107
Letter to Governor Johnson (September 11, 1863) 1111
Proclamation Suspending Writ of Habeas Corpus (September 15, 1863) 1112
Gettysburg Address (1863) 1113
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863) 1113
Letter to Albert G. Hodges (April 4, 1864) 1115
Proclamation Concerning Reconstruction (July 8, 1864) 1116
Second Inaugural Address (1865) 1117
Wade-Davis Manifesto (1864) 1118
James McKaye The Mastership and Its Fruits (1864) [selections] 1119
Charles Soule Letter to General Oliver Otis Howard, Commissioner of the Freedmen’s Bureau
(June 12, 1865) [selections] 1127
Joseph Daniel Pope Report and Remarks on Post-War Conditions in South Carolina (June 29, 1865)
[selections] 1131
Thaddeus Stevens Speech at Lancaster, Pennsylvania (1865) [selections] 1134
Petitions of the Freedmen of Edisto Island, South Carolina, to General O. O. Howard,
Freedmen’s Bureau Commissioner, and to the President of the United States
(October 1865) 1141

Contents
xv
South Carolina Black Code (1865) [selections] 1143
Andrew Johnson Veto of Freedman’s Bureau Bill (1866) 1144
Veto of Civil Rights Act of 1866 (1866) 1147
Lyman Trumbull Speech to the United States Senate (1866) 1153
Civil Rights Act of 1866 (April 6, 1866) 1155
Alexander Stephens Testimony before the Joint Congressional Committee on Reconstruction (1866)
[selections] 1158
Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction (1866) 1160
David Davis Ex Parte Milligan (1866) 1164
First Reconstruction Act (1867) 1169
Andrew Johnson Veto of the First Reconstruction Act (1867) [selections] 1170
Samuel J. Tilden Speech on Reconstruction (1868) [selections] 1173
Constitution and Ritual of the Knights of the White Camellia (1868) [selections] 1177
Raleigh Daily Sentinel Editorial (1869) 1180
Petition to Congress of the Committee of Grievances of the Colored Citizens of Frankfort,
Kentucky (1871) 1181
Report of a Federal Grand Jury on the Ku Klux Klan (1871) 1182
Ulysses S. Grant Memoirs (1885) [selections] 1183
Jourdan Anderson Letter to My Old Master (1865) 1191
Credits 1193

CLASSICS
OF
AMERICAN POLITICAL AND
CONSTITUTIONAL THOUGHT
Volume 2
Reconstruction to the Present

CONTENTS
1 Reconstruction, Race, and Gender 1
Walt Whitman Selected Poems (1855–1873) 3
Angelina Grimké Letter to Theodore Weld and John Greenleaf Whittier (August 20, 1837) 5
Sarah Grimké Letters on the Equality of the Sexes (1837) [selections] 8
Catharine A. Beecher Treatise on Domestic Economy (1841) [selections] 13
The Declaration of Sentiments, Seneca Falls (1848) 16
Elizabeth Cady Stanton Address to the New York State Legislature (1854) 18
Red Cloud Speech (1866) 26 Speech for War (1866) 26
Cooper Union Address (1870) 27
Spotted Tail Speech (1866) 28 Speech (1876) 28
Satanta Medicine Lodge Speech (1867) 30
Blackfoot Speech (1873) 31
Crazy Horse Last Words (1877) 32
Chief Joseph Surrender to General Howard (1877) 32
Sitting Bull Powder River Council Speech (1875) 33 Response to U.S. Government (1878) 33
Remarks in Prison at Ft. Randall (1882) 34 Speech (undated) 35
Wokova [Jack Wilson] Messiah Letter (undated) [selections] 35
Kicking Bear Kicking Bear’s Vision (1890) 36
North Carolina Freedmen’s Address (1865) 37
Civil Rights Act of 1875 (March 1, 1875) 39
Susan B. Anthony Speech in Defense of Equal Suffrage (1873) 40
Statement at the Close of Her Trial (1873) 53
J. E. Brown Remarks before the Senate on Woman Suffrage (1887) [selections] 54
Mary Putnam Jacobi “Common Sense” Applied to Woman Suffrage (1894) 56
Morrison R. Waite United States v. Cruikshank (1875) [selections] 60
Joseph P. Bradley The Civil Rights Cases (1883) [selections] 65
John Marshall Harlan The Civil Rights Cases, Dissent (1883) [selections] 70
Horace Gray Elk v. Wilkins (1884) [selections] 78
vii

viii
Contents
John Marshall Harlan Elk v. Wilkins, Dissent (1884) [selections] 82
George Washington Cable The Freedman’s Case in Equity (1885) 85
The Dawes Severalty Act (1887) [selections] 96
Henry B. Brown Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) [selections] 99
John Marshall Harlan Plessy v. Ferguson, Dissent (1896) [selections] 103
Booker T. Washington Who Is Permanently Hurt (1896) 107
The Best Labor in the World (1898) 108
An Open Letter to the Louisiana Constitutional Convention (1898) 110
W. E. B. Du Bois The Negro Problem: On the “Talented Tenth” (1903) [selections] 112
Charlotte Perkins Gilman Our Androcentric Culture (1911) [selections] 114
2 Contractual Liberty and the Gilded Age 120
Russell Conwell Acres of Diamonds (c. 1870) [selections] 123
Mark Twain The Curious Republic of Gondour (1875) [selections] 132
Morrison R. Waite Munn v. Illinois (1877) [selections] 134
Stephen Field Munn v. Illinois, Dissent (1877) [selections] 138
Terence V. Powderly and Robert Schilling The Constitution of the Knights of Labor (1878)
[selections] 143
Henry George Progress and Poverty (1879) [selections] 144
Carroll D. Wright The Factory System as an Element in Civilization (1882) [selections] 157
William Graham Sumner What Social Classes Owe Each Other (1883) [selections] 163
Lester Frank Ward Mind as a Social Factor (1884) 170
Samuel Gompers Letter to Judge Peter Grosscup (1894) 176
Ida B. Wells On Lynching (1894) [selections] 180
Booker T. Washington Atlanta Exposition Address (1895) 188
W. E. B. Du Bois The Souls of Black Folk (1903) [selections] 190
The Development of a People (1904) 196
Melville Fuller United States v. E. C. Knight Company (1895) [selections] 206
John Marshall Harlan United States v. E. C. Knight Company, Dissent (1895) [selections] 209
Katharine Lee Bates America the Beautiful (1893, 1904, 1913) 216
John Philip Sousa The Stars and Stripes Forever (1897) 217
Andrew Carnegie The Gospel of Wealth (1889) 218

Contents
ix
George D. Herron Address before the Minnesota Congregational Club (1890) 224
The Populist Party Platform (1892) 229
Oliver Wendell Holmes The Path of Law (1897) 232
John Peter Altgeld Address to the Laboring Order of Chicago (1899) 238
Rufus Peckham Lochner v. New York (1905) [selections] 242
Oliver Wendell Holmes Lochner v. New York, Dissent (1905) [selections] 246
3 The Problems of Industrial Capitalism 247
Thorstein Veblen Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) [selections] 250
Jane Addams Chicago Liberty Address (1899) 263
Mark Twain To the Person Sitting in the Darkness (1901) 265
International Workers of the World
(1905) 271
Manifesto on Organizing the Industrial Workers of the World
Upton Sinclair The Jungle (1906) [selections] 273
David J. Brewer Muller v. Oregon (1908) [selections] 284
Eugene V. Debs Speech at Indianapolis (1909) [selections] 287
Jane Addams Why Women Should Vote (1915) 290
Herbert Croly The Promise of American Life (1909) [selections] 296
John Dewey The Influence of Darwin on Philosophy (1910) [selections] 315
Woodrow Wilson Fourth of July Address on the Declaration of Independence (1907) [selections] 318
Address to the Jefferson Club of Los Angeles (1911) [selections] 323
The New Freedom (1912) [selections] 324
Theodore Roosevelt An Autobiography (1913) 328
Walter Rauschenbusch Christianizing the Social Order (1912) [selections] 332
Emma Goldman Anarchism: What It Really Stands For (1911) [selections] 337
Elihu Root Experiments in Government (1913) [selections] 344
Robert La Follette Address on Free Speech in Wartime (1917) [selections] 345
William Rufus Day Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918) [selections] 348
Oliver Wendell Holmes Hammer v. Dagenhart, Dissent (1918) [selections] 351
Margaret Sanger Women and the New Race (1920) [selections] 353
The Pivot of Civilization (1922) [selections] 356
Henry Adams The Education of Henry Adams (1918) [selections] 359

x
Contents
4 Freedom as Power and Opportunity 370
Eugene V. Debs Speech to the Court (1918) [selections] 373
Oliver Wendell Holmes Schenck v. United States (1919) [selections] 374
John H. Clarke Abrams v. United States (1919) [selections] 376
Oliver Wendell Holmes Abrams v. United States, Dissent (1919) [selections] 378
Walter Lippmann The Phantom Public (1925) [selections] 381
Oliver Wendell Holmes Natural Law (1918) 392 Buck v. Bell (1927) 394
Herbert Hoover Speech on Rugged Individualism (1928) 395
Franklin D. Roosevelt Commonwealth Club Address (1932) [selections] 403
First Inaugural Address (1933) 409
State of the Union Message (The “Four Freedoms” Speech) (1941) 412
John Dewey Liberalism and Social Action (1935) [selections] 416
H. L. Mencken On Being an American (1922) [selections] 427
Platforms of the Democratic and Republican Parties (1936) 437
A. Philip Randolph The Crisis of the Negro and the Constitution (1937) [selections] 446
George Sutherland Powell v. Alabama (1932) [selections] 450
Charles Evans Hughes West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish (1937) [selections] 456
Benjamin Cardozo Palko v. State of Connecticut (1937) [selections] 458
Woody Guthrie God Blessed America (This Land Was Made for You and Me) (1940) 461
E. B. White Freedom (1940) 461
Harlan Fiske Stone United States v. Darby Lumber Company (1941) [selections] 464
Robert H. Jackson West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943) [selections] 468
Felix Frankfurter West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, Dissent (1943) [selections] 472
Learned Hand Central Park Address (1944) 478
Felix Frankfurter Adamson v. California, Concurrence (1947) [selections] 478
Hugo Black Adamson v. California, Dissent (1947) [selections] 481
Bernard Baruch Address before the United Nations (1946) 486
Eleanor Roosevelt The Struggle for Human Rights (1948) 488
5 The Cold War and the Limits of Dissent 494
Langston Hughes Selected Poems (1921–1957) 497

Contents
xi
George Kennan (“X”) The Sources of Soviet Conduct (July 1947) 498
Hubert H. Humphrey Address at the Democratic National Convention (1948) 507
Reinhold Niebuhr The Irony of American History (1952) [selections] 509
J. Edgar Hoover Testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee (1947)
[selections] 517
Joseph McCarthy Speech at Wheeling, West Virginia (1950) [selections] 519
Frederick M. Vinson Dennis v. United States (1951) [selections] 522
Felix Frankfurter Dennis v. United States, Concurrence (1951) [selections] 526
William O. Douglas Dennis v. United States, Dissent (1951) [selections] 531
Hugo Black Youngstown Co. v. Sawyer (1952) [selections] 534
Robert Jackson Youngstown Co. v. Sawyer, Concurrence (1952) [selections] 536
Frederick M. Vinson Youngstown Co. v. Sawyer, Dissent (1952) [selections] 541
Whittaker Chambers Witness (1952) [selections] 545
Sydney Hook Political Power and Personal Freedom (1959) [selections] 555
C. Wright Mills The Power Elite (1956) [selections] 561
Dwight D. Eisenhower Farewell Address (1961) 575
John F. Kennedy Campaign Address to the Greater Houston Ministerial Association (1960) 578
Inaugural Address (1961) 580
Leo Strauss City and Man (1964) [selections] 582
Allen Ginsberg America (1956) 588
Lawrence Ferlinghetti I Am Waiting (1958) 589
6 The Great Society and Its Critics 592
James Baldwin Nobody Knows My Name (1961) [selections] 596
Earl Warren Brown et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) [selections] 603
Hannah Arendt Reflections on Little Rock (1959) 606
Hugo Black Engel et al. v. Vitale et al. (1962) [selections] 613
Potter Stewart Engel et al. v. Vitale et al., Dissent (1962) [selections] 617
Tom C. Clark School District of Abington Township, Pennsylvania v. Schempp (1963) [selections] 618
Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States (1964) [selections] 624
Katzenbach, Acting Attorney General, et al. v. McClung et al. (1964) [selections] 627
Students for a Democratic Society The Port Huron Statement (1962) [selections] 630

xii
Contents
John F. Kennedy Civil Rights Address (1963) 644
Richard Russell Response to President Kennedy (1963) 647
Martin Luther King, Jr. Stride toward Freedom (1958) [selections] 648
Letter from a Birmingham Jail (1963) 653
Lincoln Memorial Address (“I Have a Dream”) (1963) 662
Malcolm X The Ballot or the Bullet (1964) 664
Ronald Reagan A Time for Choosing (1964) 674
Lyndon Baines Johnson Commencement Address at Howard University (1965) 680
James Baldwin and William F. Buckley Debate at Cambridge University (1965) 684
Daniel Patrick Moynihan
(1965) [selections] 689
The Negro Family: The Case for National Action (The Moynihan Report)
Stokely Carmichael What We Want (1966) 703
Roy Wilkins Address before the NAACP Convention (1966) [selections] 708
Caesar Chavez Delano Statement (1968) 710 Delano Plan (1968) 710
Interview with The Observer (1970) [selections] 712
Betty Friedan Our Revolution Is Unique (NOW Report) (1968) [selections] 715
Kurt Vonnegut Harrison Bergeron (1968) 718
Earl Warren Miranda v. Arizona (1966) [selections] 721
Potter Stewart Katz v. United States (1967) [selections] 729
John Marshall Harlan II Katz v. United States, Concurrence (1967) [selections] 731
Hugo Black Katz v. United States, Dissent (1967) [selections] 731
William O. Douglas Brandenburg v. Ohio, Concurrence (1969) [selections] 733
Abe Fortas Tinker v. Des Moines School District (1969) [selections] 735
William O. Douglas Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) [selections] 739
Arthur Goldberg Griswold v. Connecticut, Concurrence (1965) [selections] 740
John Marshall Harlan II Griswold v. Connecticut, Concurrence (1965) [selections] 743
Hugo Black Griswold v. Connecticut, Dissent (1965) [selections] 744
Harry A. Blackmun Roe v. Wade (1973) [selections] 748
William Rehnquist Roe v. Wade, Dissent (1973) [selections] 756
Byron White Roe v. Wade, Dissent (1973) [selections] 757
Irving Kristol “When Virtue Loses All Her Loveliness”—Some Reflections on Capitalism and “The
Free Society” (1970) 758
Saul Alinsky Rules for Radicals (1971) [selections] 765

Contents
xiii
Russell Means Speech during the Wounded Knee Occupation (1973) [selections] 773
Human Rights Commission Address (1977) [selections] 774
John Rawls Theory of Justice (1971) [selections] 774
Robert Nozick Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974) [selections] 780
Michael Walzer Spheres of Justice (1983) [selections] 785
Michael Sandel The Procedural Republic and the Unencumbered Self (1984) 794
Barbara Jordan Address before the Democratic National Convention (1976) 803
Jeane Kirkpatrick Dictatorships and Double Standards (1979) [selections] 805
Ronald Reagan Address before the Conservative Political Action Committee (“City upon a Hill”
Speech) (1974) 817 First Inaugural Address (1981) 822
Address before the National Association of Evangelists (1983) 825
Ursula K. Le Guin A Left-Handed Commencement Address (1983) 830
Thurgood Marshall Remarks on the Bicentennial of the Constitution (1987) 832
7 Democracy’s Challenges and the Price of Power 835
Gary Snyder Before the Stuff Comes Down (1970) 839
Edwin Meese Address before the American Bar Association (1985) 839
William J. Brennan, Jr. Address before the Text and Teaching Symposium, Georgetown University
(1985) [selections] 845
Daniel Patrick Moynihan Family and Nation (1986) [selections] 852
Antonin Scalia Employment Division, Oregon Department of Human Resources v. Smith (1990)
[selections] 863
Sandra Day O’Connor Employment Division, Oregon Department of Human Resources v. Smith,
Concurrence (1990) [selections] 867
Harry Blackmun Employment Division, Oregon Department of Human Resources v. Smith, Dissent
(1990) [selections] 870
Oren Lyons Address at the Aboriginal Law Association Conference, McGill University (1991)
[selections] 870
Daniel Elazar Obligations and Rights in the Jewish Political Tradition: Some Preliminary Observations
(1991) [selections] 872
William Rehnquist United States v. Lopez (1995) [selections] 882
Clarence Thomas United States v. Lopez, Concurrence (1995) [selections] 886
William Kristol The Politics of Liberty, the Sociology of Virtue (1995) 889
Anthony Kennedy City of Boerne, Petitioner v. P. F. Flores, Archbishop of San Antonio, and United States
(1997) [selections] 895

xiv
Contents
National Conference of Catholic Bishops/United States Catholic Conference
Justice for All (1997) [selections] 901
Economic
Gertrude Himmelfarb Welfare and Charity: Lessons from Victorian England (1997) 914
Roberto Unger and Cornel West Progressive Politics and What Lies Ahead (1998) 917
Elie Wiesel Speech at the White House on the Perils of Indifference (1999) 921
George W. Bush State of the Union Address (2002) [selections] 923
Second Inaugural Address (2005) 927
Anthony Kennedy John Geddes Lawrence and Tyron Garner, Petitioners v. Texas (2003)
[selections] 929
Antonin Scalia John Geddes Lawrence and Tyron Garner, Petitioners v. Texas, Dissent (2003)
[selections] 935
Clarence Thomas John Geddes Lawrence and Tyron Garner, Petitioners v. Texas, Dissent (2003) 940
Sandra Day O’Connor Hamdi et al. v. Rumsfeld (2004) [selections] 940
Antonin Scalia Hamdi et al. v. Rumsfeld, Dissent (2004) [selections] 949
Joseph R. Biden, Jr.
(2005) 956
Learned Hand Dinner Address before the American Jewish Committee
Credits 961