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<strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><br />
()
ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> 3<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ز کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>. ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه<strong>ء</strong><br />
ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>هي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی مت<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> مسک<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>مل "ده س<strong>و</strong>ٔ<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز يک سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که د<strong>ر</strong> جلد<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز مجم<strong>و</strong>عه جلدی <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> مسک<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست. ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong><br />
کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> چي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ر</strong>دم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يل ١٩٧١ <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده، ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>خستي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط عده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز عل<strong>ا</strong>قم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> سي<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> قطع د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>صطل<strong>ا</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تعد<strong>ا</strong>د<br />
معد<strong>و</strong>دی ت<strong>و</strong>زيع <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ديم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز همه عل<strong>ا</strong>قم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مت<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی دع<strong>و</strong>ت می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم که ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع<br />
<strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د ت<strong>ر</strong>ميمی <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ر</strong>ع <strong>و</strong>قت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> جديت ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دهيم.<br />
١۴<br />
۴۵<br />
هيئت تح<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>يه م<strong>و</strong>ٔسسه مط<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ٓسي<strong>ا</strong><br />
چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ١٩٧٨
4 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
چ<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
ashkan43@gmx.de<br />
"["<br />
-<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ب</strong>خت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فتخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فتم ت<strong>ا</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی کم<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ی ت<strong>ن</strong>ظيم <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ده <strong>و</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> دست<strong>ر</strong>س عل<strong>ا</strong>قه م<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مشت<strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تعد<strong>ا</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>و</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د، ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دهم. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong>، يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>و</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> همه ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جهت د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه عليه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم، م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع عظيمی <strong>ا</strong>ست که ج<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کم<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ئم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مجه<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
مت<strong>ر</strong>جمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> زحم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> کشيده <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی زي<strong>ا</strong>دی ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>لی<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قص عمده<strong>ا</strong>ی هم د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ن</strong> سعی <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>دم ت<strong>ا</strong> حدی که کل <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> دست <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ب</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong><br />
کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يميل م<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی همي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong>ج ک<strong>ر</strong>ديده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong><br />
کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز تصحيح<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت گي<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
جمل<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه مت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م، د<strong>ر</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>ئم<br />
<strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong> جمله <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست، مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس، <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
د<strong>و</strong> کلمه "ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م. د<strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ر</strong>هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جمل<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس، مت<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی جمله<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز ج<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی تسلط د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه مت<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>ز کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
-<br />
"]"<br />
-<br />
W.I.Lenin, "Materialismus und Empiriokritizismus", Dietz Verlag Berlin,<br />
12 Auflage, 1973<br />
-<br />
س<strong>و</strong>د جسته<strong>ا</strong>م.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<strong>ء</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
مغ<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<strong>ء</strong> "ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی" <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> علت ه<strong>ر</strong> کج<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<strong>ء</strong> "ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی" <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<strong>ء</strong> "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت" ("Erkenntnistheorie") <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م. مثل: "<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
کسی <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که هم<strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه يک ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشی [ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />
."Erkenntnistheorie"
چ<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی 5<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت]<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زيد..." (صفحه<br />
۵۶) مت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی جمله<br />
ف<strong>و</strong>ق:<br />
"Erklärt mann die korrelation von Zentralglied und Gegenglied für eine<br />
erkenntnistheoretische Notwendigkeit, die zu umgehen unmöglich<br />
sei,…" S. 65<br />
-<br />
م<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ب</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> سليقه خ<strong>ا</strong>ص مت<strong>ر</strong>جمي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه جمل<strong>ا</strong>ت، د<strong>ر</strong> کليت کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>،<br />
ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دخ<strong>ا</strong>لتی <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دقت سعی<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م که <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ب</strong>ک ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مت<strong>ر</strong>جمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد که مت<strong>ر</strong>جمي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong><br />
تسلط ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه تسلط <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جهت د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>عد ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> جمله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دیه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ر</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. لذ<strong>ا</strong> جمل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
- صفحه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی ت<strong>ن</strong>ظيم <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عضی فصله<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>تيک د<strong>و</strong> صفحه سفيد که مجم<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ً يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست، گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>قه سفيد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>زم مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م، <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عزيزی که د<strong>ر</strong> غلط گي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، صميم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه تشک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يم.<br />
غل<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>ی<br />
ه<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ 01.01.2010<br />
A5
6 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
-١<br />
-٢<br />
-٣<br />
-۴<br />
١<br />
ده س<strong>و</strong>ٔ<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز يک سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم، م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ا</strong>ست؟<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ی شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong>ه تحليل <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟<br />
"فلسفه<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک، "تجديد <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>" ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم" میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تقسيم <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> حد ف<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟ متزلزل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خط هي<strong>و</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سته، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م "<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم"<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم" <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د؟<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>هد؟<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>"،<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>فسه" <strong>ب</strong>ه "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>طق <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> صحيح مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که "<strong>و</strong>حدت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست"<br />
صفحه ٢٨، <strong>ب</strong>خش يک، قسمت<br />
صحيح مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ ("<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م، د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong>تيسم جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>.)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که "م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ء</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
١٨٨۶، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م، صفحه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، صحيح مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ ("<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش ۶ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فلسفه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی، <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong>يش جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، فيزيک <strong>و</strong> شيمی)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی عليت، ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د؟ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه میک<strong>ر</strong>د؟<br />
٢٠، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش سه د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> (<strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز علت <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
("<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"، قسمته<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش شش د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت.)<br />
<strong>و</strong> قسمته<strong>ا</strong>ی ۴ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس معل<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>خ م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت، <strong>و</strong> حتی <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مهمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> تقديم <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د؟ چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>طق <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><br />
ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که مد<strong>ا</strong>فع <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> کل يک م<strong>ر</strong>تجع ک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ست، ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح میدهد؟<br />
٩- چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فيق دي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زش (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<br />
يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong>ست، سک<strong>و</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> (<strong>ب</strong>ه تقليد <strong>ر</strong>حمت<strong>و</strong>ف م<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>يک، که <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ۴<br />
،۴۵<br />
–<br />
٤<br />
–<br />
(Clericatism)<br />
، ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ<br />
٥<br />
"مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت")<br />
٣<br />
–<br />
(Schuppe)<br />
–<br />
،١٨٨۶<br />
(<br />
٧<br />
–<br />
١٠٣ –<br />
٢١<br />
٦<br />
٢<br />
(<br />
–<br />
-۵<br />
-۶<br />
-٧<br />
-٨
ده سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز يک سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> 7<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ختي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>طق <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د تعد<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جز<strong>ء</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی ک<strong>ر</strong>د؟<br />
١٠- <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تصديق میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم هيچ مخ<strong>ر</strong>ج مشت<strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لش<strong>و</strong>يسم<br />
<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً عليه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong>سته <strong>ا</strong>ست؟<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لتي<strong>ن</strong>ف<br />
٨<br />
٩<br />
م<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>يک، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی" خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يج <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شده د<strong>ر</strong> مه<br />
چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل:<br />
چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> حس<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>سخه خطی<br />
– ژ<strong>و</strong>ئ<strong>ن</strong> ١٩٠٨<br />
١٩٢۵، ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> ٣
10
مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 9<br />
مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<br />
عده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>مس<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی جدی عليه<br />
فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم دست زده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> مدتی کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>يم س<strong>ا</strong>ل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> که م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong>قف حمله<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه ظه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سيده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کُت<strong>ب</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong> (؟ - صحيحت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> گفته میشد "عليه") فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم (س<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ،<br />
١٩٠٨)، سم<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زي<strong>و</strong>می متشکل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف، <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف، ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>، گلف<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>و</strong><br />
س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف؛ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ؛ دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی جديد ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف.<br />
هيچ کد<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس مک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د. معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک همه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د که<br />
علي<strong>ر</strong>غم <strong>ا</strong>ختل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت شديد د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت سي<strong>ا</strong>سیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> دشم<strong>ن</strong>ی عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک متحد<br />
شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د! <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />
"تص<strong>و</strong>فگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی" <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس "عتيقه" شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، که<br />
گ<strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک حقيقت <strong>ب</strong>ديهی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ج<strong>ن</strong>گ ج<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گست<strong>ا</strong>خ، که مغ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی جديد ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت"، "فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>" (ي<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>")، "فلسفه عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>" ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی "فلسفه عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يستم" <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>فی<br />
میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک ، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شتي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>زه، <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی محض می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د (<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی <strong>ا</strong>ز همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی!) معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک همي<strong>ن</strong> که مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تع<strong>ر</strong>يف ص<strong>ر</strong>يح<br />
گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس می<strong>ر</strong>سد، تم<strong>ا</strong>می شه<strong>ا</strong>مت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
يک<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مح<strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>مل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک ، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم: د<strong>ر</strong> يک کل<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
طف<strong>ر</strong>ه زد<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی حد، ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>ر</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ن</strong>ه مطل<strong>ب</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عق<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی،<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> عده<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> کل، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع ق<strong>ا</strong>طع <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
تحليل مستقيم <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong>ی شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه که <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط يک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست ت<strong>و</strong>صيف شد، حقيقتً<strong>ا</strong> "ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>". <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يزي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ست. زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يزي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>دی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>و</strong>حشت، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> "تصفيه حس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>" <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی<br />
–<br />
١١<br />
.<br />
١٣<br />
١٢<br />
A<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی -<br />
میدهد.<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی مع<strong>ر</strong>فت می<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
A
10 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، ص<strong>ر</strong>يح، <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی که ت<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>دی ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> زد شد<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تدکس عليه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت قديمی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس چيزی گفت<strong>ن</strong>د (<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل،<br />
مه<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يف ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفت <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زيد)، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عمل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دقت <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>ميتی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>فت که ه<strong>ر</strong>گز کسی <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>می د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>ديد.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>قيه، ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong> "مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی ’د<strong>ر</strong>‛ فلسفه<strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم" <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> حقيقت<br />
مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی <strong>ا</strong>ست: "ش<strong>ا</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong> (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کليه ش<strong>ر</strong>کت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "د<strong>ر</strong><br />
مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت") <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه <strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>يم م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل جستج<strong>و</strong>ئيم." (ص <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مطل<strong>ب</strong>ی که <strong>ن</strong>يمه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<br />
ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت يک حقيقت مطلق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يمه د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> حقيقتی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ست، ک<strong>و</strong>شش میک<strong>ن</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهم. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> لحظه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد تذک<strong>ر</strong> دهم <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه تحت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم، <strong>ب</strong>لکه تحت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عده<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست "جستج<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>" صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<br />
<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>دم، م<strong>ن</strong> هم يک "جستج<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>" د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه هستم. يع<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>و</strong>ظيفه<strong>ا</strong>ی که م<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>دم، ي<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>کته<strong>ا</strong>يست که م<strong>ا</strong>يه گم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د که تحت ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم<br />
چيزی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>هم، مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، گ<strong>ر</strong>ديده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف<br />
(١۶١<br />
س<strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ١٩٠٨
مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م 11<br />
مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م<br />
<strong>ب</strong>جز <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong>ت، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong>لی تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ميد<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
مش<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم،<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>کتش<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>.<strong>ا</strong>.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف، که م<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>صت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>م، مق<strong>ا</strong>له ضميمه ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>و</strong>. ی<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>سکی،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>طل<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میدهد. <strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>سکی <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>ب</strong>لغ د<strong>ر</strong> کل، <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص يک ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> فع<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong>سه حز<strong>ب</strong>ی، ف<strong>ر</strong>صت ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> متق<strong>ا</strong>عد<br />
س<strong>ا</strong>زد که <strong>ا</strong>.<strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>س "ف<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>لت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ئی" <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه<br />
میدهد.<br />
.<br />
١٤<br />
<strong>ن</strong>. ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
٢ س<strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ١٩٢٠
<strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی مقدمه 13<br />
<br />
چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه عده<strong>ا</strong>ی "م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست" د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٩٠٨<br />
عده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٧١٠<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>و</strong><br />
ه<strong>ر</strong> کس که ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ت میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
يک <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د فلسفه (ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لهي<strong>ا</strong>ت) مع<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فت که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی مستقيم ي<strong>ا</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> مستقيم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د شده، معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> يکمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میده<strong>ن</strong>د. تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يزي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ليک<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم "<strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>و</strong> "جديد"، علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل،<br />
که ه<strong>ر</strong> کس <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د صده<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز کت<strong>ب</strong>ی که ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً ذک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>تی<br />
که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف، <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف، ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف، چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم میستيز<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هم ک<strong>ر</strong>د. م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دف<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست" <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س ج<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ مح<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>تت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>سيعً<strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم<br />
"خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد شد، مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>هميت ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
A<br />
B<br />
-<br />
<strong>و</strong>. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف، "مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی". مسک<strong>و</strong>، ١٩٠٧، <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> تيز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> دشم<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
A<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه دکت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يگس<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد<br />
("<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه هي<strong>و</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<br />
- B<br />
Über die Lehre Humes von der Realität der Aussendinge<br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی"، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>، ١٩٠۴، <strong>ب</strong>خش ٢۶)
14 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
–<br />
-<br />
–<br />
–<br />
" ت<strong>ب</strong><br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تفک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی <strong>ن</strong>فسه" م<strong>ا</strong>ده "خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د چيزی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>، چيزی که <strong>ا</strong>ز حد<strong>و</strong>د "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>و</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگذ<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه تص<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> میغلط<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده، <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س گفته<strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک چيز "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته" <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>چ ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د: زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong>ست؟ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه "ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>میغلط<strong>ن</strong>د (م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ن</strong>فسه" يع<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>): <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل" میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> "د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>عظه می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong><br />
معتقد<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د، شيئ فی <strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه چيز ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی،<br />
يک "، يک مطلق، يک م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع "م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعه "يک <strong>ا</strong>لمث<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز مذه<strong>ب</strong> ("م<strong>ا</strong>ده مقدس" <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف میگ<strong>و</strong>يد) <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لذک<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>و</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>زه هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> عليه يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی که<br />
"<strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> غلطيد" مت<strong>و</strong>جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی مفصلی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست که<strong>ن</strong>، ج<strong>ر</strong>ج<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تحقيق ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يست، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دفع<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> خط فلسفی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> ، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی،<br />
<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت خط فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سقف ج<strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی، م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> تحت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل مع<strong>ر</strong>فت<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز میش<strong>و</strong>د: "ه<strong>ر</strong> کسی که م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>قش <strong>ب</strong>سته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فع<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل ذه<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>ه، <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که ت<strong>و</strong>سط ح<strong>ا</strong>فظه <strong>و</strong> تخيل شکل<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>مسه، م<strong>ن</strong> سخت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>م، گ<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>د، ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>و</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>مت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>م... <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> مشخص میک<strong>ن</strong>د چش<strong>ا</strong>ئی طعمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>؛ <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی صد<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>تقل میس<strong>ا</strong>زد... <strong>و</strong>قتی که<br />
تعد<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حس ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م مشخص میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک<br />
شيئ <strong>ب</strong>ه حس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل، <strong>و</strong>قتی مش<strong>ا</strong>هده میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ، مزه، <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>، شکل <strong>و</strong><br />
ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>م خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک شيئ مشخص <strong>ب</strong>ه حس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د، که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<br />
سي<strong>ب</strong> مشخص میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد؛ مجم<strong>و</strong>عهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>، يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ، يک د<strong>ر</strong>خت، يک کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>، <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> محس<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>ظي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د." (<strong>ب</strong>خش ١).<br />
١٧١٠<br />
A<br />
-<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓکسف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ١٨١٠<br />
ج<strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی: "<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی" جلد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل "<strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی".<br />
يک ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی (<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس) <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ا</strong>.<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ر</strong>،<br />
–<br />
A
<strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی مقدمه 15<br />
چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی قسمت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيم که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی "سفت، <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>م،<br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>م، س<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>، مزهه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> "مجم<strong>و</strong>عه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>" هست<strong>ن</strong>د، که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> لغت (<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تز<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>لکه کيفيته<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لذک<strong>ر</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش"، چيزی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>د يع<strong>ن</strong>ی "ذه<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح، <strong>ن</strong>فس ي<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د" (<strong>ب</strong>خش فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>تيجه چشمگي<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که "<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> متق<strong>ا</strong>عد ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ست مع<strong>ن</strong>ی کلمه "<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم.<br />
"ميزی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسم میگ<strong>و</strong>يم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی، م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>م <strong>و</strong> حس میک<strong>ن</strong>م؛ <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ق مط<strong>ا</strong>لعه<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>دم، میگفتم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت؛ <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ق<br />
مط<strong>ا</strong>لعه<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>دم، میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ستم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ن</strong>م..." <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش س<strong>و</strong>م ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش<br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لميکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> عليه کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
(<strong>ب</strong>خشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه) <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جع <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د مطلق <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> متفک<strong>ر</strong>،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> هيچ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،گفته شده، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مفه<strong>و</strong>م می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد." <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
مع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست." <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست". <strong>ب</strong>خش س<strong>و</strong>م يک گفته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی که<br />
غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ فلسفه <strong>ن</strong>قل میش<strong>و</strong>د.) "<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی عجي<strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>، ک<strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>دخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک کلمه همه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> محس<strong>و</strong>س، جد<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong>ک شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط فهم، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>دی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (<strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
عقيده يک "تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست." "زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> گفته شده چيست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>جز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong>ئی که م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط حس<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د، م<strong>ا</strong> چه چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>يم؟ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که ه<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د؟"<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی ج<strong>ا</strong>ی ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت "مجم<strong>و</strong>عه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>زد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />
مت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دفی <strong>ا</strong>ست میدهد، <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تم<strong>ا</strong>يلی "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه جستج<strong>و</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> متهم میس<strong>ا</strong>زد. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> متهم<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی، جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز شيئ، يک تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>و</strong><br />
خ<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم، که د<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م حذف شده، میگ<strong>و</strong>يد "د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت شيئ <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س يک چيز<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> مج<strong>ر</strong>د ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد. "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ<br />
شم<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ئيد، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong>ئی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د، که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>سخهه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> متفک<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهم، يک <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ش<strong>ب</strong>يه چيزی مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؛ يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ ي<strong>ا</strong> شکل <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چيزی مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ ي<strong>ا</strong> شکل ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد... م<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليه، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی که <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، خ<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />
–<br />
(۴<br />
۵<br />
.(٢<br />
percipi<br />
٫<br />
esse")<br />
(<strong>ب</strong>خش ۴)<br />
–<br />
١٩ ،١٨
16 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> خي<strong>ر</strong>؟ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>ک هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مطل<strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong>سيده<strong>ا</strong>يم؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيد<br />
ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> کسی مت<strong>و</strong>سل میش<strong>و</strong>م که <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، مثل چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ سفت ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>م، مثل چيزی که ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل لمس <strong>ن</strong>يست؛ <strong>و</strong> همي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>." (<strong>ب</strong>خش ٨)<br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د، "<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف عليه <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />
مسئله که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز عملش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م ذک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د، تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی<br />
تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د "م<strong>ا</strong>ده ي<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> جسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی." (<strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "تض<strong>ا</strong>دی"، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>معق<strong>و</strong>لی" د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت تلف ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد عقيده <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يشه عميقی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ذه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه گ<strong>ر</strong>فته، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج<br />
س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که م<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جيح میدهم <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong> کسل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته ش<strong>و</strong>م ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که<br />
چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حذف ک<strong>ن</strong>م که ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کشف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يشه ک<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يشد<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد." (<strong>ب</strong>خش ٩)<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong>ه کد<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج س<strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د "مطلق" <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ب</strong>ه جس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "شيئ فی<strong>ن</strong>فسه" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف مشخص<br />
می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد عقيده<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د، ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل "<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د مطلق <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> محس<strong>و</strong>س فی<strong>ن</strong>فسه، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست (<strong>ن</strong>قل شده <strong>ا</strong>ز صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>و</strong> خط <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ش فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت،<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> دقتی که فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>ز مخت<strong>ر</strong>عي<strong>ن</strong> سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><br />
متم<strong>ا</strong>يز میس<strong>ا</strong>زد، ت<strong>ر</strong>سيم گشته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ن</strong>فسه"، ي<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د. فلسفه<strong>ء</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> (<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم) مدعی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> "<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> "ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مطل<strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ١٧١٠، چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>و</strong>لد <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ئل ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شد. معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>، متص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س فلسفه "<strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>"، کشف ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی <strong>ن</strong>فسه"<br />
<strong>ن</strong>تيجه تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>و</strong>سط ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>تيجه جه<strong>ا</strong>لت حي<strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيزی <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تشکيل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست: که مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم "م<strong>ا</strong>ده" ي<strong>ا</strong> "ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی که<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. مل<strong>ا</strong>حظه میک<strong>ن</strong>يد، م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
تحليله<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> عميق ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "مطلقه<strong>ا</strong>"، "م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>"، <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>صل مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ن</strong>يد، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جعه ک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>و</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد ديد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خي<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> مدع<strong>ا</strong>ئی هست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد<br />
که م<strong>ا</strong>ده "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د" <strong>ا</strong>ست (<strong>ب</strong>خش ۶٨)، که م<strong>ا</strong>ده هيچ <strong>ا</strong>ست (<strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>يشخ<strong>ن</strong>د میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که "<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد، شم<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد کلمه<strong>ء</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong>ده" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
–<br />
(Plekhanov)<br />
–<br />
٢۴<br />
.(٨٠<br />
(٩<br />
.(١۶٧<br />
–<br />
٨<br />
–
<strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی مقدمه 17<br />
.(١۶٧<br />
–<br />
٩٨<br />
"<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد که ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کلمه هيچ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>" (<strong>ن</strong>قل <strong>ا</strong>ز صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>يد، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته شد<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده شد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست که<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ن</strong>شد: يک چيزی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />
"ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست، (<strong>ب</strong>خش ٧٣)، که هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong>يش د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست. (ص ١٩۵)، که س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>سقف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> شد! د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز هست<strong>ن</strong>د کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که جد<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،<br />
<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>ليت، م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>قيه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>و</strong> "علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>" هست<strong>ن</strong>د که س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>و</strong>فق <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی" شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د (<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف) خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مطمئ<strong>ن</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که خط<strong>ا</strong>ی "د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>زی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د <strong>ر</strong>د شده که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی<br />
"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س" ت<strong>و</strong>سط شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong>ئی که د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ز سخ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>تی ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مذک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
"د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>زی" <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>شی ي<strong>ا</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong>لت، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ١٧١٠ کشف شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:<br />
"مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ((يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>)) <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>و</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت حس، يکی مفه<strong>و</strong>م ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>، ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>) <strong>ب</strong>ه خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong>يم." <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> "غي<strong>ر</strong>معق<strong>و</strong>ل"، که <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تفک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>يشخ<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
میگي<strong>ر</strong>د! م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "غي<strong>ر</strong> معق<strong>و</strong>ل"، <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته، <strong>ا</strong>ز تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>" <strong>و</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>" (<strong>ب</strong>خش<br />
"ف<strong>ر</strong>ض <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>" خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ن</strong>تيجه میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع که د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی کشف شد <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه کشف شد <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد<br />
"<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>شده، <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>می عمده ملحدي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کليه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل مختلف خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ستگی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." (<strong>ب</strong>خش ٩۴)<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج س<strong>و</strong>ئی" می<strong>ر</strong>سيم که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه "غي<strong>ر</strong>عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی" <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د يک د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>دی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی مشتق گشته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. که <strong>ا</strong>سقف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دشم<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دهد. "زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه م<strong>ا</strong>ده ي<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> جسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>می عمده شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> کليه ط<strong>ر</strong>حه<strong>ا</strong>ی کف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز <strong>ا</strong>لح<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی دي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>دی طی <strong>ا</strong>عص<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> چه د<strong>و</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ملحدي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست، ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ب</strong>ه ذک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست. تم<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی هي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>زمی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> (ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس) د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
که ه<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong>د، کل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی جز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ک يکس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>س ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که ت<strong>و</strong>جهی خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>معق<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی هيچ <strong>ب</strong>خش مفل<strong>و</strong>ک ملحدي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong>ذ<strong>و</strong>ل<br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>دد. (<strong>ب</strong>خش ٩٢ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> ص- ۴<br />
،(٨٧<br />
–<br />
١٧١٠<br />
١٩٠٨<br />
–<br />
(٢٠٣ –<br />
١٧١٠<br />
–<br />
١٩٠٨
18 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
–<br />
"همي<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>فتد، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> کف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،<br />
تعد<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>زع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت معم<strong>ا</strong>ئی ("<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه"، کشف شده ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی هفت<strong>ا</strong>د (ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هيجدهم م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس) "فلسفه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<br />
<strong>ا</strong>صل ص<strong>ر</strong>ف حدّ<strong>ا</strong>قل ک<strong>و</strong>شش" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میکشد که م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حتی<br />
خد<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی ثم<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong> شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، که چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی که م<strong>ا</strong> عليه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> (<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس) <strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>مه ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>صيف<br />
مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د (که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد)، مطمئ<strong>ن</strong>م کليه د<strong>و</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت،<br />
صلح <strong>و</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong> دليلی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>سقف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>و</strong> جس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>حث میک<strong>ر</strong>د! د<strong>ر</strong> عهد م<strong>ا</strong> همي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong><br />
"<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی" "م<strong>ا</strong>ده" <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه، د<strong>ر</strong> شکل <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" مغش<strong>و</strong>ش گشته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ر</strong>دم خ<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه "<strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>" گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<br />
ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ی<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه میک<strong>و</strong>شيد ت<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی خ<strong>و</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی غي<strong>ر</strong> معق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
"عقل سليم ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی خ<strong>و</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز متهم شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
س<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ژکتي<strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د، میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د "م<strong>ا</strong> حتی <strong>ا</strong>ز يک چيز د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يز مح<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>میگ<strong>ر</strong>ديم." (<strong>ب</strong>خش ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی<br />
میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> متس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." "م<strong>ن</strong> عليه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ه<strong>ر</strong> چيزی که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط حس ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong>ک گ<strong>ر</strong>دد، مش<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>م، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong>ئی که م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چشم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>م<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م لمس میک<strong>ن</strong>م که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً هم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>م.<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> چيزی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>يم، چيزيست که فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه (ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی) م<strong>ا</strong>ده ي<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
جسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی هيچ خس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>قيه <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد، که، <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ج<strong>ر</strong>أت میگ<strong>و</strong>يم، ه<strong>ر</strong>گز چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ز دست <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد د<strong>ا</strong>د... [د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل، ملحد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شتي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز يک لغت <strong>ب</strong>ی محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>لح<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حم<strong>ا</strong>يت میک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ز دست میده<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش ٣٧، ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>م که فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ش ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> جسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د، ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز هم <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "... <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> کلمه ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م ع<strong>ا</strong>مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ش، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز کيفيته<strong>ا</strong>ی محس<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong>د، مثل <strong>و</strong>سعت، ج<strong>ا</strong>مد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم متهم <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حم<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>دث ي<strong>ا</strong> کيفيته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>م که م<strong>ا</strong><br />
–<br />
[<br />
A<br />
،<br />
(!١٨٧۶<br />
–<br />
–<br />
(٣۴<br />
–<br />
" <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<br />
"<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:<br />
... ملحد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ يک <strong>ا</strong>سم تهی، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ش حم<strong>ا</strong>يت ک<strong>ن</strong>د..."<br />
-A<br />
Allerdings werden die Atheisten die anscheinende Stütze verlieren, welche ein leeres<br />
Wort ihrer unfrommen Ansicht gewährt…" S. 19
<strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی مقدمه 19<br />
[<br />
B<br />
[<br />
A<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه يکی <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ه<strong>ر</strong>گز، حتی د<strong>ر</strong> تخيل، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong>ست، ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."<br />
[ف<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ر</strong>، فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong><br />
ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>ی جهت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی" <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<br />
<strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ١٠) <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی تعج<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> جهت م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>جه<br />
ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>د. [زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> عمل <strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم، <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>عدی خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>ی" "<strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>"<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ي<strong>ا</strong>فت که هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حيله ي<strong>ا</strong> تقل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> شکلی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> لف<strong>ا</strong>فه <strong>پ</strong>يچی کل<strong>ا</strong>می ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د! <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی د<strong>ر</strong> جهت مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف عقيده تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت<br />
<strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی "ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> قي<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی<br />
جدی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ذه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>يش میگي<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، که هم<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه (غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی، مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>قت د<strong>ا</strong>شته، <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم: "ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست! <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی يک فلسفه "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق") که د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>و</strong> تسلسل <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ذه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>يم... <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ستی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تعقي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل تحت<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم گ<strong>ر</strong>فت... <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>هيم. <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>ديم قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong>ستی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><br />
ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد، <strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يطی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مغ<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>يم، ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
میگ<strong>ر</strong>فتيم. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>مل مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ست (<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong>يد!) میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه گفته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، حفظ <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد."<br />
<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه "ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" که ت<strong>و</strong>سط خد<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><br />
ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>م. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تحقيق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی "<strong>ر</strong>يشه" <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong>، خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دست <strong>ب</strong>کشيد، <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی خ<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه تم<strong>ا</strong>می<br />
علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>می ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قي<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هم ک<strong>ر</strong>د. دقيق<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>، <strong>و</strong><br />
۵٩<br />
C<br />
–<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> علت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی ف<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ر</strong>، يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>و</strong> يک ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، که <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه خ<strong>و</strong>د مهي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی" <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
Der englische Philosoph Fraser, ein Idealist und berkeleyaner, der Berkeleys Werke<br />
herausgegeben und mit eigenen Anmerkungen versehen hat, bezeichnet die Lehre<br />
Berkeleys nicht umsonst als "natürlichen Realismus" S.20 P2)<br />
-B<br />
, da sie in der tat Berkelys Absicht zum Ausdruck bringt, Realismus vorzutäuschen.<br />
-C<br />
(١١٧<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت قصد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ش ف<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>ک ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> "م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (ص
<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ[<br />
20 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
.<br />
[<br />
A<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی قي<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> جهت "صلح <strong>و</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong>" <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م. چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی م<strong>ا</strong>هيت فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می د، <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عدً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک کشف <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يستم ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست مت<strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>. ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>سقف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يت گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کشف<br />
"سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليسم تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی" <strong>ا</strong>ست. ف<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد، تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مح<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی، تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی<br />
ع<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ست. (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> يک چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د کسی <strong>ب</strong>ه فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی ف<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی دست<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضيد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست" <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ر</strong>شک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د!<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی که ف<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خلسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
<strong>ا</strong>سقف <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م گشته: "<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> (ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>يد که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د) <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه علت <strong>و</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی يک <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>مت <strong>ا</strong>ز شيئ مشخص شده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست." (<strong>ب</strong>خش "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong>ئی، که تحت تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> علتی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>د<br />
معل<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ئی ش<strong>ر</strong>کت میج<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> همک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه کلی غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی غي<strong>ر</strong> معق<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گی میکش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>و</strong>قتی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>ئمی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>طل<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (<strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ب</strong>ه عقيده<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ر</strong>، جز <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>هيت چيز ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی"<br />
مطلع گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. تعيي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تشکيل میش<strong>و</strong>د که<br />
می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی" گ<strong>ر</strong>دد که "دع<strong>و</strong>ی تعيي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط علته<strong>ا</strong>ی جسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."<br />
(۶۶<br />
١٨٧١<br />
(١٩٠<br />
(۶۵<br />
(<strong>ب</strong>خش ۶۶)<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله عليت د<strong>و</strong> خط فلسفی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم. يک "دع<strong>و</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط علته<strong>ا</strong>ی جسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." [<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> متعلق <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده "که <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک چيز غي<strong>ر</strong> معق<strong>و</strong>ل" ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>سقف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ن</strong>قی شده، م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست. ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی مفه<strong>و</strong>م علت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ت<strong>ا</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م "<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>مت" که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی "<strong>ا</strong>طل<strong>ا</strong>ع م<strong>ا</strong>" ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د (مهي<strong>ا</strong> شده ت<strong>و</strong>سط خد<strong>ا</strong>) ک<strong>ا</strong>هش<br />
میدهد. م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کس<strong>و</strong>تی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يستمی ه<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>می که گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل تحليل میک<strong>ن</strong>يم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم شک<strong>ا</strong>فت.<br />
[<br />
B<br />
- A ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: ف<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گلی <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليسم کلی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی محس<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
Berkeleys "Lieblingstheorie", Sagt A. Fraser, ist die Theorie des "universellen<br />
natürlichen Symbolismus" S.21 P2<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه م<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />
-B<br />
Und es ist Klar, daß... "Lehre von der Materie" S.22 P.2<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:
<strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی مقدمه 21<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مسئله <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد متذک<strong>ر</strong> شد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong>، میک<strong>و</strong>شد مل<strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تم<strong>ا</strong>يز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>و</strong> خي<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش میگ<strong>و</strong>يد<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>"ئی که <strong>ا</strong>ذه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>م ش<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
حس د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، سست، ضعيف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ که (<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong>م که م) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>حک<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
<strong>و</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> (<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م) <strong>ن</strong>قش <strong>ب</strong>سته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی قد<strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong>دت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
ع<strong>ا</strong>قلت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> گفته میش<strong>و</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لیه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ که م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>، م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> مشخصت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>م ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د..." <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی (<strong>ب</strong>خش میک<strong>و</strong>شد<br />
مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک هم زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong>ط س<strong>ا</strong>زد. <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل، چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ میگ<strong>و</strong>ئيم؟<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> ميز کليه کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>يخت<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong> میکشيد<strong>ن</strong>د، میچشيد<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
<strong>و</strong> می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شيد<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست شکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد." <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ر</strong><br />
ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح میدهد: "د<strong>ر</strong>ک هم زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>)... <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی، ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، که متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>لص ف<strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يش... <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی تفسي<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد که گ<strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
تم<strong>ا</strong>يز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک ف<strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> جمعی چشم <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شيده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> عکس <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میک<strong>و</strong>شد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز،<br />
معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زد. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ز عمل يک <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>هيت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong>د: جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>يده م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />
محص<strong>و</strong>ل يک علت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ع<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست که "ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت" <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تميز <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعیت<strong>ر</strong>"<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی، <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه، ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خلق میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی، "سه گفت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هيل<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong> فيل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س" (١٧١٣)، ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که میک<strong>و</strong>شد<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> شکل ع<strong>ا</strong>مه <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong>صی ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ختل<strong>ا</strong>ف مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يق زي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د:<br />
"م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د شم<strong>ا</strong> (م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>) ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میک<strong>ن</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>يم،<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه دهيم قد<strong>ر</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج، د<strong>ر</strong> هستی<strong>ا</strong>ی متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هستی قد<strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم. م<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>ست، شم<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ئيد م<strong>ا</strong>ده، ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<br />
چه (میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه ک<strong>ن</strong>م شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد چه) ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت س<strong>و</strong>م..." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ٣٣۵)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> لُ<strong>ب</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>می سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ ف<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د: <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی محس<strong>و</strong>س<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی "ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت س<strong>و</strong>م" <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د: <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی، <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی؛ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ستق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong>م، <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه حق<strong>ا</strong>يق تعميم <strong>ب</strong>خشيم.<br />
٣۶<br />
(٨۴<br />
–<br />
–
22 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، ف<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "خط<strong>و</strong>ط"<br />
<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ن</strong>زديک میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ت<strong>و</strong>صيف شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د "ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ" فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه "د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ" تقسيم میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong> خط <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهت<strong>ر</strong>،<br />
متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تت<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>و</strong> غ<strong>ن</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ف<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت<br />
می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong><br />
عکس <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>ا</strong>دق <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی میدهد، که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> شک<strong>ا</strong>کي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م (کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ف<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست" میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يز م<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د) <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. ليک<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
مق<strong>ا</strong>له خ<strong>و</strong>د، "د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه "شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی"<br />
صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> عميق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس (قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> چشم <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شی میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد) ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔمل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل<br />
صح<strong>ب</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ح<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يته<strong>ا</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>يم: <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه خط<strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی، <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط<strong>و</strong>ط (که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عدی خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د) <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مختص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هجدهم که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی مغ<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>پ</strong>يم<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت هي<strong>و</strong>م هست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> "تحقيقی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فهم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی" -، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش د<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زده، د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
فلسفه شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه يک غ<strong>ر</strong>يزه ي<strong>ا</strong> تعص<strong>ب</strong><br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی، <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> هيچ گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>لی، ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>ر</strong>د، م<strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه يک جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>يم، که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ستگی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> مخل<strong>و</strong>ق محس<strong>و</strong>س ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی غ<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> معد<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ديم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د مید<strong>ا</strong>شت.<br />
حتی مخل<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ت حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی تحت سلطه عقيده مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کليه<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong>، ط<strong>ر</strong>حه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د حفظ میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده کلی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>و</strong>دی<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>ديد که (<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه م) <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زد هيچ چيز <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
هيچ گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه گ<strong>ر</strong>دد مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مدخل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>تقل میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميزش <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> شيئ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ميزی که می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد هم چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
–<br />
١٥<br />
١٦<br />
١٧ A<br />
–<br />
–<br />
, Neue Zeit XI.JG.,Bd.I<br />
١٧<br />
(١١) "Über historischen Materialismus"<br />
-<br />
١ صفحه<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ ١٩٠٨، صفحه ١۶٧)<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،<br />
شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ١٨، ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه شده <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی ت<strong>و</strong>سط خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس. ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی (س<strong>ن</strong><br />
دقيق <strong>ن</strong>يست.<br />
A
ص(<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی مقدمه 23<br />
میش<strong>و</strong>يم، ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د: <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ميز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی، که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، هيچ دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د: <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزی جز تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه شد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> هيچ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> متفک<strong>ر</strong>ی شک <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>و</strong>قتی میگ<strong>و</strong>ئيم "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" <strong>و</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>خت"، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>حثی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong>دد<br />
که <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت ذه<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً مغ<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> (<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد)، س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong> گشته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی خ<strong>و</strong>د ذه<strong>ن</strong>، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مع<strong>ر</strong>فی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز علل ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی که ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خيز<strong>ن</strong>د؟... چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ط<strong>ر</strong>ح<br />
ديگ<strong>ر</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong><br />
ش<strong>و</strong>د؟ مطمئ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه؛ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د کليه سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً س<strong>ا</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. ذه<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز چيزی ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong><br />
متحمل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> هيچ م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه صحت يک <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د متع<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت صحت<br />
ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، مطمئ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً يک د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>طل <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>تظ<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست... (زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م) <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی يک<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د، م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
هستی، ي<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>ز صف<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> "گفت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی" میگ<strong>و</strong>يد (<strong>ب</strong>خش قسمت "د<strong>ر</strong><br />
شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت"): <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د." <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>يل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ز شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong>د تش<strong>ر</strong>يح <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه، <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، <strong>ا</strong>ز يکس<strong>و</strong>، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>هيت ي<strong>ا</strong> يک<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>و</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه هي<strong>و</strong>م، ف. <strong>پ</strong>يل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>فی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز خطی <strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خ (<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که ذيل<strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد) <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی تذک<strong>ر</strong> میدهد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی هي<strong>و</strong>م<br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه "گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت متعدد"، <strong>ب</strong>ه "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت، <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه"<br />
ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د؛ که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست د<strong>ر</strong> "گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.<br />
هي<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی، که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> صحيح "<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>يز د<strong>ر</strong><br />
کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه هي<strong>و</strong>م، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت" <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه "ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت مقدم <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>"، ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل که چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست تش<strong>ر</strong>يح ش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong>ت خل<strong>ا</strong>ق ذه<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست. "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم" <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> متس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> "ف<strong>ر</strong>ضي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حتم<strong>ا</strong>لی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د" (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی هي<strong>و</strong>م). هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ر</strong>مز <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong>ی، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ی گل س<strong>ر</strong>خ، ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت س<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د... يک گل س<strong>ر</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يچيده<strong>ا</strong>ی می<strong>ب</strong>خشد، که ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی حل شد<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ ق<strong>ر</strong>مز، <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ی گل س<strong>ر</strong>خ، <strong>و</strong><br />
B<br />
،٢<br />
(gleicher Art)<br />
۴<br />
٢٨١<br />
C<br />
–<br />
–<br />
A<br />
(١٨٧٨<br />
<strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د. "<br />
، ١٨٨٢ جلد – ٢ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ۶- - ١٢۴<br />
- A<br />
- B<br />
C<br />
دي<strong>و</strong>يد هي<strong>و</strong>م، "تحقيقی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فهم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی. مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> گفت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>"، ل<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />
"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی هي<strong>و</strong>م". "گفت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"، ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ت<strong>و</strong>سط چ. <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ف. <strong>پ</strong>يل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس ١٨٧٨،<br />
مقدمه صفحهx<br />
ت- .ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی، "هي<strong>و</strong>م"، ل<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>،<br />
– ١٨٧٩ صفحه ٧۴
؛)<br />
24 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
٨٢<br />
چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی متعدد ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د". هي<strong>و</strong>م "م<strong>و</strong>ضع م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی" <strong>و</strong> "م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی" ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د (ص "مجم<strong>و</strong>عه <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت" میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>سط "خ<strong>و</strong>د" فيخته<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
يک "عل<strong>ا</strong>مت گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی" <strong>و</strong> حتی يک سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز يک "يک چيز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی" ت<strong>و</strong>ليد شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی، هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>چه که <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط ميش<strong>و</strong>د، عقيده<strong>ا</strong>يست که ت<strong>و</strong>سط ديد<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>، <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>ر</strong>ة<strong>ا</strong>لمع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست: "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>تی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د، هيچ چيز ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> سيستم غ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه عقيده م<strong>ن</strong>، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ سيستمی که، <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ش<strong>ر</strong>مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی عقل <strong>و</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، مشکلت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ستيزيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
همه." ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>، که <strong>ب</strong>ه ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مع<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديک شد (<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> قي<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> مسئله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ن</strong>يست)،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست، <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جه میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه عقيده<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> (ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
م) ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ک می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ستخ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ج چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ب</strong>ی خ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> "م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>"، ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د:<br />
تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>فظه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>م، <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> (<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> م) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> سي<strong>ا</strong>ق<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓه<strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> شستیه<strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong>ی، تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد ک<strong>ر</strong>د؟ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ا</strong>تی هستيم که<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>فظه<strong>ا</strong>يم. ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز شستیه<strong>ا</strong>ی متعددی می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زد، <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ب</strong>ه عقيده م<strong>ن</strong>، تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong><br />
يک <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته، <strong>ر</strong>خ میدهد." د<strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ میدهد که چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلتی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ي<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> غذ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>و</strong>ليد <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> يک تخم م<strong>ر</strong>غ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ست که کليه مک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لهی <strong>و</strong> کليه<br />
مع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تخم م<strong>ر</strong>غ چيست؟ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>هی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>محس<strong>و</strong>س ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>طفه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓيد، <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>طفه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت چيست؟ يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>محس<strong>و</strong>س، چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>طفه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>يع <strong>ب</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ست. چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه يک س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> حي<strong>ا</strong>ت می<strong>ر</strong>سد؟ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>سيله<strong>ء</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت. <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟ ح<strong>ر</strong>کت..." حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ز تخم د<strong>ر</strong>می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست؛ تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م میدهد. "<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت میک<strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> مقلد س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ب</strong>چهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>و</strong>چک<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>ن</strong>ديد، <strong>و</strong> فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>پ</strong>س ت<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز يک<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی که تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يز<strong>ا</strong>سي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست عقل سليم <strong>و</strong><br />
ذک<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی گفت. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه دست<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ا</strong>ٓمد که ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی معي<strong>ن</strong>، که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
(Fichtean)<br />
–<br />
–<br />
A<br />
–<br />
- A<br />
ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>، "<strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل"، <strong>ا</strong>ديت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓسهذ<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس،<br />
١٨٧۵، جلد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<br />
– صفحه ٣٠۴
<strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی مقدمه 25<br />
-<br />
–<br />
ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت، <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع شده <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی، حي<strong>ا</strong>ت،<br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>فظه، شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>، ع<strong>ا</strong>طفه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد، يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong>، ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
"ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی مخفی" د<strong>ر</strong> تخم م<strong>ر</strong>غ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>، که <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>حله معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>خل میش<strong>و</strong>د، ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شغ<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ديست ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
خلق شده که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عقل سليم مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قض <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ی ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>معق<strong>و</strong>ل می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد؛ ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />
"ف<strong>ر</strong>ضی س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>هيم که همه چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح میدهد، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س يک خ<strong>ا</strong>صيت<br />
عم<strong>و</strong>می م<strong>ا</strong>ده، ي<strong>ا</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يز<strong>ا</strong>سي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست." <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض د<strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت که چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضی<br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>ا</strong>ز کيفيتی <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ چط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت هيچ<br />
چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ن</strong>ه ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت ح<strong>ر</strong>کت، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> جسم،<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک جسم <strong>ب</strong>ه جسمی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی؟" د<strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت: "<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده، می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>م که ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س، کيفيت س<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يست، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، تقسيم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
يک ذه<strong>ن</strong> تقسيم <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ی." ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>:"مهمل، مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی <strong>ا</strong>لهی! چی، <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی که<br />
تم<strong>ا</strong>م کيفي<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ده، تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د تقسيم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong>خ<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong>جه<strong>ا</strong>ی کمت<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>صف يک جسم ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ هيچ <strong>ن</strong>صف ک<strong>ا</strong>ملی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د... يک فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش، <strong>و</strong> خصيصه مشتق <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
معل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی که می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مشتق میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد، <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>، گ<strong>ر</strong> چه ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تعيي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علت <strong>و</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی. م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی علتی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> همه چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح میدهد <strong>ب</strong>ه علتی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>ل حتی<br />
مشکلت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> مشکل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ی شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که يکیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حل ک<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ده." د<strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت: "<strong>و</strong> چه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد شد <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> علت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>م؟" ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>: "ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ دستی <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
گ<strong>و</strong>شت. يک سه<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز گ<strong>و</strong>شت س<strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست ، <strong>و</strong> يک م<strong>و</strong>سيقيد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز گ<strong>و</strong>شت س<strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک م<strong>ب</strong>دأ، <strong>ا</strong>ز يک شکل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> يکس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>صد يکس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." دل<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت: "هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی صد<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong> چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جيه<br />
ميک<strong>ن</strong>د؟" <strong>ا</strong>ٓلتی که ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشيده شده، ي<strong>ا</strong> حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>خته<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز يک صد<strong>ا</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج معي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د؛ که س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئل<br />
مُد<strong>ر</strong>ِک <strong>ن</strong>ظي<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>، ي<strong>ا</strong> حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه، <strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، میطل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، زخم میز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شکل گي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>فظه <strong>و</strong>ی<br />
<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>فظه س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. دقت ک<strong>ن</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميزش مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> چيزی د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که قد<strong>ر</strong>ت سيستم م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز دقت ک<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مشکل تف<strong>و</strong>ق<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی عليه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ذک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> يک لحظه ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی<br />
–<br />
-<br />
ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>: "...
26 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
A<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی مد<strong>ر</strong>ک تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>لم <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که تم<strong>ا</strong>می هم<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی گيتی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شد. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> تحقيق مختص<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه می<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم. م<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> "<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی مج<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>و</strong> هم <strong>ا</strong>ٓه<strong>ن</strong>گی گيتی ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong> شده د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong>ه تحليل "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سيم.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ح<strong>ا</strong>ل، خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی محد<strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>يم. "م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی" <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>" حتی يک<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>سقف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.<br />
<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>جک<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ذک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> ، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف، که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ب</strong>هم<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ضع د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>غي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حس میک<strong>ن</strong>د، ک<strong>و</strong>شيده <strong>ا</strong>ست "<strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ن</strong>زديکی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"،<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> تحقي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميزی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم: "... <strong>و</strong>قتی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سم، کد<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست؟<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی س<strong>ن</strong>تی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د (<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د) م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی که <strong>ا</strong>ز حض<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>يت<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ د<strong>ر</strong> کل (؟)، <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی، <strong>ا</strong>سقف فلسفه چي<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لح<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی، تحليلگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشم<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>؟ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>عظ<br />
مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی هيچ مخ<strong>ر</strong>ج مشت<strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زد چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مقيد <strong>ب</strong>ه دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی "تحليلگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشم<strong>ن</strong>د" <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ست. ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> خطی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خطه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی کشيد. <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>هم<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی متحي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م میدهد، میک<strong>و</strong>شد م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> دلد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی دهد: <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "م<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>زديکی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>يت فلسفی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، حتی <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً عي<strong>ن</strong> قضيه می<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د." (ص د<strong>ر</strong>هم <strong>ا</strong>ٓميخت<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> خط <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><br />
فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً، چه "ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>يتی" <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>؟ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که تم<strong>ا</strong>می عقل م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد میدهد. م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>متح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت.<br />
١۵٠<br />
.(١۴٩<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
١٧۶٩<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> - A<br />
– جلد – ٢ صفحه - ١٨ ١١۴
فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 27<br />
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١- <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong><br />
-١<br />
-٢<br />
-٣<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده، <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليهش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يح شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جعه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی تصحيح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> غلط گي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>عدً<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>عد م<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>و</strong>ل<br />
می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٨٧٢ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "<strong>و</strong>ظيفه علم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د:<br />
تعيي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> (<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی)<br />
کشف ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> (<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> جسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی)<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> (<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> جسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م، که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> "مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک" خ<strong>و</strong>د، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د: <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>لکه، شيئ ، خ<strong>و</strong>د يک <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>د ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
A<br />
– <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد."<br />
١٨٨٣<br />
١٨٧١<br />
١۵<br />
-<br />
<strong>ا</strong>. م<strong>ا</strong>خ، "ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يشهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>"، يک سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که<br />
ش<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>هميک <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د گ<strong>ر</strong>ديد.<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> مجمع علمی<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ ،١٨٧٢ صفحه - ۵٨ ۵٧<br />
A
28<br />
ف-<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> (<strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م) <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>، صد<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،<br />
مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> (<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه م<strong>ا</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم) ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلمه "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"، <strong>ن</strong>تيجه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زده س<strong>ا</strong>ل "تفک<strong>ر</strong>"، م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً صح<strong>ب</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست دقت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که م<strong>ا</strong>خ ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف، که معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی" <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د (صحيحت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> میگفتيم<br />
تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>) ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
مث<strong>ا</strong>ل، ف<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست همک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong> عکسه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میخيز<strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی "فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم" می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> کس که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> کس که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>سم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، معل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش<br />
ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سته شده، ل<strong>ا</strong>زم میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه قسمت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگ<strong>ر</strong>ديم <strong>و</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم: "... <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>..."<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه قسمت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>خش فلسفی که میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong>ز کج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
تم<strong>ا</strong>می مع<strong>ر</strong>فت) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کس<strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د؟ خي<strong>ر</strong>... <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه، <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د خلق ي<strong>ا</strong> مشتق ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز تحقيق <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د (<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت که د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ، که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست)، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مشتق شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>قت می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ<br />
س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قض <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست، مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد، <strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست میک<strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>م که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس همه ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستث<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>حم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم حمله میک<strong>ن</strong>د. ه<strong>ر</strong> کس "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ" <strong>و</strong> "ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دقتی <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، دفع<strong>ا</strong>ت ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد ي<strong>ا</strong>فت که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، د<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه، صح<strong>ب</strong>ت می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ن</strong>میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong><br />
"<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی" <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه که <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم<br />
د<strong>ا</strong>د، می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست "تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>"، عکس ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی "<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>د" <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم، <strong>ا</strong>ز تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت<br />
B<br />
A<br />
–<br />
–<br />
١٨<br />
(٢١<br />
–<br />
- A<br />
۴٧٣<br />
. B<br />
<strong>ا</strong>. م<strong>ا</strong>خ، "مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک، يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>"،<br />
٣<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ د<strong>ر</strong> عمل"، ۵٠ <strong>ا</strong>ٓفل<strong>ا</strong>گ، <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>و</strong>تگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت،<br />
، <strong>ا</strong>ٓفل<strong>ا</strong>گ، ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>زيگ،<br />
١٨٩٧، صفحه<br />
١٩٠۴ صفحه ۶
یه<strong>ا</strong><br />
فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 29<br />
مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> خط سي<strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيم؟ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيم؟ خط <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی خط م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی، ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گزيده شده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. خط د<strong>و</strong>م، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی خط <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گزيده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. هيچ طف<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> سفسطه<strong>ا</strong>ی (که<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مقد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د) <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>زع <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>حي<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت که م<strong>ا</strong>خ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد "ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی گفت "مجم<strong>و</strong>عه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه می<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
کل جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده م<strong>ن</strong>. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مقدمه چي<strong>ن</strong>ی، غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ديت س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم: <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>لصت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست. [ه<strong>ر</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> هم که م<strong>ا</strong>خ،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شدت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong>ش خ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ی خ<strong>ر</strong>دی م<strong>ن</strong>طقی، <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کتم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز هم <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زيم، چ<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. [<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز "تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" (ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی ک<strong>ا</strong>تلي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>سکي<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت، مسک<strong>و</strong> ١٩٠٧):<br />
"م<strong>ا</strong> يک جسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> لمس ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>س<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم، يک تح<strong>ر</strong>يک د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فت میک<strong>ن</strong>يم. م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حس<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>ه مج<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که تح<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حس میک<strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ست میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه م<strong>ر</strong>ئی،<br />
يک هسته د<strong>ا</strong>ئمی <strong>ا</strong>ست، که، <strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>ب</strong>ه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط، تح<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی تص<strong>ا</strong>دفی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ست شده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>خد<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه، م<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>دت میدهيم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>يم که<br />
همه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه "<strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی" هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز هستهه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>ئمی <strong>پ</strong>يش می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق<br />
مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>ی ت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د (م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست- م) مستقل میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم..." (صفحه ٢٠)<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "ع<strong>ا</strong>دت میده<strong>ن</strong>د" ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گزي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه عمل <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م، <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>، ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "ع<strong>ا</strong>دت"،<br />
[<br />
A<br />
S<br />
S<br />
-A<br />
<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong>م سلسطهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
Mögen Mach, Avenarius, Petzoldt und Co. Diesen Solipsismus noch so sehr<br />
verleugnen, sie können ihn tatsächlich nicht abstreifen, ohne zu<br />
himmelschreienden logischen Absurditäten zu gelangen. S. 33<br />
-B<br />
١٩٠٧<br />
Hier ein Muster aus der "Analyse der Empfindungen" (russische Übersetzung von<br />
Kotljar, Verl. Skirmunt, Moskau 1907): S. 33<br />
S<br />
.<br />
[<br />
B<br />
S<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: ه<strong>ر</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> هم که م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: يک <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز (تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<br />
<strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>م):<br />
م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی ک<strong>ا</strong>تلي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>سکي<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت، مسک<strong>و</strong>
[<br />
A<br />
–<br />
..."]<br />
..."<br />
30<br />
که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست (ع<strong>ا</strong>دتی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>می علم<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی کس<strong>ب</strong> شده!)، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> تل<strong>ا</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د:<br />
<strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>سيله <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هستهه<strong>ا</strong> که تم<strong>ا</strong>م محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حسی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز دست میده<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه سم<strong>ب</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
فک<strong>ر</strong>ی مج<strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د..."<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی قديمی. <strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د! <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>ست که گفت<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده يک <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>د مج<strong>ر</strong>د ع<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ، د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ست که ع<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د. زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د که "مضم<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> محس<strong>و</strong>س" يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست، که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
يک م<strong>ن</strong> "مج<strong>ر</strong>د ع<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، م<strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ی ش<strong>ب</strong>هه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong>شت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت مشخص<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شده، (م<strong>ن</strong>ی م) مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی مج<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> که می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> چيز م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست." <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> "مضم<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> محس<strong>و</strong>س "<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه هيچ چيزی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>جز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓک<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی "فلسفی"، يک مشغ<strong>و</strong>ليت <strong>ا</strong>حمق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی ثم<strong>ر</strong>!<br />
<strong>پ</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> تشکيل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong><br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم، <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> هستیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>تيجتً<strong>ا</strong> "ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً" <strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ز<strong>ا</strong>ئد میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
د<strong>و</strong>دل ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>و</strong>دل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه ج<strong>و</strong>يد."<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف ششم "مش<strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ت ضد مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی" م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ن</strong>قل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک س<strong>ر</strong>قت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ی محض <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ن</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong>يده ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>ه يک ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که "م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حس میک<strong>ن</strong>يم." که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که "جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> تشکيل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. لغت "م<strong>ا</strong>" که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی "م<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فته، <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلمه، م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>و</strong>دلی<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong>د ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> متهم میس<strong>ا</strong>زد،<br />
ل<strong>و</strong> میدهد. زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> "ف<strong>ر</strong>ض" <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی "<strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده" <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض که س<strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong><br />
مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong>، ک<strong>ن</strong>ش متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ک س<strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت میگي<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعً<strong>ا</strong><br />
"<strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ز<strong>ا</strong>ئد <strong>ا</strong>ست"، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی "ف<strong>ر</strong>ض" <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ر</strong>دم ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ز<strong>ا</strong>ئد <strong>ا</strong>ست. ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م، <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ر</strong>دم ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>و</strong> همي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>و</strong>له "هستهه<strong>ا</strong>ی" <strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده<br />
می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>، کسی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی "م<strong>ا</strong>" ح<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میز<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong>دلی س<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>م ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت می<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه مخل<strong>و</strong>طی <strong>ا</strong>ز کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> تهی <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>و</strong>ٔلفش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: "...<br />
ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هستهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی محس<strong>و</strong>س ک<strong>ا</strong>مل خ<strong>و</strong>د مح<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی مج<strong>ر</strong>د<br />
-A<br />
ع<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د..."<br />
"...Hiermit verlieren aber diese Kerne den ganzen sinnlichen Inhalt, werden zu bloßen<br />
Gedankensymbolen..." S.34 P.4
فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 31<br />
١١<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ست يک مث<strong>ا</strong>ل تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong>دلی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش م<strong>ا</strong>خ. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش فصل <strong>ا</strong>ز ۶<br />
"تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم: "<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س میک<strong>ن</strong>م، م<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> شخص<br />
ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست مغز م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کليه <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئل فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> شيمي<strong>ا</strong>ئی مش<strong>ا</strong>هده ک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ي<strong>ا</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د..." (صفحه ١٩٧)<br />
<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>لی! <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم د<strong>ر</strong> کل، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مغز <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه؟ <strong>ب</strong>له، م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "ف<strong>ر</strong>ض" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>هد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً يک <strong>و</strong>ظيفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که (<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض م) <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میشد! <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً همي<strong>ن</strong><br />
"ف<strong>ر</strong>ض" هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "هستهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده <strong>و</strong><br />
ز<strong>ا</strong>ئد<strong>ن</strong>د؟ گفته میش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>خ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مطمئ<strong>ن</strong><br />
میس<strong>ا</strong>زد که ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک محص<strong>و</strong>ل عمل <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>، مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست، يک ف<strong>ر</strong>ض <strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ز<strong>ا</strong>ئد <strong>ا</strong>ست. ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً م<strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ مغز يک جسم <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه، مغز <strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست. <strong>پ</strong>س چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>، م<strong>ن</strong> (<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يستم مگ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>) ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حس میک<strong>ن</strong>م. يک فلسفه د<strong>ر</strong>خش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>! <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میش<strong>و</strong>د "<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"؛ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی "<strong>ا</strong>صل<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی، که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>دل م<strong>ا</strong>ده مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم" <strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>دل م<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />
میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت گي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم خ<strong>ا</strong>ص، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ء</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته <strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، مخل<strong>و</strong>ط می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد، چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د... د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong>خ می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ت سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong><br />
"م<strong>ا</strong>ده" (غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک) حس میک<strong>ن</strong>د..." <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که شکی <strong>ن</strong>يست که م<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک حس میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س چيزی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ م<strong>ا</strong>خ تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>دیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت س<strong>ر</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د! <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يقي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د: "مسئله <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ء</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>فی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم فيزيکی همه ج<strong>ا</strong> گست<strong>ر</strong>ده ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی،<br />
که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت معل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> چيز، غي<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يم..." <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که<br />
مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم فيزيکی همه ج<strong>ا</strong> گست<strong>ر</strong>ده ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت (م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک) خ<strong>ا</strong>صيت تع<strong>ر</strong>يف شده <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم... م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد: "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> متشکل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong>سته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت (می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست م) <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>يش د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> حض<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل، سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده چيزی<br />
–<br />
–<br />
"(originell)<br />
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<strong>ر</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong><br />
[<br />
A<br />
32<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست که د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده، ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د (که<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د)..."<br />
<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک "د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د"! <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>دیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> هم میک<strong>ن</strong>د، میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ("مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم فيزيکی همه ج<strong>ا</strong> گست<strong>ر</strong>ده ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>") س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س "<strong>ا</strong>ز کج<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میخيزد، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ر</strong>د" م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ستگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> هيچ ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه فلسفی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی مسئله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
که ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> جمع شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، "حل" میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "ت<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله (ت<strong>ا</strong> چه حد <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک گست<strong>ر</strong>ش میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د) حتی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
يک م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong>ص حل <strong>ن</strong>شده، هيچ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخی <strong>ب</strong>ه سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست."<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم" د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت تشکيل<br />
میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم، د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی، م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مقدم، <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> شکل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف شده<strong>ا</strong>ش ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده (م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک) هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که "د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ده" شخص ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د يک ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حدس <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مث<strong>ا</strong>ل، چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه<br />
ع<strong>ا</strong>لم مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست ههکل، <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی لل<strong>و</strong>يد م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> که ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> ذک<strong>ر</strong> شد. م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>دی م<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د: زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده، <strong>و</strong> علي<strong>ر</strong>غم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />
معي<strong>ن</strong>ی شکل گ<strong>ر</strong>فته هم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست: [د<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً تز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
<strong>پ</strong>يش ش<strong>ر</strong>ط <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت ز<strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً "ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت" ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>، مخد<strong>و</strong>ش<br />
شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
کلمه "ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"، که <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>دم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح (<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد) <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کشفی<br />
جديد میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ن</strong>گت<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه <strong>ب</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خلق میک<strong>ن</strong>د که يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ ي<strong>ا</strong> يک قدم ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع هست که چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده، ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ز هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> (ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>) ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> شده، معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی مسئله<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>و</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه د<strong>و</strong>م، <strong>ا</strong>ز مقدمه چي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی که <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت ز<strong>ن</strong>ده ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> کل، "ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت" ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong><strong>پ</strong>يچی شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
Zweitens aber wird die Grundthese, dass nämlich die Körper Empfindungs-komplexe<br />
Seien, durch die Voraussetzung der Existenz anderer lebender Wesen und überhaupt<br />
anderer "Komplexe", außer dem gegebenen großen Ich, verletzt. S.37 P2
فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 33<br />
ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز حل <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيزد. م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم، که يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ست، مسئله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تي<strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> لغت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده "ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"، م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم قطعه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>مع <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی فلسفی م<strong>ا</strong>خ، که <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حيله <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد. د<strong>ر</strong> "مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته م<strong>ا</strong>خ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم: د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که هيچ مشکلی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<br />
میش<strong>و</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت (د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عط<strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> علم خ<strong>ا</strong>ص ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />
خدمت <strong>ا</strong>ست) ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عط<strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز علم<strong>ا</strong>ی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی (<strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی کلمه، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ضد دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی) <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دقيق صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد که د<strong>ر</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه <strong>ر</strong>فت. زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فهميد ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيم. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> مهم <strong>ا</strong>ست دقت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم م<strong>ا</strong>خ، علي<strong>ر</strong>غم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی<br />
مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> جديد، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چه شف<strong>ا</strong>فيتی، <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. مل<strong>ا</strong>حظه میک<strong>ن</strong>يد، هيچ مشکلی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
س<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د! <strong>ا</strong>ٓه <strong>ب</strong>له! <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته که چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
س<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی مشکل <strong>ن</strong>يست، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>لص<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>سک<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ستیسيسم ک<strong>و</strong>ته <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خدمت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تعج<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که م<strong>ا</strong>خ کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تقديم میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ تعج<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، که م<strong>ر</strong>تجع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ليغ میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ستق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>"<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً س<strong>ا</strong>ل ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی" هيچ چيز <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد" مگ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم، م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ص<strong>ر</strong>حت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "دشم<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شتق<strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>ر</strong>کت م<strong>ا</strong>ده ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ر</strong>کت م<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />
تشکيل <strong>ن</strong>میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت تشکيل<br />
میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> سهيم <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دليل، <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> دل<strong>ا</strong>يل، <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی "م<strong>ب</strong>تذل"، <strong>و</strong>گت، <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خذ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>له ش<strong>ا</strong>ت، جد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
خط<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د که مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>شخ میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی که جگ<strong>ر</strong> صف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ م<strong>ا</strong>خ، که<br />
د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م، م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ،<br />
ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>، ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، چشم می<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شد. د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که کليه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سمی<br />
فلسفه <strong>ر</strong>سمی چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
" ز<strong>ا</strong><br />
–<br />
٢٠٠
34<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>صيف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>، "فلسفه <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
مفه<strong>و</strong>م جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>صل حدّ<strong>ا</strong>قل ص<strong>ر</strong>ف ک<strong>و</strong>شش." ("مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قد تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق")، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong><br />
س<strong>ا</strong>ل ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> شد، م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهيم. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی"<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شت) میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ن</strong>قطه<br />
(کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مشخصه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د." <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گفت زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه م<strong>ا</strong>خ گفت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت<br />
("تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"، ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی، صفحه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>دی<br />
مید<strong>ا</strong>شت، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>عکس، <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل مج<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> شد، ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه<strong>ء</strong> "د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "کسی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
سيستم<strong>ا</strong>تيک م<strong>ن</strong>، فلسفه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حتم<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد د<strong>ا</strong>د که م<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ا</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ن</strong>قدی <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی، م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د تحقيق ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دهم"<br />
١٩<br />
"<br />
– ١ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م، ،١٩٠۵ صفحه ٩<br />
١٨٩١<br />
.(٢٨٨<br />
(Der menschliche Weltbegriff, 1891, Vorwort, S.ix)<br />
،(٩<br />
١٨٧۶<br />
C<br />
[<br />
B<br />
–<br />
١١۶<br />
١٨٧۶<br />
Empiriomonism خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
۶۵<br />
١٨٧۶<br />
١٠<br />
٢٠A<br />
("د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"، ١٨٩١، مقدمه، صفحه "ليک<strong>ن</strong> ست<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی، م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه ق<strong>ب</strong>لی خ<strong>و</strong>د شک ک<strong>ن</strong>م" صفحه١٠). <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>ر</strong>، که میگ<strong>و</strong>يد ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> "مقدمه" يک ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه "<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هم ک<strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>دلف <strong>و</strong>يلی، م<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م، که میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:<br />
"[<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته مقدم<strong>ا</strong>تی س<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د (‘ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
مقد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>‛)– کل<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خط <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>صطل<strong>ا</strong>ح تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی، غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> "مقدمه" م<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>يم،<br />
ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد.<br />
(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی؛ ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست). <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س خ<strong>و</strong>د محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست: "ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم که م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حس <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>فهت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
مل<strong>ا</strong>حظه <strong>ن</strong>میف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيد، "ص<strong>ر</strong>ف ک<strong>و</strong>شش کمت<strong>ر</strong>ی" د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که هيچ "ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ی" <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د!)، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>پ</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<br />
محس<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد."<br />
٢٠<br />
ف- <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسم" د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>صه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته مقدم<strong>ا</strong>تی<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د کل<strong>ا</strong> مسح<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>صطل<strong>ا</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشی<br />
Revue neo-scolastique ف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يه ١٩٠٧ صفحه ۵١<br />
. A<br />
١٨٧۶ (Präliminarschrift)<br />
–<br />
-B<br />
(Ganz im Banne)<br />
–<br />
"Avenarius in seiner Jugend - Und insbesondere noch in seiner Präliminar-schrift<br />
(,Das kleinste Kraftmaß,)" (1876)" – ganz im Banne des sogenannten<br />
erkenntnistheoretischen Idealismus war" S.40 P.1<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
C- <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>دلف <strong>و</strong>يلی، ("عليه خ<strong>ر</strong>د مکت<strong>ب</strong>. <strong>ن</strong>قدی <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه")، م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يخ ١٩٠۵. صفحه ١٧٠<br />
س<strong>ا</strong>ل
فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 35<br />
<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> "ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مغز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د! <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<strong>ا</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong>ی مغز دف<strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د! هست<strong>ن</strong>د! <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد لحظه<strong>ا</strong>ی مکث ک<strong>ن</strong>يم ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>يم، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک شخص<br />
ع<strong>ا</strong>دی جدی گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مشکل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. د<strong>ر</strong> صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٨٩ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست:<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قضيه که ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه، که عمل <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>مل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد، محتمل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت تشکيل شده که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع معي<strong>ن</strong>ی ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> (مغز) د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>ل ي<strong>ا</strong>فته، (تهييج) <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط م<strong>ا</strong>دی<br />
(<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>) <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست. ليک<strong>ن</strong> – ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت که چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>دی<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د ه<strong>ر</strong>گز مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ض، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong><br />
کليه <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> تشکيل ده<strong>ن</strong>ده خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ست، ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل، دليل تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهد که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س، که د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>ل ي<strong>ا</strong>فته د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>ديده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت؛ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی که ظه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک<br />
عمل خل<strong>ا</strong>ق د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>ل ي<strong>ا</strong>فته تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که يک<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د، ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً هيچ (<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سی م)، <strong>ن</strong>ه حتی ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
ممک<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، که <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ن</strong>ده يک عمل خل<strong>ا</strong>قيت <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>می<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قض <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی مت<strong>ر</strong>ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی فهم م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> میدهد <strong>ا</strong>مّ<strong>ا</strong><br />
چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دليلی <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی مزي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شده، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی مزي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> عکس،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً حس<br />
تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لتی <strong>ا</strong>ز يک ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> که کل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً فهم م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> دش<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زد.<br />
<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی دقيقت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>صطل<strong>ا</strong>ح تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ت<strong>و</strong>سط يک ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>ل ي<strong>ا</strong>فته د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> لحظه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>د س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
گشته، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong>فی د<strong>ر</strong> محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که حدّ<strong>ا</strong>قل م<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشد، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشد که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سی که ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong>ست، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دل<strong>ا</strong>يلی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> متجلی <strong>ن</strong>میس<strong>ا</strong>زد، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه<br />
ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>ل ي<strong>ا</strong>فته، <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> تق<strong>و</strong>يت ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> متجلی میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> همه حتی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مقد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چيز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست. حتی <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓل ح<strong>ر</strong>کتی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
که <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> متح<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>پ</strong>يش می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>ل میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>، که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست، می<strong>ر</strong>سد، د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ر</strong>ديم، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لت د<strong>ر</strong>میي<strong>ا</strong>فتيم که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> هم زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فت ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ي<strong>ا</strong>فته ي<strong>ا</strong> تق<strong>و</strong>يت میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد ليک<strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>میي<strong>ا</strong>فتيم که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ر</strong>خ د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست..."<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> عمد<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ن</strong>قل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم، ت<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی "مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ب</strong>ه چه سفسطهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>قت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز گشته <strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<br />
–<br />
(Naturanschauung)<br />
<strong>و</strong> ٩٠<br />
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36<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست، <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د، که <strong>ا</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong>ش ت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>يه<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد!<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> گذشتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يش، <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>يمه "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی"<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی، يک <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی، که <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت ق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>ق علم<strong>ا</strong>ی مع<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> معتقد<strong>ن</strong>د)، <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>صفه ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ا</strong>ٓشفته <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه <strong>ر</strong>فته<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ا</strong>ل، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ت<strong>و</strong>صيفی <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی حق<strong>ا</strong>يق شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز سه مق<strong>و</strong>له <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست: قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>، قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ع<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>طف، <strong>و</strong> قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيزهه<strong>ا</strong>...<br />
تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مق<strong>و</strong>له <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل تعلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست... چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س "خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> مستقيمً<strong>ا</strong><br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی د<strong>ر</strong> تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديده خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد." <strong>و</strong> کمی <strong>ب</strong>عد میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س... د<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيزه معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز محيط خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>ل ي<strong>ا</strong>فته، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد" (ص ٢٢٢)، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد: "<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حي<strong>ا</strong>ت ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>ست". (ص ٢۴٠) "د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> قدم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س يک دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی تهييج خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ا</strong>لتی د<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>خ میدهد" (ص <strong>و</strong> حتی د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
<strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، (<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>شی!) د<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم" خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که<br />
مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی تهييج خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، که د<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی عص<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه يک شکل، تلگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فی، <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
عص<strong>ب</strong>ی دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د (ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی شده <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه تص<strong>و</strong>فگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يست)، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سل<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی عص<strong>ب</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>صطل<strong>ا</strong>ح م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کز، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئي<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه می<strong>ر</strong>سد." (کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م،<br />
،١٩٠۵<br />
–<br />
–<br />
A<br />
.(٣٣<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه Subcortical, Ganglial, Cerebro-spinal,<br />
– ١٩٠۵ صفحه (١١٨<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>لمی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>شده، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مستقيم مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی تهييج خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ا</strong>لتی <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>سط ه<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> ميلي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده شده <strong>و</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د. سفسطه فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت تشکيل میش<strong>و</strong>د که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، <strong>ب</strong>لکه يک حص<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، يک دي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی جد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ديده خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه "ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د" (د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د م). <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س چيزی مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک شکل<br />
کمی تغيي<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سفسطهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی که<strong>ن</strong>، که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>سقف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی که<strong>ن</strong>ه شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>د. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><br />
ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز کليه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه شکل معي<strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته که د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>ً مش<strong>ا</strong>هده<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه سفسطه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د.<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
- A<br />
<strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف، "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ش ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت"، س<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ ١٨٩٩ صفحه ٢١۶
یه<strong>ا</strong><br />
فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 37<br />
[<br />
A<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم،<br />
مختص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط فلسفی <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د. [م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>قد ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق ک<strong>ا</strong>مل میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د." ("مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک"، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی" ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د". <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عزم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ عليه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم میج<strong>ن</strong>گد (<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ، ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد)؛ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
چه ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً تحليل ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong>ه ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>س يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓمد<strong>ن</strong>،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست (<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مخص<strong>و</strong>ص م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ست)، <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست که هيچ <strong>ا</strong>سم "ت<strong>ا</strong>زه"<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> شج<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د. فلسفه <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ي<strong>ا</strong>فت، <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه صد<strong>ا</strong>قت <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ش، <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>و</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>پ</strong>شتي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيک د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی، <strong>پ</strong>یي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong>هم<br />
ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، ف<strong>ر</strong>صت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم د<strong>ا</strong>شت که<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong>صه مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دقت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> "گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط د<strong>و</strong>هم <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده، <strong>ب</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>ده خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>و</strong>يژگی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>صلی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عدی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت.<br />
(P. Duhem)<br />
(٩<br />
!(٣٢۶<br />
D<br />
C<br />
E<br />
B<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<br />
"د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
-A<br />
<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"<br />
Von dem Engländer Karl Pearson saft Mach, daß er sich "mit dessen<br />
erkenntniskritischen Ansichten in allen wesentlichen Punkten in<br />
Übereinstimmung befinde"<br />
،١٩٠٠ صفحه ٣٢۶<br />
- B<br />
–<br />
Erkenntnis und Irrtum مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> Cf<br />
- C<br />
– –<br />
- D<br />
Cf صفحه ۶ <strong>و</strong> ١٠<br />
. E<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، "ق<strong>ا</strong>عده علم"، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م، ل<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>،<br />
م)، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م<br />
مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong> "تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"، ص۴.<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش علم، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس ١٩٠۵ (يک ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>پ</strong>- د<strong>و</strong>هم، "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيکی، م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>"، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس ١٩٠۶،
38<br />
A<br />
٢-"[کشف ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ]"<br />
چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که تحت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓدل<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شگ<strong>ا</strong>ه ز<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>ا</strong>حتم<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که مشت<strong>ا</strong>ق تکميل <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>سيله م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد.<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد حق <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> دست<strong>ا</strong>ش گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت. د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>دگی قل<strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فع. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل د<strong>و</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> عل<strong>ن</strong>ی مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میک<strong>ن</strong>د ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کشف <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د"؟ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> عق<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>و</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً ج<strong>ا</strong>هل ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ب</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کشف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زگشتی <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست؟<br />
يک عقيده خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ديديم که م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> "مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک" م<strong>ا</strong>خ ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> شد، <strong>و</strong><br />
د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه "مقدمه" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جعه میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د ته<strong>ن</strong>يت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد. <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
عق<strong>ا</strong>يد "<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديک"<br />
"تم<strong>ا</strong>م علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د: "مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک" <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> معم<strong>و</strong> ًل<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم، عکس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه ک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست... <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
(عص<strong>ب</strong>) يک مسئله<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> (شعله) يک مسئله فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د (ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی. هيچ يک جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز هم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قت<br />
میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ز يکی چشم <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شيم. حتی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> "خ<strong>ا</strong>لص<strong>ا</strong>ً" مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، هم<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong><br />
فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د" (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، صفحه میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم: "ه<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که... <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ‛<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>‘، ‛ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>‘، د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
‛ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>‘، ‛ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>‘ <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د "ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی که معم<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی ت<strong>ب</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست که ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>،<br />
"ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی که جسم میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم") <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی ت<strong>ب</strong>عی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فيزيکی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د" (ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه<br />
<strong>و</strong> ١٧). "يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل، <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت (س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>، ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>، مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه) د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم، يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع فيزيکی <strong>ا</strong>ست. ليک<strong>ن</strong><br />
–<br />
٢٢<br />
٢١ B<br />
N<br />
A<br />
١٨٧۶<br />
١٨٨٣<br />
.(۴٩٨<br />
١٨٧٢<br />
Sehr Verwandte<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی(Vorbilden (Nachbilden und<br />
B<br />
<strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> M, L, K<br />
٢٣<br />
"<br />
A , B, C<br />
A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: کشف جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>يک د<strong>ب</strong>لي<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓدل<strong>ر</strong><br />
S.44 "Die Entdeckung der Weltelemente"<br />
– ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> -A<br />
- B<br />
– ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><br />
Geburtstag) Die Entdeckung der Weltelemente (Zu E. Macks 70 21<br />
Kampf ،١٩٠٨ Der شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ١۵<br />
( – ٢٢<br />
،١٩٠٨ شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ١٠<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> هفت<strong>ا</strong>دمي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>لگ<strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>لد م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>لمللی س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليست"<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
(کشف جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
(ف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يه) ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه شده د<strong>ر</strong> "خ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه<br />
(<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يل) يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓدل<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> سم<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زي<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم
فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 39<br />
(M, L, K<br />
-١<br />
-٢<br />
<strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه (ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>يم، يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست" (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ٢۴).<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کشف،ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز:<br />
تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م شده که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
٣- ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی تقسيم شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ د<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که <strong>ب</strong>ه عص<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>ب</strong>ستگی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> (عص<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م)<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د: <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه هم <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ستگی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛<br />
ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> محس<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د،<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده که دچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> "يک ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست."<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم، <strong>ب</strong>لکه يک مخل<strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی متض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که شم<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد،<br />
"يک <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه "ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" صحيح <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>يد، <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مسئله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
مغش<strong>و</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>زدل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>يد. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، شم<strong>ا</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ، <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم (که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت، م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د) <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم (که <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح، ذه<strong>ن</strong>، حس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد؛ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی، شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>صله <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زيد؛ مز<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زيد،<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مقدمه چي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد! زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د، شم<strong>ا</strong> حتی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک لحظه حق <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی" مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز عص<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>يد.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز عص<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عمل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ب</strong>کيه م<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>يد شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم "يک ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه "يک ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>ی" م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگزي<strong>ن</strong>يد! <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ حسی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه <strong>ب</strong>ستگی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د (<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه که علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>يد)، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
شع<strong>ا</strong>عه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه، حس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
که خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>، مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>، يک ح<strong>ر</strong>کت م<strong>ا</strong>ده، ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ج <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ط<strong>و</strong>لی معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>عت معي<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عمل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ خ<strong>ا</strong>صی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
–<br />
A<br />
B<br />
-۴<br />
-۵<br />
-۶<br />
- A<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> "تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی يک <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی میدهد، م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جيح میدهيم <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>يم."<br />
(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت – ٢٨ (٢٧<br />
-B<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی تز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> شيئ، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کل<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> تقليل میدهد" (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ٢١)
40<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست دقيق<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ج <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح میدهد که خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عمل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه مغز، عص<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه شکل معي<strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته، <strong>ب</strong>ستگی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه، شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ده س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong>شکل <strong>و</strong>يژه <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> کل، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس. [م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />
مخفي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک کلمه "ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، کلمه<strong>ا</strong>ی که ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز "يک ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زد، <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ذه<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه،<br />
عص<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست، که جسم مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه دهد. <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت<br />
حقه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کلمه "ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" يک سفسطه مفل<strong>و</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>صله خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيد: "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" چيست<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>حمق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<br />
که فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم کسی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع يک کلمه ت<strong>ا</strong>زه کلک خط<strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د. ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
"ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" يک <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت که کليه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،<br />
<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه معتقد<strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت فلسفه شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده<br />
میک<strong>و</strong>شيد ع<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>قه يک ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی"عي<strong>ن</strong>ی"ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زيد: ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
"ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" يک <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>يست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت مطلقً<strong>ا</strong> هيچ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه "ت<strong>ا</strong>زه" <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زيچه تهی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت، <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه که <strong>و</strong>. ل<strong>و</strong>يچ ، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی ت<strong>و</strong>صيف ميک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم. <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> (<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت م) د<strong>ر</strong> جلد د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> مذک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت که "<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"، شخص می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<br />
[<br />
:<br />
A<br />
–<br />
C<br />
–<br />
–<br />
B<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س مخفي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک کلمه "ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، که ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز "يک ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که<br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه، عص<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که جسم مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه میدهد.<br />
Mach und Avenarius schmuggeln den Materialismus heimlich ein durch das<br />
Wörtchen "Elemente", das angeblich ihre Theorie von der "Einseitigkeit" des<br />
subjektiven Idealismus befreit, das angeblich die Annahme zuläßt , daß das<br />
Psychische von der Netzhaut, den Nerven usw. abhängt, daß das Physische<br />
vom menschlichen Organismus unabhängig ist. S.47 P1<br />
، ١٩٠٠ صفحه ،١١٣<br />
-<br />
B<br />
C<br />
ژ<strong>و</strong>زف <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت، "مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"، کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل، ل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ<br />
"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م ع<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت (Wahrnehmungen) س<strong>ا</strong>ده ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>"<br />
<strong>و</strong>. ل<strong>و</strong>يچ، "فلسفه علمی"، <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد: مدُ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز، ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طی: چيست؟ س<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ،<br />
<strong>و</strong><br />
،١٨٩١<br />
٢٢٩<br />
-<br />
صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٢۴٣
فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 41<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه چيزی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ُ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ژِی <strong>ن</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د، که تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>لی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
يک ت<strong>و</strong>هم دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد."<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ميک<strong>ن</strong>د، که <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش ميدهد! <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت حس میک<strong>ن</strong>د که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
"<strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د"، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ت<strong>و</strong>هم ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لتِ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>، خي<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>ط که: <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی تلقی ش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>دهه<strong>ا</strong> کمک میک<strong>ن</strong>د! <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک سفسطه غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ن</strong>يست؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> هيچ<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>قی میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س "<strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم" ي<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش ک<strong>ن</strong>يم مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سط<br />
دهيم؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عص<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ز معم<strong>و</strong>ل عمل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده، ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه، مغز<br />
<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز مسئله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک گ<strong>ر</strong>يز، طف<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يد، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
"م<strong>و</strong>ضع گي<strong>ر</strong>ی" عليه ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ص<strong>ا</strong>دقيد، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد خط <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خط م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی (<strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س) ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد: شم<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه کل<strong>ا</strong>می تهی <strong>و</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيد که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<br />
عمل يک شيئ فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ست، که <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيد که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>تيجه عمل م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong>ش (<strong>و</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گفت، مهمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ک فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>)، "ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی" جست. [<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> "ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل فهمی" (anschauliche)<br />
که م<strong>ا</strong> قسمت چشمگي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم:<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه ميدهد،<br />
"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>، ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>:<br />
<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه، شيئ<strong>ا</strong>ی چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی جسمی<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong>ی چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی غي<strong>ر</strong> جسمی – خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز همه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ز "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" میگ<strong>و</strong>يد ("تحليل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"، صفحه مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ن</strong>يد: "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> (ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>) هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د." <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> "کشف<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ف<strong>ا</strong>ئق می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد! د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><br />
) ز<strong>ا</strong><br />
[<br />
B<br />
-<br />
٢٣A<br />
(جلد ١٨ صفحه ۴١٠)<br />
(٢٣<br />
-I<br />
-II<br />
. A <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ، <strong>ر</strong>-<br />
"Bemerkungen zum Begriff des Gegenstandes der Psychologie," Vierteljahrschrift<br />
für wissenschaftliche Philosophie, Bd. XVIII (1894) und Bd. XIX (1895) 23<br />
١٨ صفحه (۴١٠<br />
-B<br />
قسمت عمده <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم:<br />
Der Verfasser gibt hier unter anderem eine außerordentlich "anschauliche" Tabelle<br />
(S. 410 des XVIII. Bandes), deren Hauptteil wir hier wiedergeben:<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی، <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> يک جد<strong>و</strong>ل خيلی<br />
"گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فيک" (جلد<br />
میدهد، که
42<br />
<strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د که "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" چيزی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه، هم فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> هم <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> يک زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ س<strong>پ</strong>س<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی تصحيح <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چيزی <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد: <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی تفکيک خ<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی م<strong>ا</strong>ده (<strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م، <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>) <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی (<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>، خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت، <strong>ر</strong>ؤي<strong>ا</strong>) م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ئيم که ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓدل<strong>ر</strong> (ف<strong>ر</strong>يتز) چ<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ز "کشف ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د!<br />
م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>خيست<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث عليه <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م. د<strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م کلی فلسفی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک چيز <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ر</strong>ض گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>يده<br />
خ<strong>ن</strong>ثی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "جسمی، <strong>و</strong> ‛<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی‘، <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خصيصهه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه." ("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم". کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م، س<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که يک م<strong>ر</strong>د مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک معتقد <strong>ب</strong>ه مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
يک چيز" <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>و</strong>ٔم<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ر</strong>ض گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه خد<strong>ا</strong>! <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک چيز" که<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ر</strong>ض گ<strong>ر</strong>فت خط<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم، <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفه ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong>ست، د<strong>ر</strong><br />
حقيقت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>هميت ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چيزی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لغ <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی خص<strong>و</strong>صی <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>دی<br />
مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی متعدد که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د (م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی صح<strong>ب</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د). <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شد که<br />
(م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong> م) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه ش<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> شک خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فهم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong>ّ س<strong>ا</strong>خت که چه<br />
چيز <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
جد<strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>ا</strong>د، ت<strong>و</strong>سعه <strong>ب</strong>خشيد ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دت<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د مهم<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست. مهم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی محک<strong>و</strong>م س<strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديديم، د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت "تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>، که مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده، يک حس <strong>ا</strong>ست." <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />
ه<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گفته <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د که "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ن</strong>ثی<br />
هست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم" (چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م، صفحه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط فلسفه <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يستی مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت شده، ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong><br />
کل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، هم چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيکی می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د." ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> (کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م، صفحه<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم، <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>د، ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<br />
که ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيکی" مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> ‛تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی‘ (مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م) <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی يک حقيقت <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست؟"<br />
–<br />
A<br />
،١٩٠۶ صفحه (١٢<br />
(٩٠<br />
١٩٠۶<br />
، ي<strong>ا</strong> –<br />
،١٩٠۶ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: ..."<br />
-<br />
١٨٩٩<br />
–<br />
– چيزی<br />
–<br />
٢٠): "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ<br />
- A<br />
"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی"، غي<strong>ر</strong>ه، صفحه ٢١١۶،<br />
Cf<br />
، <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لذگ<strong>ر</strong>
فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 43<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع حقيقی تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ختیه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف، م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>عی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>قيه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> يکی<br />
شد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم. م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong>قتی "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
فيزيکی، جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، م<strong>ا</strong>ده) مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
محض <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>، ي<strong>ا</strong> فلسفه <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يستی، ي<strong>ا</strong> حقيقت <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک سفسطه که<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> کسی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيد که چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "حقيقت <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د که جسم مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست، حجت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
دست <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جيع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>: م<strong>ن</strong> فقط <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س میک<strong>ن</strong>م<br />
"<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>هی" (<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> "مقدمه" چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ب</strong>خش ۵۶)؛ ي<strong>ا</strong> ["م<strong>ا</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده، تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>يم، که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
جهت مطمئ<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>زج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>يت د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>خش ۵۵)، <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><br />
ذ<strong>ا</strong>لک. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خ) يک حقه م<strong>ر</strong>تجع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک "حقيقت <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>" <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه يک حقيقتی <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د میشد، ي<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> سهيم<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> سهيم <strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ا</strong>خ فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>يش،<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ا</strong>ده "علم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> مهم، که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چشم <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شيد، چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی گفت<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم د<strong>ا</strong>شت.<br />
يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف کمک ک<strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ر</strong>عت <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم علم<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم مغش<strong>و</strong>ش م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>جهد (ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ذ <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد) <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>و</strong> مستقل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم" خ<strong>و</strong>يش چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
تش<strong>ر</strong>يح میک<strong>ن</strong>د: "ت<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ا</strong>لت سيستم عص<strong>ب</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ص ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی شخص خ<strong>ا</strong>صی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> شکل می<strong>ب</strong>خش<strong>ن</strong>د؛ ت<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکه ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی گ<strong>ر</strong>فته میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، م<strong>ا</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم. <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ی مستقل تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>و</strong>صيف<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه ١٨)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً کل <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه "<strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی" مستقل (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>) يک<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست، که، <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی که معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د، که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" فيزيکی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع، دل <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيد که م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ج <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ه عمل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>ا</strong>ست، د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
،٩٣ صفحه :<br />
٩١، صفحه<br />
١٨٩٩<br />
[<br />
A<br />
–<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: "د<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> (که گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی میدهد که "م<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong>ک هستيم") <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يقي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>يت" (<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی م)<br />
–<br />
"wir erfahren uns selbst als empfindende Substanzen, in welcher Erfahrung die<br />
Empfindung allerdings sicherer gegeben ist als die Substanzialität
–<br />
٩٠)<br />
44<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گزيده<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> "حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> همه<br />
"ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"، ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong> کشف شده <strong>و</strong> مهمل<strong>ا</strong>ت مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يد.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً کل <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف (م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>قيه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی) ه<strong>ر</strong>گز د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی که <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست، ه<strong>ر</strong>گز مقدمه چي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فهميده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سته <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>ط ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>عدی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم کشف ک<strong>ن</strong>د. معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک، د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>صلی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گشته <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز عم<strong>و</strong>مً<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گشته که <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ب</strong>عدً<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>ر</strong>،<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی که ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم، ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میک<strong>ن</strong>د که "مقدمه" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س "<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
<strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست، "<strong>ن</strong>قد تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق" ١٨٨٩) "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مطلق" <strong>ا</strong>ست، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که<br />
"د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" ک<strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> "تغيي<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح دهد. ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<br />
<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه متض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ب</strong>عيت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، م<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی صحيح د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
میگي<strong>ر</strong>م، خ<strong>ا</strong>صه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم" ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ن</strong>د کشيده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong>فی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم<br />
که گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> "مقدمه"<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که "ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>صل "<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه"!<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ن</strong>قد تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق" فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته مستقل<br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شد، ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
م<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>دلف <strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> يک<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست "ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د" ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گزيده شده ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يت، که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>دی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش "<strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی د<strong>ا</strong>د" (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>سک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد، م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم"، میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه،<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> (<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>خی، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>) مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قض <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong><br />
"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی" (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست میگفت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>حدت میدهد. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل" (<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ش)<br />
مطلق، <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>خشد، <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ئمی <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." تحت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ش مطلق، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میفهمد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><br />
"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>، م<strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong> تحت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
١٨٧۶<br />
–<br />
(١٨٩١)<br />
A<br />
(١٨٧۶)<br />
–<br />
- A<br />
<strong>ا</strong>سک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد، "<strong>ر</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسم"، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong> ١٩٠۵، صفحه ۶۶
فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 45<br />
(Wundt)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>مّ<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> عقيده <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لذک<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د، ليک<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز همه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دقت تحليل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>پ</strong>. ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی گفت<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د: "ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه علمیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
شکل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د،" يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی جسمی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د (<strong>و</strong> کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت تع<strong>ر</strong>يفش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مطلق <strong>ا</strong>يست<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.)<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ چيزی که حتی "ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>"ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه کت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک مث<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong>ئلی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ل عل<strong>ا</strong>قه د<strong>ا</strong>شت<br />
<strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف هميشه ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست میگ<strong>و</strong>يد، ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د. ليک<strong>ن</strong> تل<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>يشه<br />
مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تل<strong>ا</strong>ف ک<strong>و</strong>شش د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> (محتمل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>صل "<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه")...<br />
<strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طل<strong>ا</strong>ع د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده که <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم متهم<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طل<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> (خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده م) که <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>قيه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ختگی <strong>ا</strong>ست، ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد. ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong> مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میفهمد، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يلی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دست<strong>ا</strong>ئی ک<strong>ا</strong>ذ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيخته شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت، <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد: مل<strong>ا</strong>حظه میف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيد، <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سمی <strong>ن</strong>يز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
مق<strong>ا</strong>له ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لذک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گی (متج<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ز ٣٠٠ صفحه) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>مل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد، که<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف تحليل مفصلی <strong>ا</strong>ز مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> س<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>د؟ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديک د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده، که م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> سهيم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>عدً<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم<br />
ديد، ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً صحيح <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست،<br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز، <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد، عقيده<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong><br />
صحيح <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ن</strong>گي<strong>ن</strong>ی زي<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز حد <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زيدگی ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>طه<strong>ا</strong>ی زي<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز حد تش<strong>ر</strong>يح میک<strong>ن</strong>د که می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت که <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت خ<strong>و</strong>د يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست تعيي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که، <strong>ب</strong>ه عقيده <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز شي<strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل عظيم<br />
–<br />
٢٤ B<br />
٢٥<br />
–<br />
A<br />
–<br />
.<br />
<strong>پ</strong>- ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ. "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی"، س<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گ،<br />
<strong>و</strong>. <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت. ("د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم خ<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی")<br />
مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی<br />
١٩٠٨ صفحه ١۵<br />
"Über naiven und kritischen Realismus"<br />
جلد ١٣ صفحه ٣٣۴<br />
٢۴<br />
-<br />
A<br />
B
46<br />
می<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د، س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د که قض<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مهم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم (<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل تفسي<strong>ر</strong> ‛تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه‘ <strong>و</strong> "هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی" که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً صح<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> قض<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ئی که ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
(Die empiriokritische in Übereinstimmung mit der immanenten<br />
Philosophie annimmt. 26 Seite 382<br />
س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> قض<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ر</strong>ض گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم "مخل<strong>و</strong>طی" (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه<br />
"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> متشکله مختلف ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>متج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"<br />
(Bunte Mischung ۵٧<br />
an sich einander vollig heterogen sind<br />
–<br />
–<br />
(seite 56<br />
–<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه "<strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>تی مستقل" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓش شله قلم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز "سيستم<br />
C" (<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>شش<br />
می<strong>ا</strong>ٓمد مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل سيستم عص<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د) ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong>يد، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
شم<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز مغز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک "ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی" <strong>ا</strong>ست (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه<br />
۶۴)، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يهت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد گفته ش<strong>و</strong>د که غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong> (<strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ضم<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong>) م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيسي<strong>ن</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گذشت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم، د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د صح<strong>ب</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> مهم <strong>ا</strong>ست دقت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی "مستقل" ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س (<strong>و</strong> همچ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ، که هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>تی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د)، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س عقيده کلی فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی خط<strong>و</strong>ط گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه، تعديل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد که ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
چيزی که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
س<strong>ر</strong><strong>پ</strong>يچی <strong>ا</strong>ز مقدمه چي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ز تم<strong>ا</strong>م فلسفه "خ<strong>و</strong>د"، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيد که <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ذه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س عمل م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه شکل معي<strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفهش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تزه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج م<strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> متحد میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> "س<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> فقي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طی"<strong>ا</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس محق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تحقي<strong>ر</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
٢٧<br />
"سيستم C"<br />
A<br />
(٣٧<br />
-<br />
مقدمه ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ ف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يه ١٨٨٨، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه فلسفه ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>و</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، گ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ب</strong>ه تج<strong>ا</strong>هل مفل<strong>و</strong>کی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه مي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت." (ف<strong>ر</strong>يتز <strong>ا</strong>ٓدل<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ، صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چه چيز م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong>کت که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />
<strong>ن</strong>قل <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس هيچ يک <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>سم ذک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ت محتمل <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، که فصل<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه "علمی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
س<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت.<br />
١٨٧۶<br />
A
فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 47<br />
١٩٠۶<br />
(٨<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفی م<strong>ا</strong>خ، "مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>"، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م،<br />
مشخص <strong>ا</strong>ست. ديديم که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ا</strong>شته که "هيچ مشکلی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم: "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگیه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
يع<strong>ن</strong>ی "م<strong>ر</strong>ز فض<strong>ا</strong>ئی مح<strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ست" صفحه<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>ز U (<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>سيعت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م، جسم فيزيکی هست<strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه ۴). "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کس<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگیه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک ح<strong>ا</strong>لت محض خ<strong>ا</strong>لص<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong>مش<strong>ا</strong>هدهگ<strong>ر</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong>د." (مثل<br />
ق<strong>ب</strong>ل). خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>. خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong>جز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓتش <strong>ب</strong>کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً معل<strong>و</strong>م میش<strong>و</strong>د که ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، "که د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"! يک فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش!<br />
يک مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ديگ<strong>ر</strong>: "يک گ<strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong>مل، يک م<strong>ا</strong>يع ک<strong>ا</strong>مل، يک جسم ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ا</strong>مل، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د:<br />
فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که تخيل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی دل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> سهل<br />
میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د: <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه<br />
۴١٨، <strong>ب</strong>خش<br />
(Umgrenzung<br />
٣٢٣، <strong>ب</strong>خش<br />
(rein erhalten)<br />
U<br />
٢٨<br />
...<br />
(Abweichung)<br />
(٩<br />
(٣٠<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف چی <strong>ا</strong>ز چی؟ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<br />
چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فی<br />
(تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيکی) <strong>ا</strong>ز حق<strong>ا</strong>يق؟ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong> چه هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>؟ <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" هست<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
(صفحه <strong>و</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق چيست<strong>ن</strong>د؟ حق<strong>ا</strong>يق "ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong>خ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل متعدد فيزيک می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد، <strong>ر</strong>ک، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يچ <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی<br />
صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د. تم<strong>ا</strong>می "ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>و</strong> کل ذخي<strong>ر</strong>ه عقل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د میش<strong>و</strong>د. تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت میش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م، م<strong>ا</strong>يع<strong>ا</strong>ت، گ<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> مستقل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>سی که، <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته، تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده س<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "دل <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی"<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>، خط<strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده که<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط تم<strong>ا</strong>می علمی که <strong>ب</strong>ه دست م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م "خ<strong>ا</strong>لص" <strong>ن</strong>شده د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته میش<strong>و</strong>د،<br />
يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی. تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست؛<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>و</strong>قتی ع<strong>ا</strong>مل عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> طل<strong>ب</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد، م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يف<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عکس،<br />
يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong>، يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> يک<br />
م<strong>ر</strong>تجع <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه، که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong>گ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که م<strong>و</strong>ضع فلسفی م<strong>ا</strong>خ "مخل<strong>و</strong>طی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>همگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی مطلق) <strong>ا</strong>ست" <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه که <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه، ت<strong>و</strong>همگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ست، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ؛ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
.<br />
A<br />
Nichtunterscheidung<br />
- A<br />
<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong>، جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی قيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>، ل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ ١٩٠٣ صفحه ٢١٩
–<br />
48<br />
ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> َت َ<strong>و</strong> ُهم م<strong>ن</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لذک<strong>ر</strong> گفته م<strong>ا</strong>خ، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong>هم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>هم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>، چيزيست که <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی که <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی <strong>ا</strong>ز علم<strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<br />
شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، میک<strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مخل<strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
"هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی" <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>م که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ، که عقيده<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل که <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>فهمد، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ش ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده، ي<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ذيعل<strong>ا</strong>قه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>طل<strong>ا</strong>ع دهد که چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>زديکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>م عکس<strong>ا</strong>لعمل <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم، ذيعل<strong>ا</strong>قه<strong>ا</strong>يم، ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مطل<strong>ب</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم يک چيز د<strong>ر</strong>هم، مخل<strong>و</strong>طی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
مهم <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کد<strong>ا</strong>م س<strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong>خيد <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>سمی ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ا</strong>لصت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تدکست<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، ژ. <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت، <strong>و</strong><br />
ف. ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> عليه <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خشمی متک<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، که<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خفت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> حم<strong>ا</strong>يت (<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د م) فک<strong>ر</strong><br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه چه؟ <strong>ب</strong>ه "مقدمه" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong>لحق مفه<strong>و</strong>م ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جعه ک<strong>ر</strong>د! <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>خته ش<strong>و</strong>د که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>لص<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی دل <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی ف<strong>ر</strong>ض شده، ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د! <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ن</strong>قد<br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد، <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ، د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قض <strong>ن</strong>يست،<br />
<strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>يز مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قض <strong>ن</strong>يست. يک دف<strong>ا</strong>ع ع<strong>ا</strong>لی! <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>شت فقي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف، کسی که ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيست<br />
<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> کسی که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد يک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست (د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه) قلمد<strong>ا</strong>د گ<strong>ر</strong>دد، <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد که "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک د<strong>ر</strong> کل<br />
س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،" که "د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت... د<strong>ر</strong> ‛مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه طل<strong>ا</strong>ئی‘، مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خط<strong>و</strong>ط مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>زع (م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی) ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف حقيقت <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش فک<strong>ر</strong>ی! <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم.<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت، گفت که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> (ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> م) مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د<br />
يک ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قد تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق <strong>ب</strong>يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
C<br />
A<br />
...<br />
"<br />
B<br />
-<br />
(Unterschiebung)<br />
A - Eduard von Hrtmann, Die Weltanschauung der modernen Physik (The world<br />
Qutlook of Modern Physics), Leipsig, 1902, S. 219.<br />
–<br />
- B<br />
- C<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم" کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ١، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م، صفحه ٢١<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ٩٣
فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 49<br />
Yaresoxyv<br />
A<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ر</strong>د "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
يک ج<strong>و</strong> حقيقت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد مص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ن</strong>ثی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ متممی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>صلیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>و</strong>ده شد، <strong>ب</strong>ه تسليم <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>ديد. <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی – جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست گ<strong>ا</strong>هی ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> چيزی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، حذف میک<strong>ن</strong>م، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شخص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> محک<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم میس<strong>ا</strong>زد.<br />
–<br />
–<br />
٣-هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>و</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> "د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> "ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>"ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
تش<strong>ر</strong>يح شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>و</strong>می دي<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شد، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میک<strong>ن</strong>د که چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
"<strong>ن</strong>قد تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق" <strong>و</strong> "د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ، تش<strong>ر</strong>يح<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> مجله ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لذک<strong>ر</strong>). هسته<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه تز<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د. ("ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>"،<br />
"هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> (unauflosliche) (<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل) خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> محيط" <strong>ا</strong>ست (صفحه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد "<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفی "شخص میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز "خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> جز خ<strong>و</strong>د" <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد،<br />
ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong>، م<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> محيط م<strong>ا</strong> "هم<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
هيچ ت<strong>و</strong>صيف ک<strong>ا</strong>ملی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ضع ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong><br />
که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> محيط محيط <strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه دهد، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه<br />
يک ‛محيط‘ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دی<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،<br />
تش<strong>ر</strong>يح ک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته شده<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی، <strong>و</strong> محيط ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />
ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>لی غي<strong>ر</strong> فلسفی خ<strong>ا</strong>م که ت<strong>و</strong>سط تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> محيط، جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شتي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س میک<strong>و</strong>شد خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک<br />
مد<strong>ا</strong>فع "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد ("تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"، صفحه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستث<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
immer ein Zusammen-) "<br />
(des Vorgefundene)<br />
" (صفحه .(١۴۶<br />
.(٣٩<br />
B<br />
،١٨٩۴ صفحه ١٣٧<br />
(ohne ein Ich)<br />
(des Vorgfundene)<br />
.(١۴۶<br />
(vorgefundenes<br />
- A ف<strong>ر</strong>. ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>، ("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخی <strong>ب</strong>ه مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت")<br />
"Der Empiriokritizismus, zugleich eine Erwiderung auf W. Wundts Aufsätze"<br />
Vierteljahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche, jahrg. 22 (1898), S. 73 und 213<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه B-<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>يد<br />
Der<strong>ب</strong>خش.ff) menschliche Weltbegriff, 2. Auflage, 1905, S. 83-84, 148)<br />
<strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع
ت(<br />
50<br />
<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست: خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> محيط خ<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔئيد شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چه چيزی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که تصميم <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً چه کسی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>حی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ن</strong>قطه ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ست گفت <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>و</strong>ی ش<strong>ا</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ش:<br />
"خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده: <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د سيستمی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س فلسفه معم<strong>و</strong>لی) می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ليد ش<strong>و</strong>د."<br />
فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف: ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میز<strong>ن</strong>ی... <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س عقل<br />
سليم <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> عملی...<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>، <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ دهی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>: <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> چيزی د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong> ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ت<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> همزم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>؟...<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د: <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>فی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>م.<br />
فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف: ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>دت، <strong>ا</strong>ز قل<strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میز<strong>ن</strong>ی. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش که <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>دت<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>جهی، <strong>و</strong> هيچ چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>ی مگ<strong>ر</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ی، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی کلمه <strong>ا</strong>ز فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست) شيئ، شيئ <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>: ي<strong>ا</strong>، دقيقت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> متع<strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> حل میش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی – عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ي<strong>ا</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت کل هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی، <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />
ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد! <strong>ا</strong>يده هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>و</strong>ئی يک دف<strong>ا</strong>ع حقيقی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د ع<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>دهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
"فلسفه ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی" خ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گفت <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک<br />
م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی، ي<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong>تلي<strong>ب</strong> فيشته<br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س چيزی جز ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔ<strong>و</strong>يل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>متح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی دست م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>د شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ز شيئ <strong>ب</strong>ه شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عکس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست<br />
مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی تهی فيشته گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زی شده. فيشته <strong>ن</strong>يز خي<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی "خ<strong>و</strong>د"، <strong>و</strong> "محيط"، شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> شيئ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>سست؛ که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> مسئله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>جهد، حل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی م<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>م، م<strong>ن</strong> حق <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>م. شي<strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
١٨٠١<br />
١٧١٠، ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
–<br />
،(Johann Gottlieb Fichte)<br />
A- Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Sonnenklarer Bericht an das grossere Publikum über das<br />
eigentliche Wese der neuesten Philosophie. Ein Versuch die Leser zum Verstehen<br />
zu zwingen (A Clear Account tot he Broad Public oft he True Nature of Recent<br />
Philosophy. An Attempt to Get the Reader to Unterstand), Berlin, 1801, S. 178-<br />
80<br />
A
فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 51<br />
١٨٩۴ –<br />
١٨٩١<br />
١٨٠١<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً م<strong>ا</strong>هيت م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع،<br />
فيشته د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong><br />
يع<strong>ن</strong>ی Vis خط <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میده<strong>ن</strong>د. جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ جز خ<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د "<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" گ<strong>ر</strong>ديده (خلق گ<strong>ر</strong>ديده، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست)؛ شيئ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> محيط، هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی <strong>ا</strong>ست؛<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong> کم<strong>ا</strong>ل هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشغ<strong>ا</strong>ل که<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>و</strong>حه<strong>ا</strong>ی کمی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه، ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓميزی شده.<br />
<strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" که يقي<strong>ن</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد، سفسطه <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
حقي<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ست. "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" ه<strong>ر</strong> شخص س<strong>ا</strong>لمی که س<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong> يک د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>لمج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
ش<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>د فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تشکيل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> محيط، جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>، مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>، مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی (<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>خی، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه) که د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>د، ک<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ه، ز<strong>ر</strong>د، سخت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه. همي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>،<br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> محيط مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong>، شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی که مص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>و</strong>می مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
عمد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> "س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت خ<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>يش گفته <strong>ا</strong>ز "هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی" محص<strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>يشد<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی عليه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست؟ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً. متخصصي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه که <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم متهم گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
که حتی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> سيستم <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
"هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل، که عقيده<br />
ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ فهميده <strong>ن</strong>شد، ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يح ک<strong>ا</strong>مل يک <strong>پ</strong>ديده ي<strong>ا</strong> چيز <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هدهگ<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يح ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده،<br />
غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد "علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هدهگ<strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>تزع <strong>ا</strong>ست". چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تز<strong>ا</strong>عی فقط <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>د تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جهت ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، که تفک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
که فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی د<strong>ر</strong> تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فلسفه ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ميک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong>يش ش<strong>ر</strong>ط ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ن</strong>شده تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> صفحه زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>، <strong>ر</strong>مک، لکل<strong>ر</strong>،<br />
می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد.<br />
ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت قل<strong>ب</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>" مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>.<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت، <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز تحليل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د که فلسفه ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک "تغيي<strong>ر</strong>"<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه ه<strong>ر</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديکی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />
-<br />
–<br />
(Hinzudenken)<br />
.(٣٨٢<br />
–<br />
–<br />
" کي<br />
(hervorgeht)<br />
ً
A<br />
"]<br />
52<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه دهيم تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی کل<strong>ا</strong>می "محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی عميقت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی"، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong><br />
فيشتهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سميت، د<strong>ر</strong> تحليل "فلسفه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه شکلی مستقيمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> تعيي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دهت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د میس<strong>ا</strong>زد:<br />
<strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س "د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>حتم<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> هم عقيده هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>، ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه هم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قد" <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم مث<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً تخيلی <strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>م که<br />
سعی میک<strong>ن</strong>يم تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه شکلی ع<strong>ا</strong>م ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه شده، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<br />
تفسي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ييم، تم<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تي<strong>ر</strong>ه میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د: تم<strong>ا</strong>م مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی س<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ژکتي<strong>و</strong>سمی که <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست، تحليل مي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د. ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ی تک<strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه میک<strong>ن</strong>يم، کشف میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی ص<strong>و</strong>فیگ<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> کج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مت<strong>و</strong>جه س<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong> حمله عمده خ<strong>و</strong>د عليه ضعف <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی) که<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> مهلک <strong>ا</strong>ست، ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قص م<strong>و</strong>ضع خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میس<strong>ا</strong>زد "د<strong>ر</strong><br />
س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فع <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ست. زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی (تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م) تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده مع<strong>ن</strong>ی میدهد، [زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی تکيه میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد، که <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت م<strong>ن</strong><br />
صح<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث مهم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی مطلق <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. (ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث چه <strong>ا</strong>هميتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د)؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه شي<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓل د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ک<strong>ا</strong>مل گ<strong>ر</strong>دد (ت<strong>و</strong>صيف همه ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه محيط <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> مطل<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک خ<strong>و</strong>د مش<strong>ا</strong>هدهگ<strong>ر</strong>، ک<strong>ا</strong>مل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد)، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>فقيت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓميزی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد خ<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د که هيچ چيز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
کم<strong>ا</strong>ل مطل<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت معي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی که هيچ حس <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د (<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی کشف شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>،<br />
٢٩C<br />
[<br />
B<br />
(oft the self)<br />
Ichto the )<br />
٣٧۵<br />
٣٧٣<br />
–<br />
"<br />
[<br />
D<br />
.(self<br />
- A<br />
٣٨۶ <strong>و</strong> ، ۴٠٧<br />
-B<br />
صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
؛ <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>و</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>خش : "فلسفه حل<strong>و</strong>لي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیم<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گزي<strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه،" صفحه ٣٨١<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: "غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>حتم<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د که، گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
م) متق<strong>ا</strong>عد س<strong>ا</strong>زد که <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>قدی <strong>ا</strong>ست (<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم)، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش مث<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />
چه (کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>و</strong>شد خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> –<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ده<strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يست.<br />
Die meisten Leser von Avenarius ‛Werk Der menschliche Weltbegriff` werden<br />
wahrscheinlich darin übereinstimmen, daß die positiven Resultate desselben, so<br />
überzeugend es auch als Kritik" (des Idealismus) "ist, vollständig illusorisch sind.<br />
S.63<br />
٢٩<br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong> ، XV ١٩٠۶ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت - ٢٨ ٢٧<br />
- C<br />
-D<br />
Die letztere Bedeutung wird dann betont, wenn von der Natur des Ich (oft the self)<br />
die Rede ist. S. 63<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سميت، "فلسفه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س"<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: مع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ا</strong>هيت خ<strong>و</strong>د زي<strong>ر</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست، م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.
فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 53<br />
–<br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، غي<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> خي<strong>ا</strong>لی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س کشف شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د)، ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> هيچ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت، <strong>ن</strong>تيجه میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد، <strong>ب</strong>ی کم <strong>و</strong><br />
ک<strong>ا</strong>ست يک تکميل تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تکميل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يکی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شته جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،تکميل میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه ه<strong>ر</strong> گز <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جهی ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>تی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>دد، میکش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> مجدد<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>حتج<strong>ا</strong>ج میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> يک شکل حقيقی <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong>ک حسی، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه عتيق <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد، که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>ک گ<strong>ر</strong>دد، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه حض<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میکشد.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه هيچ <strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>د مجدد <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>و</strong> عميق <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم، <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مجدد م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ختهت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شکل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، ح<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت مث<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ست که ص<strong>و</strong>فيگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، که ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه فيشته <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ع<strong>ا</strong>لی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong>ه مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مشحص می<strong>ر</strong>سيم، <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>صله <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که مح<strong>و</strong><br />
ل<strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه تض<strong>ا</strong>د مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم (<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سميت <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د) <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"، يک <strong>ا</strong>فس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست. چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل، مسئله <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
زمي<strong>ن</strong> مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د مد<strong>ر</strong>کی. م<strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل<br />
صح<strong>ب</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> دقت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سميت، يک مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
(<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س م) ، <strong>ب</strong>لکه هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>. ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، که <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>می ظه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> "د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔئيد <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓمد گفت ، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم"<br />
تخيلی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. حقيقت مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>مً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسمی، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ص<strong>و</strong>فيگ<strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسمی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>، فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، که <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>م، هم<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ء</strong> حق شم<strong>ا</strong> همک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> محت<strong>ر</strong>م، <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م. "مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه م<strong>ن</strong>... <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ع<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص شم<strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ست" vortrefflich) (vertragt sich<br />
(صفحه ٣٨۴). "<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی" د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت فقط خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست Ich) ،Das خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>هی مج<strong>ر</strong>د فيشته<strong>ا</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مغز). ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت (صفحه "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>و</strong>ست د<strong>ا</strong>شتيد <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> سک<strong>و</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>پ</strong>يش ش<strong>ر</strong>ط ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يد" <strong>و</strong> مشکل <strong>ا</strong>ست گفته ش<strong>و</strong>د کد<strong>ا</strong>م يک س<strong>ا</strong>دهت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س تص<strong>و</strong>فگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د"<br />
<strong>ا</strong>سميت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د مستقيم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش ي<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عقيده مشت<strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ش د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ش<strong>ا</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>سه<br />
<strong>و</strong>يلهلم ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>سه <strong>پ</strong>يت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>شيک<strong>و</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> سي<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>يست.<br />
(das Ich)<br />
–<br />
(صفحه ٢٩)<br />
A<br />
٣٠<br />
" جت<br />
:(٣٨٨<br />
–<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه س<strong>ر</strong>گش<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>سک<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong><br />
Vierteljahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche<br />
Philosophie جلد ،١٨٩٣ XVII صفحه<strong>ا</strong>ت - ٨٨ ٣۶۴<br />
-A
<strong>ر</strong>-<br />
‘<br />
54<br />
<strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم میست<strong>ا</strong>يد، <strong>ا</strong>ز هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د: "<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> کسی <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که هم<strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<br />
يک ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زيد، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه، حتی <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> کلمه<br />
‛<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی تخته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگزي<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم مطلق متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>يست. (<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست میگفت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم مطلق هگل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د زمي<strong>ن</strong>، ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه "غي<strong>ر</strong>يت" <strong>ا</strong>يده مطلق د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.) <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>و</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>هيم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستقل<strong>ا</strong>لش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> عط<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زيم، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز شده<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی، خ<strong>ا</strong>صه د<strong>ر</strong> جهت <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ۵٧<br />
م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>د ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> که تحت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م مستع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ز مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong>يی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>ست "<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>حشیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک" (صفحه ٣۴)<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله "<strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>" <strong>و</strong> مشخصه مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> همه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>صتی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم د<strong>ا</strong>شت که <strong>ب</strong>عدً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong><br />
مجدد<strong>ا</strong>ً مهم <strong>ا</strong>ست دقت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، که چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>و</strong>ته <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> فضل ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> گذشت<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> هم می<strong>ر</strong>يزد <strong>و</strong> چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مسئله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد. "<strong>ب</strong>ه ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستقل<strong>ا</strong>لش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> عط<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>" يع<strong>ن</strong>ی (<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> کسی ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> مدع<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>لی ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ک<strong>ن</strong>د) ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شيئ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی "ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م؛ "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> فيزيکی ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong>، مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم د<strong>ر</strong>غلتيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست حقيقت س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>جه میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز زي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی ف<strong>ا</strong>ضل م<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> کشيد، ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه قصد مط<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک میس<strong>ا</strong>زد <strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>مه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه<br />
میت<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
"س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی" تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت ش<strong>ب</strong>ههه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حتی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيخت. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong>. <strong>و</strong>يلی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد عم<strong>و</strong>می که<br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong>د. "<strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong>دفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گزيد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک جزم، <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست چيزی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ن</strong>فسه که د<strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> شکل <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د" <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
(transzendental)<br />
A<br />
٣١<br />
–<br />
cum grano salis<br />
(۵۶ –<br />
(ausserpersonliche)<br />
.<br />
<strong>و</strong>يلی صفحه ١٧٠<br />
Gegen die Schulweisheit<br />
A
فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 55<br />
ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت عملی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه خي<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" خلق شده، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> گفته <strong>و</strong>يلی، م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست! <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>يلی، <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته، م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> مج<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> "د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"، <strong>و</strong>حدت "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"، <strong>و</strong>حدت "خ<strong>و</strong>د" <strong>و</strong> محيط <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
"<strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم کمکی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشً<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ختگی" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد (صفحه<br />
"د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عکس<strong>ا</strong>لعملی د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليه،<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً خصيصه "<strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>د تع<strong>ا</strong>دل" <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه عقل سليم <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی<br />
فلسفه مکت<strong>ب</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ا</strong>دلی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>حدت <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>ميت تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه (<strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>زه ديگ<strong>ر</strong>!) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد، م<strong>ن</strong> مدلل <strong>ن</strong>میس<strong>ا</strong>زم" (صفحه ١٧٠)<br />
[يک <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش! "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم تع<strong>ا</strong>دل <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>و</strong>يلی "فلسفه مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی" تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> فلسفه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، که سه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ست، ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زد...<br />
–<br />
.(١٧١<br />
Grunderfahrung<br />
[<br />
A<br />
۴- <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت؟<br />
ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قض <strong>ا</strong>ست. علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی جد<strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد که زمي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قعيتی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه هيچ<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ز<strong>ن</strong>ده ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓلی يک <strong>پ</strong>ديده <strong>ب</strong>عدی،<br />
مي<strong>و</strong>ه يک تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ن</strong>تيجه میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که هيچ م<strong>ا</strong>ده ُم َد<strong>ر</strong>کی، هيچ "ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"،<br />
هيچ خ<strong>و</strong>دی که متص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> محيط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت. م<strong>ا</strong>ده، <strong>ن</strong>خستي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه، شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت يک تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ع<strong>ا</strong>لی<br />
می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی، که علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی م<strong>و</strong>ٔکد<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> صحه میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يش می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد، که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>يحً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>ح<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong>د. سه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>جه خ<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش ژ. <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>. <strong>و</strong>يلی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س میک<strong>و</strong>شد تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لق<strong>و</strong>ه" د<strong>ر</strong><br />
هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم، هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong><br />
A- ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: يک <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش! "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی دهد.<br />
Ein Vertvolles Eingeständnis! Einen Ausgleich zwischen Idealismuns und<br />
Materialismus ist der Ä Erfahrung von Avenarius nicht gelungen. S.76 P2
56<br />
محيط <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> معق<strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی، مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لق<strong>و</strong>ه"<br />
د<strong>ا</strong>خل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. [<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل، چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>طفه؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong><br />
محيط ("ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه") <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی" ت<strong>و</strong>سط يک <strong>ن</strong>طفه ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؟<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ میدهد، سيستم <strong>ن</strong>طفه<strong>ا</strong>ی C "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لق<strong>و</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> محيط ف<strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست" ("ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>" صفحه ١۴٠)، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لق<strong>و</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong>گز مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی صف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست، حتی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> (مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی م) "<strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong>قتی ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لدي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> ده<strong>ن</strong>ده محيط" ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لدي<strong>ن</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
<strong>پ</strong>س هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> حفظ<br />
م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>مده <strong>ا</strong>ست، معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی<br />
مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی صف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست؛ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لق<strong>و</strong>ه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست! تعج<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ر</strong>دمی هست<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د فيلس<strong>و</strong>فی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، جدی <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د! حتی <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت، کسی که<br />
تص<strong>ر</strong>يح میک<strong>ن</strong>د دشم<strong>ن</strong> هيچ شکلی <strong>ا</strong>ز مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی) <strong>ن</strong>يست، مج<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> شد<br />
"ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک س<strong>ا</strong>زی ص<strong>و</strong>فی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کلمه "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لق<strong>و</strong>ه" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
میس<strong>ا</strong>زد، <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د. (<strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> صفحه ٣٧٩)<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی، چط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> کسی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د جد<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز يک هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لق<strong>و</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تشکيل میش<strong>و</strong>د، صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong>فیگ<strong>ر</strong>ی، <strong>پ</strong>يش د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓمد <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>يست؟ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لق<strong>و</strong>ه<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> محيط <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد، چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> محيط گذشته، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد؟ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد گفت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>فت؟ ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> شد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٨٩۴، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>طقی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong>کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>يد ت<strong>ر</strong>سيد چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د. ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>. ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گشت ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ا</strong>لهی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد، که د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔئيد م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، که گفت ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> مسي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديک (<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>يم<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. ("تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"، صفحه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> حمله <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ، يک ملحد<br />
مصمم، <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ش، محق <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه حق، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه شخص <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>،<br />
ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی هفت<strong>ا</strong>د (ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هجدهم م)، هيچ <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ا</strong>لهی <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
[<br />
A<br />
١٩٠۶<br />
–<br />
–<br />
(elterliche Bestandteile)<br />
(١۴١)<br />
–<br />
(۴<br />
–<br />
١٨٩۶<br />
–<br />
٣٢<br />
–<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل، د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>طفه چط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> محيط ("ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه") <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی" ت<strong>و</strong>سط يک <strong>ن</strong>طفه ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؟<br />
Wie steht es zum Beispiel mit der Entwicklung des Menschen aus dem Embryo<br />
Existiert eine Umgebung (= "Gegenglied"), wenn das "Zentralglied" ein Embryo ist<br />
S. 68
ي(<br />
فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 57<br />
ژ-<br />
A<br />
کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>يم، معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>دم، فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که خيلی <strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
[<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓيد که <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی<br />
علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی محق <strong>ن</strong>يست د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حلی <strong>ا</strong>ز محيط ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>ح ک<strong>ن</strong>د، که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يشی گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ میدهد: "محقق<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد" ع<strong>ن</strong>ی تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ذه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong>دی ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.) <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد "زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه ع<strong>ا</strong>لم میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد (<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد) <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست: چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ظه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت ز<strong>ن</strong>ده ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف گ<strong>ر</strong>دد <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست ذه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قش يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی که گ<strong>و</strong>ئی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ستيم <strong>ا</strong>ز زمي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ<br />
ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> (ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ م) م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong>مه شمسی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئلی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم.<br />
يک شيئ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. "م<strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
عقلی که میک<strong>و</strong>شد شيئ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد، تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت "تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی" ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> شيئ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف د<strong>و</strong>م، د<strong>ر</strong><br />
کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ژ.ج. فيشته <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م. سفسطه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
تحليل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خسته ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "ذه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم" ، حض<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> تخيلی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<br />
ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د زمي<strong>ن</strong> مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عمل <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک مش<strong>ا</strong>هدهگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
مث<strong>ا</strong>ل، زمي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک ح<strong>ا</strong>لت سيم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>و</strong> "تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>" <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>يش د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک<br />
گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست، عي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>و</strong>شم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د جه<strong>ن</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>م که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><br />
"ذه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً" خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک مش<strong>ا</strong>هدهگ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> "تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ر</strong>دم"، میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ستم جه<strong>ن</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
مش<strong>ا</strong>هده ک<strong>ن</strong>م. "س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی" <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>و</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لغ میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />
<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه چيزی <strong>ب</strong>ه "تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی" می<strong>ب</strong>خشد که <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ن</strong>فی شده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. هيچ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فهميده <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>لم مغزی شک <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که زمي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که هيچ حي<strong>ا</strong>تی، هيچ<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سی ي<strong>ا</strong> هيچ "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی" <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجت<strong>ا</strong>ً تم<strong>ا</strong>می تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که زمي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ("<strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
–<br />
(١۴۴ [<br />
‛sich hinzuzudenken’<br />
Bemerkungen<br />
-A<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی مستحق د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز محيط ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست.<br />
…Es könnte scheinen", schreibt ebendort Avenarius, "als ob gerade von<br />
empiriokritischem Standpunkte aus die Naturwissenschaft gar nicht ,berechtigt, wäre,<br />
nach Perioden unserer jetzigen Umgebung zu fragen, welche dem Dasein des<br />
Menschen zeitlich vorangehen sollte." S. 69 P2<br />
،Aenesidemus ،١٧٩۴ ز<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ليش د<strong>ر</strong>ک bd. ٌ I صفحه ١٩<br />
B<br />
B<br />
–<br />
–<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong><br />
.ج.فيشته، د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت "<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد که <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی، علم
58<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د") ي<strong>ا</strong> "ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> فيزيکی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." ي<strong>ا</strong> "ضد<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی صف<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد"، يک ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يکی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه مزخ<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
ژ. <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، فهميده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ش<strong>ر</strong>م<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> "مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق" خ<strong>و</strong>د (جلد د<strong>و</strong>م)، يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف ک<strong>ا</strong>مل (<strong>ب</strong>خش<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف "مسئله <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong>" ک<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: که "د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>قشی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی میک<strong>ن</strong>د متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی میک<strong>ن</strong>د (<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دقت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د:<br />
فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط سه <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی شد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>) معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قشی <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
ش<strong>ا</strong>يد، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت زي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يف<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د." (<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تحت ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> (<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س م) <strong>ن</strong>يز همه چيز ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>حی ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت دهد.)<br />
<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد: "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گفت که م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه "م<strong>ن</strong>طقه<strong>ا</strong>ی" <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ديشيم که ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی هيچ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> محيطی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ديشيم (ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهيم،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست) چيزی ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
که (ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س) <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong>ش، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
(146, Anm.<br />
<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد:<br />
"ليک<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل مهم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ديشيم، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> حق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong>ست، د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه."<br />
حق، حق <strong>ا</strong>ست! م<strong>ر</strong>دم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ديش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> "د<strong>ر</strong> جهتی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديش<strong>ن</strong>د" (hindenken) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع جه<strong>ن</strong>م <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ج<strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. "حتی ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د – خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>، يک<br />
ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت مل<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong>ظيفه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> خصيصه غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی، <strong>و</strong>همی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهد.<br />
زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که سيستم (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مغز) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong><br />
فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ش که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه میش<strong>و</strong>د، ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست..."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>يست. تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مغز <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که هم <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد، ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
مهمل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سيستم يک ش<strong>ر</strong>ط <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د (ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت)، مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مز<strong>و</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ئيک<br />
زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست؟" <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع علم عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
چه میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>و</strong> چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> "تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم"، که م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م، <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د:<br />
(۶۵<br />
(fruhere)<br />
(das Ich)<br />
(Ich-Bezeichnetes)<br />
V.f. Wiss. Ph., 18. Bd., 1894, s. )<br />
".<br />
٣٣<br />
–<br />
–<br />
١٨٧۶<br />
C<br />
–<br />
١٨٩١<br />
C<br />
–<br />
٩۴<br />
..."<br />
..."<br />
(Sekundärzeit)
فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 59<br />
"خي<strong>ر</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> حق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>م که زمي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> عص<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت که م<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشم که دي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز ي<strong>ا</strong> يک دقيقه ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت. ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً ، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط گ<strong>ر</strong>دد <strong>ب</strong>ه حق م<strong>ا</strong> حدّ<strong>ا</strong>قل د<strong>ر</strong><br />
تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong> سيستم Cئی، گ<strong>ر</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئي<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>حله تک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ش، همزيستی<br />
میک<strong>ر</strong>د؟" د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>و</strong>يلی، م<strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی عجي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه طف<strong>ر</strong>ه می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د که کسی که سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><br />
مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ذه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ديشد)، هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
(<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، "د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، صفحه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س خ<strong>و</strong> ِد<br />
شخصی که سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میک<strong>ن</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>طی <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
زمي<strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل سک<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>جيه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د زمي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد.<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>غي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
ق<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>يم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> چيزی که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم متعدد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>طل<strong>ب</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيز <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه تفک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓيد؛ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه عهده عل<strong>و</strong>م خ<strong>ا</strong>ص خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست." (جلد د<strong>و</strong>م، صفحه ٣٢۵)<br />
<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عليت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تعيي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد،<br />
ته <strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم س<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ژکتي<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ("<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ا</strong>غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق شده <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />
میدهد"، <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د) <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت میدهد. غي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
ع<strong>ا</strong>مل عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، عدم <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زش د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> (<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س م) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته<strong>ا</strong>ی علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی، که <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د زمي<strong>ن</strong> (عي<strong>ن</strong> مدته<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز ظه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت ز<strong>ن</strong>ده (ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه عليت (تعيي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد) <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه ج<strong>و</strong>يد. زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه عليت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی زمي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً، عليت <strong>ا</strong>ز کج<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد؟ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>يش ، ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ن</strong>م، شي<strong>ا</strong>طي<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>و</strong> "مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی" ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی ت<strong>و</strong>سط عليت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />
ث<strong>ا</strong>لث<strong>ا</strong>ً، تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی "ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<br />
تض<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د، حل ک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه حل ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی م<strong>ن</strong>عکس شده ت<strong>و</strong>سط ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>،<br />
مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه حل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong><br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه حله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل عليت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
صح<strong>ب</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيک<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م، <strong>ر</strong>. <strong>و</strong>يلی، مسئله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س مشکل می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی تحت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه علمی") ط<strong>ر</strong>ح<br />
–<br />
٣٤<br />
"sich wegdenken‛<br />
(sich hinzuzudenken)<br />
(١٣٠<br />
(Objekt<br />
=<br />
(Subjekt<br />
=<br />
١٨٩۶<br />
–
:<br />
60<br />
A<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong>يلی سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟، د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>حله <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد: "م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> گذشته تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>يم." <strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه<br />
میدهد که م<strong>ا</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong> مقيد <strong>ن</strong>يستيم تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>يم. "زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong> حي<strong>ا</strong>ت حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه عم<strong>و</strong>می د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>يم"<br />
حتی <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>هميتت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هم <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، زمي<strong>ن</strong> "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" يک ک<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، که <strong>و</strong>ظ<strong>ا</strong>يف "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<br />
م<strong>ر</strong>کزی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م مید<strong>ا</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> "هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت دهد! شگفت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت ک<strong>و</strong>شيد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> حد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی مزخ<strong>ر</strong>ف گ<strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست (<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
زمي<strong>ن</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی زمي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ک<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده)، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
که <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong>ه فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong> کمک <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong> کل ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ز<strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت، م<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی ک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
B<br />
<strong>و</strong>يلی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زگشت. ک<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دفعه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ، <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته،<br />
"ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تعيي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد" <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً يک "ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ن</strong>طقی" د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضی س<strong>ا</strong>زد. م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف (<strong>و</strong>يلی م) میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> مسئله جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
که <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میک<strong>ن</strong>د، م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ب</strong>ه عق<strong>ب</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ن</strong>فسه عقل سليم <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د" (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی که چه <strong>و</strong>حشت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک!). ميلي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> حي<strong>ا</strong>ت چه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی میدهد "<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>يد<br />
زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک شيئ فی<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته که <strong>ن</strong>ه! <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت، ذ<strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک تکهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم،<br />
س<strong>ا</strong>خته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ر</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حي<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟... <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د میگ<strong>و</strong>يم: همه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عشق <strong>ب</strong>ه سيستمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> لحظه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
،(Augenblick لحظه<strong>ا</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی میک<strong>ن</strong>ی، لحظه<strong>ا</strong>ی که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>دی می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د" (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
–<br />
ergreife den<br />
)<br />
(Mitmenschen)<br />
-<br />
–<br />
–<br />
C<br />
(٧٣<br />
–<br />
١٩٠۵<br />
۴<br />
!<br />
(١٧٧ – ٨<br />
خ<strong>ب</strong>، ح<strong>ب</strong>! ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، علي<strong>ر</strong>غم ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
که <strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>و</strong>قتی مسئله <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تحليل میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد.<br />
خل<strong>ا</strong>صه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم سه غي<strong>ب</strong> گ<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ق<br />
ج<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شيده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>ا</strong> حف<strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه فيشه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> يک د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی خي<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فيشته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong>فت. [<strong>و</strong>يلی که <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز شکست "ک<strong>ر</strong>م"<br />
<strong>ر</strong>.<br />
A - Vierteljahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie Bd. 20 1896, S. 72<br />
gegen die<br />
- B<br />
،(Schulweisheit ،١٩٠۵ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت - ٧٨ ١٧٣<br />
- C<br />
<strong>و</strong>يلی،<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
["عليه حکمت مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی"]<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: (عليه عقل مکت<strong>ب</strong>.<br />
مت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی:
ل"<br />
ل"<br />
فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 61<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>جيده شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، قضيه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>و</strong> حقيقت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه، چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ل<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً هيچ مگ<strong>ر</strong> لحظه<strong>ء</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong>.<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهيم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>می م<strong>ا</strong> فهميده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی شد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> "مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی ’د<strong>ر</strong>‘ فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم" (صفحه<br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:<br />
٣٥<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که تحت <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د Vademecum <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong>ٔم<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د"<br />
(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف) "<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مخ<strong>و</strong>فت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong>زخ م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی سق<strong>و</strong>ط ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی که، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه که <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>خشد، ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خط<strong>ر</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>يکتي<strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>يکسه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته میشده، تهديد میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد، <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عص<strong>ر</strong>ی که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل، <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مز<strong>و</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ئيک م<strong>ن</strong>تقل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يش می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد که م<strong>و</strong>قع مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،<br />
زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> عليت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه چه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يکتي<strong>و</strong><br />
س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>و</strong> عقل چه کسی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ر</strong>د؟ عقل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>يکس؟ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سشه<strong>ا</strong> فلسفه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی هيچ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>دهد. <strong>و</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
چيزی مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د گ<strong>ر</strong>دد" ) ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ" صفحه ١١٧)"<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد د<strong>ر</strong>ست ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز يک قطعه<br />
<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مهم میشک<strong>ن</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی : "<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>، عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
میدهد که عي<strong>ن</strong> مدته<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ذه<strong>ن</strong> ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت. يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مدته<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز ظه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسمه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>جه ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د... ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ تک<strong>ا</strong>مل، حقيقت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد."<br />
<strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهيم:<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه حل مطل<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مهي<strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد؟ <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم<br />
که حتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم هيچ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فس خ<strong>و</strong>د هست<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيم؛ م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج عمل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيم. ’جد<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عمل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هيچ شکلی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د‘. .ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"، صفحه چه <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
حسی د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يکتي<strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی <strong>ا</strong>يکتي<strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
[<br />
A<br />
(١١٢<br />
–<br />
C<br />
)<br />
.<br />
–<br />
B<br />
(Gestalt)<br />
:(ausplaudern)<br />
..."<br />
(١١<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>و</strong>يلی، که <strong>ا</strong>ز شکست "ک<strong>ر</strong>م" لطمه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>سف<strong>ن</strong>ج <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>و</strong> حقيقت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی عدم تعهد <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د: ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی هيچ چيز مگ<strong>ر</strong> لحظه ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong>.<br />
Willy gab es, nachdem er mit dem "Wurm" Fiasko erlitten hatte, auf und plauderte<br />
unversehens die Wahrheit aus: entweder Materialismus oder Solipsismun oder gar<br />
überhaupt nichts als der gegenwärtige Augenblick. (S.74 p2)<br />
- B<br />
-<br />
C<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی خز<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ ش<strong>ب</strong>يه م<strong>ا</strong>هی که د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong>م زمي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ميزيسته.<br />
قديمیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فسيل ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی دمی ط<strong>و</strong>يل <strong>و</strong> مه<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> حد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> خز<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.
ئشي<br />
62<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يکتي<strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی عملی <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ب</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست<br />
د<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مز<strong>و</strong>زئيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>و</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>يکتي<strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه، يک قدم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
هم د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ک<strong>ا</strong>مل (خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>خشد. <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ستيم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زيم) يک م<strong>ا</strong>خيست، <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک مث<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف خي<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تسليم ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه، خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong>، هيچ ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
مز<strong>و</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ئيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی <strong>ا</strong>يکتي<strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست؟ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> يک "ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>ن</strong>تيجه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>تيجه میش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟<br />
<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک لحظه ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ب</strong>د فهميد" (گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
چه چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضی غي<strong>ر</strong> محتمل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد)، که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف م) ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
شد<strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>د. می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيم: <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong> يک مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>قه شمشي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف (که<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!) <strong>ا</strong>ست، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میک<strong>و</strong>شد<br />
مسئله م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک، ي<strong>ا</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قض <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>سيد، چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ديد؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دليل که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيد؟ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ جه<strong>ا</strong>لت هيچ دليل<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست.<br />
م<strong>و</strong>جهی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که مقدمه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>و</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ست، [د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عمل د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د يک<br />
م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د چشمگي<strong>ر</strong> جهل خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم. م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زيم که د<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، مل<strong>ا</strong>مت میک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته ه<strong>ر</strong> کسی <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
ه<strong>ر</strong> کس ديگ<strong>ر</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ب</strong>هه <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز متس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ً غي<strong>ر</strong><br />
ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ا</strong>ست که صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف ي<strong>ا</strong> چشم <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ز مقدمه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی تم<strong>ا</strong>می<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>معق<strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong>ست گفت، <strong>و</strong>قتی گفت که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم هيچ عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم عي<strong>ن</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی کم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يش مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد؟ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> غلط <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> کسی که ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم ق<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong>ست، می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> (<strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />
م) می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت، [<strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کس ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله<strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
–<br />
"<br />
[<br />
A<br />
(Kein Argoment)<br />
١٧١٠<br />
- A<br />
Dann hätten wir in der Tal einen eklatanten Fall äusserster Ignoranz vor uns (S.76)<br />
–<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً يک م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong>لت مض<strong>ا</strong>عف <strong>ا</strong>ست.
فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 63<br />
A<br />
<strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز ظه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه جدل می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست، ي<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong><br />
ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يستيد خط<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يد، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong>شش شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه هم <strong>ر</strong>يخت<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم زد<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ق م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده، يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong>يستگی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong>ئی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل، مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلمه<strong>ا</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده، ذيعل<strong>ا</strong>قه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، عقيده ل. ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم (ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف؟)، يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم هگل <strong>ب</strong>ه فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓمد<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>يم. ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ دف<strong>ا</strong>عی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>.<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:<br />
هيم<br />
"ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت، که يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی، ي<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم،<br />
يک شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست (م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> شيئ<br />
فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، صح<strong>ب</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم گ<strong>ر</strong>د)، تج<strong>ر</strong>يدی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ست، ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ست که ز<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ش ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عق<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>قطه<strong>ا</strong>ی که ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز غ<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong>قتی که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی زمي<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع چشم <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>و</strong>قتی که <strong>ن</strong>تيجت<strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، هد<strong>ا</strong>يت<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت يک م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> دهد: <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>يز چيزيست که ت<strong>و</strong>سط شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيده<br />
میش<strong>و</strong>د gedachte) ،(von der مطمئ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ن</strong>میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی عم ًل<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت. د<strong>ر</strong>ست مثل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت که سق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فل<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ديشم، <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ن</strong>میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که سق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فل<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ، م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
ظه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت. سفسطه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ("تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>") ت<strong>و</strong>سط ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ،<br />
که "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت، <strong>و</strong>لی ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> سفسطهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت،<br />
<strong>ر</strong>د گ<strong>ر</strong>ديد. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً هيچ چيز ت<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سفسطه که<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد: "<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>دم (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong>، مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>) جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میديدم." ("مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی ’د<strong>ر</strong>‘ فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم" صفحه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>: <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>ضی <strong>ب</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زم که <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قض <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ست (که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><br />
(absolut unmenschliches Wesen)<br />
(٢٩<br />
[<br />
،(R. Haym)<br />
B<br />
ل-<br />
A- ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه کسی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ، د<strong>ر</strong> مسئله م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />
مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت.<br />
Sondern mit jemand anders, mit Marx, Engels, Feuerbach über die Frage des<br />
Materialismus und der Natur vor dem Auftreten des Menschen auseinandersetzen.<br />
S. 76<br />
. B<br />
ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ. مجم<strong>و</strong>عه <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>و</strong>تگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ١٩٠٣، صفحه ۵١٠، ي<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، ل. ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ
64<br />
عص<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد)، ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د شک<strong>ا</strong>ف فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>م!<br />
[د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>دي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>"مشکلی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> دست <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هيچ لغتی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>هگذ<strong>ر</strong> همه چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک ديگ <strong>ر</strong>يخت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> سف<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>همی<br />
چيد که <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی هيچ گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong>قی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم" ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه گ<strong>ر</strong>ديده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
عملش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> حسی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست! حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً ي<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی فلسفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ع<strong>و</strong>ض ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم، فيلس<strong>و</strong>فی که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف حظ میک<strong>ن</strong>د:<br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست" (صفحه<br />
"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی م<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓه، <strong>ن</strong>ه! <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک "تحليل عميق" <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
"د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه، ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز شکل معم<strong>و</strong>لی تفسي<strong>ر</strong> (فقط تفسي<strong>ر</strong>!)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>له شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه ک<strong>و</strong>دک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>و</strong>فيگ<strong>ر</strong>ی مسح<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!<br />
"مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ه<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>دی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> محيطی معي<strong>ن</strong><br />
میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> محيط <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>سته <strong>و</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه گشته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه مع<strong>ر</strong>که <strong>ا</strong>ست! <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی دست م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>د شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی" ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی" <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد عکس د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی که هيچ ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> هيچ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<br />
م<strong>ر</strong>کزی مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی يک ف<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؟ ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ن</strong>ه... د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>کیي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong>گله<strong>ا</strong><br />
س<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د... معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک هيچ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د." (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د جد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د! <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی" <strong>ن</strong>يست؟<br />
[<br />
A<br />
(!)<br />
(١۴٨<br />
B<br />
–<br />
(Korrelativität)<br />
(!)<br />
–<br />
(!)<br />
(١۴٨<br />
(١۴٨<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–١<br />
(١۴٨<br />
–٢<br />
–٣<br />
–۴<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ميز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>دي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میدهد. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف<br />
حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه "مشکلی" که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> دست <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه، <strong>ا</strong>ز کل م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قيمه<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>خت، <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شلقلمک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ی گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت، که<br />
س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د که هيچ تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د!<br />
Danach kann man die Sachkenntnis bzw. die literarischen Methoden Basarows<br />
beurteilen, der die "Schwierigkeit", mit der sich Avenarius, Petzoldt und Willy<br />
herumschlagen haben, mit keinem Wort erwähnte und dabei alles derart in einem topf<br />
warf und dem Leser ein so unglaubliches Durcheinander auftischte, dass zwischen<br />
Materialismus und Solipsismus überhaupt kein Unterscheid übrigblieb! S.77 P3<br />
-B<br />
يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی زمي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی
فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 65<br />
–۵<br />
"معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت، مسئله شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته! <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسمه<strong>ا</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د "ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"<br />
(صفحه مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د!<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> شخص ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ<br />
شکلی غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده مل<strong>ب</strong>س ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ست م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ي<strong>ا</strong>فت." (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong>" خ<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته هيچ م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته يک ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>تجع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>غ میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>يست!<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ن</strong>يست. مخل<strong>و</strong>طی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
(١۴٩<br />
(!)<br />
–<br />
(١۴٨<br />
–۶<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong><br />
۵- <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کمک مغز فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف م<strong>و</strong>ٔکد<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ مث<strong>ب</strong>ت میدهد. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تز <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف که" شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
يک ح<strong>ا</strong>لت د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی (؟ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف) م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست ‛شکلی <strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>خشت<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
که "ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>يش ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>يش دم<strong>ا</strong>غی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." ("مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی ’د<strong>ر</strong>‘ فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم"، صفحه ٢٩<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong>ش هيچ ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ق<strong>و</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی هيچ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی<br />
ق<strong>و</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>يست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> کس ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> کسی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
که شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک ح<strong>ا</strong>لت د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست، مط<strong>ر</strong>ح ک<strong>ر</strong>د؟ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ي<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>؟<br />
زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت میت<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم میج<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د<br />
میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست که میج<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong>د، يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>لی.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ديم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز مغز <strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
مستقيم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
"م<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د." <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف يک کذ<strong>ب</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س م<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> تز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> "د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" میگ<strong>و</strong>يد "مغز مسک<strong>ن</strong>، ج<strong>ا</strong>يگ<strong>ا</strong>ه، ت<strong>و</strong>ليد ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده، <strong>و</strong>سيله ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
عض<strong>و</strong>، ح<strong>ا</strong>می ي<strong>ا</strong> محمل، <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ن</strong>يست." (صفحه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔئيد <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> "تحليل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ن</strong>قل شده، صفحه ٣٢) "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه يک س<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>، ي<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يم ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز محص<strong>و</strong>ل ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی [عمل ک<strong>ر</strong>د فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل ح<strong>ا</strong>لتی <strong>ا</strong>ز مغز <strong>ن</strong>يست."<br />
(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>) <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> "ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شت"ه<strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د:<br />
(Unwahrheit)<br />
–<br />
،[<br />
A<br />
٧۶<br />
Physiologische Funktion S.79 P3<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی
–<br />
66<br />
A<br />
"[تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت [<br />
١١۵ صفحه .(۴١٩<br />
فيزيکی) مغز <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د" (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>خش<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> (فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> "ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی مغز" <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> گفته <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ، مغز عض<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه يک عمل مغز <strong>ن</strong>يست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد، <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>صله ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً معک<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ" میگ<strong>و</strong>يد "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د" (چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong> "ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ" م<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> حسی<br />
ش<strong>ر</strong>ح زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم: "... جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی که م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تعلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ست،" "شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه م<strong>ا</strong>، گ<strong>ر</strong> چه ممک<strong>ن</strong><br />
يک عض<strong>و</strong> جسمی م<strong>ا</strong>دی، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مغز<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ق حسی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د، محص<strong>و</strong>ل<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده يک محص<strong>و</strong>ل ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه ذه<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ص<strong>ر</strong>فً<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه ۴، ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ا</strong>ست" (چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، صفحه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><br />
م) <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت د<strong>ر</strong> "مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهگ<strong>ر</strong>" صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د،" (<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که "مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشم<strong>ن</strong>د" يک "<strong>ب</strong>ت علم<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س هيچ<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ست" ("د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی صفحه ت<strong>و</strong>همی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه عدم ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د،<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> همه ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، که علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه). <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست (ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه جديدی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong><br />
غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش مقص<strong>ر</strong> يک "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>خل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه د<strong>ر</strong> مغز، ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>خل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
(ف<strong>ر</strong>ضی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "د<strong>و</strong> کلمه" (د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم م<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د. "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>خل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم" (<strong>ب</strong>خش ۴۵، صفحه ١۵٣).<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> "د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> "د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل م<strong>ن</strong> ١۵۴)، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل يک جز<strong>ء</strong> تشکيل ده<strong>ن</strong>ده محيط (<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی) <strong>ب</strong>ه يک جز<strong>ء</strong> تشکيل ده<strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong><br />
م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میش<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه (ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی)" <strong>ا</strong>ز "مفه<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"<br />
(کلمه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی "ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی") که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح د<strong>ر</strong><br />
(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>). <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی<br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه شده (ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه ي<strong>ا</strong>فته شده<br />
میس<strong>ا</strong>زد که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز د<strong>ر</strong> سيستم عص<strong>ب</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>کزی مخفی میک<strong>ن</strong>د" (<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />
يک لغت ت<strong>ا</strong>زه ديگ<strong>ر</strong>) (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>).<br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>يد<br />
٣٧<br />
"د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>" ) vor<br />
(stofflich)<br />
(<strong>ب</strong>خش ١١۶)<br />
.(٧٠<br />
.(١٨<br />
(Erzeugnis)<br />
١۵٠<br />
(Annahme –<br />
(Hineinverlegung)<br />
"<br />
(naturlicher Weltbegriff)<br />
–<br />
،(in uns<br />
–<br />
(Im Vorgefundenen<br />
B<br />
٣٦<br />
.(٢٢<br />
amechanical<br />
–<br />
– Latitierendes<br />
،(mir صفحه<br />
College Standard<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> Vorstellungen 79.S P3<br />
،Interojection <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> کيفي<strong>ا</strong>ت مد<strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ی غي<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
م<br />
(گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
-A<br />
-B<br />
- (Dictionary
فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 67<br />
:<br />
٣٨<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong>فیگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که د<strong>ر</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>ن</strong>ف عمل میک<strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>دت <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قصه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ن</strong>.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س میک<strong>و</strong>شد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د س<strong>ا</strong>زد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم میستيزد: <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی مل<strong>ا</strong>حظه میک<strong>ن</strong>يد<br />
معم<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد، جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل<br />
میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>م، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت متع<strong>ا</strong>دل ه<strong>ر</strong> چيز<br />
ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، (<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م) "خ<strong>و</strong>د" <strong>و</strong> محيط ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>خل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>.<br />
[د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> سفسطه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم. د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> حمله <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ت<strong>و</strong>جه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چيز: <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مغز<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست ؛ مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست ؛ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> سيستم عص<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓه، <strong>ن</strong>ه! <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong><br />
"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> (گ<strong>ر</strong> چه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><br />
"مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د) فيزيکی هست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی جديد <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>هم<strong>ا</strong>ش، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صطل<strong>ا</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong>ت جديد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
شک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ش، که متص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> "يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی" جديد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س طف<strong>ر</strong>ه می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
مقدمه چي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی خ<strong>و</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی، (<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف) <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "ص<strong>و</strong>فیگ<strong>ر</strong>ی" ت<strong>و</strong>جه<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع "ت<strong>ا</strong>زه" <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> تحليل <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی، يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د متي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>هيت حقيقی <strong>ا</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، که <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ش ع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی گ<strong>ر</strong>دد، ع<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم.<br />
[د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف (د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م "فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" د<strong>ر</strong> مجم<strong>و</strong>عه <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش<br />
"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ج<strong>ا</strong>معه""، صفحه ١١٩ ف.ف.) <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:<br />
–<br />
" ز<strong>ا</strong><br />
B<br />
–<br />
[<br />
C<br />
–<br />
–<br />
١٩٠٣<br />
[<br />
A<br />
A- ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> سفسطه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم.<br />
Hier haben wir ganz dieselbe Sophistik, die wir an dem Beispiel der berüchtigten<br />
Koordination beobachtet haben. S.81 P.3<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل چيزی د<strong>ر</strong> يک مسي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گشت<strong>ن</strong>.<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٩٠٣ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت ("<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد<strong>ن</strong>"، مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> سم<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی،<br />
-B<br />
-C<br />
صفحه ،١١٩ seq. (et<br />
Im Jahre 1903 schrieb Bogdanow (in seinem Aufsatz "Das autoritäre Denken" in dem<br />
Sammelband "aus der Psychologie der Geselschaft", S. 119 ff.)
–<br />
:<br />
68<br />
..."<br />
"<strong>ر</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س يک تش<strong>ب</strong>يه فلسفی همس<strong>ا</strong>زت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>ملت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>و</strong> جسم<br />
ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه ک<strong>ر</strong>د. ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست" (م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م فيزيکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
مش<strong>ا</strong>هده میک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> تج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong> شخص ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه تفسي<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>يم).<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>پ</strong>يچيده <strong>ا</strong>ست که تج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong> شخص ديگ<strong>ر</strong> که ف<strong>ر</strong>ض شده د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>خل شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د (<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژه شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د). <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه ز<strong>ا</strong>ئد <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> حتی<br />
تض<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی سيستم<strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز حق<strong>ا</strong>يق ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز تک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی، ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><br />
میکش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم..." "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> جسم خدمت می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد."<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف طعمه فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>" عليه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
هدف گي<strong>ر</strong>ی شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست دقت ک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ک حمله عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم هد<strong>ا</strong>يت شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
مسئله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مغز <strong>ا</strong>ست، که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> سيستم عص<strong>ب</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>کزی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ن</strong>فی<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د. يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زد.<br />
د<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ن</strong>فی شده <strong>ا</strong>ست (علي<strong>ر</strong>غم تم<strong>ا</strong>م خشم<br />
سي<strong>ا</strong>ستمد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س عليه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم)، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت میش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، محص<strong>و</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی هست<strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ت<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong>د شده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د عي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه، جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
"<strong>ر</strong>د" میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> (د<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم م) <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ر</strong>د شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
حقيقت که تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی يک د<strong>ر</strong>خت ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ب</strong>کيه، عص<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>و</strong> مغز <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />
ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>" تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه "ک<strong>ا</strong>مل" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong>خت، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
محيط <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز ش<strong>ا</strong>مل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد، حفظ ک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک چيز د<strong>ر</strong>هم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>هم <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ يک چيز مهمل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عط<strong>ا</strong>ف معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مغز <strong>ا</strong>ست، که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، که د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>و</strong>سط عمل <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ليد شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قض <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی "د<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
جسم" (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی) <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد تشکيل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که ذه<strong>ن</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز جسم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، که ذه<strong>ن</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مغز <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی "د<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> جسم" (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی) <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد تشکيل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که ذه<strong>ن</strong><br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> جسم <strong>ن</strong>يست، که <strong>ن</strong>تيجت<strong>ا</strong>ً، ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست، که "محيط" <strong>و</strong> "خ<strong>و</strong>د" ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> شي<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong><br />
"د<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> جسم"، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش س<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که مخل<strong>و</strong>طی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مخل<strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><br />
ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> "حقيقتی که <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگذ<strong>ر</strong>د" <strong>ا</strong>ٓمد.
فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 69<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>و</strong> ز<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong>ست، ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
کد<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>تيد ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز سيستم <strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم "خ<strong>و</strong>د"، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی دهی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ر</strong>قي<strong>ب</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يف<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong>ط م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی "مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>و</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>صلی" ج<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong><br />
میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> طعمه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لعيد<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong>م کشيده <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تم<strong>ا</strong>يل ضد م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ست<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی خيلی غي<strong>ر</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يف<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ژستگي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>يد.<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت "<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم، م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ب</strong>تذل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ن</strong>ظي<strong>ر</strong> مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ’د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د‘، ي<strong>ا</strong> مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‛ت<strong>و</strong>ليد‘ میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>صيف حقيقی <strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>د گ<strong>ر</strong>دد (<strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک<br />
"حقيقت" <strong>ا</strong>ست که يک شخص میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> کمک يک مغز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ديشد!)... <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong>مت، <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ست" (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ۴٨-۴٧)<br />
خ<strong>ب</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته! <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>و</strong> دل د<strong>ر</strong> حمله <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ملحق<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د شد. [<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه میدهد، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فقط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>عث ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔسف <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مستقل د<strong>ر</strong> هيج <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کليه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک مغز <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه شکلی س<strong>ا</strong>ختگی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ضميمه شده." (صفحه ٣۵۶)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>.<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد میگ<strong>و</strong>يد "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هيچ چيز مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک خي<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> مخفی ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> مغلطهه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>يش میطل<strong>ب</strong>د" (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ۴۴). "يک تض<strong>ا</strong>د عجي<strong>ب</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده میک<strong>ن</strong>يم: <strong>ا</strong>ز يک س<strong>و</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong>ه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خصيصه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت ز<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>و</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم جهت يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong>لص يک هم <strong>ب</strong>ستگی مطلق ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> يک د<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>زم شد ت<strong>ا</strong> عليه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>گد، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ج<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سد،<br />
تسليم شد. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ي<strong>و</strong>غ ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ مجدد<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong> مقيد<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عق<strong>ا</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ن</strong>ه شکل <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
حقيقی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>" (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ۶۵- ۶۴)<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سميت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد "د<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ن</strong>قل شده <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> (<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س) که مغز ج<strong>ا</strong>يگ<strong>ا</strong>ه، عض<strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ن</strong>يست، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم" (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،<br />
صفحه ٣٠)<br />
[<br />
A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:<br />
فقط ت<strong>ا</strong> سعی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
"د<strong>ر</strong> هيچ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
-A<br />
ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مستقل ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میگي<strong>ر</strong>د<br />
Es ist nur schade, fügt Wundt hinzu, dass diese Theorie der Introjektion "mit der<br />
Lehre von der unabhängigen Vitalreihe in gar keiner Beziehung steht, S.84 P1
A<br />
.(٧<br />
B<br />
70<br />
هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تعج<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔئيد <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع شده، م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، جيمز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيزد که ج<strong>ن</strong>گ سيستم<strong>ا</strong>تيکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> عليه "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم" <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه عليه ت<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>س ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی (<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<br />
غي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> مصمم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong>مت ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه) <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم کمک ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، که <strong>ا</strong>ز تم<strong>ا</strong>م تص<strong>ن</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد، <strong>و</strong> کسی که <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>ه هم <strong>ا</strong>ٓه<strong>ن</strong>گی، <strong>ن</strong>ه حتی "کشف ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>لص می<strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
"هيئته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ب</strong>دلی" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> هيچ "ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد؛ "ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی" <strong>ا</strong>ٓلف<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>مگ<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز شک <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک مغز می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشد. <strong>و</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تز<br />
(که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست) <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز هيچ<br />
ک<strong>و</strong>ششی د<strong>ر</strong> ستيز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م که م<strong>ا</strong>ده مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
("ق<strong>ا</strong>عده علم"، <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی، <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ده يک<br />
غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه مغز <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه می<strong>ر</strong>سد، <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔکد<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د:<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong><br />
شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم."<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> حتی تز زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خل<strong>ا</strong>صه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong>ه مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میک<strong>ن</strong>د:<br />
"شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> هيچ مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی عص<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong><br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که تم<strong>ا</strong>می م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست (<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که تم<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ده خ<strong>ا</strong>صيتی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
که <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ا</strong>ست، خ<strong>ا</strong>صيت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س)، حتی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ا</strong>ست، که شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د" (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ٧۵، تز د<strong>و</strong>م). د<strong>ر</strong>همی<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>خش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست! م<strong>ا</strong>ده چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست مقدمه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د؛ م<strong>ا</strong>ده، ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ن</strong>ه، شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه حتی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک سيستم عص<strong>ب</strong>ی! يع<strong>ن</strong>ی، شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يست<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی يک <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>يست<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی زمي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يست<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک د<strong>ر</strong>هم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>هم<br />
گ<strong>و</strong>ئی ت<strong>ن</strong>د فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
يک چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>هم گ<strong>و</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong>د لغت، ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی مخص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />
<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست، که مقد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>دگی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>دي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> (<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> گيج ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک<br />
(<br />
"fidentials"<br />
،"seurals"<br />
،"notals"<br />
،١٩٠۶ جلد ،٢ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت - ٧٢ ١٧١<br />
A- جيمز<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،<br />
-B<br />
"<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم"، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م، ل<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>،<br />
"ق<strong>ا</strong>عده علم"، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م، ل<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>،<br />
،١٩٠٠ صفحه .۵٨
فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 71<br />
–<br />
[<br />
A<br />
=<br />
notus)<br />
"Notal"<br />
B<br />
–<br />
"existantial"<br />
–<br />
–<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گل<strong>و</strong>له <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم خ<strong>ا</strong>م، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، که خ<strong>و</strong>د ع<strong>ا</strong>شق کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت "<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"، <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س میخ<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشی تحت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "خصيصه مکت<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی سيستم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>)، ي<strong>ا</strong> گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> شيئ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی" میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "گفت<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست، مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً يک چيز <strong>ا</strong>ست." <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>لصت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>و</strong>ٔم<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>ر</strong>. <strong>و</strong>يلی شه<strong>ا</strong>مت <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong>ؤي<strong>ا</strong>ی يک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>ه فهم حي<strong>ا</strong>ت مغز، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
عملی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سيد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ک<strong>و</strong>شيد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد. <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> هيچ مش<strong>ا</strong>هده ت<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست؛ خصيصه مشخص <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>د شم<strong>ا</strong>تيک خ<strong>ا</strong>لص<br />
مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>دی که حتی م<strong>ا</strong>هيت ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
میگش<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> [ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه هست<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک دي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،<br />
ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د".<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>و</strong>دی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ع<strong>ا</strong>شق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ُمد خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د شد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کل<strong>ا</strong>هی که فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> دست کشيده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
۶- خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />
ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم که <strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>و</strong> مقدمه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم، <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست. جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست مقدمه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی، که ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کلمه "ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی "<strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی مستقل"، "هم <strong>ا</strong>ٓه<strong>ن</strong>گی" <strong>و</strong> "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>" دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> معق<strong>و</strong>لی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong>د فلسفه س<strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مطمئ<strong>ن</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د که "متهم ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>" م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
"<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> حتی م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"، "م<strong>ن</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی" <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی "تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" (صفحه چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م دسته م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئل<br />
گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز مط<strong>ا</strong>لعه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد يک چيز <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم: <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی "م<strong>ن</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong>ی"، ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><br />
ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ص<strong>ا</strong>دق <strong>ا</strong>ست: زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی، <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مد ته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش گ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> هيئته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ب</strong>دل ف<strong>ا</strong>ش س<strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک خل<strong>ا</strong>صه<br />
،(XI<br />
blosse Spekulierschablonen S.86 P.1<br />
،Gegen die Schulweisheit صفحه<br />
-A<br />
-B<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت کليشه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
١۶٩، <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته، <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت فضل ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>تی<br />
<strong>ر</strong>. <strong>و</strong>يلی،<br />
<strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>يت ک<strong>و</strong>ته <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه يک ج<strong>ا</strong>هل، ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی "<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
(جلد ١، <strong>ب</strong>خش ٢)
٣٩<br />
72<br />
س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز عق<strong>ا</strong>يدی که <strong>ب</strong>ه قد<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>فی جه<strong>ا</strong>لت "ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی" م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د، ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ع خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>د. ضم<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً ه<strong>ر</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست, د<strong>ر</strong><br />
چشم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong>يست، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong> هست؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خط<br />
فلسفی عملی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک سيستم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل سيستمی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>و</strong>لی<br />
همچ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تت<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میخيز<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>.<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی که ص<strong>ر</strong>ف تحليل <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س شده، می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "خ<strong>ا</strong>لص<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی تسليم میک<strong>ن</strong>د" (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ۶٢<br />
ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ز کلي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> Kleinpeter) ،(Hans يک م<strong>ر</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong>خ، که م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>پ</strong>شتي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دقيقً<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
مث<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته<strong>ا</strong>ی علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>ط گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
همه چيز "س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست!)، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>و</strong>می (علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی م) <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع<br />
جلد<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يستد" )<br />
Erkennis<br />
،۶<br />
nolens volens<br />
–<br />
Archiv für systematische Philosophie<br />
٤٢<br />
٤١<br />
(۶١ –<br />
٤٠<br />
und Irrtum<br />
،١٩٠٠ صفحه (٨٧<br />
<strong>ا</strong>. ل<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قد "تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" م<strong>ا</strong>خ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>... س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong>همه<strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگزي<strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د که يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست" )<br />
–<br />
،١٩٠٣ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ١٧<br />
،Kantstudien جلد ،٨<br />
(Missverständnisse)<br />
(۴١۶<br />
<strong>و</strong>. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شليم، م<strong>ر</strong>تجعت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>پ</strong>شتي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لذک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ("يک <strong>ن</strong>زديکی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه م<strong>ا</strong>خ ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ر</strong>د<br />
١٩٠۶)، میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد."<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شخص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد کمی <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طق مطلق"، ١٩٠۵، صفحه ٢۶)<br />
<strong>ر</strong>. ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يگس<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "... ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شق م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح فيشته، شلي<strong>ن</strong>گ ي<strong>ا</strong> هگل <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د" ) von Über die Lehre hum's<br />
"<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی هي<strong>و</strong>م"،<br />
Vorwort zur<br />
–<br />
ق<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ن</strong>د! ) die Der kritische Idealismus und<br />
١٩٠۴، صفحه<br />
،<br />
"Erkennis und Irrtum"<br />
reine Logik<br />
der Realität der Aussendinge<br />
(۶٨<br />
فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی <strong>ا</strong>لي<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>ج، د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش د<strong>ر</strong> تق<strong>ب</strong>يح ههکِل<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی گذ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز چيزی صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د که گ<strong>و</strong>ئی عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>" (س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ُلي<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>ج<br />
(Haeckel)<br />
La vie dt La matiere<br />
،١٩٠٧ صفحه (١۵<br />
٤٣<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست، <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ز "خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
"حي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده"، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس،<br />
"ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت" ، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علم<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، <strong>ا</strong>ز ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong>دسهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>. ت. ديکس<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، عقيده <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت، که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ن</strong>قل شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ت<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>هم گ<strong>و</strong>ئی فلسفی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه
عق<strong>ا</strong><br />
فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 73<br />
et<br />
"<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "فلسفه علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی" <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د" (<strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف، مقدمه "تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"، صفحه<br />
(seq.,xii<br />
ديکس<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تم<strong>ا</strong>م کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قضيه <strong>ا</strong>ست که چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً چيزی<br />
مگ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong>ئی که م<strong>ا</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ژکتي<strong>و</strong>، ي<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میز<strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>و</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، چيزی مگ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تل<strong>و</strong>يحی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی قطع<strong>ا</strong>ت، می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د."<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تمثيل، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده ح<strong>ر</strong>کته<strong>ا</strong>ی جسمی س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم تفسي<strong>ر</strong><br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ر</strong>دمی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته<br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>دد! "<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، که معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ب</strong>لکه تم<strong>ا</strong>م شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تخيل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>مّ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئلی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
میگ<strong>ر</strong>ديم، که... ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ست." <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه خ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز مشکل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
"ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه" <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی م<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ا</strong>ٓميزی ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تعيي<strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. "م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م جد<strong>ا</strong>ً شک ک<strong>ن</strong>م که <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ه<strong>ر</strong> کس ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی معتقد <strong>ن</strong>يست. ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
میک<strong>ر</strong>د، می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> صفحه ده علم" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسی میک<strong>ر</strong>د."<br />
مسخ<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ علم<strong>ا</strong>ی متفک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی که م<strong>ا</strong>خ مشت<strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جل<strong>ا</strong><br />
میدهد.<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م عقيده يک فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ل. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong>. م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ف<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓدل<strong>ر</strong> گفت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> (<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> م) يک فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيک س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong><br />
عليه کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> جزمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه مقيد شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د". <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>دی مف<strong>ا</strong>هيمی<br />
که م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يتی کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده که<br />
مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف مستقيم <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
گفته میش<strong>و</strong>د، م<strong>ا</strong> حق <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم يک قدم ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>هيم. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>، مشخص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>عدً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد:<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی دي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> هم د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong> حسی ، ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong>ست. يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی که م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> لحظه ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيم. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
که کسی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>دش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>لکه هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کليه<br />
مف<strong>ا</strong>هيمی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> گذشته د<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>يم م<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د."<br />
A<br />
B<br />
–<br />
–<br />
، صفحه ،١٣٢<br />
١٩٠۵<br />
- A "ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت"، ٢١ ژ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی ،١٨٩٢ صفحه .٢۶٩<br />
"Populare Schriften"<br />
- B<br />
،١٨٧ ،١۶٨ ،١٧٧ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong>،<br />
"مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د"، ل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ
74<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی" متص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
خ<strong>ر</strong>دی که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ب</strong>ه مسخ<strong>ر</strong>ه میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ه، کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که "<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د" که م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خط<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ست، م<strong>ب</strong>تل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
"ذه<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.
فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 75<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( )<br />
"شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>و</strong>. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه "شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جمع <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
میگ<strong>ر</strong>ديد، مث<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی هفت<strong>ا</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>غذ میشد. "شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><br />
چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ب</strong>ه تحقيق يک هي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست هيچ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سز<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گفته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> هيچ <strong>ر</strong>يشخ<strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د. [عليه چه کسی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> "شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه<strong>ء</strong>" <strong>ب</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه، سمت د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> تقسيم م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>حز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> سي<strong>ا</strong>سی ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میش<strong>و</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> همه حس<strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عليه "شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />
میستيز<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> دست کشيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />
متهم میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د (<strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>حث خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی<br />
.<br />
٤٤<br />
bete noire<br />
[<br />
A<br />
A- ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه، عليه چه کسی <strong>ن</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> میز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />
Gegen wen aber richtet sich der Kampf wegen dieses unglückseligen<br />
"Dinges an sich"
76<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د.) <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>يکت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong>خيست، يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>و</strong> يک دشم<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم، م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه مستقيمی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> عليه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که دشم<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>يکت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه يک دشم<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>ی ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل ک<strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> حز<strong>ب</strong>، <strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه، مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف م<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>جد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>هک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> (<strong>و</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، ش<strong>ا</strong>يد، جهل <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم؟) میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست مسئ<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی حس<strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> سي<strong>ا</strong>ستمد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ چشم <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شيده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف میچ<strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی<br />
چ<strong>ر</strong>خش <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>د يک <strong>ن</strong>قطه، خسته ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> حقي<strong>ر</strong>، خ<strong>ر</strong>دهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک ش<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ست، ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت معلم، <strong>ب</strong>زدل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که هدف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
مل<strong>ا</strong>حظ<strong>ا</strong>ت گذ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> (م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست م) د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong><br />
خصيصه م<strong>ر</strong>تجع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ستی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ست، دع<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حس<strong>ر</strong>ت<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جعه<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>يم، که <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د. مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ء</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>و</strong> فلسفه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong>ئی" <strong>ا</strong>ز کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong>ی "مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" (مسک<strong>و</strong>، ١٩٠٧، مجم<strong>و</strong>عه مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شده، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ستث<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ت، ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز گست<strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میش<strong>و</strong>د که<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دهد <strong>و</strong> شخص <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيک خ<strong>ا</strong>م"، <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
"<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ختهت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيسم م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی" متهم س<strong>ا</strong>زد. (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
يک مث<strong>ا</strong>ل "ک<strong>ا</strong>فی" د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه، <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس عليه شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>و</strong> خط فلسفی هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>يم.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> "ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح میدهد. م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د؛ هستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد. <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عکس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ر</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "د<strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه فلسفی <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<strong>ء</strong> "مک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تقسيم<br />
شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً ه<strong>ر</strong> کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يق ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓشفته فک<strong>ر</strong>ی متهم میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس میگ<strong>و</strong>يد، "مسئله <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفه، خ<strong>ا</strong>صه فلسفه مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>و</strong><br />
هستی" "<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت" <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز تقسيم فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ب</strong>ه "د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
مسئله <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که "معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>و</strong>جه ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفه<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
.<br />
٤٥<br />
–<br />
(٣٢<br />
٢٩<br />
(١٩٠٠
ف-<br />
فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 77<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه م<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی هست؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>يم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم؟"<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت ق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>ق فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ مث<strong>ب</strong>ت میده<strong>ن</strong>د"، که د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سه فصل <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی میدهد <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست مطلق هگل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز ج<strong>ا</strong>ی میدهد، که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه تحقق يک "<strong>ا</strong>يده<br />
مطلق" ذ<strong>ا</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک د<strong>ر</strong>ست جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ء</strong> مطلق" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد.<br />
"عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی، عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز يک س<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی ي<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل يک ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی ج<strong>ا</strong>مع، <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قشی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
مهم د<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل فلسفی د<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د..."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه ميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کلمه "ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت" ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓفز<strong>ا</strong>يد:<br />
"د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً عجي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>صه هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>"<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعیت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>سمه<strong>ا</strong>ئی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>، ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يل، ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓس، لي<strong>ب</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>، گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ<br />
<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong>يده ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<strong>ء</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه<br />
٣٣<br />
A<br />
٤٧<br />
٤٦<br />
–<br />
١٨٨٨<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت ٢)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه خي<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>ست میگ<strong>و</strong>يد. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> متس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شيل<strong>و</strong>ف کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong>يف می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد ، که ک<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong>تسکی <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>هل ، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>هل<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>می "مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی" <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د! ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ت که<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ذک<strong>ر</strong> شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong>ئی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
"ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ" خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجعي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، که میک<strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه جسد مک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><br />
مدته<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>د شده ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>خش<strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>فِ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>فهميد که د<strong>ر</strong>ست همي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>ا</strong>ح<strong>ب</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>م (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم) <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشفته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
B<br />
١۵<br />
.<br />
،١٩٠۵ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت – ١٣<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، "ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"، غي<strong>ر</strong>ه، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، صفحه ، ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ژ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
١٢، <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف لغت (يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه میک<strong>ن</strong>د (<strong>و</strong> م)<br />
<strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی يک "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ه" <strong>ا</strong>ز يک "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س" صح<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ر</strong>صه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس "<strong>ب</strong>ه شکلی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ضعيف شده" متهم میس<strong>ا</strong>زد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک خ<strong>ر</strong>دهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م Spiegelbild (<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س، تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>) <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
–<br />
A<br />
-B<br />
<strong>و</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>يلي<strong>ن</strong>، "مسئله <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ضی"، <strong>ب</strong>خش يک، س<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ، ١٩٠٨، صفحه ١٩۵.
78<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که هگل <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت "تعيي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی" عليه هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه شد<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> ظ<strong>ر</strong>يف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> عميق، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />
می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:<br />
فلسفی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک،<br />
"گفت<strong>ن</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د کليه <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
يع<strong>ن</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ص<strong>ن</strong>عت <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>يم د<strong>ر</strong>ستی د<strong>ر</strong>ک خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زيم، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط <strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه هستی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> جهت مق<strong>ا</strong>صد م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> خدمت ک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> "شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه<strong>ء</strong>" غي<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلمه مهم د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی (ي<strong>ا</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل لمس<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> حذف شده <strong>ا</strong>ست). م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>د شيمي<strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>و</strong>ليد شده د<strong>ر</strong> جسم گي<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که شيمی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلی يکی <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>و</strong>ليد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>س "شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"، "شيئ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>" شد. چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س، که م<strong>ا</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> زحمت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يشهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> مز<strong>ر</strong>عه <strong>ن</strong>میکشيم،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز قط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذغ<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ن</strong>گ ت<strong>و</strong>ليد میک<strong>ن</strong>يم" (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ١۶)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز دست میدهد <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong>يد: "هيچ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته متعج<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد شد که م<strong>ا</strong><br />
میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ز زغ<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ن</strong>گ، <strong>ا</strong>ٓليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>" ت<strong>و</strong>ليد ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز قط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> زغ<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی يک <strong>ر</strong>د "شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" ت<strong>و</strong>ليد<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی که يک کشف ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ر</strong>سيد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت "شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قضيه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عکس <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گ<strong>ر</strong>فت که ه<strong>ر</strong> چيز <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong>ی يک "شيئ<br />
فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" <strong>ا</strong>ست" (صفحه ٣٣)<br />
گ<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خيست د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>غ <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ن</strong>گهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>! چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش چشم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عم<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که قصد "تکه تکه ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>" ش<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> حتی مل<strong>ا</strong>حظه مسئله م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>ب</strong>حث، <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه میک<strong>ن</strong>يد!<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>هله <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس "<strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ت<strong>و</strong>ليد میک<strong>ن</strong>د". <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح گفت که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل لمس (ي<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>) ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>هله د<strong>و</strong>م، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> قضيه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، قضيه<br />
"عکس" <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د: ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که تشخيص دهد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی مجدد<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ر</strong>تجعي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ر</strong>سمی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، س<strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> گم شده که <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>ا</strong>ز مع<strong>ن</strong>ی مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>قل شده، عليه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
سعی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم دع<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> چيست.<br />
–<br />
٤٨<br />
(Schrullen)<br />
–<br />
unfassbaren<br />
–<br />
:
فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 79<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مج<strong>ا</strong>دله میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک د<strong>ر</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً ذک<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ن</strong>يست. <strong>پ</strong>س چه چيزی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><br />
فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل "<strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ديد ميگ<strong>ر</strong>دد، <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong>ک میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد، شيئ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز "شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" جد<strong>ا</strong><br />
میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ا</strong>ز "شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> فلسفی غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک" (چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د) د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د؛ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د "شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>"، <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ديده<br />
مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، که <strong>ب</strong>ه قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت، <strong>ب</strong>ه قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>" تعلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مع<strong>ر</strong>فت غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />
دست<strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ست، ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
هسته <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس چيست؟ دي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ستيم که قط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذغ<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ن</strong>گ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong>يم که هست. مسئله <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> قط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> زغ<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ن</strong>گ دي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته که د<strong>ا</strong>شت. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> مشک<strong>و</strong>ک ش<strong>و</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت علم جديد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مسخ<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، سه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<strong>ء</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت مهم ح<strong>ا</strong>صل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد:<br />
<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>، مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>، خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> شکی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong> قط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذغ<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت. متس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ً شکی <strong>ن</strong>يست که دي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><br />
هيچ چيز <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ستيم <strong>و</strong> هيچ گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فت <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ر</strong>ديم.<br />
قطع<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل هيچ تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديده <strong>و</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ست که ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>و</strong> چيزی که ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته<br />
<strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong>يل که شيئ<br />
فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه "د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>" <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ست (ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت)، ي<strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> حص<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ز مسئله<br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong>لی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د (هي<strong>و</strong>م) جد<strong>ا</strong><br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، همه مهمل محض <strong>و</strong> قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ه<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>ب</strong>ه ديگ<strong>ر</strong> علم، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيم، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد مع<strong>ر</strong>فت<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد معي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>ز جهل ظه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د، چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> دقيق، ک<strong>ا</strong>ملت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> دقيقت<strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.<br />
<strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>يم که مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز جهل تک<strong>ا</strong>مل میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د ميلي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی کشف <strong>ا</strong>ٓليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز قط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> زغ<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ن</strong>گ، ميلي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ<br />
علم <strong>و</strong> تک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زم<strong>ر</strong>ه يک<strong>ا</strong>يک خ<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ي<strong>ا</strong>فت که دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" <strong>ب</strong>ه "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، مح<strong>و</strong> "<strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز عمل يک شيئ که مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> جل<strong>و</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د، تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. قي<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خته ش<strong>و</strong>د قي<strong>ا</strong>سی که همه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زم<strong>ر</strong>ه میس<strong>ا</strong>زيم <strong>و</strong> قي<strong>ا</strong>سی<br />
(Erscheinung)<br />
٤٩<br />
–<br />
Schrulle<br />
(jenseits)<br />
-١<br />
-٢<br />
-٣
–<br />
٥١<br />
80<br />
که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت خ<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>، چيزه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ (که <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د) چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> مهمل ت<strong>ر</strong>حم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓميز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> "تحليل"<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> کيفيته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شيل<strong>و</strong>فی<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د. مث<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> "عجي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>م" <strong>ا</strong>ٓمد! <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>ختهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ظ<strong>ر</strong>يف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه حقيقی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<br />
<strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> تميز دهد.<br />
غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تحليل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> همه<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مهمل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> مدع<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>تهی میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د (م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تم شيئ<br />
فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ا</strong>ست!) م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>حثم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست (<strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<br />
معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده) ت<strong>و</strong>جه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د. يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس متص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. مسئله م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>حث تز د<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز کلمه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم تز د<strong>و</strong>م:<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست، يک مسئله تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />
مسئله<strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک حقيقت، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>و</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong>ت، د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>و</strong> عدم <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<br />
جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک مسئله<strong>ا</strong>ی ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی "<strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه" (يک ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه لغت <strong>ب</strong>ه لغت)، <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong><br />
ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د" <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د میز<strong>ن</strong>د:<br />
که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه "د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>ی<br />
"تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست... چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد که<br />
گ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>و</strong> "ل<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>و</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد<br />
می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد. (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ٣۴ ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شت)<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيل<strong>و</strong>فی که ه<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>شی مغش<strong>و</strong>شت<strong>ر</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد چه میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د! <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>و</strong>يکت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جهل محض <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد همه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>يکت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جهل ي<strong>ا</strong> شلختگی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت تز <strong>ب</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> تشخيص <strong>ن</strong>دهيد که "حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی" )<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه") ئی که حقيقتً<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه م<strong>ن</strong>عکس شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>يکت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>دی محض <strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زيد <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ت<strong>و</strong>ضيحی <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف (<strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف يک ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ت<strong>و</strong>ضيحی د<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه يک ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه) "چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
می<strong>ر</strong>سد که گ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>" م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ا</strong>ز ل<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>و</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه دف<strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>د. زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>" محد<strong>و</strong>د میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ضم<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هفدهم که <strong>ا</strong>سقف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د (مقدمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد)، "<strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>"<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>" ي<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>پ</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" هست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ت<strong>و</strong>ضيحی <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />
gegenstandliche<br />
(Diesseitigkeit)<br />
(gelehrte Spitzfindigkeit)<br />
٥٠<br />
Diesseitigkeit<br />
(Diesseitigkeit)<br />
(Wahrheit
فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 81<br />
A<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ک<strong>و</strong>شش د<strong>ر</strong> فهميد<strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس يک <strong>و</strong>ظيفه <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که مثل يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيل<strong>و</strong>ف جفتک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت.<br />
ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong>ست، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليست میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ر</strong>غ<strong>ب</strong>تی ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک مع<strong>ن</strong>ی "تزه<strong>ا</strong>ی" م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم، <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>،<br />
متخصصي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه، گ<strong>ا</strong>هی دقت <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کسی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سم که فلسفه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> "تزه<strong>ا</strong>ی" م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong>لعه ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
ل<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>خش س<strong>و</strong>م قسمت د<strong>و</strong>م کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د "د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ت<strong>ا</strong>ثي<strong>ر</strong><br />
ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>و</strong>ی هميشه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> صحيح<br />
تفسي<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د، م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> عقيده <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی "تزه<strong>ا</strong>ی" مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ن</strong>قل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د. ل<strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:<br />
"م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس، <strong>ا</strong>ز يک س<strong>و</strong>، هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> همه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ تشخيص میدهد که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>و</strong> مشخصی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د..."<br />
چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>صله <strong>ب</strong>ه ل<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شد که م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی <strong>ب</strong>لکه ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی، "همه" م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم "<strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست، که <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> "مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د" <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی، که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی همه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> کل ص<strong>ا</strong>دق <strong>ا</strong>ست، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ا</strong>ست. ل<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد:<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>و</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>سف میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم، <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>يش (Sorge) جهت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی فع<strong>ا</strong>ل (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس،<br />
می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> سيستم م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته ل<strong>ا</strong>زم<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی فع<strong>ا</strong>ل خصيصه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>و</strong> محس<strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>خشد، د<strong>ا</strong>د. <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>يده م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست: د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت خ<strong>ا</strong>ص د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
يک فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ط<strong>ر</strong>يق مع<strong>ر</strong>فت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ب</strong>لکه هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک د<strong>ر</strong> مطلق سهيم میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
تم<strong>ا</strong>می فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شخصيت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ا</strong>لتی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میطل<strong>ب</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه میدهد دست د<strong>ر</strong> دست<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی يک <strong>ا</strong>هميت مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی کس<strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د..."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ل<strong>و</strong>ی يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيسي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong>، هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong>، ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک" <strong>ا</strong>ست، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ديده (<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د شيئ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>) <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيتی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ. ل<strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ست میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>و</strong>قتی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ب</strong>ه عقيده م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت <strong>پ</strong>ديده<strong>ا</strong>ی"<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "يک فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>" مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>پ</strong>ديده<strong>ا</strong>ی (<strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
(Phänomenale Tätigkeit)<br />
-A<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ی، "فلسفه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس ١٩٠۴ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٣٣٨-٢۴٩، د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong><br />
"تزه<strong>ا</strong>"<br />
ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٢٩٠<br />
– ،٢٩٨ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی
–<br />
82<br />
مفه<strong>و</strong>م هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه) <strong>ب</strong>لکه يک <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم د<strong>ا</strong>د (قسمت شش) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس د<strong>و</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. "<strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مطلق سهيم میش<strong>و</strong>د" <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی حقيقت<br />
مطلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میس<strong>ا</strong>زد (قسمت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد)؛ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> حقيقت مطلق مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست، ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔئيد میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ. ل<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد:<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس ط<strong>ب</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قدي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض<br />
معم<strong>و</strong>ل طف<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د: چه م<strong>ا</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>قت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد؟ چه دليلی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد که ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه شم<strong>ا</strong> يک حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی میدهد؟ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض د<strong>ر</strong> تز د<strong>و</strong>م خ<strong>و</strong>د ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد"<br />
(صفحه ٢٩١)<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د که ل<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک لحظه شک <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت!<br />
–<br />
۵<br />
..."<br />
<strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> "تجديد <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>"<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف<br />
٢- "تف<strong>و</strong>ق"<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی حس<strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی<br />
سي<strong>ا</strong>ستمد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>و</strong>ٔکدت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>يحت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس طف<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شي<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>فی تجديد <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. ه<strong>ر</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> هم که <strong>و</strong>ظيفه تصحيح <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><br />
تح<strong>ر</strong>يف<strong>ا</strong>ت مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> خسته ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong>لت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، کسی که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم تجديد <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له "د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی" <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی (فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<br />
فک<strong>ر</strong>ی هي<strong>و</strong>م) چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د:<br />
<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فع م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د دقت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک (هي<strong>و</strong>می) <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> هيچ م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد. <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک يک "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست" خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فع ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم" گفته ش<strong>و</strong>د!<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> (<strong>ا</strong>ٓک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک) <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم که ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>يم؟ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش<br />
می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>طل<strong>ا</strong>ع م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> کيفيته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د، م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
A<br />
..."<br />
(Abbilder)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی ["تک<strong>ا</strong>مل س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ز تخيل <strong>ب</strong>ه علم"] (ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم:<br />
تخيلی <strong>و</strong> علمی) <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه شد.-1892 XI, ,1<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>م، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong> [مجم<strong>و</strong>عه <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>] (ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:<br />
سم<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زي<strong>و</strong>م) "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی" صفحه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>عد ي<strong>ا</strong>فت ش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> "مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی<br />
’د<strong>ر</strong>‛ فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم"، صفحه ۶۴ <strong>ن</strong>قل ميک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
Neue Zeit<br />
١۶٢<br />
1893, Nr. 1, S. 15<br />
-A
فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 83<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> کيفيته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> چيزی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />
ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د..."<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> کد<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل هم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد؟ يک خط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيم، که<br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> تحميل میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ن</strong>يست. <strong>پ</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong>هيت خط <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک چيست؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د، که د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>قف میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ديد<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> چيز "حتی" ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه، "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی<br />
که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong>ه مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong>ست، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د) م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم<br />
هيچ چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يقي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong>طع چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔئيد میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک حتی فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم<br />
چيزی <strong>ب</strong>ه يقي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم.<br />
ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ش<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong>ٓک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ط<strong>ر</strong>ح شده <strong>ب</strong>ه چه شکل<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع م<strong>ا</strong>خ ف<strong>ر</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" "ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"؟ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>چگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<br />
گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک خط فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> دهد، که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ديگ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د! ي<strong>ا</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> تشکيل میده<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ديديد که <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />
"ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی "خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>" میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت" فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>ق میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د! <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> يک تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<br />
گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ا</strong>خ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د، م<strong>ا</strong>خ يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست؛<br />
<strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ا</strong>خ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "تصحيح میک<strong>ن</strong>د" <strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" (<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>)میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د، م<strong>ا</strong>خ يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک، يک هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> خط ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>می مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ست که ح<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشفته فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> "ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> گذشته <strong>ا</strong>ست".<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>می ذک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>دی هي<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی (فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<br />
ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک خ<strong>ر</strong>ده ت<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه يکی ي<strong>ا</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> متعدد<strong>ن</strong>د) <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه کل خط هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>يژگیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز خصلت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
که همه هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>،<br />
ميل، ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. چه، <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم (هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج.<strong>ا</strong>. ميل) که م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ) که م<strong>ا</strong>ده ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت کم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"<br />
–<br />
–<br />
٥٢<br />
–<br />
(diesseits)<br />
، ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
A<br />
-A<br />
تم<strong>ا</strong>م جمله <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی:
–<br />
84<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم، ي<strong>ا</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong> صحيحت<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگي<strong>ر</strong>د: <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد که <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چيزی <strong>ب</strong>ه يقي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، م<strong>ب</strong>دً<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گی <strong>ب</strong>ه عدم ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ميل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله<br />
میدهد <strong>ب</strong>ه دليل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ست:(<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓی، <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>ده تصحيح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ا</strong>مل ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>يمه<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>ف زده<strong>ا</strong>يد.<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه- د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔکد<strong>ا</strong>ً م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>يش گفته <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک مشکل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حتج<strong>ا</strong>ج ص<strong>ر</strong>ف شکست<br />
<strong>و</strong> عمل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>حتج<strong>ا</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، عمل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
مشکل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مدته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>غ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong>د، حل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. محک غذ<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ز لحظه<strong>ا</strong>ی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> کيفي<strong>ا</strong>تی که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم، د<strong>ر</strong>ستی ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong>متح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت غلط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ی که يک شيئ میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد غلط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شکست <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م هدف خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>و</strong>فق<br />
ش<strong>و</strong>يم، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم که شيئ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> مقص<strong>و</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شتيم <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ<br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>يد، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دليل مث<strong>ب</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> کيفي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د..."<br />
<strong>پ</strong>س تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی، تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<br />
ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست: <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>، تم<strong>ا</strong>يز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست ، ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
کمی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس گ<strong>و</strong>ش دهيم (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
تم<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>زم مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ط<strong>ر</strong>ف ش<strong>و</strong>د):<br />
<strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شکست م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم، عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> علتی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>عث شکستم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
شده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>غ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يستيم؛ د<strong>ر</strong> ميي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> عمل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قص <strong>و</strong> سطحی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده<br />
<strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>تی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> شده <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تصديق ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د"<br />
(ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست). "ت<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ب</strong>يم ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>يت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زيم <strong>و</strong> عمل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م دهيم که ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>تی تج<strong>و</strong>يز شده که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل س<strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<br />
<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ي<strong>ا</strong>فت که <strong>ن</strong>تيجه عمل م<strong>ا</strong> تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق<br />
<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک شده ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د. ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> حتی د<strong>ر</strong> يک<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
(Flohknacker<br />
٥٣<br />
Im Anfang war die Tat<br />
(Übereinstimmung)<br />
–<br />
(gegenstandlich)<br />
Ob wir sagen, daß die Materie eine permanente Epfindungsmöglichkeit sei (nach J.St.<br />
Mill), oder… S.102<br />
...<br />
..."
فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 85<br />
م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيده<strong>ا</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی م<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی علمی ک<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ل شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه م<strong>ا</strong>هيتش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ذ<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د..."<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>قتی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم. <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که کسی که کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جهی، <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>فهمد<br />
که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسمی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>صيف میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> هميشه <strong>و</strong> همه ج<strong>ا</strong><br />
عليه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> میج<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس تجديد <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د تم<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد:<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> قسمتی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>لی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی حمله میک<strong>ن</strong>د..."<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>يست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د چيزه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>هم میک<strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong><br />
ک<strong>ا</strong>ملت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل شده، حتی يک <strong>ب</strong>خش د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً تم<strong>ا</strong>م مق<strong>ا</strong>له <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فهمد که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز کل خط ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>عد صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د، ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دقت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قسمتی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>د، خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ش فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فهمد که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ي<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>يست. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع<br />
میش<strong>و</strong>د که فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میش<strong>و</strong>د که فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف میگ<strong>و</strong>يد شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه میگي<strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه میگي<strong>ر</strong>د زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>يمه<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يمه هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>ر</strong>قه م<strong>ا</strong>خی، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> (<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>يکه <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد شد)<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ختل<strong>ا</strong>ف هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میفهمد.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد: "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> حيف. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دليل عليه فلسفه <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<br />
که عليه فلسفه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تدکس که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong>هم م<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>،<br />
ه<strong>ر</strong> چيزی که <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی د<strong>ا</strong>ده شد، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده، "ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی" <strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>چه<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده، يک خ<strong>و</strong>د گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ که شيئ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ميت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> چيزی<br />
که <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده ي<strong>ا</strong>فت گ<strong>ر</strong>دد..."<br />
(Liebknecht)<br />
٥٤<br />
، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
٥٥<br />
-<br />
–<br />
يک<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ست که لي<strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>شت<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>يک حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د! <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده، <strong>پ</strong>س چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong><br />
که متص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس هستيد، يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ن</strong>يستيد؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
مفل<strong>و</strong>ک، <strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف! شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خی "<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده" تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>سيسيم،
..."<br />
..."<br />
..."<br />
86<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>طی میک<strong>ن</strong>يد. <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میفهميد که ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده" <strong>و</strong><br />
"<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده" <strong>ب</strong>خشی <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>دي<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجعي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه، يک<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لم<strong>ا</strong>سکه <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک (<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ت مثل م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ن</strong>يز)، خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>قه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده" gegeben) (faktisch<br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>ست ، که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده"<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی "ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ن</strong>يز ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />
"<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده" <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست، ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک ت<strong>ا</strong> حد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، ي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> حد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گفته<br />
شم<strong>ا</strong> که "هستی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف) ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ميت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> چه که <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه<br />
د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده ي<strong>ا</strong>فت گ<strong>ر</strong>دد" مهمل مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>و</strong>ضع م<strong>ا</strong>خی شم<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>چشمه میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی<br />
که شم<strong>ا</strong> حق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ز جمله يک م<strong>و</strong>ضع م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد، حق <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>و</strong>قتی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میز<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف ک<strong>ن</strong>يد. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز کل<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست، هستی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>ی "<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی" ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف گفته م<strong>ا</strong>خ،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د که "<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه" (ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً) د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> محيط<br />
<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک شده، د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>" م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> میک<strong>و</strong>شد <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهمل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دد!<br />
گ<strong>و</strong>ئی ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش، <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته<br />
شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong>هم <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د..."<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ی جهت ش<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د! <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد: د<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم (که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میگ<strong>و</strong>يد) <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> "هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی" <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف!<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد، چط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم که ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><br />
میده<strong>ن</strong>د؟..." شم<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد چيزه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>طی میک<strong>ن</strong>يد، <strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز مهملی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س "ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی" صح<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> حتی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>میدهد. ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<br />
ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>جز ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س "ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی" <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه يک<br />
م<strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>يم. شم<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تل<strong>ا</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديد ت<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س، ي<strong>ا</strong> دقيقت<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د (که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د!)، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>طی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong><br />
"همگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>" ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم. <strong>ب</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> چه چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "د<strong>ر</strong>ست" <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد؟ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد: "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی صحيح <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد گ<strong>ر</strong>دد؛ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد<br />
میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد، ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د. يع<strong>ن</strong>ی دل<strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>همی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>لکه صحيح <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د...."
فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 87<br />
..."<br />
شم<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد چيزه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>هم میک<strong>ن</strong>يد، <strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف! شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی مسئله <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت، <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> مسئله معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز "خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>يد. ي<strong>ا</strong> دقيقت<strong>ر</strong>، شم<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد مسئله <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک مسئله د<strong>و</strong>م می<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک متم<strong>ا</strong>يز میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> شک <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ’د<strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د‘ <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شک <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ن</strong>يز هست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><br />
میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم؛ که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم مع<strong>ر</strong>فت ’معي<strong>ن</strong>ی‘ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيم. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شع<strong>ب</strong>ده دست زد؟ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که مسئله <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم (<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست) <strong>ا</strong>ست، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مسئله <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عمل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز<strong>ن</strong>د، م<strong>ب</strong>هم <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يچيده ک<strong>ن</strong>د. غي<strong>ر</strong><br />
ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ مث<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> شخص میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>و</strong> معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک د<strong>ر</strong> معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ستی تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه شده ت<strong>و</strong>سط ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی<br />
د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>عه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حتی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>هم میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی د<strong>ر</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>هل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ت<strong>و</strong>سط "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد<br />
میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت میدهد. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست، هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>و</strong> ديد<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست همه <strong>ب</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی که م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم، <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک شيئ <strong>و</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ’تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>‘ متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز ’خط<br />
تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی‘ <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ’تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د‘ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> حد<strong>و</strong>د معي<strong>ن</strong> ، <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست" (ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف)..."<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ستگی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه شي<strong>و</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خ، س<strong>ر</strong>خ شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک س<strong>و</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong>خی<br />
س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيد خفه <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>يد، <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>پ</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong>!<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست"!! <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً مزخ<strong>ر</strong>ف، د<strong>ر</strong>هم س<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>و</strong><br />
تح<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>خسم <strong>ا</strong>ست، که <strong>ب</strong>قيه چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>دي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ر</strong>تجعي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>عظي<strong>ن</strong> کشيش مسلک <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
قد<strong>ر</strong> هم که <strong>و</strong>. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د، ه<strong>ر</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> هم که د<strong>ر</strong> طف<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حس<strong>ا</strong>س<br />
حيلهگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> سي<strong>ا</strong>ستمد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م تسليم شد <strong>و</strong> چه<strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خيستی حقيقی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خت!<br />
گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که "<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زگشت <strong>ب</strong>ه هي<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> غ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> "هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی" <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> يک د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>غ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong> يک حيله <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکی. <strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف! <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست. ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد سعی میک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز کلمه مشک<strong>و</strong>ک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يه<br />
<strong>ب</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زيد؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش میک<strong>ن</strong>يد خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د که کلمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی "ق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>و</strong>
88<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ه "مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>"؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم ع<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه شي<strong>و</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف<br />
مع<strong>ن</strong>ی يک <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>هد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه چيزی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>.<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد ي<strong>ا</strong>فت<br />
<strong>ن</strong>سخه <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
که <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> "هم صد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه د<strong>و</strong>می تحت <strong>ا</strong>لفظی <strong>ا</strong>ست. زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د "تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />
يع<strong>ن</strong>ی لغ<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
"يکس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>" مع<strong>ن</strong>ی دهد. حتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کمی دقت<br />
<strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چيزی غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت "<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلمه "تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق" د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق"،<br />
"س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که "<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست" <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong>خش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong> زد<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف همه<br />
<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> شکسته <strong>ا</strong>ست!<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓدم می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد، چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم ع<strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عقل <strong>و</strong> قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت س<strong>ا</strong>لم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که "<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<br />
حسی (د<strong>ر</strong> چه محد<strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی مهم <strong>ن</strong>يست) <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست"؟ زمي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست. زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ميت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی م<strong>ا</strong> "م<strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد" (<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی مثل هم<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>) ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>طی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س،<br />
"ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؛ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت که هيچ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت، هيچ<br />
عض<strong>و</strong> حسی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت، هيچ م<strong>ا</strong>ده متشکلی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> شکل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>صيت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت.<br />
<strong>ن</strong>کته دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ست که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>يچيده "هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی"، "تد<strong>ا</strong>خل"، <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه کشف شده<br />
"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" که م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش يک تحليل ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهمل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی کمک<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف ع<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> جهت که <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهمل <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong><br />
میس<strong>ا</strong>زد که د<strong>ر</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ه چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>دي<strong>ا</strong>ت مت<strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> علمی <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> کشيد.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>، <strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف! م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حي<strong>ا</strong>ت ت<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>دی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم س<strong>ا</strong>خت. د<strong>ر</strong><br />
يک ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گفته ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حک خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>ف ديگ<strong>ر</strong>: "<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی که ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>د!"<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>کته<strong>ا</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لذک<strong>ر</strong> گفته شده، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong> (<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ضم<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong>) <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س (ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>) <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی س ُم ل<strong>ب</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong> (ي<strong>ا</strong> هي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>گليف) صح<strong>ب</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت:<br />
"<br />
Stimmen mit<br />
(Abbild)<br />
–<br />
"Stimmen mit"<br />
.RΟДΟC<br />
stimme
فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 89<br />
..."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> چه چيز د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>ده <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه يک کلمه هم<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میگ<strong>و</strong>يد. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> هيچ ج<strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يلی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه ’ت<strong>و</strong>فق‘ قدم <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده، که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د..."<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> کد<strong>ا</strong>م "م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی "هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی" م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
متص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> محيط، عي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط ميدهد؟ مسئله<strong>ا</strong>ی که<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف مط<strong>ر</strong>ح شده <strong>ب</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> مسئله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی معق<strong>و</strong>ل مط<strong>ر</strong>ح ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح میديد که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی "د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی" <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> کلمه ’تف<strong>و</strong>ق‘ يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک "<strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>"<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong>ص ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل م<strong>ر</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>ش د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س، <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه شيئ<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong> يک تف<strong>و</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>و</strong> تف<strong>و</strong>ق <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست. هي<strong>و</strong>م<br />
<strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض میک<strong>ن</strong>د که تف<strong>و</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک م<strong>ن</strong>طقه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
تف<strong>و</strong>قی <strong>و</strong> "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيسته<strong>ا</strong>ئی" میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> (<strong>ب</strong>ه ل<strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong><br />
يک م<strong>ن</strong>طقه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م میده<strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه که خط<br />
م<strong>ر</strong>تجع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، (فقط <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شيل<strong>و</strong>ف چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف شم<strong>ر</strong>ده<br />
شده <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد) ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه تقليده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>يد که <strong>ب</strong>ه هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شکل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی متهم<br />
س<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی" <strong>و</strong> "تف<strong>و</strong>قی" ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ي<strong>ا</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع هم<br />
کلمه <strong>و</strong> هم سي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong>ض گ<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>سم "<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>" د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> میچ<strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong>يده "تف<strong>و</strong>ق" يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده يک م<strong>ر</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ِ <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه، <strong>ا</strong>يده مهمل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong> (<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ضم<strong>ا</strong>م هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong>) <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> مجدد<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ژ<strong>و</strong>زف ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم د<strong>ا</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "تجديد <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس تم<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ن</strong>يم:<br />
ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که ’هستی‘ خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک، يک<br />
مسئله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مسئله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيد<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
هيچ ي<strong>ا</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم."<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ٓدل<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong><br />
حتی <strong>ب</strong>دت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی" <strong>ا</strong>ست که "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست." <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی<br />
د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ" صفحه ٢١ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:<br />
"<strong>و</strong>حدت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> هستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه هستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ط مقدم<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>و</strong>حدت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که<br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد مطمئ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که يکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. هستی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی هميشه مسئله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه<strong>ا</strong>ی که قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده<br />
<strong>و</strong>حدت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ت<strong>ر</strong>دست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>و</strong> خسته ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده فلسفه <strong>و</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت شده <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
–<br />
(transcensus<br />
(Gesichtskreis)<br />
٥٦<br />
..."<br />
(offene Frage)
90<br />
غذ<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>پ</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک ديده تم<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز هستی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه<strong>ا</strong>ی که<br />
قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يخ صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د. مسلم<strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ديتی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی يک سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که گ<strong>و</strong>ئی گفته <strong>ا</strong>ست "هستی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک" يک سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست!! <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>لصت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع مهمل گ<strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف معت<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی<br />
ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>غ<strong>ا</strong>لتحصيل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جي<strong>ر</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی جد<strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد که چيزی "د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک" <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی، شديد<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. يک م<strong>و</strong>ضع مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong>، هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> (<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ضم<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>) <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه که حقيقت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ي<strong>ا</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"، "کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که س<strong>ا</strong>زش میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"، <strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> گفته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، ش<strong>ر</strong>می <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ست! <strong>ن</strong>صف يک صفحه <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد<br />
که مقيديم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>چه ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> گفته شده ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تعقي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تزلزل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه م<strong>ا</strong>خی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه <strong>ن</strong>دهيم.<br />
"<br />
-٣<br />
ل. ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ژ- ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهيم <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>) <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د يک م<strong>ر</strong>ز مطلق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>ا</strong> چه حد <strong>ب</strong>ی خ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست. چ<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم. تم<strong>ا</strong>م مسئله <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>و</strong>طی<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong>د چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ز دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی فلسفی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>، که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه خي<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيسم <strong>ا</strong>ست، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی که ح<strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<br />
ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل حس<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض میک<strong>ن</strong>د که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ا</strong>ست، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک محص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
(ausgemacht)<br />
(an sich)<br />
(sinnlichen)
فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 91<br />
" یف<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد. جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هفدهم که <strong>ا</strong>سقف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی تشکيل میش<strong>و</strong>د که "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
("د<strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong>د" ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه") ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل (د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د) ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
قطعه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ ذک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم <strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ی "شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" يک "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت" <strong>ا</strong>ست، س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ی "شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" يک "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت"، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د" تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ظ<strong>ر</strong>يف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح میدهد که چه غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> "تف<strong>و</strong>قی"<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ّه<strong>ء</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
کشيش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خلق شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يت گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><br />
می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم:<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong>هم <strong>ن</strong>يز محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>و</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>هم، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د کليه <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، د<strong>ر</strong> تحليل <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ب</strong>دأ خ<strong>و</strong>د يک <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ معهذ<strong>ا</strong> يک<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيد، م<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>، حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> گي<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>و</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> يک کلمه متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م کلی ’ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت‘ مشخص میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛<br />
<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه، تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيد، م<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />
،(Naturwesen) <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>تی متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
an sich<br />
(Wesen)<br />
(zuletzt)<br />
(Bilder)<br />
An sich<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د" Werke) ،Band VIII, <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>و</strong>تگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ١٩٠٣ صفحه ۵١۶)<br />
..."<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>عه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> متم<strong>ا</strong>يز<strong>ن</strong>د. شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ا</strong>ز شيئ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> متم<strong>ا</strong>يز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong>می ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong>خش، ي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong>ست مثل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
جزئی <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعتی <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
عص<strong>ب</strong> چش<strong>ا</strong>ئی هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>مک هست، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د که مزه <strong>ن</strong>مک مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>ا</strong>صيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>مک ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<br />
ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>مک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست، فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ن</strong>يز هست<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong>صيت <strong>ن</strong>مک <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد<br />
<strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>د صفحه <strong>پ</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>: "ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک مزه، <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong>صيت <strong>ن</strong>مک <strong>ا</strong>ست" (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ۵١۴)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>تيجه عمل يک شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه، که <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong>ست. چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ. <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
sich) ،(an und für <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که<br />
des ohne Empfindung )<br />
"...(gedachten Salzes
92<br />
..."<br />
..."<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز يک م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ست! ،(Naturwesen) م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيد، ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه، گي<strong>ا</strong>ه،<br />
حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ن</strong>گ. معهذ<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> قل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> قل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>، ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ’يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی عي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>‘ تحقق ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست. زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
تس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هستی<strong>ا</strong>ش شک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی، حتی<br />
صميمیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>و</strong>هم، يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع تخيل <strong>ن</strong>يست؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟... <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> حتی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش خ<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>، تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل مل<strong>ا</strong>حظه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که چشم <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
غي<strong>ر</strong> متفک<strong>ر</strong>، غي<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، غي<strong>ر</strong> متش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>) <strong>و</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>يم<br />
<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم چقد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؟" (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ۵١٨)<br />
تم<strong>ا</strong>م تم<strong>ا</strong>يز<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ز، ظ<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>و</strong> حکيم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديده <strong>و</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>دي<strong>ا</strong>ت محض فلسفی<br />
هست<strong>ن</strong>د. [ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت ميلي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> "شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ديده، <strong>ب</strong>ه يک "شيئ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>" مش<strong>ا</strong>هده ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم که چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيم، <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيم، يک سفسطه که<strong>ن</strong>ه فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک سس<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong>زه س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.<br />
ژ<strong>و</strong>زف ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ا</strong> ذيل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم د<strong>ا</strong>د که شي<strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> دقيق <strong>ا</strong>ست، [که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>شی د<strong>ر</strong> میغلتد که <strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ا</strong>ٓدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی گيچ<br />
جمله <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يگ<strong>ن</strong> ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong>) <strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<strong>ا</strong>ً هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چس<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د زحمت <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که خط <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
تحليل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً جد<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
[<br />
A<br />
(unklug) (<strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
(Wesen an sich)<br />
(in und nach seinem Sinne)<br />
[<br />
B<br />
.(Klammern)<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: ه<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عمل <strong>ب</strong>ه دفع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> "شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>ديده،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه "شيئ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
In Wirklichkeit hat jeder Mensch millionenmal die einfache und augenf'llige<br />
Verwandlung des "Dinges an sich" in eine Erscheinung, in ein "Ding fuer uns"<br />
beobachtet. Diese Verwandlung ist eben die Erkenntnis. S.114 P. 1<br />
-B<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست. حقيقتی که <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>حمق <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی (<strong>ا</strong>ز جمله <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ژ<strong>ن</strong><br />
ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong>) <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د خط مسلط<br />
فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تحلييل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
… daß er oft in eine Konfusion geraet, an die sich manche unklugen Leute (darunter<br />
eugen Dietzgen) und natürlich auch unsere Machisten geklammert haben. Jedoch<br />
haben sie sich nicht die Mühe genommen oder waren nicht instande, die Grundlinie
فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 93<br />
ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong>هيت ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ’شيئ‘<br />
فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد که ’جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه‘ <strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت که جز<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کل متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
۶۵) "يک <strong>پ</strong>ديده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شيئ<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ليد میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
هم ف<strong>ر</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
مثل يک تکه ده م<strong>ا</strong>يلی ج<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ج<strong>ا</strong>ده ف<strong>ر</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>ه کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>." (صفحه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> هيچ تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی، هيچ "تف<strong>و</strong>ق"، ي<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فط<strong>ر</strong>ی" <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم که تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>.<br />
ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> "گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>طقه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت" خ<strong>و</strong>د میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک<br />
که ه<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که <strong>ا</strong>ز ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه می<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زيم<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت، <strong>ا</strong>ز حد<strong>و</strong>د همه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>میگذ<strong>ر</strong>د... <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی، چه <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، چه <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ن</strong>گ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>، چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ست که ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست ،(unauskenntliches) يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>و</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک مص<strong>ا</strong>لح <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه چيزيست که <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>میگذ<strong>ر</strong>د."<br />
"مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی ک<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>" ١٩٠٣ صفحه ١٩٩)<br />
مل<strong>ا</strong>حظه میک<strong>ن</strong>يد: ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی غلط <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت – ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>چه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم میگذ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> میچس<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د: می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد، م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم "<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يم: <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست"<br />
ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "ع<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>لم، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی غي<strong>ر</strong> علمی<br />
حقيقت مطلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی جد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز شيئ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز شيئ<br />
فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د د<strong>و</strong> مق<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی میس<strong>ا</strong>زد که (ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً، <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ق<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> هيچ مق<strong>و</strong>له مشت<strong>ر</strong>کی ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه ٢٠٠)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>غ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف، يک م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی که د<strong>و</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>و</strong>ست د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د، قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.<br />
"يک مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه طل<strong>ا</strong>ئی" <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی مهمت<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> شده که ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی مطلق ’شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه‘<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سً<strong>ا</strong> (ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ’<strong>ا</strong>يده’ خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که<br />
محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>ست (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>حتم<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً، ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" مط<strong>ر</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، که هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د) متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هميشه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ’د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک‘ ميس<strong>ر</strong><br />
(٧٢<br />
–<br />
٧١<br />
kleinere philosophische )<br />
–<br />
-<br />
toto coelo<br />
١٩٠٢ صفحه<br />
(Wir erfahren)<br />
-<br />
Schriften<br />
seiner Philosophie zu untersuchen und den Materialismus von anders gearteten<br />
Elementen deutlich abzusondern S.114 P.2
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<br />
94<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> حد<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
عليت ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هجدهم <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<br />
مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>- <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لت<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست." ("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"، کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م<br />
١٩٠٧<br />
٥٧<br />
A<br />
صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت – ۴٠ (۴١<br />
[<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک کل<strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>گم <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هفدهم، که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی عليه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حتج<strong>ا</strong>ج میک<strong>ن</strong>د، معتقد<strong>ن</strong>د که "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>پ</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
هست<strong>ن</strong>د که "د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د (مقدمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد).<br />
ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ژ. ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> شديد<strong>ا</strong>ً ه<strong>ر</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت "<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی" شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديده<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس کلک <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی "شيئ<br />
فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" <strong>ب</strong>ه "شيئ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>" میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>ه، <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "هميشه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>ک د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديده" د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، مهمل گ<strong>و</strong>ئی محض <strong>ا</strong>ست. هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم، دليل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فهميد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت مطلق <strong>و</strong> حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست (که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً سخ<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم گفت). د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه شيئ<br />
فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه "خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>و</strong> "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong>هم گ<strong>و</strong>ئی م<strong>ا</strong>خی هست<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه قد<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>فی سخ<strong>ن</strong> گفته<strong>ا</strong>يم.<br />
تقليد ط<strong>و</strong>طی<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مزخ<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>تجع د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٩٠٧ <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش د<strong>ر</strong> "تجديد <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست فلسفه "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>" م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی!<br />
١٩٠٨- چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
[<br />
-١<br />
-٢<br />
-٣<br />
۴- <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که م<strong>ن</strong> میفهمم، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ن</strong>فی عي<strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط ه<strong>ر</strong> حقيقتی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>فی کليه حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." ("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"، کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز عي<strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط چيست؟ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قطعه میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "حقيقت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ديت<br />
يک حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م مطلق کلمه <strong>ا</strong>ست." <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> "حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک محد<strong>و</strong>ده عص<strong>ر</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong> مسئله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم ق<strong>ا</strong>طی شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د:<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> چيزی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه يک<br />
س<strong>و</strong>ژه <strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، که <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؟<br />
–<br />
٣ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٧<br />
(١٧<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک د<strong>ر</strong>هم ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
Das ist ein einziges Knäuel von lauter wirren Zeug S.115
فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 95<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که حقيقته<strong>ا</strong>ی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک کل، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>و</strong> مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>و</strong>م مسئله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه حقيقت مطلق <strong>و</strong> حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف مسئله د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت <strong>و</strong> قطعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی حتی ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش<br />
حقيقت مطلق <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ میدهد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>شی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی محک<strong>و</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کشف <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً جد<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه صح<strong>ب</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مسئله <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل محد<strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>يم. مسئله<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ م<strong>ن</strong>فی میدهد، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>فی شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست حقيقت مطلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>فی گ<strong>ر</strong>دد.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف چ<strong>ن</strong>د صفحه <strong>ب</strong>عد می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لت<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ حقيقت يک شکل <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی، يک شکل س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست..."<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ه "<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لت<strong>و</strong>ف"، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه مسئله <strong>ب</strong>لت<strong>و</strong>ف، <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ه معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> حقيقت، که می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست جد<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مخل<strong>و</strong>ط ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی<strong>ا</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>د هيچ کد<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>طی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ م<strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه مسئله<br />
د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست: <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک شکل <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه هيچ حقيقتی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
س<strong>و</strong>ژه، مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>جز <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيم. <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ م<strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يمه د<strong>و</strong>م گفته <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضحت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
میش<strong>و</strong>د: <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت شکلی <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه هيچ حقيقتی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؛ هيچ حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.<br />
<strong>ن</strong>فی حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست. غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>فی حتی <strong>ا</strong>ز يک مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک حقيقت علمی که ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ن</strong>قل شده <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی<br />
هيچ ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ن</strong>میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست: <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د شيئ م<strong>ن</strong>عکس شده مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ن</strong>عکس<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده (<strong>ا</strong>ستقل<strong>ا</strong>ل جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong>) <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> علم که زمي<strong>ن</strong> مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته يک<br />
حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قضيه علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست:<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت يک شکل س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته<strong>ء</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> که زمي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، همه قضيه <strong>ن</strong>يست. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک شکل س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی، ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>ليکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>يز د<strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شکی <strong>ن</strong>يست که ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>ليکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی يک "شکل<br />
س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی" <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>غ <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حس میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست تم<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه میک<strong>و</strong>شد خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تل<strong>ا</strong>قی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>ده، <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>کشد.<br />
(صفحه (IX<br />
–
96<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم" میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم: "<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه عي<strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه جمعی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم که مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>تی مشت<strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
ديگ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> فع<strong>ا</strong>ليته<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
می<strong>ن</strong>هيم، <strong>ب</strong>لکه معتقديم ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د. خصيصه<strong>ء</strong><br />
عي<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی شخص م<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی همه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
(د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>يست! جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز "ه<strong>ر</strong> کس" <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د!) <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> کسی<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>. عي<strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی، <strong>ا</strong>هميت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
(صفحه ٢۵، ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف) "عي<strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م فيزيکی که د<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم د<strong>ر</strong><br />
تحليل <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی سخ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>د میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> کلی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی<br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عً<strong>ا</strong> تط<strong>ب</strong>يق ي<strong>ا</strong>فته، <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عً<strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ شده <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک کلمه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عً<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
(صفحه ٣۶، ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف)<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د، که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً يک تع<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست، که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
فيزيکی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د هيچ<br />
گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه "<strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عيت" <strong>و</strong> هيچ گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه "س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی" <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مکث میک<strong>ن</strong>يم ت<strong>ا</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که عي<strong>ن</strong>يت ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
تع<strong>ر</strong>يف شده که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يهه<strong>ا</strong>ی مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی، که <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک يک "<strong>ا</strong>هميت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>و</strong>ل" د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف ج<strong>ا</strong>ی میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> مجدد<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف گ<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong>يد: "يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
میش<strong>و</strong>يم که تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> ’عي<strong>ن</strong>ی‘ <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> ’<strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی‘ <strong>ن</strong>يست... تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که تم<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی متشکل شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> هم<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تض<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>خشه<strong>ا</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>قيه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی م<strong>ر</strong>دمی معي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هی معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل دهق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد لز<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته ي<strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ضميمه ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>قيه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه جمعی هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ز<strong>ن</strong>جي<strong>ر</strong> عليت، ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میگي<strong>ر</strong>د." (صفحه ۴۵)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>يه خ<strong>و</strong>شح<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف خ<strong>و</strong>د تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی "ضميمه <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د" <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تصحيح ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی حس<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يت د<strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />
<strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، <strong>ب</strong>ه هيج <strong>و</strong>جه خط<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی کل م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تصحيح <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د. تع<strong>ر</strong>يف<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز عي<strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ک يک س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی "<strong>ا</strong>هميت<br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>و</strong>ل" <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه علمی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د! <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>ليکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی طی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل "<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته، هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ شده <strong>و</strong><br />
هم <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>ديده <strong>ا</strong>ست"؛ د<strong>ر</strong> "ز<strong>ن</strong>جي<strong>ر</strong> عليت" <strong>ب</strong>ه غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>حثت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شکل "ج<strong>ا</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د"؛ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی جهت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>مد. تص<strong>ا</strong>دفی <strong>ن</strong>يست که مذ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ذ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>دهه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط<br />
مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> حفظ میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی" <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق ده<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>و</strong>ل مهم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک <strong>ب</strong>ه شکل<br />
–
فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 97<br />
ع<strong>ا</strong>لی س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" علم "هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د" <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> جهت <strong>ا</strong>ست که تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong>قتی حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>و</strong><br />
ه<strong>ر</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> هم که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف سعی ک<strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د "تصحيح ک<strong>ن</strong>د"، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>فی حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی "هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د" <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی مع<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً علم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د، "<strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د (چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديش<strong>ن</strong>د)، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی، که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میس<strong>ا</strong>زد، ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه کل <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ر</strong>د شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> هيچ حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت (<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ضم<strong>ا</strong>م حقيقت علمی) ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک شکل س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش مقدمه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته" تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يش مي<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه شخص <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف تعلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی<br />
میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد؟ سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>و</strong>م ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د (م<strong>ا</strong>خ، د<strong>ر</strong> "تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>")، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> هستيم که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فی حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زمیش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی (مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد) ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی (مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگزي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه، ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>س کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" ("ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>")<br />
که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيد، تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>ب</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> ديد<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ل<strong>ا</strong>ک ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ن</strong>خستي<strong>ن</strong> مقدمه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
مقدمه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> مقدمه مهم د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<br />
عي<strong>ن</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشکيل<br />
میدهد. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>، شخص ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست خط ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong>د، که <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد ("<strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م کل<strong>ا</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ي<strong>ا</strong> مجم<strong>و</strong>عه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>")، ي<strong>ا</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
خط عي<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong>د، که <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم می<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد (<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>، تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د). <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم ي<strong>ا</strong>، کمی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی،<br />
هيچ حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی<br />
)<br />
(Locke)<br />
(١٨٧۶
98<br />
حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله که<strong>ن</strong> فلسفی د<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مقدمه<br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ حل <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> غل<strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> حقه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی کل<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کلمه "ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ن</strong>فی حقيقت<br />
عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف يک <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گزي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک کل <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> "ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ" خ<strong>و</strong>د هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی ميخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د "که <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی ي<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل يک ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی ج<strong>ا</strong>مع <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د." <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تقسيم میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> (<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی) تعيي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>م می<strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>ب</strong>د<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط هگل گفته شده" (چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م، صفحه<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد دقت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که هگل، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميد<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "يک سيستم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"<br />
عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی<br />
يک <strong>پ</strong>ديده <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>محس<strong>و</strong>سی هم م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ش<strong>و</strong>د، مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت گي<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>و</strong> شخص<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد قطع<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک تعلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، تکيه ک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<br />
ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل د<strong>ر</strong> تحقق خ<strong>و</strong>يش<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته شد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ًٌ عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
تم<strong>ا</strong>می مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يش<br />
می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی "<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک تعلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د"، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>ر</strong>چشمه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دهيد <strong>ب</strong>له، يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست هستيد. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دهيد <strong>ن</strong>ه، <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد <strong>ر</strong>سيد، ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی شيئ<br />
فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه، ي<strong>ا</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>يت زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> عليت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> (هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت) <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ن</strong>يد. ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م) حتی<br />
فک<strong>ر</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ن</strong>دهيد. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>هگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی شم<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
فلسفه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه شم<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ا</strong>ست که شم<strong>ا</strong> محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه، حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی مع<strong>ر</strong>فت<br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>يد.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه خط ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ي<strong>ا</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م معتقد<strong>ن</strong>د (م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی محض <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
جز<strong>ء</strong> د<strong>و</strong>می (<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د). م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيسي<strong>ن</strong>" میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong><br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> يک م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع عي<strong>ن</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم. م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ت<strong>ب</strong>عيت میک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک<br />
میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک يک<br />
کلمه ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست" د<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی يع<strong>ن</strong>ی "<strong>ن</strong>ه"، "مع<strong>ر</strong>فت". <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: م<strong>ن</strong><br />
.<br />
٥٨<br />
(١۶<br />
–<br />
١۵<br />
(das äusserliche)<br />
(soll doch eine Erkenntnis desselben nicht stattfinden können)<br />
das der Wahrnehmung Angehörige<br />
(Durchführung)<br />
(das wahrhaft Objective)<br />
gnosis<br />
a<br />
A<br />
هگل، A-<br />
(د<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ة<strong>ا</strong>لمع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف عل<strong>و</strong>م فلسفی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
"Encyklopedie der philosophischen Wissenschaften im Grundrisse"<br />
،VII Band, Werke ،(Grundrisse ١٨۴٣ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٨٣ <strong>و</strong> ١٢٢
فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 99<br />
–<br />
–<br />
<strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>و</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> شده <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛<br />
م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>م هيچ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د (سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک که ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد). <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> تحمل<br />
تحمل ت<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه دگمه<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح، <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>ه، مقدسي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>ليک <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>. م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سل ل<strong>ا</strong>ف ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"، <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
متص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>هم تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د: <strong>ا</strong>ز يک س<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د (ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خ<strong>ا</strong>لص، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی محض)؛<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>و</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>سم گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم، ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>هش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong>ست د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>طق ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<strong>ا</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز صد<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
غي<strong>ر</strong>ه می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>ده، خ<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ز ز<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>و</strong><br />
صد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه. چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>طقی، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
مث<strong>ا</strong>ل، ت<strong>و</strong>سط ژ.<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مسئله جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يستی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>يکت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف که <strong>ا</strong>يده "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مشت<strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه جل<strong>ا</strong><br />
ميدهد، <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تقليد میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت، م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک هست<strong>ن</strong>د، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ميز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی، مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong>له م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>پ</strong>ی حقيقی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی میستيز<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>عکس، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
غ<strong>ن</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong>؛ س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>دهت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد، چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> قدم د<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل<br />
علم ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی کشف میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفهم که ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> کشف شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<br />
ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>طع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يز می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دد که د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د. مفه<strong>و</strong>م عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی کل<strong>ا</strong>می مص<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت<br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>و</strong>ل، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>لک، "<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط میک<strong>ن</strong>د" <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>و</strong><br />
غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ی ميل <strong>ا</strong>ست که حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>ه جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی تحقي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت "عتيقه شده" دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيسته<strong>ا</strong>، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د که ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ده که متص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>و</strong>سط "علم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>و</strong><br />
"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ر</strong>د شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، میچس<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزيک د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده صح<strong>ب</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>خشش <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ص د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مق<strong>و</strong>له تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت مخل<strong>و</strong>ط ک<strong>ر</strong>د، که مسئله خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده (مثل<strong>ا</strong><br />
(١٩٠۶)
100<br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مسئله که<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مسئله م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
مخل<strong>و</strong>ط ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> گفته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کشف ک<strong>ر</strong>د": ق<strong>ر</strong>مز، س<strong>ب</strong>ز، سفت، <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>م، <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
ط<strong>و</strong>يل <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه. م<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيم، <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong>مز می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د، چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> سخت حس<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سش فلسفی قديمی ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
مغش<strong>و</strong>ش شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> معتقد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيم که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د، هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم د<strong>ر</strong>میغلتيد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ستحق<strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>و</strong>ش ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ن</strong>شيک<strong>و</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی می<strong>ا</strong>فتيد. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> معتقد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيد که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، يک مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />
فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> مدت ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
مفه<strong>و</strong>م ، م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ا</strong>ده يک مق<strong>و</strong>له فلسفی <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که مستقل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده، ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>پ</strong>ی<br />
شده، عکس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>می میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
"عتيقه ش<strong>و</strong>د" ح<strong>ر</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>حمق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه، يک تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی مد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم، م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت ي<strong>ا</strong> خط<strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>فل<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يت د<strong>ر</strong><br />
فلسفه، م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> علم، <strong>ن</strong>فی حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ق حسی <strong>و</strong> مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> طی د<strong>و</strong> هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل تک<strong>ا</strong>مل فلسفه میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د عتيقه شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؟<br />
ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ده مسئله <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی خ<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ا</strong>ئل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست، مسئله م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong>ست، مسئله<strong>ا</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيده شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ر</strong>ش مش<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده، مسئله<strong>ا</strong>ی که ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دلقک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>مه گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>مسه، ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> چش<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست، عتيقهت<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی<br />
حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی، همه يک چيز<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، م<strong>ن</strong><br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> فلسفه <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>م ت<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله چقد<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
يک<br />
ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "چه م<strong>ب</strong>تذل <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>جيل<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>جی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست." هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد که ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی عجي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> يک خط فلسفی<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح! <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. "<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه<br />
(ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يشه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست" (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>لی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د، مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ديکش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فلسفه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>يست که کليه <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
"<strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی" <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> "تم<strong>ا</strong>می مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>زل میدهد."<br />
(Verkundung)<br />
(ausgemachte)<br />
.(١٩۵<br />
B<br />
A<br />
(Grund<br />
-A ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ ، Saemtliche Werke Band X ١٨۶۶ صفحه - ٩۵ ١٩۴<br />
،Dictionnaire des sciences philosophiques <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس ١٨٧۵<br />
-B<br />
ديکش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی عل<strong>و</strong>م فلسفیِ
فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 101<br />
A<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی (شک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی)، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>قی (<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>يک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی) <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی چيزی <strong>ب</strong>جز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ن</strong>يست، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
عقيده م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>عه<strong>ا</strong>ئی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
"د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ فلسفه" خ<strong>و</strong>د میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ر</strong>د<br />
ش<strong>و</strong>گل<strong>ر</strong><br />
که حقيقت ي<strong>ا</strong> هستی م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>و</strong>سط ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>ک گ<strong>ر</strong>دد، شخص می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست (ش<strong>و</strong>گل<strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فلسفه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هجدهم د<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه <strong>ب</strong>حث میک<strong>ن</strong>د) ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قضيه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی میک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم می<strong>ر</strong>سيد که: فقط ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>ک<br />
هيچ گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه هستی مگ<strong>ر</strong> هستی م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی که د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>سمی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ش<br />
شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
(Sinnliche)<br />
"(atteinndre nos sens)"<br />
(Schwegler)<br />
۵- حقيقت مطلق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف کشف شد<br />
١٩٠۶<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف کشف خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ا</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"، خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يت حقيقت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>صف ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م." (صفحه V) يع<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>فی تم<strong>ا</strong>می حقيقت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی،<br />
"<strong>ن</strong>فی عي<strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط تم<strong>ا</strong>می حقيقت <strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> شکل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>." "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی خ<strong>و</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> علي<strong>ر</strong>غم ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> "حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی" معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> هم که <strong>پ</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د، ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د..."<br />
(صفحه (VIII "ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د قي<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طی <strong>ن</strong>ظي<strong>ر</strong> قي<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه<br />
دهد..." <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong><br />
"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ" د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش "حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی" ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>د د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که کسی که <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
کشف حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی د<strong>ر</strong> عل<strong>و</strong>م ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه "گفت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ده" (Plattheiten)<br />
محد<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د، میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>لئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مه م<strong>ر</strong>د." <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ میدهد:<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع "حقيقتی" <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>و</strong> کج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ’<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی‘ <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ ث<strong>ب</strong>ت يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد، که ش<strong>ا</strong>يد حتی هيچ<br />
<strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>سل م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه فع<strong>ا</strong>ليتی خدمت ک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." (صفحه <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه گفت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ده میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د حقيقت<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ’گفت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده‘ حق<strong>ا</strong>يق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ حقيقت يک شکل س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته ل<strong>ا</strong>زم تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
:VIII "<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong><br />
–<br />
١٨٢١<br />
۵<br />
(IV<br />
Geschichte der Philosophie im Umriss<br />
-A<br />
دکت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ش<strong>و</strong>گل<strong>ر</strong><br />
(ط<strong>ر</strong>ح ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ فلسفه) صفحه<br />
<strong>و</strong> ١٩۴<br />
١۵ - te Aufl.
102<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> فع<strong>ا</strong>ليتم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ا</strong>تک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی مجهز<br />
میس<strong>ا</strong>زد."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس يک دکلمه ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<br />
میس<strong>ا</strong>زد. [<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>ی که جمله "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>لئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ه مه م<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست" غلط <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>دقيق <strong>ا</strong>ست، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حقيقت ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد میک<strong>ن</strong>ی. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ش<strong>و</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حقيقت<br />
جمله د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ده میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>فی<br />
مطلق ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی، که حقيقت "شکل ز<strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ده<strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong><br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی تلقی ک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> لغ<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ی محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی تش<strong>ر</strong>يح شده ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> هفت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز خلق شده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست؟ [<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه حقيقت "ز<strong>ن</strong>ده" (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی چه) <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فی کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که معل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه کج<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د "<strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی" <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فقط مهملی <strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> عق<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عق<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong>قتی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>، که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>و</strong>ظف د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سته ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش حقيقت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز مطل<strong>ب</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>لئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مه م<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ده غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
مث<strong>ا</strong>لی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> کسی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مشکلی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
حق<strong>ا</strong>يق مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> مطلق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> دي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذک<strong>ر</strong><br />
مث<strong>ا</strong>ل "<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس د<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه <strong>ا</strong>ست" میگ<strong>و</strong>يد) د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> شک میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز "گفت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
س<strong>ا</strong>ده" صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی دگم د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>يشخ<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت مطلق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست<br />
١٨٢١<br />
١٨٢١<br />
١٨٢١<br />
۵<br />
۵<br />
[<br />
B<br />
۵<br />
(widerlegt)<br />
[<br />
A<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ن</strong>يد که ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>لئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مه م<strong>ر</strong>د" <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>دقيق<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حقيقت میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>يدکه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>فی گ<strong>ر</strong>دد، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> حقيقت "يک شکل س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی يک مشت کلمه<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>.<br />
Kannst du nicht behaupten, dass der Satz "Napoleon ist am 5 Mai 1821 gestorben"<br />
falsch oder ungenau ist, so erkennst du ihn als wahr an . Behauptest du nicht, dass<br />
dieser Satz in Zukunft widerlegt werden könnte, so erkennst du diese Wahrheit als<br />
eine ewige Wahrheit an. Wenn man aber solche Phrasen, dass die Wahrheit "die<br />
lebendige, organisierende From der Erfahrung" sei, als Widerlegung bezeichnet, so<br />
heisst das leer Wörte für Philosophie ausgeben S.126 P.2<br />
-B<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> شخص میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه حقيقت "ل<strong>ا</strong>زم" (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی چه؟) که <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
"می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د" <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />
Darf man diese Frage den durch Phrasen über die "lebendige" (was soll das heissen)<br />
Wahrheit ausweichen, die irgendwo "hinführt" usw. S.127 P.1
فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 103<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی تصديق حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. تصديق<br />
حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی حقيقتی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی<br />
حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق" <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس متم<strong>ا</strong>يز میس<strong>ا</strong>زد. د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>يچيدهت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل علم د<strong>ر</strong> کل،<br />
<strong>و</strong> علم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>پ</strong> کلمه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د: حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی، غ<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د کشيد. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس گفت <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم<br />
طمط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی که<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت "حقيقت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم؛ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>زيم که مسئله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت مطلق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی مط<strong>ر</strong>ح ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ<br />
گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم. ج<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> سی س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع د<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>فت. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />
که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مسئله حقيقت مطلق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش مط<strong>ر</strong>ح<br />
شده "ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د" <strong>و</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش يک قضيه که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کليه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم يک حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی متهم ک<strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> جهل مطلق خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ" د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>خش مذک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> (قسمت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل، <strong>ب</strong>خش می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:<br />
["...<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً کد<strong>ا</strong>م محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مستقل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ط <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه حقيقت د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د." (چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، صفحه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:<br />
فک<strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>دش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک س<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong><br />
["<strong>ا</strong>ستقل<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
متحقق میس<strong>ا</strong>زد ]؛ مع<strong>ر</strong>فتی که <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه حقيقت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
مستقل<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ی شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی تحقق میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه مع<strong>ر</strong>فت حقيقی مطلق، <strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ستقل<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه) <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً تحقق ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ديت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> مجدد<strong>ا</strong>ً هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم که ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خصيصه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تً<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مطلق د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ميش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه مطلقً<strong>ا</strong><br />
–<br />
(IX<br />
(٧٩<br />
B<br />
(gewaltige Wörte)<br />
[<br />
A<br />
(Souveränität)<br />
(unsouveräne)<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> کد<strong>ا</strong>ميک، <strong>ا</strong>ز محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه حقيقت د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د"<br />
میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط<br />
(Anspruch)<br />
Ob und welche Produkte des menschlichen Erkenntnis überhaupt souveraene Geltung<br />
und unbedingten "Anspruch" auf Wahrheit haben können. S. 128<br />
-B<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:<br />
تع<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>معت<strong>ا</strong>لی تحقق<br />
میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د.<br />
Die Souveränität des Denkens verwirklicht sich in einer Reihe höchst unsouverän<br />
denkender Menschen S.128
104<br />
محد<strong>و</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، ديديم. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>ديست که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک تص<strong>ا</strong>عد <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ا</strong>ز يک<br />
ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه عملی، يک ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>سله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>ی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د حل گ<strong>ر</strong>دد. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قد<strong>ر</strong> متع<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست که غي<strong>ر</strong> متع<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> ظ<strong>ر</strong>فيت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مع<strong>ر</strong>فت هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قد<strong>ر</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>محد<strong>و</strong>د. مستقل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ا</strong>دگی<strong>ا</strong>ش د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<strong>ا</strong>ش، د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> هدف <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی<strong>ا</strong>ش؛ غي<strong>ر</strong> مستقل <strong>و</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>دی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
تحقق<strong>ا</strong>ش د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> لحظه خ<strong>ا</strong>ص." (صفحه ٨١)<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد: "د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong>يز دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً همي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست." <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
مسئله <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يت ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>سط کليه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد، <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
مهم <strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> همگی <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی،<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ليکه کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، میت<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د مسئله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست حل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف (م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د همه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>) ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يت <strong>و</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> حتی ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش حقيقت مطلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ش<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس حقيقت مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ز حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی تشکيل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف يک<br />
<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس يک دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيسي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک دليل ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه کمت<strong>ر</strong> مهم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ" <strong>ا</strong>ست:<br />
"هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میفهميد، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليه دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک د<strong>ا</strong>شت که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی دقتی قط<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی متض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی میک<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
حقيقت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د کليه مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> جهت متض<strong>ا</strong>د ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک<br />
<strong>ر</strong>شته ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً محد<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه مج<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی تز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته محد<strong>و</strong>دی که ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی شي<strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علمی دقيق <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی که مطلقً<strong>ا</strong><br />
معت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شکست <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>يم: ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> قط<strong>ب</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی تز <strong>ب</strong>ه متض<strong>ا</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل میش<strong>و</strong>د، حقيقت خط<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong> حقيقت" (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ج<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong>ه مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد (که حجم يک گ<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه عکس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د). "يک ج<strong>و</strong> حقيقت" م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، فقط د<strong>ر</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong>ی مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> "ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی" حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت خ<strong>و</strong>د میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د حقيقت مطلق <strong>ب</strong>ه دست دهد، <strong>و</strong> میدهد، که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
جمع <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی تشکيل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. ه<strong>ر</strong> قدم د<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش د<strong>ا</strong>دهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه مجم<strong>و</strong>ع<br />
حقيقت مطلق می<strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ا</strong>يد، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> حد<strong>و</strong>د حقيقت ه<strong>ر</strong> قضيه علمی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شد مع<strong>ر</strong>فت گست<strong>ر</strong>ش<br />
میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د، ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>يزد. ژ. ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "حقيقت مطلق میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ديده ش<strong>و</strong>د،<br />
٦٠<br />
(٨۶<br />
٥٩<br />
،(Anlage)<br />
٦١<br />
A<br />
cf.V. Chernov, loc. Cit., p.64, et seq.<br />
چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيست، ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف که<br />
د<strong>و</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د سهيم <strong>ا</strong>ست. تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف میک<strong>و</strong>شد عدم تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ق<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع تص<strong>ا</strong>دفی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه قلمد<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ليکه چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف حس<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
-A
فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 105<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong>يده ش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ئيده ش<strong>و</strong>د، لمس ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته ش<strong>و</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت جذ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د."<br />
١٩۵) "ح<strong>ر</strong>فی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که يک عکس <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>مع م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه <strong>ن</strong>میدهد، <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز مدل خ<strong>و</strong>د عق<strong>ب</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>فتد... چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه يک عکس میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
مدل<strong>ا</strong>ش، تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؟ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی، میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د" (صفحه ١٩٧) "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيم؛ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> حتی يک جز<strong>ء</strong>، <strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، م<strong>ا</strong>هيت مطلق، م<strong>ا</strong>هيت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک کل<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>مع ت<strong>و</strong>سط مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه گ<strong>ر</strong>دد... <strong>پ</strong>س چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم که د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>س حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی، يک ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>و</strong>ل، <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>محد<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> مطلق <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میس<strong>ا</strong>زد؟... کج<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت فط<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست؛ ت<strong>و</strong>سط شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست" (صفحه ١٩٨) <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی دقتیه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که، د<strong>ر</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong>گلم<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓشفته<br />
فک<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد. ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قطع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ست که شخص<br />
میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>و</strong> فلسفه خ<strong>ا</strong>ص ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> صفحه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>ح میک<strong>ن</strong>د: "<strong>و</strong>قتی میگ<strong>و</strong>يم که مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه حقيقت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> مطلق<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> فط<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست، که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت لمی <strong>ا</strong>ست، تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت فط<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد میک<strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
(صفحه ١٩٨)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز کليه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قطع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>قل شده <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>و</strong> ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک<br />
هيچ م<strong>ر</strong>ز غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> مطلق <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فهميده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<br />
که ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> (جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم که<strong>ن</strong>) خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ر</strong>فت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی مطلق <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> (ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>هد، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط کليه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست." ("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"، کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم، حد<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>زديک شد<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست، ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حقيقتی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>زديکت<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>يم <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست. خط<strong>و</strong>ط عکس <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی مش<strong>ر</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
حقيقت که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عکس يک مدل عي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>سيم میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که چه م<strong>و</strong>قع <strong>و</strong><br />
تحت چه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يطی م<strong>ا</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه کشف <strong>ا</strong>ٓليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
قط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذغ<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ن</strong>گ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کشف <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تم <strong>ر</strong>سيديم، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
که ه<strong>ر</strong> کشفی <strong>ن</strong>ظي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت "مع<strong>ر</strong>فت مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً عي<strong>ن</strong>ی" <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. د<strong>ر</strong> يک کلمه،<br />
ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی علمی (که <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی متم<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست) يک حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی،<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت مطلق مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست. خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد گفت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت مطلق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هم د<strong>ا</strong>د: <strong>ب</strong>له، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>معي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست. ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز دگم شد<strong>ن</strong> علم <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>د کلمه، <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چيزی م<strong>ر</strong>ده، م<strong>ن</strong>جمد، ج<strong>ا</strong>مد، جل<strong>و</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ء</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>فی "معي<strong>ن</strong>"<br />
(des Naturganzen an sich)<br />
٦٢<br />
٣ صفحه (IV<br />
auf) (gebt nicht (صفحه
۵<br />
106<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زد خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ٔکدت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>طعت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفه <strong>و</strong> سفسطه <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>حذ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ر</strong>زی که شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يد، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی د<strong>ر</strong>غلتيده<strong>ا</strong>يد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، م<strong>ر</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يت گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هستيم. <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که حس<strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هستيم. <strong>ب</strong>له <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فق<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه شم<strong>ا</strong> همي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>که<br />
<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>و</strong> سفسطه مطلق محک<strong>و</strong>م ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی. <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ن</strong>فی ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>سيله ي<strong>ا</strong> مدل<br />
عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ع<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شخص میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ه<strong>ر</strong> سفسطه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جيه ک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ شخص ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
"مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط" د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>لئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مه م<strong>ر</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه. شخص ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی علمی (که <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت" <strong>ا</strong>ست) <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> (که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت" <strong>ا</strong>ست) يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حتی ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که هگل د<strong>ر</strong> عص<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د گفت ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، <strong>ن</strong>فی،<br />
شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>ن</strong>زل <strong>ن</strong>ميک<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس مطمئ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ت<strong>ن</strong>زل <strong>ن</strong>يست، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>می مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>فی حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م که حد<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ن</strong>زديک شد<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میک<strong>ن</strong>د: "م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم دگم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يست<strong>ا</strong>ئی" چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
"<strong>ن</strong>می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د." ("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"، کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م، صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د متح<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>و</strong> متک<strong>ا</strong>ملی <strong>ا</strong>ست (چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د) که ت<strong>و</strong>سط شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلمه<strong>ء</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>يست<strong>ا</strong>" چيست؟ مسئله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>، ي<strong>ا</strong> يک شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعتی که د<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
مسئله، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه "دگم" يک مزه فلسفی خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>يژه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د: <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلمه مط<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی "که<strong>ن</strong>" ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ ديديم. <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>تی که <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>"<br />
شهي<strong>ر</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشغ<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
–<br />
١٨٢١<br />
(IX<br />
–
فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 107<br />
۶- معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<br />
<strong>و</strong> ١٨٩٢<br />
٦٣<br />
ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس د<strong>ر</strong> ١٨۴۵ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> ١٨٨٨ معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس د<strong>ر</strong> تز د<strong>و</strong>م خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ب</strong>حث<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>و</strong> عدم <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک يک سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست." <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />
تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ن</strong>تيجه عمل م<strong>ا</strong> تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق<br />
<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک شده <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ن</strong>يد: "د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش معم<strong>و</strong>لی فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>هم، معم<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. يک مد<strong>ا</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گه د<strong>ا</strong>شته شده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد؛ <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ظ<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، شکسته<strong>ا</strong>ش<br />
می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم. د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>و</strong>م میگ<strong>و</strong>ئيم مد<strong>ا</strong>د شکسته <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> چه<br />
چيز <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه میدهد يک ف<strong>ا</strong>کت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ن</strong>زل دهيم؟...<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تظ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> غلط <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی می<strong>ا</strong>فتيم که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تظ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>دت ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيم، گ<strong>ر</strong> چه م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د يک م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د غي<strong>ر</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. ف<strong>ا</strong>کته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>شش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د ح<strong>ر</strong>ف زد<strong>ن</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست يک<br />
<strong>ا</strong>هميت عملی د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong>هميت علمی، <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل که غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيده<br />
میش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ست ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>هميتی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. حتی<br />
<strong>و</strong>حشت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>کت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ؤي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه قد<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> چيز ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ست." ("تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"، صفحه ١٨<br />
(١٩ –<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>حشت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>کت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ؤي<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>و</strong>حشت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>کت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ن</strong>يز يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د هم شکی <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست. سفسطهگ<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده علمی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ؤي<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>حشت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک" <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>،<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح، <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>و</strong> "ت<strong>و</strong>حش" د<strong>ر</strong>هم میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
مثل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که يک <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سي<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که کل س<strong>و</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>عت" ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه علم هيچ<br />
<strong>ن</strong>کته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که کد<strong>ا</strong>م تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> کد<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
يک <strong>پ</strong>يشد<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>. ژ<strong>و</strong>زف ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<br />
علمی، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی "سل<strong>ا</strong>ح جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>و</strong>ل عليه <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میديد.<br />
"مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی ک<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>" صفحه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظم، تميز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی<br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>هميتی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د"! <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده که علم د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم عليه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>ی ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
(۵۵<br />
٦٤<br />
،<br />
٦٥<br />
(Schrullen)<br />
(Übereinstimmung)<br />
–<br />
Kleinere philosophische Schriften)
108<br />
يک <strong>ا</strong>يده مط<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کليه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که<br />
ديت<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، "جي<strong>ر</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>غ<strong>ا</strong>لتحصيلی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که خلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده خ<strong>و</strong>د گيج میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ۵٣)<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong>قتی معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک، که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>هم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت تميز میدهد، ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ز قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> علم، <strong>ا</strong>ز قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس که کليه ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حل مسئله <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه تم<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت "مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی" <strong>و</strong> "<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی" <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، گفت<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ستی<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک يک چيز <strong>ا</strong>ست تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<br />
چيز ديگ<strong>ر</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong>ش "مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>"، میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "مع<strong>ر</strong>فت يک تم<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيک<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست" (چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، صفحه "ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>فقيت میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
مفيد<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز خط<strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د" (صفحه ١١۶) "مفه<strong>و</strong>م، يک ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيکی <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی حس<strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>می تعج<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> دليل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديک شد<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>يسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ش ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ی، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سقف <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>گي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه دمک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خط ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. مع<strong>ر</strong>فت میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيک مفيد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ش<strong>و</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی مفيد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حفظ حي<strong>ا</strong>ت مفيد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حفظ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع مفيد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ش<strong>و</strong>د<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، حقيقتی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ن</strong>عکس س<strong>ا</strong>زد. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست "م<strong>و</strong>فقيت" <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>يم، ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "م<strong>و</strong>فقيت" ه<strong>ر</strong> چيزيست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک ل<strong>ا</strong>زم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست، که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم می<strong>ر</strong>سيم. م<strong>ا</strong>خ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی چيز ديگ<strong>ر</strong>يست.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> "تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده خ<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>يم،<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چيزی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong>ه يک شيئ چ<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيم. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيک م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی که ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيد د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه طل<strong>و</strong>ع<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د، خ<strong>و</strong>د<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ر</strong>د." (صفحه ٨۵<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ستی هيچ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>طی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه يک مق<strong>و</strong>له<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong>يست. مسئله گ<strong>ر</strong>دش <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيد <strong>ن</strong>يز مطل<strong>ب</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>يست، چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد مش<strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک، که <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> خدمت میک<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم. ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی ميم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> حي<strong>ا</strong>ت عملی خ<strong>و</strong>يش ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong> قطع<strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>و</strong>سط تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
(١۴٣<br />
(١١۵<br />
(٢٨۴ –<br />
(forderndes)
فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 109<br />
-<br />
–<br />
B<br />
[<br />
A<br />
میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ [<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ تل<strong>ا</strong>ش جهت <strong>ر</strong>د شد<strong>ن</strong> "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک" <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> عميقً<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه چيزی غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل شک د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت، <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ت<strong>ا</strong> چه حد ت<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> فيشته، گ. ل.<br />
ش<strong>و</strong>لتز (که د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ فلسفه <strong>ب</strong>ه ش<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>هسيدم<strong>و</strong>س مع<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست) ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م (<strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ی<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
سکست<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>) میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔکد<strong>ا</strong>ً ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔکد<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يم، که د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه ديگ<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>د: "<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی ش<strong>ر</strong>کت میج<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی شک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> يک معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> حقيقت <strong>ب</strong>ه دست میدهد. <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضحت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست." ش<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عص<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ میدهد: "چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دل<strong>ا</strong>يلی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>ده م<strong>ر</strong>دم معت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست." زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>" شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی عملی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه ٢۵۴<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه، <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی فيشته <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ميد<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسمی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی همه م<strong>ا</strong>، حتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong>ه عمل، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>ض مي<strong>ر</strong>سد که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
aufdringet) "(sich ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>و</strong> فيشته چ<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ا</strong>ست! ي<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ميش<strong>و</strong>يم که د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف کسی جز <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>و</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست.<br />
<strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>يشخ<strong>ن</strong>د میگي<strong>ر</strong>د (مط<strong>ا</strong>لعه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف "فلسفه<br />
۶٩)، که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> (<strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف م) <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د که "<strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د" <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی<br />
(جهش حي<strong>ا</strong>ئی) فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ست ("ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"،<br />
کي"<br />
صفحه کلمه "<strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د" (که <strong>ا</strong>ز هي<strong>و</strong>م گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده) <strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>که د<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>و</strong>مه گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>شی<br />
... صفحه<br />
٦٦<br />
(٢۵۵-<br />
(۴۵۵ ،Werk I)<br />
(Pobel)<br />
salto vitale<br />
–<br />
salto vitale<br />
(١١١<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:<br />
ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
"<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک"<br />
خصيصه <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی<br />
،<br />
-A<br />
م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
, der Versuch aber, sie "theoritisch" zu umgehen, drückt nur die gelehrt –<br />
scholastischen und geschraubt – idealistischen Bestrebungen Macks aus.<br />
B - G.E. Schulze, Aenesidemus oder über die Fundamente der von dem Herrn<br />
Professor Reinhold in Jena gelieferten Elementar Philosophie<br />
(<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه سيدم<strong>و</strong>س، ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی تش<strong>ر</strong>يح شده ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>و</strong>لد د<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>
–<br />
110<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد، که هيچ ت<strong>و</strong>جيهی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ميت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی چه <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف؟<br />
چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، مثل<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>فت! <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دليل که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد؟ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> جهل دليل <strong>ن</strong>يست. ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong>يز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<br />
"يک جهش" <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>لتز، فيشته <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک میک<strong>ن</strong>د. ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ت<strong>و</strong>جه زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز فيشته ش<strong>ر</strong>ح میدهد که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د: "فيشته می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: شم<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض میک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، که<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد، میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> لمس میک<strong>ن</strong>يد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، ل<strong>ا</strong>مسه <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س هست<strong>ن</strong>د... شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک<br />
که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> (م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل فيشته <strong>ا</strong>ست م)<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>يد." (ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ میدهد: يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک خ<strong>و</strong>د مج<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست ي<strong>ا</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong><br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی عملی عکس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قص <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست:<br />
مسئله عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ مجم<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی عملی می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی عملی معت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه س<strong>ا</strong>زی. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی د<strong>ر</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست، که ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ر</strong>گ، يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح<br />
جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جسم، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه حقيقت قلمد<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د، يک ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه م<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>غي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>ن</strong>فس میکشيم: م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>، غذ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ا</strong>ميد<strong>ن</strong>ی ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ز<strong>ن</strong>جيده خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د: "<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ا</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی میک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل غذ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ا</strong>ميد<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زيم؟ "چه <strong>ب</strong>د!<br />
چه ت<strong>و</strong>هي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه مقدس<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م علمی <strong>ا</strong>ز ص<strong>ن</strong>دلی فلسفه <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>لهي<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دهيم <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> قل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>مت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شکل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> ميز<br />
<strong>ر</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>يت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی يکی<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ليد مثل يکی ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه ١٩٨)<br />
[<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔد<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شکل، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش میده<strong>ن</strong>د:<br />
تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د، ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ميز<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
–<br />
(صفحه ١٩٢)<br />
[<br />
A<br />
–<br />
(١٨٩<br />
،Werk, Band x صفحه (١٨۵<br />
".d`hôte<br />
A- ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ٔد<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شکل، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>قطه حي<strong>ا</strong>تی فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<strong>ا</strong>ی می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست، ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه میز<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
Diese Bemerkung ist nicht besonders höflich T sie trifft aber auf jene Philosophen,<br />
die lehren, dass die Sinnesverstellung eben die ausser uns existierende Wirklichkeit<br />
sei, haargenau zu. S. 137 P.3
فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 111<br />
ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه حي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت مقدم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد <strong>و</strong> جعلي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ی<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میز<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ش<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د هيچ <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>معي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ن</strong>دهد<br />
"مطلق" گ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عليه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد میک<strong>ن</strong>د، حقيقت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد، <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong><br />
عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گ<strong>ر</strong>فت که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه علم <strong>ا</strong>ست، که <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>دش<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی "عص<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی يک<br />
حقيقت "عي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی" <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيسم" میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ست. تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط<br />
کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ده دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دليل س<strong>ا</strong>ده که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>لئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مه م<strong>ر</strong>د، يک<br />
حقيقت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی میس<strong>ا</strong>زد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د تک<strong>ا</strong>مل کليه کش<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>د دهه گذشته، حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی کل تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش ي<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ز "دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيسم"<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> يک تسليم <strong>ب</strong>خشش <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زيست. ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<strong>ا</strong>ی که<br />
میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز عقيده م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong> که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس يک حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست گ<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>زديگت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديکت<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>يم (<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
که ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيم). <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ چيز مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>غ<br />
<strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ر</strong>سيد.<br />
١٨٢١<br />
۵<br />
،٣ صفحه .(VII
فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 113<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
( )<br />
١- م<strong>ا</strong>ده چيست؟ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه چيست؟<br />
سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ضم<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيده میش<strong>و</strong>د. سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>و</strong>م ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong>. سعی میک<strong>ن</strong>يم مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:<br />
"د<strong>ر</strong> ’تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong>مل‘ تصفيه شده هيچ چيز ’فيزيکی‘ ’م<strong>ا</strong>ده‘ <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی مطلق<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده مفه<strong>و</strong>م يک تج<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> (م<strong>ا</strong>ده م) مجم<strong>و</strong>ع ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>کزی مشتق شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی يع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
’تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong>مل‘، يک ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>ک<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ’م<strong>ا</strong>ده‘ <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی مطلق يک خي<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>چ <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت دست <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> شکسته يک چيز <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،<br />
فيزيکی ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه مطلق <strong>و</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک مشخص میک<strong>ن</strong>د، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> (ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شي<strong>و</strong>ه جديد، "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق")، ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی، محيط <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ جز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ژ. گ. فيشته گفت). م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
–<br />
–<br />
(undenkbar)<br />
A<br />
(Unding)<br />
-<br />
Bemerkungen -A<br />
"ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>"، صفحه ٢ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی که ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> ذک<strong>ر</strong> شده، <strong>ب</strong>خش ١١٩
–<br />
114<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شش ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت<br />
حمل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه "م<strong>ا</strong>ده" <strong>ن</strong>يز ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست: <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست هستی فيزيکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>سط فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> هستی س<strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خته شد،<br />
<strong>ر</strong>د می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>ده "فيزيکی" <strong>ا</strong>ست (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه د<strong>ا</strong>ده شدهت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>دش هيچ کس مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک س<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong> تيم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د شک ک<strong>ن</strong>د) ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>فی شده <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش "خ<strong>و</strong>دش" د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> محيط <strong>و</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>دهت<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> زي<strong>ن</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د: "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />
میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم يک ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> سيستم<strong>ا</strong>تيک معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> (<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>) <strong>ا</strong>ست." ("تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"،<br />
صفحه م<strong>ا</strong>خ فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک "تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی" د<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> که<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست که ع<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کلمه "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>و</strong> س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، دشم<strong>ن</strong> متعص<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> هيچ<br />
<strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض علمی <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی کم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يش د<strong>ا</strong>ئم ت<strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تع<strong>ر</strong>يف ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ميل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک "<strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ئم <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س" <strong>ن</strong>زديک میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف م<strong>ا</strong>ده م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی که ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد" ("ق<strong>ا</strong>عده علم"، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> حتی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ س<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ن</strong>يز د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک دست د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د، تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong><br />
م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>د مسئله<strong>ء</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت که<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هستی، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فيزيکی<br />
میچ<strong>ر</strong>خد. خ<strong>ا</strong>می مطلق م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشخيص د<strong>ا</strong>د که<br />
حتی ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "علم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>" ي<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>" م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. تم<strong>ا</strong>م فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<strong>ا</strong>ی که ذک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ضم<strong>ن</strong>ی، خط فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم (<strong>ا</strong>ز هستی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه، <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خط عکس، <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم، ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ن</strong>فی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ که<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ست، که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د يک م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>، يک<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> تشکيل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>ا</strong>ز جهت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل خط فلسفی <strong>ن</strong>فی شده<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست: م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عمل<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ت<strong>و</strong>ليد میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> عليه <strong>ب</strong>لت<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>حتج<strong>ا</strong>ج میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>زدل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس چشم<br />
می<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شد <strong>ا</strong>ز تع<strong>ر</strong>يفه<strong>ا</strong>ئی غض<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست که، <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> "خ<strong>و</strong>دش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
"ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ئی" <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
میده<strong>ن</strong>د."، ("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"، کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م، صفحه<br />
("م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست" م<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه ک<strong>ن</strong>د: <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس) که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش فلسفی،<br />
١٩٠٠، صفحه<br />
–<br />
،(XVI <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
(٢۶۵<br />
–<br />
(٢۴٩
فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 115<br />
–<br />
[<br />
A<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش ديگ<strong>ر</strong> عکس <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>ا</strong>دق <strong>ا</strong>ست. تم<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی مس<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه "<strong>ر</strong>د" <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی تفک<strong>ر</strong><br />
میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهد که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><br />
مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت، تع<strong>ر</strong>يفی <strong>ب</strong>ه دست د<strong>ا</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يفی که مشخص میک<strong>ن</strong>د کد<strong>ا</strong>م يک <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
مقدم <strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز "تع<strong>ر</strong>يفی" <strong>ب</strong>ه دست د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> چيست؟ <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که يک مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />
معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک مفه<strong>و</strong>م ج<strong>ا</strong>معت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يم "<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>غ يک حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست"،<br />
م<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م "<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>غ" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک مفه<strong>و</strong>م ج<strong>ا</strong>معت<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>م. <strong>پ</strong>س مسئله <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم ج<strong>ا</strong>معت<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز هستی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه، م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س، فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> عمل ک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ خي<strong>ر</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيمی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ت<strong>ا</strong><br />
ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سته <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د (ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت لغ<strong>ا</strong>ت تخصصی، که هميشه<br />
ممک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د). شخص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد يک ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> يک ک<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> محض <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ج<strong>ا</strong>معيت <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی "تع<strong>ر</strong>يفی" <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد که "تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده" <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد: يکی ي<strong>ا</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد مقدم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. سه دليل <strong>پ</strong>يش گفته د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد. [چه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>صل<br />
میش<strong>و</strong>د؟ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حی <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> "م<strong>ن</strong>"، <strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيکی ي<strong>ا</strong> محيط <strong>پ</strong>يش می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی <strong>ب</strong>ه ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده. <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سً<strong>ا</strong> "تع<strong>ر</strong>يف" ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی، غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<br />
خط فلسفیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه <strong>ب</strong>ده<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يق ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش معي<strong>ن</strong>ی، تع<strong>ر</strong>يف<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د که "م<strong>ن</strong>" چيست، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س چيست، <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی چيست؟ شخص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مسئله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی ک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> تشخيص دهد که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جع <strong>ب</strong>ه چه مهمل محضی صح<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يفی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه دست ده<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد که م<strong>ا</strong>ده، ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت، هستی، فيزيکی- <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح، شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی.<br />
يک تع<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>غ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کلمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>يسمه<strong>ا</strong>ی" ظ<strong>ر</strong>يف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حقي<strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی گفت<strong>ن</strong>د: يک خط<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong> يک خط <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دستهه<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فق<strong>ر</strong><br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد که ک<strong>و</strong>شش د<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خلق يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" ي<strong>ا</strong> يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.<br />
س<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>و</strong>ی يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>صی <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست: "م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه فيزيکی <strong>ن</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ب</strong>لکه يک چيز س<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سم." <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده که مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيز س<strong>و</strong>م ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>شده، <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د: "م<strong>ا</strong><br />
مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه دهد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيز س<strong>و</strong>م ف<strong>ا</strong>قد يک ضد مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست... <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل که چيز س<strong>و</strong>م چيست؟ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی مط<strong>ر</strong>ح شده<br />
–<br />
(Rententheorie)<br />
(Gegenbegriff)<br />
Worauf lassen sie sich zurueckfuehren<br />
-A<br />
همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چه چيز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لغ میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟
(<br />
116<br />
A<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست." (مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت میفهمد که يک مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
تع<strong>ر</strong>يف گ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میفهمد که ت<strong>و</strong>سل <strong>ب</strong>ه يک "چيز س<strong>و</strong>م" يک حيله محض <strong>ا</strong>ست. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> يک<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د فيزيک چيست <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی چيست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> هيچ يک <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
"چيز س<strong>و</strong>م" چيست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حيله می<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
میک<strong>ر</strong>د که "م<strong>ن</strong>" (<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی) <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت (محيط) (ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه) ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته حتی تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی يک <strong>ر</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>هميت مطلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت که چه چيز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی<br />
<strong>و</strong> چه چيز <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong> خصيصه <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />
غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ت<strong>ر</strong>ديد <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم کلمه "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>قد تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص "ف<strong>ر</strong>ض" زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يح میک<strong>ن</strong>د: "ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشی <strong>ا</strong>ز محيط م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، د<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د: ’<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست‘، ’<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست‘؛ ي<strong>ا</strong> ’<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی شد‘<strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ’<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ستگی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د‘؛" (ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی، صفحه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم "م<strong>ن</strong>"<br />
<strong>و</strong> محيط تع<strong>ر</strong>يف شده <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که "<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>"ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> لحظه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته شده <strong>ا</strong>سست. <strong>ب</strong>عد: "مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ب</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص" يع<strong>ن</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه "<strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
که د<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong>يش، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز محيط <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خدمت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که محيط مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت" <strong>و</strong> "م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
گ<strong>ا</strong>ه ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شي<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی تفسي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د! "مفه<strong>و</strong>م تحليلی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"<br />
"يع<strong>ن</strong>ی، تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هيج چيز، که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>،<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د چيزی مگ<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست، مخل<strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>دد." (صفحه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong><br />
کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت دست <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> شکسته ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>د حقيقی<br />
میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!<br />
ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه ک<strong>ر</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> جلد د<strong>و</strong>م "<strong>ن</strong>قد تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
يک "ح<strong>ا</strong>لت خ<strong>ا</strong>ص" ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
(<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong>ی) تقسيم میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ که<br />
(<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی شيئ<strong>ا</strong>ی) <strong>و</strong><br />
"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong>سيع کلمه" د<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>مل میش<strong>و</strong>د؛ که "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong>مل" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی<br />
خل<strong>ا</strong>صه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که، <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ميدهی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>ی، "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"<br />
مشخص میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد<br />
خط<strong>و</strong>ط م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگي<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تطهي<strong>ر</strong><br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> سکه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يج<br />
می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ر</strong>يل می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص چيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س م<strong>ب</strong>هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی<br />
–<br />
Sachhafte Werte<br />
(٢<br />
–<br />
(١<br />
gedankenhafte Werte<br />
(Bemerkungen)<br />
٦٧<br />
(٢<br />
١<br />
A- Einfuehrung in der Philosophie der reinen Erfahrung. Band 2 S.329
فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 117<br />
میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> که تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص، تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يست که هيچ چيز ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مخل<strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>د يک د<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه میچ<strong>ر</strong>خد." )<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
فلسفه سيستم<strong>ا</strong>تيک)، ل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ،<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>عضی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>و</strong>هم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ديگ<strong>ر</strong> يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع ي<strong>ا</strong> خصيصه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />
"جسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يت"<br />
مفه<strong>و</strong>م تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کش میدهد (صفحه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "تم<strong>ا</strong>می مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
تع<strong>ر</strong>يف دقيق <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س يک تع<strong>ر</strong>يف دقيق <strong>ب</strong>ه دست<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سميت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<strong>ء</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه، <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> س<strong>و</strong>دم<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست، [زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> کمک میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه عليه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، ق<strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د. ("ذه<strong>ن</strong>"، جلد ١۵، صفحه ٢٩)<br />
"م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>م که ُک<strong>ن</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح فلسفه م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تشکيل میش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
هيچ چيز <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه؛ يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>د که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سيده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد..." يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ت تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست؟ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی فيشته <strong>ا</strong>ست. usw) ،Sonnenklarer Bericht, صفحه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ فلسفه<br />
مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم که تفسي<strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه، م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زه<br />
فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه کليه دستهه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د. تم<strong>ا</strong>م ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مت<strong>و</strong>سل میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م "مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong><br />
خط<strong>ا</strong>"ی خ<strong>و</strong>د، کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته <strong>و</strong>يلهلم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شليم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میست<strong>ا</strong>يد که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم: "<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش يک هستی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>لهی <strong>ا</strong>صيل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست." ("<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طق خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"، صفحه ٢٢٢<br />
Systematische<br />
Der<br />
،١٩٠٧ صفحه (١٠٢<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست." Studien) ،Philosophische جلد ،١٢ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت – ٩٢ (٩٣<br />
.(٣٨٢<br />
(١٢<br />
،١٩٠٧ صفحه .(۶١<br />
Philosophie<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میدهد." neo-scolastique) ،Revue<br />
[<br />
A<br />
(kritische Idealismus und die reine Logik<br />
(۵٣<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓدم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک<br />
کلمه "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز "مت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ک" <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓمد، دلس<strong>و</strong>زی ک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong>قتی<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ، <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> متهم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز کلمه "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، که ت<strong>ا</strong><br />
حد<strong>و</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم خ<strong>ا</strong>لص م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف شده، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> جهل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د "مقص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست" <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong>ض گ<strong>ر</strong>فت.<br />
<strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که "شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هی هست<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که م<strong>ا</strong>ده تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست"، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"، کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
که ه<strong>ر</strong> چيز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيزد." ("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"، کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
،٣ صفحه (XII<br />
٢ صفحه<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:<br />
<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی مت<strong>و</strong>صل میش<strong>و</strong>د<br />
(تحت<br />
-A<br />
ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>)<br />
Den sie hilft ihm, den Idealismus unter dem Schein seiner Bekaempfung<br />
einzuschmugeln,
118<br />
٦٨A<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی تفسي<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کسی <strong>ن</strong>يست که سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> کلمه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه م<strong>ر</strong>تجع <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
میدهد که ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع "ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong>ت تهی <strong>و</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
متض<strong>ا</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد، که معهذ<strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>می ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د" (کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
تج<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong>ت تهی ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مثل يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست تفسي<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه، حتی م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع خ<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد (ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" هست<strong>ن</strong>د) غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه تفسي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی کلمه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
"مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک" میگ<strong>و</strong>يد : "م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زيم<br />
،(herausphilosophieren <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم." (چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>لم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> فلسفه س<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong>سم شده، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
چيزی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی، چيزی که <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی<br />
تفسي<strong>ر</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ديگ<strong>ر</strong>: <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت مش<strong>ا</strong>هده میک<strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong>ک<br />
<strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>و</strong> تحليل <strong>ن</strong>شده، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قش ميگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کلیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
ق<strong>و</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لتش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تقليد میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. (nachahmen) د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ن</strong>جي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل دست<strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ست..." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز "ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت" <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>حمق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ی شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. مث<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>و</strong>م: "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ن</strong>زديک<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه، علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً س<strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خته میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> مجدد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد." ) und Erkenntnis<br />
فلسفه مخص<strong>و</strong>ص م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی<br />
غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه متد<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د که تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
خل<strong>ا</strong>صه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم: کلمه "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د، مدته<strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
که <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی خدمت میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>ط گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی خدمت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
"تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يف" گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> خط <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
،١ صفحه (۴٨<br />
nicht aus uns<br />
١٨٩٧، صفحه<br />
)<br />
٦٩<br />
(stärksten)<br />
(Schatz)<br />
(٢٠٠<br />
(١۴<br />
(٢٧<br />
،Irrtum صفحه<br />
<strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>ب</strong>لف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>کس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليس مدتی ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق تم<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. يک ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی که<br />
کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ’<strong>ر</strong>يشهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت‘ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده، تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ا</strong>لتی گز<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د: "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> کلمه<br />
ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
(Revue de Philosophie, 1907, Nr. 10 S.399)<br />
۶٨<br />
-A
فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 119<br />
٢- خط<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مفه<strong>و</strong>م "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"<br />
(چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ١٩٠۵)<br />
X-XI<br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:<br />
<strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه مقدمه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> "ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"<br />
"يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه يک <strong>و</strong>سيله<strong>ء</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه تم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم تم<strong>ا</strong>م مع<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز دست میدهد، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ج<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً تهی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
ف. ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>چ<strong>ن</strong>، يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تدکست<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم (<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت) میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>قد تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>و</strong>سيله<br />
مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>ا</strong>ست." <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه ح<strong>ا</strong>صل میش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ه<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يزی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ف. ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
ف. ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً کلمه <strong>ب</strong>ه کلمه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د، که د<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ٔکد<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong>ک خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه که <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل مفه<strong>و</strong>م "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک ’<strong>و</strong>سيله مع<strong>ر</strong>فت‘، <strong>ب</strong>ه "مع<strong>ن</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی هست<strong>ن</strong>د." ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص (کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست! ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که<br />
م<strong>ر</strong>جع خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی" دست <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت، که <strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جستهت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> گفته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فهميده، <strong>ب</strong>ه چه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ن</strong>قد تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د، تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی "م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع مش<strong>ا</strong>هده د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که، مث ًل<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً کليه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> (صفحه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، سيستم<strong>ا</strong>تيک میگ<strong>و</strong>يد، ط<strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت مسئله <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد. ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong>ست میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه<br />
٧٠<br />
das )<br />
(١٧٠<br />
(۴٠١<br />
١، صفحه<br />
A<br />
(۵٣<br />
،(۵٠<br />
(vorgefundene<br />
ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> گفته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د "يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت، مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز مع<strong>ر</strong>فت"، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه يک<br />
"م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع مش<strong>ا</strong>هده"؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> کس ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست، چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>گفت، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست گفته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.<br />
-A
120<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فضيلت" ت<strong>و</strong>صيف میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>می خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی) م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم که ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م گ<strong>ر</strong>فته دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم هستيم، ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>؟ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست کل <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میز<strong>ن</strong>يم م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی معم<strong>و</strong>لی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست، که<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد ي<strong>ا</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه "<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د"، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم. <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong>سيله مع<strong>ر</strong>فت، م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست (که، ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يجت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د فيشته ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم) <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک" "م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د" س<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که مغز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> عض<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
تد<strong>ا</strong>خل <strong>و</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی چشم <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شد. م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده ي<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته شده<br />
،(vorgefundene <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> محيط <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>هم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ز "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط فلسفی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم، <strong>و</strong> خط هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong><br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت کلمه "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه تع<strong>ر</strong>يف تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع مش<strong>ا</strong>هده، <strong>ن</strong>ه تع<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>سيله مع<strong>ر</strong>فت هيچ کد<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د تعيي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د. خ<strong>ا</strong>صه <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>طی <strong>ب</strong>ه مسئله تم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی تف<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دقت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
مسئله ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف گفت که: "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> (تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م) ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست." (کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> سه، صفحه "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ظيفه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ط <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع خيلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت: م<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>لحق، يک<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ن</strong>يستم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مقيد <strong>ن</strong>يستم که د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>م يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ي<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چه مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د! <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم (<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش م<strong>ا</strong>خی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده ک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مسئ<strong>و</strong>ل ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته ش<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم "خ<strong>ا</strong>لص" <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسی ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> حض<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> جمع<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>قصيد؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زخ<strong>ن</strong>د زد که چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سم <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>د که<br />
مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د حتی يک کلمه د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>گفت، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "سه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>" خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست (<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فهميده <strong>ا</strong>ست). <strong>ا</strong>ٓه، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>؟<br />
das<br />
)<br />
–<br />
-<br />
(١٠٨<br />
–<br />
٩<br />
–<br />
–<br />
(XI<br />
A<br />
–<br />
B<br />
-A<br />
-B<br />
ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> گفته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، "يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت، مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز مع<strong>ر</strong>فت"، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه يک<br />
"م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع مش<strong>ا</strong>هده"؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> کس ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست، چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>گفت، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست گفته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد<br />
يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong>قص که ت<strong>و</strong>سط ز<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م میش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قع <strong>ر</strong>قص <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.
فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 121<br />
٣- عليت <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />
مسئله عليت د<strong>ر</strong> تعيي<strong>ن</strong> خط فلسفی ه<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>يسم" ت<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>هميت خ<strong>ا</strong>ص د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
تفصيل د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>حی <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ل. ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>. ه<strong>ا</strong>يم که ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم، تش<strong>ر</strong>يح شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
ه<strong>ا</strong>يم میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> (ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ) ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ل زد؛ ه<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش<br />
کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong>هيت مذه<strong>ب</strong>" م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که م<strong>ن</strong> گفته<strong>ا</strong>م، ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>ک گ<strong>ر</strong>دد، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>طقی، <strong>ن</strong>ه مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست، که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> هستی <strong>ا</strong>ست که غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> يک معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه میک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>یش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سم میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظم، هدف <strong>و</strong><br />
ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه خصيصه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مقيديم چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی چه؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>ظمی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئيز<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>يد، زمست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئيز <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز زمست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>؟ که هدف <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که، مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً هيچ<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ششه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> چشم، <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> صد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟ که ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست زمي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يض<strong>و</strong>ی، يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
ح<strong>ر</strong>کت ک<strong>ن</strong>د، که ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ظ<strong>ر</strong>ف يک س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ظ<strong>ر</strong>ف يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع س<strong>ا</strong>عت <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيد <strong>ب</strong>چ<strong>ر</strong>خد؟ چه مهملی! <strong>پ</strong>س م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قطعه چيست؟ هيچ چيز مگ<strong>ر</strong> تميز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت متعلق <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تعلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قطعه <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />
چيزی مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>ظم، هدف <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قطعه میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>فی<br />
يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>و</strong> هستی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قطعه <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> (<strong>ن</strong>ظم، هدف، ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م) دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شکلی که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>يز م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ن</strong>ظم، هدف، ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
کلم<strong>ا</strong>تی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دش م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>فهمد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ز مع<strong>ن</strong>ی ي<strong>ا</strong> محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
معهذ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه تميز د<strong>ا</strong>د. <strong>ن</strong>ظم، هدف،<br />
ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ختي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
"خد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ز حد<strong>و</strong>ث <strong>ن</strong>ظم، هدف، ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong>دأ <strong>ا</strong>ختي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>دِ يک هستی متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>ظم، هدف <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعتی می<strong>ب</strong>خشد که<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> تَ َعُي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج<br />
فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ظم<br />
۴٨<br />
nicht )<br />
–<br />
(sinn-, D.h. gegenstandlose Wörte<br />
(dissolute)<br />
(an sich)
122<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
خ<strong>ر</strong>د خد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong> هستی تقسيم میک<strong>ن</strong>د:<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حی" VII) ،Werke, Band ،١٩٠٣ صفحه – ٢۵ (۵١٨<br />
يکی م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>دی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> عليت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زمیش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ستی تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظم، ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>عکس شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م، <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong>ئی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی هست<strong>ن</strong>د. کليه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، ي<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> خط فلسفی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله<br />
عليت، <strong>ن</strong>فی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>دی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی، عليت <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت، <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی ت<strong>و</strong>سط ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی که <strong>ب</strong>ه خط <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی تعلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که خط ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مسئله عليت قي<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>ظم <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>، خ<strong>ر</strong>د، م<strong>ن</strong>طق <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه، <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت می<strong>ب</strong>ُ<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>و</strong>می ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد، <strong>ب</strong>لکه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جزئی <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ر</strong>د میس<strong>ا</strong>زد. <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که<br />
خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جزئی <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>د. خط ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله عليت، <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی<br />
(که عليت هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>قس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د) يع<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی کم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يش ضعيفت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>قيقت<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ستی تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> مغز<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس شده، م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>م، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> هيچ گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />
گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله خ<strong>ا</strong>ص عليت ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> قطع<strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سیت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی د<strong>ر</strong> کل، جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کسی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی دقت هم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس حتی<br />
ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی شک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، عليت، ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
چ<strong>ن</strong>د مث<strong>ا</strong>ل محد<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ" میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>که <strong>و</strong>ضع<br />
<strong>ب</strong>خشه<strong>ا</strong>ی (تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> کلی <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>فهميم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، عليت، ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت، علته<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ص،<br />
معل<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم." (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی علت <strong>و</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>ل ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میک<strong>ن</strong>د: "<strong>و</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه، د<strong>ر</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم که علت <strong>و</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>ل<br />
مف<strong>ا</strong>هيمی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>لش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong>دی ص<strong>ا</strong>دق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>ه مج<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong>دی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط کلیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> گيتی <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک کل د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم، د<strong>ر</strong> هم ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی که<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> عمل <strong>و</strong> عکس<strong>ا</strong>لعمل جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>و</strong>ل فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>يم که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> علته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د ج<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>و</strong>ض میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت علت میش<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عکس، <strong>پ</strong>يچيده میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز علت <strong>و</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>ل هميشه ت<strong>ا</strong> حدی<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میس<strong>ا</strong>زد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ختگی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
(natürlich)<br />
٧١<br />
(۶<br />
–<br />
۵<br />
(٨
چ(<br />
فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 123<br />
می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم که ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>ک ميش<strong>و</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم که خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> "محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د يک محص<strong>و</strong>ل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته "محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، که د<strong>ر</strong> تحليل <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>يز هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>قيه<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>ت متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />
شکی <strong>ن</strong>يست که يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>و</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز "ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت"، <strong>ا</strong>ز "ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت" (Naturnotwendigkeiten)<br />
صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د قض<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی عم<strong>و</strong>مً<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<br />
میدهد.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> "ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ" <strong>ن</strong>يز میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم: ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عم<strong>و</strong>می ح<strong>ر</strong>کت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>و</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> يکس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز لح<strong>ا</strong>ظ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دد متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه شکل يک ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز تص<strong>ا</strong>دف<strong>ا</strong>ت ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس فلسفه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
که "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> خي<strong>ا</strong>لی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>ت متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته<br />
ميگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د"، س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د. (صفحه <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت، عليت <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست، هم چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خصيصه <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>،<br />
يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>.<br />
<strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>يشم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د دقت<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی ’د<strong>ر</strong>‘ فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم" <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی گلف<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> تزه<strong>ا</strong>ی زي<strong>ر</strong> جمع <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د:... <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی علّی که م<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت میدهيم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د" (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهمل گ<strong>و</strong>ئی<br />
محض <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی گلف<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>دش يک <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>ی ش<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ژ. ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش، <strong>ب</strong>ی دقتی <strong>و</strong><br />
خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>ن</strong>ظي<strong>ر</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که قل<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مج<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده ت<strong>ا</strong> ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>فی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ژ. ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ن</strong>فی مستقيم <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی عليت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>. ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک گلف<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد.<br />
ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong>هيت ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "مع<strong>ر</strong>فت<br />
علمی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> گم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>س<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل علته<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل علته<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد." (صفحه ٩۴) "علته<strong>ا</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت ق<strong>و</strong>ه<br />
تفک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ل حسی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ل حسی <strong>ب</strong>ه علته<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د عي<strong>ن</strong>یش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
-٩<br />
،(٢۴٨<br />
(١٩٠٣<br />
(a priori)<br />
–<br />
٩۵<br />
(Naturzusammenhang)<br />
(٣٨<br />
..."<br />
٧٣<br />
(۴٢<br />
٧٢<br />
(٢٢)<br />
(aposteriori)
124<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم يک حقيقت، حقيقت يک <strong>پ</strong>ديده<strong>ء</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
هم میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم که يک علت، علت يک ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد." (صفحه<br />
شيئ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه ١٠٠)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی گلف<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چيزی گفته <strong>ا</strong>ست که مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً متض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ست. جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم که ت<strong>و</strong>سط ژ.ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يح شده <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی علّی د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی گلف<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د خط م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خط <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی ق<strong>ا</strong>طی ک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه خط د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زيم.<br />
يک <strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
٩٨) "علت<br />
–<br />
٩٩<br />
Philosophie als Denken der welt gemäss dem Prinzip des kleinsten<br />
٨١<br />
Kraftmaßes<br />
جست. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم: "د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
علت ح<strong>ر</strong>کت تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>يم. (erfahren) هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم هيچ ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ح<strong>ر</strong>کت تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>يم. تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه م<strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که يکی <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ست هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لصت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شکل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>؛ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ز هيچ گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د. فيلس<strong>و</strong>فی که (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>صل "<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه") <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد. کمی <strong>ب</strong>عد میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم: "<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ء</strong><br />
عليت، <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ي<strong>ا</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>ديت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جز<strong>ء</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>فک معل<strong>و</strong>ل میطل<strong>ب</strong>د، هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد،" (<strong>ب</strong>خش ٨٢) "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong>جه خ<strong>ا</strong>صی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حتم<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تظ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>ل می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د." (<strong>ب</strong>خش ٨٣، تز)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله عليت <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> کسی <strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست،<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد، مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ديم، د<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>و</strong>يژه، "عليت <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح" )<br />
صفحه ۴٣٢)، میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم: "معهذ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د هي<strong>و</strong>می (<strong>ا</strong>ز مفه<strong>و</strong>م عليت) <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حفظ<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د." ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م (م<strong>ا</strong>خ زحمت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میکشد) مسئله عليت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی<br />
متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت حل میک<strong>ن</strong>د. "م<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه حل هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "ت<strong>ر</strong>جيح میدهيم." "<strong>ب</strong>ه غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ن</strong>طقی<br />
(ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ) هيچ ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت فيزيکی، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه شدت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه ک<strong>ر</strong>د. ه<strong>ر</strong>گز حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه فک<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ هم <strong>ن</strong>مي<strong>ر</strong>سد که<br />
<strong>ن</strong>زديکی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ن</strong>د. ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس "ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د." د<strong>ر</strong><br />
"مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک" م<strong>ا</strong>خ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم: "د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>ه علت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه معل<strong>و</strong>ل." (صفحه ۴٧۴،<br />
١٨٩٧) "م<strong>ن</strong> مک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م که کليه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عليت <strong>ا</strong>ز مح<strong>ر</strong>که<strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
(treiben) ح<strong>ا</strong>صل میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت لز<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد." (صفحه ۴٩۵)<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>می حي<strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مسئله گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عليت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
، "Wärmlehre" ٧٤ , Auflage<br />
auflage<br />
(erfahren)<br />
–<br />
٣٩<br />
،<br />
3
فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 125<br />
ج<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که ص<strong>ر</strong>ف گفت<strong>ن</strong> "هم <strong>ب</strong>ستگی<br />
ت<strong>ب</strong>عی" کشفی د<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> شخص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز "فيتیشيسم" ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
"ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت"، "ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong>يشخ<strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>تی (د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی که ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ن</strong>قل شد، د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>و</strong>ض <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د، محق <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>خ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
"کلمه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل" ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عليت صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> "مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>"ی خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که مفه<strong>و</strong>م ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
که <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج مش<strong>ا</strong>هده د<strong>ر</strong> شکل مق<strong>ا</strong>دي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، که حتی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
عل<strong>و</strong>می م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د شيمی جزئ<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه عقيده م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>، که <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ (<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ح<strong>ر</strong>فی <strong>ن</strong>میز<strong>ن</strong>يم) <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست که مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ن</strong>ظم،<br />
ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه تحت ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط معي<strong>ن</strong>ی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه ت<strong>ب</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضی تع<strong>ر</strong>يف شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.<br />
مسئله تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً مهمی که گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>جه دقتی که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يف، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>ت علّی <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يف میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
دقيق <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>ت ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست ي<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>، ق<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> فط<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ک حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گشت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong> (هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong>)، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ جد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ، که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>، متهم ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>، گ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشه<strong>ا</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يش<br />
غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه عليت، "ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ش" میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> "<strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی" مثل<br />
يک د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong><br />
مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زد د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم" میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم<br />
(چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی، صفحه <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> يک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم، <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> يک<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟ <strong>ن</strong>ه، د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله يک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت،<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "قد<strong>ر</strong>تی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>غي<strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه خ<strong>و</strong>د ف<strong>ا</strong>کته<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی جزئی مش<strong>ا</strong>هده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم، قد<strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ستگی <strong>ا</strong>ست. که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>و</strong>ی میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ست که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق ف<strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
قد<strong>ر</strong>تی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> (ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ) حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هد<strong>ا</strong>يت میک<strong>ن</strong>د، که <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>کم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>و</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ن</strong>گه مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> (؟) ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د که يک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی ک<strong>ا</strong>فی د<strong>ر</strong> محيط م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>و</strong>فقيت <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د." (383.S (Wärmelehre,<br />
چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه جستج<strong>و</strong>ی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی محيط<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيم؟ کج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گشت، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
philosophische<br />
(Auflage 3 S.278)<br />
(٣٨٣<br />
(١٨٢<br />
، Studien صفحه ٣٨٨
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<br />
126<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ق<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س س<strong>ا</strong>ده ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت میت<strong>ر</strong>سد. م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د "مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>"، حتی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "تحديد <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تظ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت"<br />
.S) 450 خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی حق خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دقت خ<strong>ا</strong>صی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د ("ق<strong>ا</strong>عده<strong>ء</strong> علم"، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م): "ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> علم محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی." (صفحه ٣۶) "کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، چه ش<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د چه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست، غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> "ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظم <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>جی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، حد<strong>ا</strong>قل هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>فظهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>." (صفحه ١٨۵) "خصيصه ج<strong>ا</strong>مع ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>غ ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>) د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش فصل سه گفته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست که "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ده<br />
ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ست." " ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد مع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز عکس <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>." <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔسف <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د که، <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م<br />
(م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی) "<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>خت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> متد<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه د<strong>ر</strong> فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<br />
مسئله عليت شده، <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تز زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی میک<strong>ن</strong>د (<strong>ب</strong>خش :(II "ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>که<strong>ا</strong>." <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ت<strong>و</strong>جه د<strong>ا</strong>شت که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong><br />
ت<strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د. "د<strong>ر</strong> يک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی که <strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د (ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مستم<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت) <strong>ن</strong>يز هيچ ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ذ<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک ش<strong>ر</strong>ط<br />
ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت متفک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مستم<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د متفک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت! <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ز ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی محص<strong>و</strong>ل ق<strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه ١٣٩)<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيست م<strong>ا</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong>يز غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً حم<strong>ا</strong>يت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ميم<strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><br />
م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی خ<strong>ا</strong>لص می<strong>ر</strong>سد: <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ديکته میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ديکته میک<strong>ن</strong>د! <strong>ن</strong>کته مهم تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>يست که<br />
خط <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
خط میدهد، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>د، ذه<strong>ن</strong>، شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong>خشی <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ست، يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>خشی <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست، که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
معم<strong>و</strong>لی س<strong>ا</strong>ده که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> همه م<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه يک خ<strong>ر</strong>د "شگفت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز"، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong><br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>يد، م<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ز <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لهی م<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د. ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی م<strong>ا</strong>خی که "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
میدهد" يک ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چشم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />
خي<strong>ر</strong>ه میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که صفت <strong>و</strong>يژه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مقدم <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> چقد<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تميز گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً مهم <strong>ا</strong>ز لفظ <strong>ب</strong>ه ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong> صميم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
تع<strong>ر</strong>يف میک<strong>ن</strong>د! ) 2, Auflage<br />
(٨٧<br />
–<br />
۴
فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 127<br />
(٣١<br />
ژ. <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> جلدی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تحليل ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه د<strong>ا</strong>د، يک مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ع<strong>ا</strong>لی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز مکت<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "حتی ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز، صد <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
هي<strong>و</strong>م، م<strong>ا</strong>ديت <strong>و</strong> عليت جس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت متفک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> فلج میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." ("مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"،<br />
کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل، صفحه ح<strong>ر</strong>فی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که "جس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>"ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مغز، ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کشف ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong><br />
"<strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل عليت که ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم، ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ي<strong>ا</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت، چيز<br />
م<strong>ب</strong>هم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." (<strong>ا</strong>يده "فيتیشيسم"، "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ستی" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه) (صفحه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓه،<br />
ع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>في<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس! <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م مدت <strong>ا</strong>ز ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ح<strong>ر</strong>ف<br />
میزد<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> حتی کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که م<strong>و</strong>ضع هي<strong>و</strong>می د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ر</strong>تجعي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د! <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ا</strong>ز تم<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ستیه<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> "ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تعيي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کشف ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست، که ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>می،<br />
ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز، فيتیشيسم" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
مت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ضل<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>. (صفحه <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ش<strong>و</strong>د؛ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک "حقيقت<br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت. <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د که يک جسم تحت مح<strong>ر</strong>که<strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ق گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ح<strong>ر</strong>کت ک<strong>ن</strong>د. "م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ختي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong>ئل ش<strong>و</strong>يم؛ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> معيي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>طل<strong>ب</strong>يم." (صفحه<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>، خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>! م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>عت <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> میطل<strong>ب</strong>يم. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میطل<strong>ب</strong>د. "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> میطل<strong>ب</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت هميشه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تق<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong> میدهد؛ حتی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد که <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>دهد." (صفحه<br />
[چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جسمی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> مسي<strong>ر</strong> AB ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت C می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> F <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه؟<br />
"چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ی شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟" (صفحه زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
"تعيي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>د گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> کشف ک<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی ژزف <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت تعيي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> طل<strong>ب</strong><br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د. "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong>" صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشغ<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی ز<strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>صفی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم که تز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جمع تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> عکس، م<strong>ا</strong> طل<strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>يم که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی حتی ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>صل شده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong>يم، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> مسلم شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تز <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>پ</strong>يش، مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز تم<strong>ا</strong>می تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی جد<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه، معت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک فلسفه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص<br />
(٣٢<br />
seine<br />
)<br />
٣۴<br />
(٣٧<br />
(٣۵<br />
[<br />
A<br />
"<br />
(٣۵<br />
(٣۶<br />
سمت D<br />
..."<br />
(Geltung<br />
A- ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جسمی که تح<strong>ر</strong>يکی د<strong>ر</strong> جهت خط گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ف ي<strong>ا</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
Warun bewegt sich bei einem Stoss in der Richtung AB der Koerper<br />
nach C, nicht aber nach D oder F usw S.158 P.1
(۴٠<br />
128<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong>يسته <strong>ا</strong>ست که حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>عظ ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عقيمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>دد.<br />
<strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی."<br />
(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده مح<strong>و</strong><br />
میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> سطح "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د!<br />
<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زد که تعيي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حدی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؛ <strong>ن</strong>قش تخيل، <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ستث<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که<br />
ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت، ي<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح، "هيچ <strong>ا</strong>ستث<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د. (صفحه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د يک<br />
مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيسي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>لص د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم، که کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طل<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد، ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيزش <strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>يع ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل شخصيت د<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد که چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تعيي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حدی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ حتی يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعه ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی ي<strong>ا</strong> يک د<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که<br />
ش<strong>ر</strong>کت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تحت هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د..." (صفحه<br />
"تعيي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی غ<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه م<strong>ا</strong> مج<strong>ا</strong>زيم غي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت طل<strong>ب</strong><br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. (ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت) <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه م<strong>ا</strong>.. <strong>ب</strong>ه سطح يک <strong>ا</strong>صل مسلم، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه سطح يک<br />
حقيقت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د، که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ش<strong>ر</strong>ط ل<strong>ا</strong>زم يک تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مقدمت<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
يک <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>يم." (ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت، صفحه ٧۶)<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> [<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی" د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> جلد مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ش، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> جز<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong><br />
شده د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل "مسئله جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يستی" <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> محس<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی لغزيده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک س<strong>و</strong>س تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong>دفی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د عليت يک کذ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ن</strong>هفته<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که گفتگ<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم" <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. تميز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه عليت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت عقيده د<strong>ر</strong>جه د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سً<strong>ا</strong><br />
يکی هست<strong>ن</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت يکی هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع محک<strong>و</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. يک <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست "دقيقت<strong>ر</strong>"<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز ژ. <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>دلف <strong>و</strong>يلی که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>زديکی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
کل تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د "تعي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ چيز مگ<strong>ر</strong> "ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
م<strong>ن</strong>طقی" <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت م<strong>و</strong>ضع خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ب</strong>خشد؟ <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه،<br />
چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فع <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
(٧٣<br />
(۶۵<br />
B<br />
[<br />
A<br />
.١٩٠۶<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی مت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی:<br />
und mit diesem "logischen Apriori"<br />
B- Petzoldt, "Das Weltproblem von positivischem Standpunkte aus",<br />
١٩٠۶ صفحه<br />
(erfahrungsmässige)<br />
١٣٠، هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی فيزيک <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،<br />
لي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ<br />
محيط م<strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
عليت <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>م تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه شده
فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 129<br />
(Merkmal)<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong>لص<strong>ا</strong>ً م<strong>ن</strong>طقی (<strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم که ’ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت‘ يک صفت <strong>و</strong>يژه<br />
’<strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong>ئی‘ ،((transzendental=) ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که م<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جيح میدهم <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> گفته<strong>ا</strong>م، يک<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست" (<strong>ر</strong>. <strong>و</strong>يلی<br />
صفت <strong>و</strong>يژه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص<strong>ا</strong>ً کل<strong>ا</strong>می<br />
،"gegen die Schulweisheit"<br />
(sprachlich)<br />
A<br />
م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يخ ١٩٠۵ صفحه ٩١)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک، <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ’<strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong>ئی‘ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
’خ<strong>ر</strong>د مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی‘ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>می که <strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>لکه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>خشد، ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده يک’<strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong>ی‘ غي<strong>ر</strong> مج<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش فلسفی که مشغ<strong>و</strong>ل تحليل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>يم، ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم که د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه همي<strong>ن</strong> مسي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میش<strong>و</strong>د. ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه يک فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف حقي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>ی" که حتی يک "<strong>ا</strong>يسم" ت<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
س<strong>ا</strong>خت: <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليسم. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه (که کل <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د) ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ئی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی "<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حتی"<br />
خلق ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. "ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی حقيقی، هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست." م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
"عي<strong>ن</strong>ی" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ست که عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً معت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، چيزی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، ي<strong>ا</strong> همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. ؛ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شي<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که همه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه "هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی" <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، ق<strong>ا</strong>طع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک <strong>ن</strong>ه."<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>میده<strong>ن</strong>د، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی "<strong>ا</strong>صلی" <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>دی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست (<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه عکس م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی که ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دیه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>ز خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی که<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>کتش<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زگشت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>سیسيسم،<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د يک مسئله <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓمد میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> فيلي<strong>پ</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم:<br />
"<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز عم<strong>و</strong>میت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک (<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يزيسی<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه) که غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً مشکل <strong>ا</strong>ست گفته ش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک م<strong>ب</strong>دأ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>دی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ستگی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د..." <strong>و</strong><br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>دی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>تظ<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<br />
"<br />
–<br />
‛Trägheitsgesetz’<br />
"<br />
-A<br />
ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
La valeur de la science<br />
–<br />
(<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش علم)، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس،<br />
،١٩٠۵ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٧<br />
٩ <strong>و</strong><br />
) ز<strong>ا</strong><br />
م) هست<br />
يک ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه
<strong>پ</strong>"<br />
ص(<br />
130<br />
<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تجديد میک<strong>ن</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت می <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د..."<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> جهت <strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong>جه خ<strong>ا</strong>می<br />
ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دهيم که "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<strong>ا</strong>ی که ت<strong>ا</strong> کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حد د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong>ظم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گشته <strong>ا</strong>ست! زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> لز<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دیه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک د<strong>ر</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ا</strong>ست. يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج "ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط" خ<strong>ا</strong>ص "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"، <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل<br />
مشخص، <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل مسلم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع، <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس حق<br />
د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>و</strong>قتی که گفت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهم <strong>ن</strong>يست که يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه کد<strong>ا</strong>ميک <strong>ا</strong>ز مکت<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی متعدد م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم متعلق <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهم <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت، جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
مقدم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح، خ<strong>ر</strong>د، شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>.<br />
يکی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز صف<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong>ص م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله، د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> خط<strong>و</strong>ط فلسفی،<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی متخصص، <strong>ا</strong>. ل<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مسئله عليت "م<strong>ا</strong>خ ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م<br />
م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ا</strong>ست." <strong>و</strong>لکم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه دست<br />
می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>هی که د<strong>ر</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت، حقيقت ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد؛<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> عکس ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت، م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت جستج<strong>و</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
٧٥ A<br />
.<br />
B<br />
(۴٢۴<br />
<strong>و</strong>لکم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً همه ج<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد <strong>و</strong> مثل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم متم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسمی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong>ط.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستخ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ج ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ستخ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ج ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت، عليت، ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست. ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> چيزی که د<strong>ر</strong> قطعه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
که ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً ذک<strong>ر</strong> شد ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل تم<strong>ا</strong>می ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ن</strong>تس<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ست. ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ ي<strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی د<strong>ر</strong> کل، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گزي<strong>ر</strong> لغزيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص چ<strong>ن</strong>د کلمه<strong>ا</strong>ی هم د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم. همه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که حس<strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ م<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی قطعی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش هي<strong>و</strong>می<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> کس ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی که کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فلسفه <strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>فهميده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س خط هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
همه م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د حتی يک کلمه هم <strong>ا</strong>ز هي<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مسئله عليت <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د؛<br />
<strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ست. چ<strong>ن</strong>د مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم: <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليسم "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>عظ<br />
A - Annalen der Naturphilosophie ٧۵ <strong>ا</strong>. ل<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong> هشتم، صفحه ۴٠٩<br />
B.VI, 1907, S 443, 447<br />
،Kantstudien کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
Das Erkenntnisprblem und Machs<br />
(مسئله مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ)<br />
د<strong>ر</strong><br />
-B
فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 131<br />
–<br />
٧٦<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د. "<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong>ی، چيز سخت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>ضی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص" <strong>و</strong><br />
"مخل<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ت ف<strong>ر</strong>ضی خ<strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong>لص مثل يک هي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> شط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج" همه "سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی" هست<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
"مع<strong>ر</strong>فت، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليک <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> هم چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>سعه میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
(مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی<br />
سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد... ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت... <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د..." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>) "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت حقيقی؛ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> سيستم <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی<br />
(<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً که چه <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>ديست!) <strong>ا</strong>ز سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ست که تم<strong>ا</strong>می مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
جهت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د." (صفحه ١٨٨) "ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه... که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د...<br />
غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی... غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی "هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> که چيز، يک<br />
ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ا</strong>ست که زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی علمی: <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی يک "ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت"،<br />
يک سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست، که مثل س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی مدتی <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
مع<strong>ر</strong>فی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>م ، <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong>ف میک<strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه ٢٠٩)<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>س دلقک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>دهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ "جديدت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />
<strong>و</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> همه سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د. ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>ظم <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست:<br />
مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>د می<strong>ب</strong>خشد. <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م سم<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong> هم چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
مل<strong>ا</strong>حظه میک<strong>ن</strong>يد، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> علم <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زد که زمي<strong>ن</strong> مدته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />
س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ظه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت، م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> همه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم! <strong>ن</strong>ظم ح<strong>ر</strong>کت سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong><br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده شده <strong>و</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>و</strong>قتی حس میک<strong>ن</strong>د که خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه، <strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>قم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ست<strong>و</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د، کلمه کل<strong>ا</strong>م،<br />
يع<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ر</strong>د مج<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>ه خ<strong>ر</strong>د: <strong>ب</strong>لکه عقل کل، <strong>ن</strong>ه يک ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>لکه چيزی که مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
مغزی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت، چيزی <strong>ا</strong>لهی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>م "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل قديمی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست که ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>.<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٨٩٩، <strong>و</strong>قتی ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز يک <strong>ن</strong>يمه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong><br />
تحت ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> يک شيميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>و</strong>يلهلم <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>فته<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط علّی عم<strong>و</strong>می <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که ، <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>و</strong>ل يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف، خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ديکته میک<strong>ن</strong>د." ("ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه، صفحه ۴١)<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خد<strong>ا</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ٔخذ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز کج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که "ق<strong>و</strong>ل يک<br />
فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف" که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست" تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده، ق<strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست. يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>!<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> جهت <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه "ص<strong>ر</strong>ف" <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ذ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<br />
د<strong>ا</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل که ديگ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عليت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>و</strong>سيله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
(١٨٧<br />
–<br />
٧٧<br />
١٩۴<br />
(١٧٩<br />
١٩٠۴<br />
،... صفحه<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "...
132<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> سلسله<strong>ا</strong>ی متد<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>م، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه شکلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د."<br />
("<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ج<strong>ا</strong>معه"، صفحه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>، <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز، "مع<strong>ر</strong>فت" <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،<br />
"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>" میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت. س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>قتی که کليه م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حل<br />
ق<strong>ب</strong>لی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>حله <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت س<strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ر</strong>حله <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ر</strong>سيده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>و</strong>زه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه متعلق <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د... د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>سيله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه، <strong>و</strong>سيله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ س<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک کل مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." ("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم" ۴٠) "ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong>ت مع<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د! <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
فيزيکی هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دک فيزيکی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> که زمست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئيز می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل زمست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>شده، <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>سيله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>، هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>، هم <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong>... چی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف؟<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی فع<strong>ا</strong>ل تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د، تض<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته، جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>يست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده که مع<strong>ر</strong>فت میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
شم<strong>و</strong>ل "<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د"، <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ظمی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی، <strong>ن</strong>ظم <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه، <strong>ا</strong>يده فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
محص<strong>و</strong>ل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ضعی <strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> مختص<strong>ر</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع "مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مسئله عليت تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يهه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د مطلق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> يک س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم میغلط<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
١٩٠۵<br />
(٢٠٧<br />
١، صفحه<br />
(۵٧<br />
۴- "<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> تفک<strong>ر</strong>"<br />
<strong>و</strong> مسئله "<strong>و</strong>حدت د<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>صل ’ص<strong>ر</strong>ف حد<strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی‘ که م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
میده<strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی د<strong>ر</strong> علم ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه ۶٩ "مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong>..." چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه "<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د"ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ م<strong>ا</strong>خ يک <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د"ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong> "شک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>"<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ستگی<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />
(Zusammenhang)
فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 133<br />
Philosophie als Denken der Welt gemaess dem Prinzip den kleinsten<br />
(١٨٧۶) Kraftmasses<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>صل" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>سم<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه" <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میش<strong>و</strong>د که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. عليت <strong>و</strong> "ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>" (کلمه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت" <strong>ب</strong>ه کلمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> دقيقت<strong>ر</strong>: م<strong>ا</strong>ده ت<strong>ر</strong>جيح میده<strong>ن</strong>د) تحت هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د "حذف شده" <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م گشته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مغز <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهمل گ<strong>و</strong>ئی محض ک<strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی تحت<br />
ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه. هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> که خصيصه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> عمده د<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه"<br />
مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> (ک<strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی م)<strong>ا</strong>ست، عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
فلسفی تصديق شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی زي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>چم "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" ت<strong>و</strong>جه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيتی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>و</strong>زه ک<strong>ن</strong>جک<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> تعلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> "تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" (ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی صفحه دفعت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong>، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم، ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يح<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> تقليل میدهد. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>صل" مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه مع<strong>ر</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يح میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د! دليل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيست؟ دليل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ چيز مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد. <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دیت<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ن</strong> "فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>م" ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که "فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم" <strong>ا</strong>تم تقسيم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست "<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دیت<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>که فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی مث<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>فی تشکيل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سيه ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
لي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>و</strong>د "<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دیت<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که عليه لي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>و</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم فقط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح ک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مق<strong>و</strong>له "<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>فهمد.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی "<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی" <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک، تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ص<strong>ن</strong>عت <strong>ا</strong>ست. شخص فقط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د جد<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>عدی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ديم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ي<strong>ا</strong>فت که<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>تهی میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong><br />
عل<strong>ا</strong>قه<strong>ا</strong>ش "ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی" علم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد (چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی. صفحه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت دست میز<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت (صفحه ٣۶۶؛<br />
تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه ٣٩١): "هدف فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت علمی ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه ک<strong>ا</strong>ملت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>...، متي<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>... تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />
ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، "<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د" <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز کل ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>و</strong>قتی کسی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که هدف علم ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />
حقيقی (متي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست) <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
١٨٧٢<br />
–<br />
Wärmelehre<br />
(٣۶۶<br />
(۴٩<br />
(٣۶۶
134<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong>قتی کسی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong>، مدل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> می <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه د<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>طی ح<strong>ر</strong>ف زد<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
يک کلمه ل<strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه زشت <strong>و</strong> مهمل <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی کلمه "د<strong>ر</strong>ستی" <strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میست<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د!<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> "مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>" د<strong>ر</strong> فصلی تحت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "ت<strong>ر</strong>سيم شي<strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ا</strong>هده" چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم:<br />
’ع<strong>ر</strong>صه <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی<br />
"’ک<strong>ا</strong>ملت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>صيف‘ (کي<strong>ر</strong>شهف<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی‘ (م<strong>ا</strong>خ ’ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>و</strong> هستی <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه‘ (گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سم<strong>ن</strong><br />
همه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کمی تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت، يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. "<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک مدل <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong>يست؟ گفته شده: "<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه" که م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>تيجه گ<strong>ر</strong>فت که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د (<strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً مج<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> شد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د)، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> گفته ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضيد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>و</strong> هستی، مع<strong>ا</strong>دل <strong>ا</strong>ست، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مع<strong>ا</strong>دل <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>دهت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>صيف (<strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی، که<br />
ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ب</strong>ه فک<strong>ر</strong> کي<strong>ر</strong>شهف خط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> شک ک<strong>ن</strong>د)<br />
چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>صل "<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه" چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ز تزلزل فلسفی عجي<strong>ب</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>جک<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> لغزشه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، خصيصه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی "<strong>ا</strong>صل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه" <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يگز<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ "<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د" <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قدمی د<strong>ر</strong> "د<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
"<strong>ن</strong>قد<br />
می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د (دکت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يگز<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عمل، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><br />
فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد، <strong>ب</strong>جز <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز کج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد "<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د" <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>يد؟ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هيچ "<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی" د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> چيزی میدهد که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د! <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د" <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>) گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />
مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> همه<strong>ء</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong>، مثل يک مق<strong>و</strong>له ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی، يک ش<strong>ر</strong>ط م<strong>ن</strong>طقی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>هد.<br />
ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يگز<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد قطعه زي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز "تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>د: "م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ز ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت جسمی <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حی خ<strong>و</strong>د، ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت، <strong>و</strong>حدت تعيي<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط ک<strong>ن</strong>يم." (ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی، صفحه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی خصيصه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديکی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong>سيده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ز کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شکی <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه" <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد" ت<strong>و</strong>صيف میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه، م<strong>ا</strong>خ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong>، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست. (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> کسی <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
کج<strong>ا</strong>ست مثل يک <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>لهی که ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست کمی تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت مع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د. (صفحه<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی فلسفی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
١٨٧٢<br />
،(١٨٧۴<br />
"Kirchhoff"<br />
،(١٨٧٢<br />
Zur Kritik der machschen Philosophie<br />
١٩٠٣ صفحه (٢٧<br />
(Subjekt)<br />
١٩٠٧، صفحه<br />
(١٣١<br />
Philosophie") ،"Systematisch ل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ<br />
–<br />
(١٣٠<br />
(٢٨١<br />
–<br />
(١٨۴۴<br />
(١٢٨
فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 135<br />
–<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی" میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی جيمز<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> لف<strong>ا</strong>ظی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ديم. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد، کل گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خی د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> قطع<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ "معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> سه<strong>و</strong>لت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ن</strong>ه عي<strong>ن</strong>ی." ("<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم"، جلد<br />
يک، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م، صفحه ٨٢)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً گفته<strong>ا</strong>يم عجي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ر</strong>سيد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که م<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د سي<strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> يک<br />
سطح ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ميده<strong>ن</strong>د، خ<strong>ن</strong>دهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>د کلمه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه "<strong>و</strong>حدت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم. د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش عميقی <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
دست میدهد که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده:<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ" <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ، که <strong>و</strong>حدت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>حدت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد: "<strong>و</strong>حدت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>دست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> خسته ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده فلسفه <strong>و</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت شده <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قطعه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد: "<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز همه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست مع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ’<strong>و</strong>حدت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ست‘ چيست." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ۵٢)<br />
ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست؟ [<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله که <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قض<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>" هست<strong>ن</strong>د، عل<strong>ن</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عهده میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جی ک<strong>ن</strong>د!<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که يک فلسفه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، <strong>و</strong>حدت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خلع سل<strong>ا</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
("<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"، صفحه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فی ت<strong>ر</strong>دست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی که خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، که د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت مدته<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سم<br />
–<br />
(٣٠<br />
–<br />
٧٨<br />
[<br />
(٣١<br />
A<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم عل<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه عهده میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جی ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قض<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> "<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د"! <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک<br />
مث<strong>ا</strong>ل، <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د که ه<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>حدت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج ک<strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د... ("<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"،<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>دستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
–<br />
–<br />
صفحه ٣٠)<br />
Dieses Subjekt unternahm es, öffentlich über die Philosophie des Marxismus zu<br />
schwatzen, um nun zu erklären, dass ihm die elementarsten Sätze des Materialismus<br />
"unklar" seien! Engels zeigte an dem Beispiel Dühring, das seine halbwegs<br />
konsequente Philosophie die Einheit der Welt entweder aus dem Denken ableiten
136<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده مشخص میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی مط<strong>ا</strong>لعه میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>ب</strong>ی ف<strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کسی که چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
چيزی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست، جدی صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>د. زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست" ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی مز<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ حقيقی <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس طف<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
مهمل محض د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه "<strong>ا</strong>صل مسلم عمده، همگ<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط هستی" (ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ،<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ۵١)، د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل مسلمی که "قض<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ئی" هست<strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>هش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "دقيق <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم که <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه علمی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میز<strong>ن</strong>د." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>) <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong><br />
چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کلمه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> شده ق<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه خصيصه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>و</strong> خصيصه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه <strong>پ</strong>یمی<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل مسلمی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ن</strong>شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. مخل<strong>و</strong>طی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت که <strong>ا</strong>ز کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> جمع <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی شده <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست<br />
گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست – چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>.<br />
<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>جدت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط يک <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست جدی، ژ<strong>و</strong>زف<br />
<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت تش<strong>ر</strong>يح شده، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم: ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف جلد د<strong>و</strong>م "مقدمه" <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست: "تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>و</strong>زه مع<strong>ر</strong>فت؛ ط<strong>ر</strong>ح تعيي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>ق<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک د<strong>ر</strong>ک همگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
می<strong>ا</strong>فتد." <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز خط <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د: "... شخص ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>حدت میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
غ<strong>ا</strong>يت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د که هيچ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>تيجت<strong>ا</strong>ً، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
حق<strong>ا</strong>يق ح<strong>و</strong>زه د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه سک<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد." (صفحه ٧٩) "... شک<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت هميشه <strong>ب</strong>ه تق<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>حدت ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میدهد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ شک <strong>ن</strong>يست که د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
تق<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>ی سک<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد، مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>می مش<strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ت ق<strong>ب</strong>لیم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، گفت که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />
مطمئ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تق<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، صحيحت<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> عملی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ت<strong>و</strong>صيف ک<strong>ن</strong>يم ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>و</strong>حدت... <strong>ا</strong>صل ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong>سيعت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> عميقت<strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد... [ط<strong>ر</strong>ح ههکل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> تک سل<strong>و</strong>لیه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه حل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ن</strong>يست، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی يک<br />
مشکل ق<strong>ب</strong>لی د<strong>و</strong> مشکل ت<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د: <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گي<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت مشک<strong>و</strong>ک<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ر</strong>ز تک سل<strong>و</strong>لیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> گي<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مشخص<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست. چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق،<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>د... <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لتی غ<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
(Haeckel)<br />
A<br />
[<br />
٢٩<br />
(endgueltig)<br />
(einheitlich)<br />
(fraglich)<br />
kann – dann ist sie gegenüber dem Spiritualismus und Fideismus hilflos (Anti<br />
Dühring, S. 30) und die Argumentation einer solchen Philosophie läuft<br />
unausweichlich auf Taschespielerphrasen hinaus -<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: ط<strong>ر</strong>ح ههکل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> سلسله گي<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>و</strong> حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی يک حل حس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
Haeckels Vorschlag, neben Pflanzen und Tierreich ein Reich der Protisten zu stellen,<br />
war kein haltbare Loesung, da… S. 170
فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 137<br />
حتی <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> هيچ <strong>و</strong>سيله ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> متخصصي<strong>ن</strong>، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>أی <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong>د." (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٨١<br />
فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>م ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؟ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی هم <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong>يست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد حتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم؛ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>قد<strong>ر</strong> صد<strong>ا</strong>قت<br />
علمی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش فلسفی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی مسئ<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>طع د<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د. ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حد خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهد<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی "<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست".<br />
(٨٠ –<br />
۵- مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت، مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد. <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز همه د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم می<strong>ا</strong>يستد <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيته<strong>ا</strong>ی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه شکله<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><br />
خط <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ن</strong>يز ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> جهت متفک<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong><br />
ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.<br />
ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی<br />
هستی مي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د." ،Werke) صفحه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل حس، که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی، ط<strong>ب</strong>عً<strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه (<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong>ک خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د) ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک (<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د) مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيته<strong>ا</strong>ی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> عمل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل حقيقی<br />
عي<strong>ن</strong>ی هستی می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ب</strong>جز م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ن</strong>يست. <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
ح<strong>ر</strong>کت ک<strong>ن</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست. ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک<br />
<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> حقيقت مطلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يح ک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت حقيقت<br />
مطلق می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديکت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديکت<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د. تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی مع<strong>ر</strong>فت علمی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ، مچ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> لحظه<strong>ا</strong>ی میگي<strong>ر</strong>د<br />
که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تغيي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> (مسئله<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه مع<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong>هميت حتی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی، م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مش<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست) صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> مستقيم<br />
(٣٣٢<br />
...(Wesensbedingung)
138<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله طف<strong>ر</strong>ه می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل حقيقی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی هستی ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل ذه<strong>ن</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده،<br />
س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ده<strong>ن</strong>ده، هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تقسيم شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ" میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مطل<strong>ب</strong> که چه <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ ع<strong>و</strong>ض میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم.<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ا</strong>يده زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خل<strong>ا</strong>ص ش<strong>و</strong>د." ("<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، صفحه ۴١)<br />
٧٩<br />
–<br />
–<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد که حتی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچه<strong>ا</strong> هم ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>فهم<strong>ن</strong>د که کُ<strong>ن</strong>ه مطل<strong>ب</strong><br />
چيست! <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد که<br />
عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>و</strong>سط ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که<br />
شخص <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف زد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تغيي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش علمی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد يک ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مسئله<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مسئله م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>ب</strong>دهيم. ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست فلسفی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً زي<strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفه<br />
کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ی ش<strong>ب</strong>هه تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده مطلق زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
يک <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل دشم<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته، <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
حفظ ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong>طع <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ <strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>يم که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز، مثل ح<strong>ا</strong>لت کلی، <strong>ب</strong>ه حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>زديک<br />
میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ تذک<strong>ر</strong> میدهد که "<strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی همه هستی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> مهمل ف<strong>ا</strong>حش <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يمه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل، ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً کلمه <strong>ب</strong>ه کلمه تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>يمه د<strong>و</strong>م، م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>فقيت عليه مهمله<strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ا</strong>حش خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>پ</strong>يش<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>فهمد،<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سل <strong>ب</strong>ه "علت غ<strong>ا</strong>ئی" جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه "مح<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>صلی" (که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس میگ<strong>و</strong>يد<br />
ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مفه<strong>و</strong>م "خد<strong>ا</strong>") <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ف فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد. <strong>ب</strong>ی شک د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>و</strong> ملحد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه دهد که حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ر</strong>يشه مهمل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong><br />
خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ي<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مشخص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت، (چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> متزلزل <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د) <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>
فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 139<br />
تص<strong>ا</strong>دفی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ د<strong>ر</strong> يک س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت "علت غ<strong>ا</strong>ئی" <strong>و</strong><br />
"مح<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>صلی" س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ی مح<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>م ک<strong>ر</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong><br />
شخص <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
خلق ک<strong>ر</strong>ده، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> حق <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فت حق<strong>و</strong>ق<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز حک<strong>و</strong>مته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حق <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی دف<strong>ا</strong>ع مستقيم ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
غي<strong>ر</strong> مستقيم <strong>ا</strong>ز "مهمل" ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>سط<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش<br />
فلسفی، ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک، تسليم ي<strong>ا</strong> ضعف <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>ل "<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی" "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته م<strong>ا</strong>خ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم:<br />
<strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
"مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهمل <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه که <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست که د<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ستگی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>سيله <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> حس میک<strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم می<strong>ا</strong>فتد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>سيله <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>ت مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>مت میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>، مثل د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ر</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی (<strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد) د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ک<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه مدف<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>میدهد <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت دهد، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شخص ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله غل<strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ قيمتی <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>هد. <strong>و</strong> فقط همي<strong>ن</strong>، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قعی که د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه حقيقت مطلق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ديم، چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ چيز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>مت د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، عليه<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حتج<strong>ا</strong>ج میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد که د<strong>ر</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
("مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>"، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، صفحه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ا</strong>ست (چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>خ می<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زد)، چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضی <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه م<strong>و</strong>ضع کلی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت د<strong>ر</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ميلي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی میش<strong>و</strong>د، مقدم<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ظه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی چقد<strong>ر</strong> مهمل <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی، زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی جهت ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
عکس<strong>ا</strong>لعمله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د که هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
(wohlgeordnete)<br />
،Auflage 3 صفحه (۴٩٨<br />
(٣٨٣<br />
٣۵٠<br />
(Auslösung)<br />
،"Mechanik")
140<br />
زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مقص<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تعيي<strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکی، زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگیه<strong>ا</strong>ی متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ۴٣۴)<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی مفه<strong>و</strong>م زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د! <strong>و</strong><br />
مثل د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong>سد. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><br />
فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong>ه يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک جهت ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مقص<strong>و</strong>د میده<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ط میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د: <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> زيستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> محيط م<strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong>ق ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
محيط <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مسئله <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست: <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د؟ م<strong>ا</strong>خ ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> مسئله میل<strong>و</strong>لد.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مطلق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شکل معم<strong>و</strong>ل غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست (صفحه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ب</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>طل<strong>ا</strong>ع د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه ميدهد، د<strong>ر</strong> عمل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ‛<strong>ب</strong>ی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جهت مدت ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> مدتی ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله چشم می<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شد؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> مستقيم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> طف<strong>ر</strong>ه می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د. ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ً، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی "<strong>ب</strong>ی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میستيزد، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د. زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ب</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ کج<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيکی که<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ ک<strong>و</strong>شش ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> جهت<br />
میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی<br />
ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مشغله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ب</strong>ی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ی" مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که "مض<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>هله <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل، د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>هله د<strong>و</strong>م، خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت که شخص مقيد <strong>ن</strong>يست ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><br />
شيمي<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د." Arbeit") ،"Erhaltung der صفحه<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده) <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم "يک محد<strong>و</strong>ديت غي<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تحميل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم.<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
هيچ ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل لمس <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيم، <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه<br />
،٢٩<br />
(unschädlich)<br />
..."<br />
(۴۴٣ – ۴۴<br />
١٨٧٢<br />
(das bloss Gedachte)<br />
(صفحه ۴۴٢)<br />
۵۵<br />
" ی<strong>ب</strong>
فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 141<br />
ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>دی صد<strong>ا</strong>ی مشخصی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيم." (صفحه ٢٧) "دليل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<br />
يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسيته <strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>خش ح<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ن</strong>گشته <strong>ا</strong>ست ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی د<strong>ر</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ملک<strong>و</strong>لی د<strong>ر</strong> فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زيده<strong>ا</strong>يم."<br />
١٨٧٢<br />
(unbestreitbare Überlegung)<br />
(صفحه ٣٠)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش که م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست: <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ر</strong>د، ملک<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> يک کلمه، ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> شيمي<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>ک ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>پ</strong>س "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ص<strong>ر</strong>ف"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست که ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>تم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د! <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> فيزيک <strong>و</strong> شيمی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
"محد<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"؛ ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<br />
يک فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی که م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسيته م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فض<strong>ا</strong>ئی که سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ن</strong>يست جستج<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم!<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل فهم <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهمل م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong><br />
تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د ("مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>"، صفحه ۴١٨)، <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
س<strong>ا</strong>ل ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست مسئله <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
طف<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی "<strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>، مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
م) <strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ا</strong>خ ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
همي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل فهم <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی هفت<strong>ا</strong>د (ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی که حتی <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت "فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تدکس" <strong>ا</strong>مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ن</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong>، می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست مشت<strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دليل م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک<br />
چشم <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل میک<strong>ر</strong>د! چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong><br />
س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>، ژ.<br />
ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز لق<strong>ب</strong> "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کشف <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>، ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong>مک ق<strong>ر</strong>ض <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، که <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>عظ میک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>صله م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت، يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ، يک "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م کلمه" <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>و</strong> مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong>ست گفت. [ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خ گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>و</strong>ضع علم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
(صفحه د<strong>ر</strong> جستج<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>تم، <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسيته، <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه<br />
<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل علم د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز هست <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کشف میک<strong>ن</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> حد<strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د. علم شک<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد د<strong>ر</strong> يک فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>قد<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>ن</strong>يز "ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
[<br />
B<br />
–<br />
A<br />
–<br />
١٩٠۶<br />
١٩٠۶<br />
(٢۵٢<br />
١٨٧٢<br />
A- Anton von Leclair, Der Realismus der modernen Naturwissenschaft im Lichte der<br />
von Berkeley und Kant angebahnten Erkenntniskritik<br />
"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم علم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت"، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ ١٨٧٩<br />
B- ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: دليل م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ر</strong>ک علم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی م<strong>ن</strong>تهی میش<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
Machs Betrachtung ist der Übergang aus dem Lager der Naturwissenschaft in das des<br />
Fideismus.
١٨٧٢<br />
142<br />
فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز سه دهه س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی شده، که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
علم د<strong>ر</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>ی عظيم <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>گيجه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>و</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> همچ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ب</strong>ی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مثل س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق د<strong>ر</strong><br />
تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عکس م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی "مض<strong>ر</strong>"<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> "مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک" خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضيد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که مسئله فض<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ُ<strong>ب</strong>عد n<strong>ا</strong>ُم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>معق<strong>و</strong>ل" <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سیه<strong>ا</strong>یش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک <strong>ب</strong>ه حق <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ م<strong>و</strong>ضع تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میگي<strong>ر</strong>د مل<strong>ا</strong>حظه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. م<strong>ا</strong>خ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضي<strong>ا</strong>ت مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong> مسئله <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مهم <strong>و</strong> مفيد يک<br />
فض<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ُعدی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک فض<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. (چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، صفحه<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> متعددی که مشکل میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که تصميم <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د جه<strong>ن</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کج<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
ده<strong>ن</strong>د." <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده ک<strong>و</strong>شش ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>عد چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م س<strong>و</strong>د ج<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د. (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>! م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست! <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع دف<strong>ا</strong>عی د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong>قتی شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>يد؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست که شم<strong>ا</strong> متدی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگزي<strong>ن</strong>يد که د<strong>ر</strong> سک<strong>و</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل چيزی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ق<strong>ر</strong>ض <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>سيله کمی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>يد. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی، م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حق<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که هيچ مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، هدف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> چه میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د، معت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
میج<strong>ن</strong>گيد <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>يد. معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسمی که <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>س <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد، د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ق<strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>يد! <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>)<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم م<strong>ن</strong>عکس شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت مج<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>تی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؟ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ مج<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسيته، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی جستج<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د، چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت مج<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه جستج<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong><br />
ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>قي<strong>ا</strong>ت، د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؟<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد: "هيچ <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>دست م<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده که <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>سيله <strong>ب</strong>عد چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م کمک<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد."<br />
يک دليل ع<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
حقيقی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د، دليلی که م<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>دست<br />
–<br />
٨۵<br />
n<br />
"م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی" Fall) (ein wirklicher<br />
(۴٨٣<br />
–
فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 143<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>، ي<strong>ا</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست، معت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک<br />
گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش فلسفی معت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٨٧٢ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد: "<strong>ا</strong>ميد<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م هيچ کس <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه م<strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيده<strong>ا</strong>م، گفته<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ز قصهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
(Die Kosten einer Spukgeschichte bestreiten wird)<br />
١٨٢١ ۵<br />
(١٨۴<br />
(۶<br />
A<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ميد د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>لئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
خدمت ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خدمت <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ميد د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خدمت <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
"قصهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح" م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د!<br />
<strong>و</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> فقط ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست<br />
مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک قصه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زي<strong>ن</strong>ت ي<strong>ا</strong>فته. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong>يد که کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>ش لح<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که<br />
مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی "د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه")<br />
"ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> تحميل <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت تحميل میک<strong>ن</strong>يم، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ئه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جيه <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ي<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مقدم<br />
<strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً معل<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم يک <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>ئل ش<strong>و</strong>يم: [<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong> خص<strong>و</strong>صي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی م<strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حقيقی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم. ]" (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست، خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده. "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
(زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>) <strong>ن</strong>يز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>حه<strong>ا</strong>ئی می<strong>ر</strong>سد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ديف<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong> عظيم، ق<strong>و</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، محت<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ديف میک<strong>ن</strong>د." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>) <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> که ط<strong>ب</strong>ق معم<strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> تزه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> دقيق تش<strong>ر</strong>يح شده، چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست: "مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيته<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه شي<strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که تحت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>يم.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت تقسيم <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong><br />
محد<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه ١٩١، خل<strong>ا</strong>صه <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دشم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ظيفه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong> دقيق م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم، که تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>يم، م<strong>ا</strong>خ غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق ک<strong>ا</strong>مل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> کسی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د، هيچ<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>صی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفهه<strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> هيچ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>می هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د! (صفحه ١٩٢)<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> (<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<br />
– م) د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong> شي<strong>و</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
-A<br />
Sie befinden sich nicht in den Dingen, sondern sind unsere Art (our mode), die Dinge<br />
wahrzunehmen S. 179
٨٠A<br />
144<br />
"<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سيه <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>حی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم يک ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مسئله مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک ديده <strong>ا</strong>ست، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم که<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ز يک جهت، <strong>و</strong> فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست، <strong>ا</strong>ز جهت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ضع معي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مث<strong>ا</strong>ل، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم عقيده ل<strong>و</strong>يد م<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س: "علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هدهگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong><br />
مش<strong>ا</strong>هدهگ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د..." د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> "يک م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<br />
ميک<strong>ن</strong>د. "علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک علم، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>، ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً محق <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>ه مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ء</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>م می<strong>ر</strong>سد، يک ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س حق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>پ</strong>خش<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسمه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>و</strong> يک گي<strong>ا</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س حق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>جه ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
دهد، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که لحظه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> معطل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> فقط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شته شده س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> همه ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک ي<strong>ا</strong> زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>يست." (صفحه ل<strong>و</strong>يد م<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ش<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>ده" میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
قد<strong>ر</strong> هم که گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی "س<strong>ا</strong>زش ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قد ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> "ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>." ژ. <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يل يک مد<strong>ا</strong>فع <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> گفت: "د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه شکی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست، مهمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ا</strong>يش مث<strong>ب</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سقف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست." <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
خص<strong>و</strong>صي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشم<strong>ن</strong>د "ق<strong>ا</strong>عده علم" <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
علم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ز حقيقت عم<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت، ت<strong>و</strong>صيف ک<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم..."<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>زد دشم<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>يگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
محققي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت، <strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>يگ<strong>ا</strong>ه فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه خصيصه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حتی ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی شک <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی، که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د".<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> "مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی" (صفحه می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ’خ<strong>ا</strong>لص‘ <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> که<strong>ن</strong>ه شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
<strong>ب</strong>له، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً! <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> که<strong>ن</strong>ه شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>و</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست مغش<strong>و</strong>ش خيلی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د! مضحکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف حتی شک<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
"<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong>صی" ط<strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی" که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده<br />
(٣٠۴<br />
(۶٧<br />
C<br />
، جلد ،١<br />
٨٠<br />
٨١B<br />
A- علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی<br />
ژ- .م. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>تلی، "مجله فلسفی" ، جلد ششم،<br />
<strong>ر</strong>- ژ. <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يل، "علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی"، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت ١٨٩٢، صفحه ۴۵۴<br />
،١٨٩٢ صفحه ٣٠٠<br />
٨١<br />
۵ س<strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ،١٨٩٧ صفحه ۵٢٣<br />
.<br />
B<br />
C
فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 145<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> جمله <strong>ب</strong>عدی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>خش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>شت فقي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی" د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جعه <strong>ب</strong>ه فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی هشت<strong>ا</strong>د (ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم م) <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ميک<strong>ر</strong>د. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع" جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ص" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مهملی <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
گ<strong>و</strong>ئی شم<strong>ا</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستيد "<strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع" تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ص" <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دهيد. جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" <strong>ب</strong>ه "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> مطلق، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، عليت <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت، ت<strong>ن</strong>زل د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> يک فلسفه ج<strong>ا</strong>مع<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش محض. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د همه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> خصيصه قطع<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت ق<strong>ا</strong>طی میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط کشيش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ع شده <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مخيله ت<strong>و</strong>ده ج<strong>ا</strong>هل <strong>و</strong> ستمديده <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>ی حفظ شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>سيده يک سيستم <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>سيده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی علم<br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده، د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> شيمي<strong>ا</strong>ئی غذ<strong>ا</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>تم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که<strong>ن</strong>ه ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>ً که<strong>ن</strong>ه میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عشق<br />
<strong>ا</strong>فل<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ه<strong>ر</strong>گز که<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د مهمل <strong>ا</strong>ست، ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>سيده <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>ذ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، هم چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق ذک<strong>ر</strong> شده<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>صيحته<strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>يضي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه عشق <strong>ا</strong>فل<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی!<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>سيم تم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل مطلق، د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت، <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله، م<strong>ن</strong> يک قطعه خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong>يژه <strong>ا</strong>ز يک "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست" که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> خيلی خ<strong>ا</strong>لص يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>و</strong>لز-<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>هسيدم<strong>و</strong>س هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ن</strong>قل<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>م که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٧٩٢ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ’<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د‘ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج ک<strong>ن</strong>يم،<br />
(<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه) مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ١٠٠)<br />
دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً! ش<strong>و</strong>لز، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م که م<strong>و</strong>ٔکد<strong>ا</strong>ً م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> حتی ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>میدهد، د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مسئله <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>صيف ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ت<strong>و</strong>صيف ک<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
(<strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"، م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ ٢٣ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست که طی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> صد<br />
س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که مص<strong>ا</strong>لح <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
–<br />
١٨٩۶<br />
مه ١٨٩۴)<br />
(vorhandenen)<br />
١٧٩٢
-<br />
–<br />
146<br />
تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت جمع <strong>ن</strong>شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. (مص<strong>ا</strong>لحی که چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شيل<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شيلف ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خي<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د) <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خط<strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه، علي<strong>ر</strong>غم همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>می "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی"<br />
که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست تغيي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف هم <strong>ب</strong>جز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>می "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" کمک ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> دل<strong>ا</strong>يل ه<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فض<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong>دسی،<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فض<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>و</strong> مج<strong>ر</strong>د تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د ("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"، کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> يک، صفحه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی مج<strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د يک چيز <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد يک چيز ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ه مش<strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ت مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مسئله <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه مسئله د<strong>و</strong>م "ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د" <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش م<strong>ا</strong>خ تشخيص دهد.<br />
زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "شکلی <strong>ا</strong>ز هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی تج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست، که "عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>هميت عم<strong>و</strong>می" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ا</strong>ست. (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ٣۴)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً غلط <strong>ا</strong>ست. مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی که هم<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>خش<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>هميت عم<strong>و</strong>می د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ هيچ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی مذه<strong>ب</strong>، مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د گذشته زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> خلقت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<br />
عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش علم (<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>حله <strong>ا</strong>ز تک<strong>ا</strong>مل علم هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>حله <strong>ا</strong>ز تک<strong>ا</strong>مل مذه<strong>ب</strong>) مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست که زمي<strong>ن</strong> مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه<strong>ا</strong>ی، مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت، که د<strong>ر</strong> يک زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف، <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> تط<strong>ب</strong>يق میده<strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع د<strong>ر</strong>ست عکس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>ا</strong>دق <strong>ا</strong>ست. "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تط<strong>ب</strong>يق میده<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ه<strong>ر</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong>ستت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> عميقت<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
٢۶)، ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
(Hering)<br />
۶- <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />
١۴٠<br />
–<br />
۴٠<br />
ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی د<strong>ر</strong> صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت "مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی" دليلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی<br />
د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ" د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته دقيق <strong>و</strong><br />
م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>" مسئله ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> "صفحه شگفت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز" <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> ذک<strong>ر</strong> شده ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
٨٢A<br />
٨٢<br />
ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "... يک صفحه شگفت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د. م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل خط<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ل<strong>ا</strong>مذه<strong>ب</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يم." ه<strong>ر</strong> چقد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يتت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>ر</strong>فيق ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی، <strong>ن</strong>ه ل<strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>زج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
که ل<strong>ا</strong>س زد<strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میش<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
-A
فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 147<br />
–<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی شگفت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> حتی "شگفت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز"ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>ه ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی، <strong>ن</strong>ه خيل م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی حس<strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<br />
ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>هميت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت "ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د". <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسی ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>مّ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> شکسته ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "هگل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> کسی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی د<strong>ر</strong>ک ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست. ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>شده<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ؤي<strong>ا</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
معي<strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>و</strong>ق دهد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د جسمی <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>کم <strong>ا</strong>ست، صدق میک<strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> حد<strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ز هم جد<strong>ا</strong>یش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
تصميم گي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> چه قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مسئله<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د شد، <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست...<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی تشکيل میش<strong>و</strong>د، ک<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>لی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. (چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم<br />
<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، صفحه ١٣<br />
<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong>حظ<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> مي<strong>ن</strong>هد، تحليل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ی دليل خ<strong>و</strong>د، ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت، ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد يع<strong>ن</strong>ی همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک" ت<strong>و</strong>صيف میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه دليل "شگفت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />
فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم، که<br />
ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> "م<strong>ن</strong>طقی" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>و</strong>جه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.<br />
ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د "تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يفی" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع تع<strong>ر</strong>يف<br />
مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع (مثل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س) <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> (مثل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف) <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مشغ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز يک ط<strong>ر</strong>ف مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک ط<strong>ر</strong>ف ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه دست د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يف، <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong><br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی تط<strong>ب</strong>يق ده<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د که کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی<br />
ل<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تع<strong>ر</strong>يف عم<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم (که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی؛ "گيجی"<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد!) گل<strong>ا</strong>يه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ص<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف عم<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "شگفت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز" <strong>و</strong> "<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>"<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!<br />
Naturnotwendigkeiten<br />
٨٣<br />
(١١٢ –<br />
–
ئشي<br />
" ت<strong>ب</strong><br />
148<br />
ث<strong>ا</strong>لث<strong>ا</strong>ً، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د "ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>" شک <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د يک ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز قطعه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ن</strong>قل شد <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong>، چه<br />
ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د چيزی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد، چيزی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "ع<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"،<br />
"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک"، <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش "فيتيشه<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی"<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د يک ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته چيزی مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم؟ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> کمی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دليل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong> دگ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی "شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ز يک جهت <strong>و</strong> دليل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه يک ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ا</strong>ز جهت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. تک<strong>ا</strong>مل شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل مع<strong>ر</strong>فت جمعی <strong>ب</strong>ه مقد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی معت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>حله مث<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی "شيئ<br />
فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ب</strong>ه "شيئ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>"ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده، <strong>ا</strong>ز دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته،<br />
"ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" <strong>ب</strong>ه "ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>"ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><br />
م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د يکی <strong>ا</strong>ست، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
ليک<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيم <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> هستيم. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيم، مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>ز کج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ا</strong>ز هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>عی<br />
که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت ح<strong>ا</strong>صل گشته <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز تک<strong>ا</strong>مل مع<strong>ر</strong>فت خ<strong>و</strong>د، که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>د ميلي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز مع<strong>ر</strong>فتی که ج<strong>ا</strong>ی جهل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong>قتی يک شيئ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> عمل میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> عکس <strong>ا</strong>ز جهلی که ج<strong>ا</strong>ی مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عملی <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
(جهش حي<strong>ا</strong>تی م) د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ً، <strong>ب</strong>ه دليل ذک<strong>ر</strong> شده، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> جهشی <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م میدهد. حتی يک <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د (<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حمق) فلسفه، که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جهشی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ن</strong>میدهد. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کسی که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قف "علم خ<strong>ا</strong>لص" ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<br />
خفت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت که <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د محيل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه "تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يف" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میطل<strong>ب</strong>د، يک چيز <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک چيزی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک ز<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ذ میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong> يک معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حقيقت تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ همي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيم، که (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>ده) مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> عمل میک<strong>ن</strong>د، س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت میش<strong>و</strong>يم. س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د. <strong>ن</strong>تيجه يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> دليل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س (د<strong>ر</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده) حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی، مطلق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ديست.<br />
<strong>ن</strong>تيجه چيست؟ ه<strong>ر</strong> قدم د<strong>ر</strong> دليل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، کلمه <strong>ب</strong>ه کلمه تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً ه<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی، ه<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>و</strong>لی، ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong><br />
م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مقدم<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
–<br />
"<br />
salto vitale
فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 149<br />
[<br />
A<br />
مهمل م<strong>ا</strong>خی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"، "تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق<br />
<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيتی که خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه. م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓمد میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د! <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>شت<br />
فقي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>ط گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میده<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مخل<strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>و</strong> کمی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تکهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خي<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> کليه مق<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که چه<br />
ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> هگل <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس مسئله (<strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong>دفی <strong>ا</strong>ست: چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،<br />
چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی يک صفحه معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
"مق<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ت" <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی که د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً ج<strong>ا</strong>هل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
[<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه يک چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديش، فلسفه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ:<br />
"صحت م<strong>و</strong>ضع ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ختي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د. ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک علم ک<strong>ا</strong>مل ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
علم ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت شده غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله تصميم <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش ش<strong>ر</strong>طه<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong>حظه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>فقيته<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ا</strong>هده گذشته <strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> کمت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>دهيم، می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ه<strong>ر</strong> متفک<strong>ر</strong>ی ضم<strong>ن</strong><br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
تحقيق ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی يک ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست." ("مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>"، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، صفحه<br />
(subjektives Gewicht)<br />
(٢٨٢ – ٨٣<br />
..."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشی <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>و</strong>قتی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ب</strong>ه دقت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک جد<strong>ا</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong>قتی<br />
ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>شته "تحقيق" محد<strong>و</strong>د شده، ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>ق، فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی، <strong>و</strong> کليه<br />
<strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>جز "تحقيق"، مسئله <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د "ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی" <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ فضل ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د میگ<strong>و</strong>يد، "م<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ق ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دم يک ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی هستم،" <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
جستج<strong>و</strong>ی کس<strong>ب</strong> يک مفه<strong>و</strong>م ج<strong>ا</strong>مع <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که هم تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> هم <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هيچ ذک<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست. م<strong>ا</strong>خ چ<strong>ر</strong>ت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> مسئله<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يکِ <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
ه<strong>ر</strong> کشف ت<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>قص مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قيم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>جه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د..." (صفحه ع<strong>ا</strong>لی! <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قيم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> چه عميقت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کسی که د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
..." :<br />
(٢٨٣<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>حمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم دليل يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يج فلسفه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
-A<br />
Hier die Betrachtung eines solchen Obskuranten, des Ordinarismus der Philosophie<br />
an der Wiener Universität Ernst Mach. S. 188
(٢٨٣<br />
150<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی مطلق دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ختي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ب</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د..." (صفحه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong>لمت <strong>ا</strong>ٓميزی تقسيم شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. خد<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>! ي<strong>ا</strong>، عي<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم "ش<strong>ر</strong>مگي<strong>ن</strong>") د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> "<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه<br />
[شگفت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی،<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک. ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی" <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ج<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔسف<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>يکه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز لس<strong>و</strong>يچ ت<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه سطحی عل<strong>ا</strong>قه <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د شيفته چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مهملی شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دست<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>چگی<br />
مهمل م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> د<strong>و</strong> دلی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>يست: <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> خيلی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز گ<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً چ<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ميل<br />
<strong>پ</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم: ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>سيد س<strong>و</strong>لف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong> هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
محمل<strong>ا</strong>ش متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>يست... <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی معتقد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيم) خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>زديکت<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ي<strong>ا</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک غ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>شد<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong><br />
حل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، ي<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> سيستمی <strong>ا</strong>ز خي<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> حل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم." (ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه، صفحه ۴٣۴) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ("غ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>" ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی)<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه "تمثيل" <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد <strong>ن</strong>يست؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زمیش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد! م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ممک<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده هستيم ]؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم [ه<strong>ر</strong> هگل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی<br />
ل<strong>ا</strong>س زد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسمی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يستيم! م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> که ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong>قت صح<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم میش<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> معص<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> زخم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ر</strong>جيح د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله ظ<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ن</strong>يز س<strong>ا</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک مشکل <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی ت<strong>و</strong>صيفی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خ ي<strong>ا</strong>فت که گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت<br />
ذک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. ژ.<br />
،Willensmetaphysik يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيست د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>د، مستث<strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>زد، <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته "<strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ن</strong>زديکت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>هگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
D<br />
.[<br />
B<br />
:<br />
A<br />
(willen)<br />
("irgenseins" Hegel)<br />
(voluntaristisch)<br />
..."<br />
،[<br />
C<br />
[<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده<br />
E<br />
-A<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> "مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک" میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "عق<strong>ا</strong>يد مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong>کيد<strong>ا</strong>ً خص<strong>و</strong>صی م<strong>ر</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
تحميل <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>و</strong>زه ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی متعلق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه، صفحه ۴٣۴)<br />
B- ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: شگفت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی خشکه مقدسگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>يکه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>زس<strong>و</strong>يچ<br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ت<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف،<br />
Dass die russischen Ideologen des Kleinbürgertums, die Volkstümler von<br />
Lessewitsch bis Tschernow für eine so fade Philosophie Sympathie hegen, ist nicht<br />
verwunderlich S. 187<br />
-C<br />
-D<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: ه<strong>ر</strong> هگل<br />
/<br />
/<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی = willen<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی = Hegel "irgendeines"<br />
E- Archiv für systematische Philosophie, Bd II, 1898, S.63
فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 151<br />
مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی که د<strong>ر</strong> علم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ا</strong>ست." (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی؛ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ششم، صفحه ٨٧)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ِ. <strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ه همي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی که میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عضی ج<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دی<br />
ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد؛ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ن</strong>زديکی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دی شک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. حتی ل<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>پ</strong>ديد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی" (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ن</strong>يز<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د. که م<strong>ا</strong>خ يک <strong>پ</strong>ديد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که "<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست" د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>گ ه<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>زِ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فلسفه مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز تصديق شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
خل<strong>ا</strong>صه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>که <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی همه مگ<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
B<br />
D<br />
A<br />
C<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>،<br />
"<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ"،<br />
"<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه فلسفی"، جلد<br />
، XIV ،۵ ،١٩٠۵ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ،۵٣۶<br />
-A<br />
۵۴٨ ،۵۴٧ ،۵۴۶<br />
B- E. Lucka, "Das Erkenntnisproblem und Machs, Analyse de Empfindungen‘" in<br />
"Kantstudien", Bd. VIII, 1903 S. 400<br />
C - "Systematische Philosophie", Leipzig 1907, S. 131<br />
D - Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie", Bd. 4, 9. Auflage, Berlin 1903, S. 250
فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 153<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم. ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل مسئله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<br />
مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میش<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>پ</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
-١<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ء</strong> فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی هفت<strong>ا</strong>د (ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم م) <strong>و</strong>قتی –<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د مد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز محفله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زگشت <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت!" <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم، تک<strong>ا</strong>مل فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> (ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت) <strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
عميقت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سگز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>م. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ز<strong>و</strong>دی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گشتم... (<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>قت) <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong>سيدم... <strong>و</strong><br />
حتی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> متفک<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م." ("تحليل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"، صفحه ٢٩٢)<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>و</strong>دی خط هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ديم.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ن</strong>قد تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق" (١٨٧۶) خ<strong>و</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش گفت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
(<strong>ن</strong>قد تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق) <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ده<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
"<strong>ن</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>دی عقل مطلق" ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته يک <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت مي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. (چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><br />
،١٨٧۶<br />
٨٤<br />
Kritik der reinen Erfahrung
۵۶<br />
(IV<br />
154<br />
صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> چيست؟ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت، <strong>ب</strong>ه عقيده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تصفيه" <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
"تصفيه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. (<strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>) <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز چه چيز تصفيه میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>هله <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز علم لمّی. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش<br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: ["<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> عکس، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> مج<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق، ز<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئد مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه حذف گ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فضيلت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓيد، ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
ج<strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ن</strong> ميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح شده <strong>ا</strong>ست." ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> عليت تصفيه ک<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> (<strong>ب</strong>خش يع<strong>ن</strong>ی شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه تصفيه میک<strong>ن</strong>د، که،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه عقيده<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س "د<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د شده <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>و</strong>دی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد که تع<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز خط فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف م<strong>ا</strong>خ يکی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت<br />
<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مسئله "تصفيه<br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" يع<strong>ن</strong>ی تصفيه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه علم لمّی <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح ک<strong>ر</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع تک<strong>ا</strong>مل فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>صله <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>و</strong>ل<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خطی شد که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط ش<strong>و</strong>لز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>هسيدم<strong>و</strong>س، يک ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> ژ.گ فيشته، يک ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،<br />
يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. ش<strong>و</strong>لز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>هسيدم<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong><br />
همي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه) <strong>و</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د. ش<strong>و</strong>لز<br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong> شک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م، شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه چيزی د<strong>ر</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
تم<strong>ا</strong>می تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>يم. (صفحه م<strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>يم (صفحه ٢۵)؛ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>يم که مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. (صفحه م<strong>ا</strong> حض<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />
(صفحه ١١٢)، عليت، <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>يم. (صفحه کسی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيتی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم م<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت دهد. (صفحه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی "دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيک" <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم،<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. ش<strong>و</strong>لز <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد: "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دليل مدته<strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>هيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه عليت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت دهيم. (صفحه<br />
که عمل <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><br />
١۴٢) "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میگ<strong>و</strong>يد<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د که "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيز (که خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز عقل م<strong>ا</strong><br />
۵۶<br />
(١١٣<br />
١٧٩٢<br />
(١٠٠<br />
(١١۴<br />
١٨٧۶<br />
(٩۵<br />
٧٢<br />
١۶١<br />
،۵۶<br />
(۵٧<br />
(Wie erfahren niemals)<br />
[<br />
A<br />
(١۴١<br />
A- ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ‛مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong>‛ ز<strong>ا</strong>ئد "خ<strong>ر</strong>د" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه حذف<br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>دد<br />
Dagegen dürfte die Frage, ob aus dem Inhalt des Erfahrungen gleicherweise die Zutat<br />
der 'apriorischen Verstandesbegriffe' entfernt… S.192
فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 155<br />
(Gemut)<br />
ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه، متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<br />
ش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>يز میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تم<strong>ا</strong>می مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong>د."<br />
(صفحه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز عقل مطلق "دليل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قضيه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>هد که ه<strong>ر</strong> عمل<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عمل <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>عد (<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز حقيقت <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قضيه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد." (صفحه ٢۶۶) ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ<br />
<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د. (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٧٢<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست که ش<strong>و</strong>لز هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تسليم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د. يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> "دگمی" که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط عمل <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی (مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ش<strong>و</strong>لز <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
که ف<strong>ر</strong>ض <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم د<strong>ر</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد. <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
همي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق، <strong>ب</strong>لکه حتی ق<strong>و</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong>، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی فيشته م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د،<br />
که معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د، "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم"<br />
<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت هيچ تم<strong>ا</strong>يز "<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی" <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم" <strong>و</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم" ق<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
فيشته يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د که شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه "م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی" <strong>ا</strong>ست. (صفحه چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
مفس<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليست ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که "<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی فيل <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>يست<strong>ا</strong>ده، <strong>و</strong> فيل<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی زمي<strong>ن</strong>. شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه شم<strong>ا</strong>، که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د عمل میک<strong>ن</strong>د!" (صفحه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. ) Werke,<br />
(Gemut)<br />
(٢۶٨ –<br />
(۴٨٠<br />
(۴٨٣<br />
(٢۶۵<br />
،Bd. 1 صفحه<br />
(۴٨٣<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س شديد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه میک<strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که خي<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>"<br />
"تصفيه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز علم لمّی <strong>و</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عهده گ<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> يک<br />
گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> خط که<strong>ن</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی، ش<strong>و</strong>لز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>هسيدم<strong>و</strong>س<br />
<strong>و</strong> ژ. گ. فيشته <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه مید<strong>ا</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س خي<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ر</strong>د که د<strong>ا</strong>شت "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل "تصفيه<br />
میک<strong>ر</strong>د". د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تصفيه میک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد (<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست)، <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم خ<strong>ا</strong>لصت<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حذف ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت، که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم د<strong>ر</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست، ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد که شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>، ذ<strong>ا</strong>تی، <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>و</strong>تیست، که<br />
ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> عليتی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<br />
عي<strong>ن</strong>ی. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>پ</strong>، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>که شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> خي<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ر</strong>د که د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> عق<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی میک<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه<strong>ا</strong>ی که ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>فيش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>، <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>و</strong>لز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>هسيدم<strong>و</strong>س ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میزد، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ت<strong>و</strong>صيف ک<strong>ر</strong>د: "<strong>ن</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>دی عقل مطلق که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> عقل مطلق (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی علم لَمّی) ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته
156<br />
شده، شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ن</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>دی عقل مطلق که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته شده، <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست." ("ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ فلسفه مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>"، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، ١٨۶٩، جلد ۵، صفحه ١١۵)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز عجي<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قطعهه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل "م<strong>ا</strong>خی ي<strong>ا</strong>د" ، د<strong>ر</strong> کل جدل م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی عليه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس می<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. جديدت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کشف <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف، ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف، که <strong>ب</strong>ه هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>قم ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش زد<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف "ک<strong>و</strong>ششی مفل<strong>و</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک يک مص<strong>ا</strong>لحه – شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه<strong>ا</strong>ی که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>) <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کشف م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> يک<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست." ("مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی..."<br />
گ<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش محض <strong>و</strong> فهم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست شگفت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيزی <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز کل <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
تک<strong>ا</strong>مل فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
خصيصه <strong>ا</strong>صلی فلسفه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم، مص<strong>ا</strong>لحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong>، ش<strong>ر</strong>کت د<strong>و</strong><br />
گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش فلسفی متض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>همگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک سيستم <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong>قتی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ف<strong>ر</strong>ض میک<strong>ن</strong>د که چيزی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>، يک شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>و</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ست. ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، تحت ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم هد<strong>ا</strong>يت میک<strong>ن</strong>د. ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، عليت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه، فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم هد<strong>ا</strong>يت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> (<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong>ی "خ<strong>ا</strong>لص" <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong>) ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>حم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<strong>ا</strong>ش س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>ده، خصيصهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی سيستم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی، <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه، <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديده <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط عليت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تسليمی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم، "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم" ي<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ب</strong>لکه علم لَمّی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د؛ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک کل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز میطل<strong>ب</strong>يد<strong>ن</strong>د (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه يک خ<strong>و</strong>د مج<strong>ر</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک "<strong>ا</strong>يده مطلق"، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده کلی" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه) <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> معلمه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>پ</strong>يش چشم <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د هي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><br />
صفتی که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف <strong>ن</strong>قد ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، که ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم (شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی) <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> سيستم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، که گفت<strong>ن</strong>د شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه، <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی، ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ست، که <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>يست، که د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ه<strong>ر</strong> قدم <strong>ا</strong>ز تک<strong>ا</strong>مل شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> جمعی <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد، گ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
A<br />
، صفحه ۶٧<br />
٨٥<br />
-A<br />
"م<strong>ا</strong>خی ي<strong>ا</strong>د" (مثل <strong>ا</strong>يلي<strong>ا</strong>د) <strong>ا</strong>سم طع<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ش<strong>ر</strong>ح ج<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
م -
فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 157<br />
٨٦<br />
چ<strong>ا</strong>ک د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يخت<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د زد<strong>ن</strong>د کمک، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست!<br />
<strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>یم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
ک<strong>ا</strong>ملت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست که<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، هميشه چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>م مي<strong>ر</strong>سد که گ<strong>و</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يشک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> ملحق شد <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د زد: م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>طه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
ک<strong>ا</strong>ملت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>دم! هيچ سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يشک<strong>و</strong>يچ،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> سي<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>طه طل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong><br />
مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف <strong>ن</strong>قد ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ز همه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> گذشته <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>د که شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>طه طل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که زي<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز حد دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>ديد، د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی دمک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم! م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که خيلی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>يم. م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، م<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>پ</strong>.<br />
ش<strong>و</strong>لتز هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> فيشيه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مث<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ن</strong>قدي<strong>ن</strong> دست <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ<br />
فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د. هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديديم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> سعی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليست" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی مح<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ش<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>و</strong> فيشته <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يمه د<strong>و</strong>م<br />
ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، خط<strong>ا</strong>ی هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی د<strong>ر</strong> يک ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>س ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
میش<strong>و</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه شيئ<br />
فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د؛ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج عليت <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>ً عليت <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت (<strong>ب</strong>جز ش<strong>ا</strong>يد<br />
ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت "م<strong>ن</strong>طقی" مطلق) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ر</strong>د. ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong> يکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>هی هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل لکل<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٨٧٩ د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته ست<strong>و</strong>د، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم" که د<strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م "شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>پ</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ب</strong>تذل"<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده، س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>د. ) usw. Der Realismus der modernen Naturwissenschaft,<br />
"(gepfefferter)<br />
(S. 6<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
لکل<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ب</strong>تذل" میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "ت<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> تيزت<strong>ر</strong><br />
لکل<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "<strong>ب</strong>ه عقيده م<strong>ا</strong>، کليه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشه<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی که <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ب</strong>تذل کشيده<br />
میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ،(Zwitterhaft) <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی، مح<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه ۴١) "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی (ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی) ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><br />
(Verquickung)
(١٧٠<br />
158<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>شده دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيسم <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی." (صفحه م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيسم <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی، م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
يک ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، ي<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س <strong>ر</strong>مک، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د، س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د. (ي<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س <strong>ر</strong>مک<br />
٩) "فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت فلسفی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت يک خصيصه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>حث<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز د<strong>ا</strong>شت: <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> عليه خ<strong>ر</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی قديمی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هيجدهم)<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه جدی عليه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>هگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی." (صفحه م<strong>ن</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک د<strong>ر</strong> متح<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> يک چ<strong>ا</strong>ه مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه میک<strong>ن</strong>م: <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيز <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> معص<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> مطمئ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد؛ کسی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ش قدم ميگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> يک م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه... "جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" سق<strong>و</strong>ط میک<strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
(صفحه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه "گ<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ل" م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong>د!<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>د مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قد ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>پ</strong>. ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<strong>ا</strong>ش، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<strong>ا</strong>ش س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> سيستم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسمی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ده شده."<br />
Die Welt als Wahrnehmung<br />
" (٢۵<br />
Begriff, ،und <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong>، ،١٨٨٠ صفحه<br />
(٢٧<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>صيف میک<strong>ن</strong>د. 296) S. (Werke, Bd II,<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم يک <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه مهم د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ت<strong>و</strong>سط ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ: "ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی ص<strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>يم که د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong> يک شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
س<strong>ا</strong>خته شده، <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيم، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيز<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. (affiziert)<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز<br />
تصديق میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حد میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم که کس<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>تی که د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه چيزی مگ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست..." ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> قطعه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
چيزی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی، م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong>ی، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده، کل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> عليه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> هد<strong>ا</strong>يت میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "... <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س (م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه)<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>ه حقيقت... معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
عملی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د! فلسفه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت تض<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>و</strong><br />
هستی. م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س. <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی) <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> محس<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ء</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong>ی، ذ<strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>؛ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong>قد <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>يت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> حقيقی، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ چه تض<strong>ا</strong>دی، جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ز حقيقت!" Werke)<br />
مجم<strong>و</strong>عه <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، ٣ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د،<br />
–<br />
،<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
(٢٠٢ –
فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 159<br />
٢۶<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ص<strong>ر</strong>ف، "م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong>ی" د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>تی که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong> عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "فلسفه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی يک تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فيشته<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد." <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل "<strong>ب</strong>ه گذشته تعلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."<br />
د<strong>و</strong>می "<strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ده." II) ،Grun, op, cit. صفحه ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم که ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
عي<strong>ن</strong>ی، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>ر</strong>خش ت<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيیسيسم <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم، <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست، حتی <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
مشت<strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>، که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خدم<strong>ا</strong>ت معلم<strong>ا</strong>ش خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گزيد، <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح معلم<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د: "فلسفه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست؛ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> کليد د<strong>ر</strong>ک ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />
د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>دی<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>دهد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>يش د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خل<strong>ا</strong>ص ک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ست ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل حس. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>و</strong> يک ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ذه<strong>ن</strong> چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> شده چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست: ذه<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی میفهميم که میفهميم <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيتی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د خلق ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم. زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی میک<strong>ن</strong>د چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>لهی، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که خد<strong>ا</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز هيچ خلق ک<strong>ر</strong>د، ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> چيزی<br />
خلق میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د. ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "شيئ<br />
فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>خشد. ليک<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ا</strong>شت، چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ف<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
يک <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه، <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> (<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>. ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ٓشفته فک<strong>ر</strong> که ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف ک<strong>ر</strong>د، ميگ<strong>و</strong>يد) چيزيست که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی جد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong>صله <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>پ</strong>ل میز<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د<br />
م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست تم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ’شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه‘ مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً ز<strong>ا</strong>ئد <strong>ا</strong>ست، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> هيچ ج<strong>ا</strong> تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>هم<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میشک<strong>ن</strong>د، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> چيز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میگي<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک چيز د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه حيله مت<strong>و</strong>سل ش<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> شيئ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
هم <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>سته س<strong>ا</strong>زد."<br />
(۴٩<br />
١٨۵٨<br />
A<br />
(Amphibolie)<br />
(Wesenheit)<br />
A- Albrecht Rau, Ludwig Feuerbachs Philosophie, die Naturforschung und die<br />
philosophische Kritik der Gegenwart (Ludwig Feuerbach’s philosophy, Natural<br />
Science and the Modern Philosophical Critique), Leipzig 1882, S.87 - 89
160<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>د،<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>. ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک، م<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل عليه<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د) چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> (که ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د:<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی م<strong>ا</strong>، که <strong>و</strong>ظيفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، فلسفه <strong>و</strong>لت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د. ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>ليکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی که دک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>شی ک<strong>ر</strong>د، د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مد شد، <strong>و</strong> ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>سيه<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تيک<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> تي<strong>ر</strong> خل<strong>ا</strong>صی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>صح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>لمع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د، که شخصيته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>صلی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>س<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه گي<strong>و</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده شده<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
"د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم، که د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م ’ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی‘ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ک<strong>و</strong>شش ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط فلسفه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت خُ<strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع شد <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فتخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ده<strong>ن</strong>د، حمله ک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ م<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> ه<strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>شتي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د [که د<strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ، <strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د." [ (ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ش<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيک د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليزم <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی هفت<strong>ا</strong>د (ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم م) <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تظ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت که ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>س ،(Jaure's) ف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
مج<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> مسلط شد<strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
میدهد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس، <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓل <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت يکی هست<strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>حله <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />
س<strong>ا</strong>زی مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم. يک <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شيئ<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مغز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ست... <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>فق<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حتی تهيه ديده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شم، ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله مهم که <strong>ا</strong>ذه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> سخت مشغ<strong>و</strong>ل<br />
د<strong>ا</strong>شته، ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هم د<strong>ا</strong>د.<br />
[ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه يک س<strong>و</strong>سيس میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک مزد میگي<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
که ت<strong>و</strong>سط ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يش چ<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يش گ<strong>و</strong>شت خ<strong>و</strong>ک میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يش يک دزد <strong>ا</strong>ست، که س<strong>و</strong>سيس <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> مزه مط<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>عی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مغذی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
ه<strong>ر</strong>گز، سفسطهگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>، که هيچ ف<strong>ر</strong>قی <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>پ</strong>ی<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميده ش<strong>و</strong>د، میگ<strong>و</strong>يد<br />
که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د شخصی، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ست؛ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يش خَيّ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سيس <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> (ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>) <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ست چ<strong>ر</strong>خ ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong><br />
ع<strong>ا</strong>لی د<strong>ر</strong>ست شده، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>: <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد...<br />
١٩٠٠<br />
A<br />
–<br />
٨٧<br />
(Charles Rappoport)<br />
..."<br />
(peinturlurait)<br />
(Sebastien Mercier)<br />
–<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: که د<strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شکل ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
…, die in zürich den Marxismus zu reformieren begannen." S. 200
فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 161<br />
A<br />
کل مشکل د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که مسئله غلط ط<strong>ر</strong>ح شده <strong>ا</strong>ست... <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که شيئ<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong> میدهد ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه... شيميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم<br />
<strong>پ</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong>خل <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ذ ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تحليل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> تجزيه<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عکس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
لحظه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس میگ<strong>و</strong>يد، میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد ک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد. خد<strong>ا</strong>ی مسيحي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د مید<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خلق میک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> جهت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ديم که <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهيم ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
فهميد <strong>و</strong> چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م<br />
مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>.<br />
<strong>و</strong> س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong>تسکی د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>ق خ<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>هی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل عليه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ب</strong>ز، س<strong>ر</strong>خ<br />
<strong>و</strong> سفيد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>م، <strong>ر</strong>يشه د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی م<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د... <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که س<strong>ب</strong>ز چيزی متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ر</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه چيزيست که خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست... <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،... <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
٨٨ B<br />
[<br />
–<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: "ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ی که س<strong>و</strong>سيس میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه صد س<strong>و</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی ميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>و</strong>شت خ<strong>و</strong>ک تغذيه میش<strong>و</strong>د، که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> دزد <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سيس خ<strong>و</strong>ش طعم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مغزی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً، چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د سفسطهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد.<br />
مسئله ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً مط<strong>ر</strong>ح <strong>ن</strong>شده، <strong>و</strong> کل مسئله <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ست...<br />
Eine Arbeiter, der eine Wurst ißt und fünf Frank täglich verdient, weiß recht gut, das<br />
er vom Unternehmer bestohlen wird und das er Schweinefleisch ißt, er weiß, dass<br />
sein Unternehmer ein Dieb ist, dass die Wurst einen angenehmen Geschmack hat und<br />
nahrhaft für den Körper ist. Nichts dergleichen, sagt der bürgerlicher Sophist, ganz<br />
gleich, ob der Pyrrhon, Hume oder Kant heißt, die Meinung des Arbeiters über diese<br />
Dinge ist seine persoenliche, d,h, subjective Meinung; mit dem gleichen Recht<br />
könnte er denken, dass der Unternehmer sein Wohltäter ist und daß die Wurst aus<br />
haschierter Haut gemacht ist, dann: das Ding an sich kann er nicht kennen…. Die<br />
ganze Schwierigkeit besteht darin, daß die Frage falsch gestellt ist… S. 200<br />
B- Paul Lafarque, "Le materialism de Marx et l'idealisme de Kant" [Der<br />
Materialismus von Marx und der [Idealismus von Kant] in "Le Socialiste ٨٨ von<br />
25 Februar 1900 S. 201
162<br />
تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت ق<strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د (<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> صحت د<strong>ا</strong>شت)، م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ستيم هيچ<br />
چيزی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم، حتی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." (ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
(٣۴ – ٣٣<br />
کل مکت<strong>ب</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>پ</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>مل تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم چ<strong>ر</strong>خيد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حق مقدس ه<strong>ر</strong> شخص، <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ر</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی که د<strong>و</strong>ست د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ<br />
<strong>و</strong>قتی کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل طف<strong>ر</strong>ه می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>خش<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ن</strong>يز" د<strong>ر</strong><br />
فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ که "تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> کمی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "تکميل" ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست.<br />
٢- چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليست"،<br />
چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>يشخ<strong>ن</strong>د گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<br />
–<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>. ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: ["<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم که چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />
میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ا</strong>ز ميخ<strong>ا</strong>ئيلفسکی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يستِ <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک ، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>له <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی کُمت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ر</strong>،<br />
<strong>پ</strong>يش ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زد."<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>هله <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، جهل حي<strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> مثل همه<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شيل<strong>و</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جهل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> زي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يشی <strong>ا</strong>ز کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. قطعه <strong>ن</strong>قل شده<br />
م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ب</strong>ه عهده<br />
میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد، <strong>ن</strong>ميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی) ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خط هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> خط ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم، <strong>و</strong>قتی خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف میک<strong>ن</strong>د که يک <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که شخص د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه ج<strong>ا</strong>هل <strong>ا</strong>ست. ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم<br />
(Comtes)<br />
[ (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، ٧٣)<br />
A<br />
A- ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>. ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> سعی میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک، <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ر</strong>، ميخ<strong>ا</strong>ئيلفسکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زد." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ج<strong>ا</strong>، ٧٣)<br />
"Es ist natuerlich lächerlich zu sehen, wie Herr Tchernow aus Michailowski, dem<br />
Agnostischen Positivisten, dem Anhänger Comtes und Spencers einen Vorlaeufer<br />
von Mach und Avenarius machen möchte." (l.c. S. 73) S. 202
فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 163<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک" <strong>ن</strong>يز مهمل <strong>ا</strong>ست، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يج که <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> معلم خ<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست که <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت قطع<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>و</strong>ست کُمت <strong>و</strong><br />
ه<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز مهمل <strong>ا</strong>ست، چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی چد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست میس<strong>ا</strong>زد، <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيل<strong>و</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يش کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ا</strong>شت ت<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د"، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
صد<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی عجي<strong>ب</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت گيج ک<strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>صل مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه جزئي<strong>ا</strong>ت تهی م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف ک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>صل مطل<strong>ب</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>سيع <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ست ک<strong>ن</strong>ت،<br />
ه<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ر</strong>، ميخ<strong>ا</strong>ئيلفسکی، تعد<strong>ا</strong>د زي<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>صل مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دقت ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> کليه<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی هشت<strong>ا</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> گذشته) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
تحت<strong>ا</strong>لفظی ل<strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ن</strong>) <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی میدهد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مفل<strong>و</strong>ک<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>صيف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د چه کسی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيل<strong>و</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>و</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>جز <strong>ا</strong>ز فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. يک مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<br />
می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس هم د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> هم د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>و</strong>قع صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل، <strong>ا</strong>سمی <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>که<br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تحليل میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل حمل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> صد<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، دف<strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيز <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز ز<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>قم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع مهمی <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>که ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.<br />
ليک<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong>حم میک<strong>ن</strong>يم." ("ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"، صفحه ٢۵)<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ميخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست "<strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong>حم ک<strong>ن</strong>د" يع<strong>ن</strong>ی، س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ل دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی دل<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت دهد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ز<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ب</strong>ه چه کسی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد؟<br />
کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>که (<strong>ن</strong>. ث. <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>که، "ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"، <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>و</strong>تگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت، ١٨٨۵) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>ئم <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>که، ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش جد<strong>ا</strong><br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ر</strong>يل، <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>. ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د (صفحه<br />
<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>که)<br />
"مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میک<strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
صفحه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم: "<strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی تحليل م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سيده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>. ل<strong>ا</strong>س، <strong>ا</strong>. م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ر</strong>يل، <strong>و</strong>. <strong>و</strong>. <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ن</strong>ه مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً"<br />
١٨ ،٣<br />
٨٩<br />
–<br />
٩١<br />
١٨٩٢<br />
١٨٩١<br />
=<br />
:Flohknacker)<br />
١٨٨٨<br />
٩٠<br />
١٢٧ ،١٩ –<br />
١٢٠
164<br />
(durchgehend)<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جعه<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>يد."<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيل<strong>و</strong>ف ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه که طع<strong>ن</strong>ه میزد؟<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شکی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>لی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ه<strong>ر</strong> مسئله خ<strong>ا</strong>ص<br />
<strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د "<strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی" <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يل <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست<br />
<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی ذک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> همه يک دسته <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
که <strong>ر</strong>يل <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>س، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ب</strong>ک هي<strong>و</strong>م تصفيه ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ب</strong>ک<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی؟<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> تعج<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>حم ک<strong>ن</strong>د"، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دسته گُلِ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "ل<strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ن</strong>" د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت دهد؟<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>حم ک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيل<strong>و</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ر</strong>حم<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ت<strong>و</strong>چه د<strong>ا</strong>شت يک ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طی <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م، ي<strong>ا</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
متغي<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>صلی گ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> ديديم که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی، ه. کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>) هست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز جهت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش هي<strong>و</strong>می د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد شده <strong>ا</strong>ست: <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت،<br />
<strong>و</strong>يلی، <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی لس<strong>و</strong>يچ، ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی دل<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>. م<strong>ا</strong> يک مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، يک د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د مخص<strong>و</strong>ص<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ که د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>س ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی <strong>ا</strong>ست، د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه "<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک" <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> کسی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک مخص<strong>و</strong>ص<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong><br />
مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> همه <strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ش<strong>ر</strong>مگي<strong>ن</strong>" خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. جيمز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم"، که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مخص<strong>و</strong>ص<strong>ا</strong>ً "<strong>ب</strong>ه قه<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علمی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس صحه ميگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم"، ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی حمله میک<strong>ن</strong>د، (جلد<br />
<strong>و</strong>قتی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش سمت فيزيکی (م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د) غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> شديد <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. علي<strong>ر</strong>غم<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شديد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>هي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>زه <strong>و</strong>ی،<br />
A<br />
–<br />
٩٢<br />
(٢٢٩<br />
–<br />
٢، صفحه<br />
١٨٩٢<br />
A- "Bibliotheque du congres international de philosophie", Vol. IV, Henri<br />
Delacroix, "David Hume et la philosophie critique". (Bibliothek des<br />
internationalen Philosophiekongresses, Bd. IV. Henri Delacroix, "David Hume<br />
und die kritische Philosophie". Die Red.) Der verfasser zählt zu den Anhängern<br />
Humes Avenarius und die Immanenzphilosophen in Deutschland, Ch. Renouvier<br />
und seine Schule (die "Neokritizisten") in Frankreich.
فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 165<br />
،٢<br />
(٣١<br />
–<br />
٣٠<br />
م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سم که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>يستهت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (جلد<br />
صفحه <strong>و</strong> جيمز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد عقيده خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>د:<br />
"ه<strong>ر</strong> کسی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ علم <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت که <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کليه <strong>ا</strong>عص<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سعه قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> عليت میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>و</strong> هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ج تد<strong>ر</strong>يجی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
چيزی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>دی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی هست." ي<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چيزی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده ه<strong>ر</strong> کد<strong>ا</strong>م حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
("ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً" <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ) <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> گست<strong>ر</strong>ش علم، ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد همه ج<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جيح د<strong>ا</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ع<strong>ا</strong>لم م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د،... د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ی ثم<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چيزی جز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد... <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شک کمی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که ه<strong>ر</strong> چه علم <strong>پ</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت زي<strong>ا</strong>دت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>ئم م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
شد." (جلد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل، صفحه ١٧<br />
"م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ش<strong>ر</strong>مگي<strong>ن</strong>" ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی، که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
يک "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک" د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت که <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز "گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><br />
می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د، چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> همي<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> مقيد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>دم <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مطلق <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم مطلق يکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>م، خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مج<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> حس ميک<strong>ر</strong>دم که شق <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>م...<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست." (حيمز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، جلد ٢، صفحه ٢١۶)<br />
فلسفه ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> مخل<strong>و</strong>طی <strong>ا</strong>ز هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>ست که فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی <strong>ر</strong>گهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>قی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>جي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم خدمت میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ "<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ٓميزی" مخل<strong>و</strong>ط ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شدت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی میج<strong>ن</strong>گد، مه<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ میز<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
(Ward)<br />
–<br />
(١٩ –<br />
٣-[فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>تس، هم <strong>ر</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />
[<br />
A<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم مک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز ذک<strong>ر</strong> فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>صطل<strong>ا</strong>ح<br />
مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> ،(Schuppe) لکل<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ر</strong>مک <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زيم. <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت<br />
فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>عظ میش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.<br />
–<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فيق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دست د<strong>ر</strong> دست م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />
Die Immanenzphilosophen als Mitstreiter von Mach und Avenarius S. 206
١٩٠٢ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: ..."<br />
166<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زه م<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>م که گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ز فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست،<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيت، ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز تعد<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، همه، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> طی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که، علي<strong>ر</strong>غم <strong>ا</strong>ختل<strong>ا</strong>ف ف<strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
سمت يک <strong>ن</strong>قطه می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." ("تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"، صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش غي<strong>ر</strong><br />
معم<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که تعد<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه متص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong><br />
"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت خيلی که<strong>ن</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>می ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی هست<strong>ن</strong>د. ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مهم <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>سيع <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>. م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی "تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د: "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک ح<strong>ر</strong>کت مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د..." (صفحه م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:<br />
"<strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفه ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د... م<strong>ن</strong> چيزی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>.<br />
ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>، "ط<strong>ر</strong>ح ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طق") <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>م که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دکی تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>شح<strong>ا</strong>لی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز "<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>زديکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong>يلهلم ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong>خ حتی <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د، خل<strong>ا</strong>صه <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>د<br />
گفت ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی<strong>ا</strong>ش، "مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> تقديم میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم، د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت که عل<strong>ا</strong>قه ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "ش<strong>ا</strong>د" <strong>و</strong> "تش<strong>و</strong>يق" ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> "تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی" <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> "ش<strong>ا</strong>يد ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قتی<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>ه ژ. <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت، که<br />
لس<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم ميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مثلث ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د. )<br />
(۴<br />
١٨٩۴<br />
Einfuehrung in die<br />
،١٩٠۴ صفحه ،٢٩۵ - Das<br />
A<br />
(٩<br />
–<br />
–<br />
(۴<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شم." (۴۶)<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د." bestehend) (vieleicht nur einstweilen noch<br />
،Philosophie der reinen Erfahrung کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م،<br />
("Weltproblem", 1906, S. V und 146<br />
،II،٣٢١)<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت قطع<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>يلی مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست ،(Einf. ش<strong>ا</strong>يد ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته که <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شد <strong>و</strong><br />
سعی ک<strong>ر</strong>د که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د، که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد ت<strong>و</strong>سط معلم مح<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>يخ شد. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س کلم<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ن</strong>قل ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له <strong>و</strong>يلی عليه<br />
ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong>يلی ش<strong>ا</strong>يد "<strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز حد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً ل<strong>ا</strong>زم، محکم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د"<br />
که مق<strong>ا</strong>له <strong>و</strong>يلی<br />
عليه ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز ش<strong>ا</strong>مل میش<strong>و</strong>د.)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عقيده<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم، <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
عقيده<strong>ء</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. م<strong>ا</strong> عقيده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>سط لکل<strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده، ذک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم. ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت "ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق"<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فيشيه <strong>پ</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>" (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی، ي<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong>تلي<strong>ب</strong><br />
فيشته، که <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ر</strong>ش د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ر</strong> ژزف ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong>)، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>، لکل<strong>ر</strong>،<br />
Vierteljahrsschrift fuer wissenschaftliche Philosophie, S. 29)<br />
"<br />
١٨٨٢<br />
١٨٧٩<br />
A- "Vierteljahrsschriften fuer wissenschaftliche Philosophie", 1894, 18. Jahr-gang,<br />
Heft I, S.29
گل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 167<br />
–<br />
A<br />
–<br />
–<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>مک" <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>ق خ<strong>ا</strong>صی د<strong>ر</strong> مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی" <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<strong>ا</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط تم<strong>ا</strong>م مد<strong>ر</strong>سي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شگ<strong>ا</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ا</strong>طل<strong>ا</strong>ق شده ذک<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ر</strong>گش<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه "ت<strong>ا</strong>ييدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" خ<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓمد گفت که ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د. ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "د<strong>ر</strong>ک م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص شم<strong>ا</strong> (<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س)<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ست." ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قع خل<strong>ا</strong>صه ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> "گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه" که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> "خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>هد"، <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ف. ف. ("<strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ش م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میش<strong>و</strong>د") <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ب</strong>ه ل<strong>ا</strong>س، ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يل (د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong>)، چ. <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه (د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>) <strong>و</strong><br />
غي<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> "مقدمه" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> شده د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفی<br />
ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong>گ عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>قه <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>لز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه، میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم:<br />
"حتی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> صد<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی متفک<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میخيزد که عليه تک<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شدي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<br />
همک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، عليه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح غي<strong>ر</strong> فلسفی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی دست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خته، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ز میده<strong>ن</strong>د... مثل م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
فيزيک د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>... د<strong>ر</strong> همه دسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د میج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خط<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د جستج<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ق<br />
م<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ز <strong>و</strong> مدخلی <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه حقيقت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
يک ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong> کلمه د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه چ. <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong>يه. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ذ <strong>و</strong> گست<strong>ر</strong>ش ي<strong>ا</strong>فته د<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. فلسفه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> علم لَمّی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ر</strong>د شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>ظم <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛<br />
ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>صل دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. کشيش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>ليک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong>يلی م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>پ</strong>ل ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
د<strong>و</strong>م"، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "تي<strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل" <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>عظ ه<strong>و</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د" <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دست هم فک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>می فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> "مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک" <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فت، ، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>يل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، يک همک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "غي<strong>ر</strong><br />
١٨٩٣، <strong>ب</strong>عد<br />
٩٥<br />
٩٤<br />
٩٣D<br />
–<br />
١٨٩۶<br />
–<br />
C<br />
B<br />
(Gegen die Schulweisheit)<br />
–<br />
–<br />
L'Annee Philosophique<br />
A- Dr. Richard von Schubert – Soldern, "Ueber Transcendenz des Objekts und<br />
Subjekts", 1882, S. 37 und $ 5. Vgl. Von selben Verfasser "Grundlagen einer<br />
Erkenntnistheorie", 1884, S. 3<br />
B- "Vierteljahrsschrift fuer wissenschaftliche Philosophie", 17.Jahrgang, 1893, S. 384<br />
C- Dr. Richard von Schubert – Soldern, "Das menschliche Glueck und die soziale<br />
Frage", 1896, S. V, VI<br />
D - "Zeitschrift für immanente Philosophie", Bd. I, Berlin, 1896, S.6, 9 93
–<br />
168<br />
ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ح<strong>ر</strong>ف زد که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قد ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>، شيئ، شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه، علم مث<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ا</strong>ست." (جلد ١٩٠۴، ١۵، صفحه ١٧٩)<br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> همه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>زديکیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ده، م<strong>ن</strong>شيک<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مث<strong>ا</strong>لهم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تظ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>شته<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه "<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم" <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف مختص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً (<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع غلط) <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د که "مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک شکل <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong>. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ست." (<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم، کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> کلی ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم <strong>ن</strong>زديک<br />
میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." ("مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"، صفحه<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که: "مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> (<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خی) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ست خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ي<strong>ا</strong>فت." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ل میدهی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>ی: مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>طه <strong>و</strong> سسس<strong>ا</strong>لم<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی. م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>س د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که حقيقت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجعي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشی خ<strong>و</strong>د متقل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. يک <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جيه ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>سطیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. لکل<strong>ر</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong><br />
س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٨٧٩، <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی که "کليه <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی يک ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی مستعد"<br />
ژ. <strong>ر</strong>مک، د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت" خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>تست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>عظ <strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه يک خد<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ق محس<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه خد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک "مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی" (ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "معي<strong>ن</strong>ی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> صف "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>" ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ا</strong>د؟) <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که "عي<strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>خشيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> عهده ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی عملی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست" خ<strong>ا</strong>تمه د<strong>ا</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ر</strong>د "دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيسم مسيحی"<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک مدل <strong>ا</strong>ز "خد<strong>ا</strong><br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی علمی" <strong>ا</strong>ست (ژ. <strong>ر</strong>مک،<br />
ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
می<strong>ب</strong>خشد که گ<strong>ر</strong>چه ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، خد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>گ تحت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>ق خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> "<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>قی... <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد <strong>و</strong><br />
جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی کليس<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک "ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی" محک<strong>و</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د. (دکت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>يلهلم ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>،<br />
("<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>و</strong> فلسفه ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>"،<br />
ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
A<br />
،٣ صفحه (XXII<br />
(١۴٩<br />
(٣٧<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong>ف میک<strong>ن</strong>د، ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ر</strong>د. (73 .S ("Der Realismun etc.",<br />
،١٨٨٠<br />
،Die Welt als Wahrnehmung und Begriff <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong>،<br />
،Zeitschrift für imannente Philosophie <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
،٢ صفحه (۵٢<br />
Grundlage einer<br />
، جلد<br />
،١٨٨٠ صفحه (٣١٢<br />
مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د. Philosophie) Zeitschrift für imannente<br />
Grundzuge der Ethik und Rechtsphilosophie<br />
،Breslau ،١٨٨١ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت (٣٢۵ ،١٨١ –<br />
–<br />
–<br />
"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز مکت<strong>ب</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، مکت<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ح<strong>ر</strong>کته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>زديک ديگ<strong>ر</strong> معتقد<strong>ن</strong>د که مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً هيچ س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />
ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." ("مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی..." صفحه ٢۶)<br />
-A
فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 169<br />
(٨٢<br />
Erkenntnistheorie<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز جسم، <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز جسم يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ف<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج میک<strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی<br />
عليه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د، هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی" <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>جی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>تی<br />
م<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که "س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ل دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت چشم می<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> هديه <strong>ا</strong>لهی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، ش<strong>ا</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد." (صفحه ٣٣٠) [<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong><br />
جهت که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم "حکم میک<strong>ن</strong>د" که (صفحه ٢۴٢): "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زه کسی که <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، معتقد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، يک <strong>ا</strong>حمق <strong>ا</strong>ست" <strong>ا</strong>شک می<strong>ر</strong>يزد (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>شيک<strong>و</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی هيچ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يه کم<br />
<strong>ن</strong>مي<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيک<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عقد د<strong>ا</strong>ئم ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>ديدی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست. فيلس<strong>و</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>تس د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی چيزی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> ديديم که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهيم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فق<strong>ا</strong>ی هم<br />
س<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز چه مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، چ<strong>ن</strong>د قضيه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
[لکل<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه "ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"؛ "د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده د<strong>ر</strong><br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> میدهد، <strong>و</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>که<strong>ا</strong>ی جعلی <strong>ا</strong>حز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، يک <strong>پ</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ک جعلی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> فس<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. لکل<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>يح خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
، <strong>و</strong>قتی<br />
:(٢۴٢<br />
٩٦<br />
[<br />
[<br />
B<br />
A<br />
١٨٧٩<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔسف میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم "معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست" (صفحه<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز کسی که <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، معتقد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، يک <strong>ا</strong>حمق <strong>ا</strong>ست." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>شيک<strong>و</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، که کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong>يه تي<strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> صيغه د<strong>ا</strong>ئم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ح<strong>ر</strong>فی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديکی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست. م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> ديديم که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د، خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی<br />
میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، عقيده ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
Und vergiesst dabei Tränen darüber, dass der Materialismus "herrscht" (S. 242):<br />
"Wer heute an ein jenseitiges Leben gleubt, auch nur der Moeglichkeit nach, der gilt<br />
als Narr." (Ib) Und eben diese Deutschen Menschikow, Obskuranten von nicht<br />
geringerer Guete als Renouvier, leben mit den Emperiokritikern in festem<br />
Konkubinat. Ihre theoretische Verwantschaft ist unbestreitbar. Vom Kantianismus<br />
haben die Innanenzphilosophen nicht mehr als Petzoldt und Pearson. Wir haben oben<br />
gesehen, dass sie sich selbst als Schüler Humes und Berkeleys bekennen, und diese<br />
Einschätzung der Imannenzphilosophen ist in der philosophischen Literatur<br />
allgemein anerkannt. S.211<br />
١٨٧٩<br />
-B<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: لکل<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه "ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"، "د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده د<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چس<strong>ب</strong> جعلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> فس<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>چس<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>.
(٣٨<br />
170<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. (…206 ,2.S ,21 Der)هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> Realismus, ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> تسليم شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ف فيشيه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د. لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> کل، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يلی که<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>حم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه میج<strong>ن</strong>گد<br />
که ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>، ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت – س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>مک میج<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
لکل<strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ديم، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />
يک <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>دی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>) <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت دهيم، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی شخص تجمع<br />
<strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز جسم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>، ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> حس ک<strong>ن</strong>د، هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ديده مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز هم زيستیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>سته، <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لیه<strong>ا</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی؛ <strong>و</strong><br />
کل تش<strong>ر</strong>يح ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> همزيستیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لیه<strong>ا</strong> تقليل میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د. (صفحه ٢١)<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>تجع چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گفت<strong>ن</strong>د: <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زگشت <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت! <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی که ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع<br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د: <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زگشت <strong>ب</strong>ه فيشته <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی! <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی لکل<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د "ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست. (صفحه د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> دستهه<strong>ا</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> عمل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف M <strong>و</strong> دستهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت عمل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف ، <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد. (صفحه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه) <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>" (Bewusstseinphaenomen) يک شخص <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی Gattung) (menschliche صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د. (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که لکل<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د، ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د فيزيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فت، <strong>ن</strong>قل<br />
ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>ق ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
ق<strong>و</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>قت <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میش<strong>و</strong>د: <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> حقيقی فلسفه "<strong>ا</strong>صلی" م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم؟<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه "هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج" <strong>ر</strong>سيد، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعً<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه "س<strong>ر</strong>گش<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س"<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه تلخی <strong>ا</strong>ز "تح<strong>ر</strong>يف تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> (ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>) د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی گله میک<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>هيت حقيقی جعل مخفی<br />
که ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت، که <strong>ب</strong>دش <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد<br />
ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فيشتهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> يک ط<strong>ب</strong>قه ج<strong>ا</strong> دهد، معل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
(philosophische Studien, Loc, w 386, 397, 407)<br />
(Eigenschaften)<br />
(۵۶<br />
–<br />
۵۵<br />
١٨٧٢<br />
١۵٠<br />
٩٧<br />
N<br />
Erfahrung der Arbeit<br />
A<br />
Im Jahre 1879 hatte sich Leclair die Bezeichnung "Imannent" noch nicht ausgedacht,<br />
was eigentlich "erfahrungsmaessig", "in der Erfahrung gegeben" bedeutet und ein<br />
ebenso heuchlerisches Ausgangschild zur Verdeckung der Faeulnis ist, wie die<br />
Ausgangschild der europischen buergerlichen Parteien heuchlerisch sind. S. 211<br />
A- Beitrag zu einer monistischen Erkenntnistheorie (Eassays in Monistic theory ef<br />
Knewiedge, Breslau, 1882, S.10
فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 171<br />
ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد: "د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت "هستی شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست" <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
که شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، که د<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی متعلق <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
يکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ن</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مطلق<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م، که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong>، کل مقدم هستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی غي<strong>ر</strong> تقل<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسمی" تشخيص<br />
<strong>ن</strong>دهد! فقط فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد: جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی "<strong>ب</strong>ه شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> متعلق <strong>ا</strong>ست" <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مطلق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست! <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> "مح<strong>ر</strong>ز" د<strong>ر</strong> صف <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست! چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>صل هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ هيچ <strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضی <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز هم جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
م<strong>و</strong>زه جعلي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د شد. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ک<strong>ن</strong>جک<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی که يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong><br />
گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه فقد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
(ح<strong>ر</strong>فی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> ق<strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> قسم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>لهه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>صی هم<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شدتی که م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د)، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز مق<strong>ا</strong>له <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> "مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی..." حظ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. دلم ميخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد گفته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست." <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ک<strong>ن</strong>م <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل يک ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کم<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز صميم قل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>و</strong>ش میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>، لکل<strong>ر</strong>،<br />
ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>و</strong>ش گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> گفته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>و</strong> س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>: "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی"، "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک "ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، دشم<strong>ن</strong> عمده <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست. )<br />
<strong>و</strong> کل <strong>ب</strong>خش د<strong>و</strong>م: "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>و</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی"). "علم<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ز کليه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طهه<strong>ا</strong>ی شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د" (صفحه يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی عمده (<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
چيزيست که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد!) چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مشخص <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک<br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>لت شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>" ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د. (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل تصديق<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>د که ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی"، <strong>ن</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی "عملی". "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong><br />
هست<strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>ً تغيي<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست." )<br />
Grundlagen einer<br />
١٨٩۶<br />
–<br />
X) ،("soziale Frage", S. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
Über Transcendenz des<br />
-<br />
A<br />
–<br />
(۵٢<br />
(Zusammengehoerigkeit)<br />
(٣۴<br />
–<br />
–<br />
(Erkenntnistheorie, 1884, S. 21<br />
–<br />
٣٣<br />
(Objekts und Subjekts, S. 73<br />
–<br />
–<br />
ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه م<strong>ا</strong>دی ت<strong>و</strong>ليد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
مح<strong>ر</strong>که<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>خلی گ<strong>ر</strong>فت، <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی که (<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست که) علم<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی معم<strong>و</strong>لی (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علت د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>دی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
A- Wilhelm Schuppe, "Die imannente Philosophie und Wilhelm Wundt" Zeitschrift<br />
für imannente Philosophie, Band II, S. 195
(transzendent)<br />
172<br />
میگي<strong>ر</strong>د." XVIII) (Die soziale Frage, S.<br />
–<br />
(XVIII<br />
(das Jenseits)<br />
=)<br />
(١٨٩۶) "Die soziale Frage"<br />
–<br />
..."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم فلسفی د<strong>ر</strong> کل م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست، حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فيق هم س<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
<strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong>سد که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> شک ک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی، ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>عد<br />
هيچ مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک هميشه م<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ق حسی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز يک تفک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>ملت<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شم. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم دليل<strong>ا</strong>م... <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه<br />
تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی که د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حی (خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه) <strong>ا</strong>ست، که <strong>ن</strong>قطه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>دی (قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه) <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> جسم<strong>ا</strong>ش. <strong>ب</strong>قيه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>قيه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>م خ<strong>و</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong>دی،<br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د، که غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>قيه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، هيچ چيز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong>دی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ن</strong>می م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong>می ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی م<strong>ن</strong>طقی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د،<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ب</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، خ<strong>و</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong>دی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>گ م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه دهد..." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه<br />
"هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی"، "ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>قيه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تذ<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong><br />
خدمت ص<strong>ا</strong>دق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د!<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه چيست؟ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک<br />
ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>گ<br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست..." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>) "<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی... مقيد <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> جهت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د عليه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حی مح<strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> همه چيز هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی") <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه (XXIV<br />
گفته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong><br />
تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مقدمه فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م مدت ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مشتی م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی هدف <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جی ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه خدمت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ن</strong>قش <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>زمي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م شده <strong>ا</strong>ست!<br />
"Jenseits"<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه کج<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د<br />
-۴<br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ب</strong>ه تک<strong>ا</strong>مل م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زيم. ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم که فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک<br />
مخل<strong>و</strong>ط، يک س<strong>ر</strong>هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>و</strong> متض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز قض<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ست. ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
فلسفه چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کج<strong>ا</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> کد<strong>ا</strong>م جهت تک<strong>ا</strong>مل میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> کمک خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد ک<strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جعه <strong>ب</strong>ه حق<strong>ا</strong>يق ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>حث، مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>طی مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>صلی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش که مشغ<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>يم،<br />
تف<strong>ا</strong>سي<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حثه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی ثم<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>، مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم مثل ه<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی؛ يک چيز ز<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ر</strong>شد میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه
فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 173<br />
(۴<br />
میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> جهت <strong>ر</strong>شد میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز دليل ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>شیه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> کمک میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی که م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه چيست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د يک شخص <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ش قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ست. همه مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی متج<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>يست س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يش<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س گفته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong>صله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> میشد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" چه<br />
ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>فهم<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>ک ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د (ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل م<strong>ا</strong>خ که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
همک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>ده م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د) چه کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم که خ<strong>و</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ر</strong>يد (ي<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>) م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ هم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه دست خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مجم<strong>و</strong>عه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ی.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی "تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"، ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ز ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يلي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک<br />
"مش<strong>ا</strong>هدهگ<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" که "<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>، حد<strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی خيلی <strong>ن</strong>زديکی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> "تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" م<strong>ا</strong>خ يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>و</strong>صيه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. (صفحه خ<strong>و</strong>شح<strong>ا</strong>لی" <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يلي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که هسته <strong>ا</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> شک<strong>ا</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> گست<strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>خشيده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. )<br />
کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> "مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفه" ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم. خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد<br />
که م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز سعی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د. (صفحه<br />
<strong>پ</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ر</strong>يدی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که معلم ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد هم <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>طع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د، (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>هگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>هگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه محد<strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د، (صفحه م<strong>و</strong>ٔکد<strong>ا</strong>ً "يک <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> "دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيسم" <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong><br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت" میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، (صفحه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که<br />
<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> محک<strong>و</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د، (شديد<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong>هم" ممک<strong>ن</strong> (صفحه فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> تل<strong>و</strong>يح<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی که د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف ل<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>میز<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
("يک <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی، د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع شده که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم، <strong>و</strong><br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که يک ذه<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>م، که ت<strong>و</strong>سط يک فلسفه ک<strong>ا</strong>ذ<strong>ب</strong> لمس<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد که چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط معلم<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده، <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>شده، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد"<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فس<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ليس د<strong>ر</strong> ص<strong>ن</strong>دلی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>دی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>خشيد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد<br />
می<strong>ر</strong>سد. خد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم م<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل<br />
"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>ی مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>" غ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م) هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی تصميم<strong>ا</strong>ت، کليه<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د. "<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ه گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که (م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ملح<strong>و</strong>ظ<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> مسئ<strong>و</strong>ليت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د. هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه حي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong>يز ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ن</strong>میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه Einleitung in die Philosophie, deutsche<br />
(١٣٢<br />
(١١۶<br />
(٢۴<br />
١٧<br />
–<br />
–<br />
(١٢۵<br />
(VI<br />
(٣٣۵<br />
– صفحه<br />
(Auflage, 1903, S. 48<br />
(٣٢<br />
–<br />
VIII
174<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست: تعليم <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>يت (ش<strong>ا</strong>يد ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>د علم <strong>ا</strong>ستحم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د) <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
عمل <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز همه... <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تلقي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م (ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست) <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>لی<br />
يک س<strong>ن</strong>ت تص<strong>ا</strong>دقی <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ژم<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ظيفه <strong>و</strong> زي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>لهی<br />
که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ست." ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست. (صفحه ٣۵٧)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ن</strong>يد که گفت د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه "شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" "مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً هيچ ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی" (ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده خد<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح "<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد." (صفحه د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong><br />
همي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د که "فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د"، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه حتی ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم که هسته <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> شک<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، ت<strong>و</strong>صيه میک<strong>ن</strong>د!<br />
<strong>ب</strong>لکه ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل، <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف مطلقً<strong>ا</strong> "فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه زي<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی می<strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد. د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />
مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ فلسفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د: چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong> ذک<strong>ر</strong> شد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>يده شيئ<br />
فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ت<strong>و</strong>هي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ن</strong>د که تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه<strong>ا</strong>ی دقيق<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ه<strong>ر</strong>گز چيزی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی، که ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی "میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد" که می<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زد چيزی جز هستی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ست، که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه همه، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> همي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> همي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ ت<strong>و</strong>صيه شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، همچ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>س م<strong>ر</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
میج<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه شد، ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی زي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>م کسی <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓدل<strong>ر</strong><br />
"<strong>ا</strong>خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>صيه میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
(235 .S :Der Kampf, ,1908 ,5 "ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> خيلی <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>ديد") <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم، م<strong>ر</strong>تجعي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفی محض <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>عظهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> معلم ج<strong>ا</strong><br />
زده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!<br />
<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که کسی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>غ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س کشف ک<strong>ر</strong>د: <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> عليه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>غ، يک م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong>يد: <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،<br />
تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست (چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میج<strong>ن</strong>گيم ش<strong>و</strong>خی <strong>ن</strong>يست!)<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>سيله <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد؛ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>د<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ستگی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> چيزی که<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>عکس م<strong>ا</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ف<strong>ر</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>يم،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عمل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه عملی <strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>و</strong><br />
(dem )<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
(XII<br />
–<br />
(٢٩٢<br />
(Cornelius)<br />
Gottlichen
فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 175<br />
–<br />
م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم مغش<strong>و</strong>ش<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ن</strong>يمه خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ا</strong>ست. هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم."<br />
٩٨<br />
(Einfuehrung, 2, S. 217)<br />
–<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong>لي<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی سي<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ر</strong>د! <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د! حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
تعج<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم چقد<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ب</strong>يه ت<strong>و</strong>صيه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم مه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ر</strong>ج ده<strong>ن</strong>د. گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>ستگی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
تع<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>ب</strong>ستگی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>،<br />
<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی د<strong>ر</strong> يک کلمه تکميل ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زيست! <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س يک <strong>ن</strong>يمه<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت يک خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يمه <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<br />
میز<strong>ن</strong>يد!<br />
<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهيم. م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م Erkenntnis und Irrtum خ<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "يک ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<br />
سيستم<strong>ا</strong>تيک،" (<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خ) "ت<strong>و</strong>ضيحی که م<strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>صلی<strong>ا</strong>ش صحه<br />
<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م، ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د دکت<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ز کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><br />
ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ز شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه (<strong>ا</strong>سم ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س هم<br />
ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د م) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ٔم<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>خش م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ا</strong>ست: <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>هی مق<strong>ا</strong>له د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>صيه شده ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> يک کلمه دست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست "معلم". <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>: "... تم<strong>ا</strong>می<br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong> (د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی) همه <strong>ا</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ١٨) "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> فيزيکی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم،<br />
عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه ١۴۴) "<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه يقي<strong>ن</strong><br />
هدف ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل کس<strong>ب</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> علمی <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه ٩) (ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د: "چيزی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>و</strong>سط ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>دی عقل عملی گفته شد") "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض که ذه<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong>ضی <strong>ا</strong>ست که ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong>دد." (۴٢) "م<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م... که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل خ<strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه د<strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>" میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم که د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف ۵: "فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت<br />
حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>و</strong>قتی که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم همي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>ا</strong>دق<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. "کيفيت شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>صيتی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> (م<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>) ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً ف<strong>ا</strong>قد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> حد<strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> مشکل <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی<br />
مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>تيکی ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح دهيم: <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>صطل<strong>ا</strong>ح خ<strong>و</strong>د فع<strong>ا</strong>ليتی خ<strong>و</strong>د. ه<strong>ر</strong> شخصی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د، میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د، میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تحليل ک<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>جد <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه. همه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه (<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه) <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مجم<strong>و</strong>ع ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ا</strong>دل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. شک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>، هيد<strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>کسيژ<strong>ن</strong> تشکيل میش<strong>و</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت مید<strong>ا</strong>ديم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>قت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی<br />
د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست." ) der Die Erkenntnistheorie<br />
٢ (Naturforschung der Gegenwart, Leipzig, 1905<br />
–<br />
(۴٣<br />
(Gewissheit)<br />
–<br />
–<br />
(<strong>ا</strong>ستقل<strong>ا</strong>ل = (Spontanität
۴<br />
176<br />
مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه، ميت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست ق<strong>و</strong>ه هد<strong>ا</strong>يت ح<strong>ر</strong>کت هيد<strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>کسيژ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد."<br />
(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> فصل <strong>ب</strong>عد: "عمل ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی يک عمل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong>ی قطع<strong>ا</strong> مح<strong>ر</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong>د که کليه<br />
تج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تقسيم <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه عمده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د: <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ختي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی. کليه<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> متعلق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه ۴٧) "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه يک قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعي<strong>ا</strong>ت ت<strong>و</strong>سعه د<strong>ا</strong>د... هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت مطلق <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خصيصه <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ همچ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تل<strong>و</strong>يح<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده م<strong>ا</strong> مقيد <strong>ب</strong>ه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ن</strong>يست."<br />
–<br />
(٣٠ – ٢٩<br />
،"(Willenshandlung)<br />
–<br />
(صفحه ۵٠)<br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>يد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف چقد<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> جس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ "مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً"<br />
ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د"، <strong>و</strong>قتی خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>صيه میک<strong>ن</strong>د!<br />
ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم که شخص <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم خ<strong>و</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زد. کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "ه<strong>ر</strong>تز هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong>ی (<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم م<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د..." "... <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>تز" (کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چه حقی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ميکشد، <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>و</strong>دی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد) "<strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong>دأ ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی کليه مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم ف<strong>ر</strong>دی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>متي<strong>ا</strong>ز میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>هگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>متي<strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
کمت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> محکمه<strong>ا</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<br />
میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مسئله د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ دهد." Philosophie") ،Archiv für systematische<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٩٠٠ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت که علي<strong>ر</strong>غم کليه <strong>ن</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>طی که<br />
کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم ٩٩<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست، "<strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>هگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم! <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د د<strong>و</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>سم شيط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د) که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی هدف عمده حمل<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، جلد<br />
<strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "<strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست... م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." ،Kantstudien) کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ١٩٠٣، ٨، صفحه ٣٧۴) ٣١۴،<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> "تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" م<strong>ا</strong>خ ت. تسيه<strong>ر</strong><br />
ذک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د: "که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>، حد<strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی خيلی <strong>ن</strong>زديکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تسيه<strong>ر</strong> "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>سيک<strong>و</strong> فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم که م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> هم د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يدی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که معلم<br />
ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لش د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی "مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>" تسيه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> "جمع <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>" میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د معتقد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز<strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه <strong>و</strong> "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت،<br />
س<strong>ر</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>حه<strong>ا</strong>ی جز کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد: "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ذه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!" (صفحه ۵) "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کلمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی کلمه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ز مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه<br />
۶، صفحه<br />
(Th. Zieher)<br />
Psychophysiologische )<br />
١٠٠) "ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
(٣<br />
–<br />
– ،١٨٩٨ صفحه – ۶٩ (٧٠<br />
١٩٠٣<br />
١٨٩٨<br />
-١٨٩٩<br />
(٨٧<br />
(Erkenntnistheorie, Jena 1898
فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 177<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط "<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی تقليل ي<strong>ا</strong>فته"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ١٠۴)<br />
مفه<strong>و</strong>م "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" "<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی تقليل ي<strong>ا</strong>فته" ه<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی تسيه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صلی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست، ش<strong>ا</strong>مل میش<strong>و</strong>د!)<br />
<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> جلد د<strong>و</strong>م "مقدمه" خ<strong>و</strong>د تسيه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س، کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>، تسيه<strong>ر</strong>، ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>د. (صفحه<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ليست <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>سيک<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد، د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> يک "س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
تف<strong>ا</strong>هم" د<strong>ر</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س" <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
<strong>ب</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س! <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط دشم<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> "حتی"<br />
(چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف میگ<strong>و</strong>يد) خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع شد<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>و</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، ش<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
متخصص، <strong>ن</strong>يز معلمي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست، فهميد<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ت<strong>و</strong>سعه میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کذ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی م<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد. ح<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong>! <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک "س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong>هم" ک<strong>و</strong>چک، <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />
<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لتی کلمه <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زد<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ف<br />
خ<strong>ن</strong>دهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيز ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مح<strong>ا</strong>فظ خل<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>و</strong> عصمت، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong><br />
"تکميل ک<strong>ر</strong>د" <strong>و</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک "<strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong>يلهلم ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>، م<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل مل<strong>ا</strong>حظه ليست<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که (<strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> يک "س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong>هم") <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم د<strong>ر</strong>غلطيده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، گست<strong>ر</strong>ش دهد. م<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ست<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم<br />
عقيده د<strong>و</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>" ديگ<strong>ر</strong> که هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د:["مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک س<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
.P 205 ("Mind", vol. VI, 1897T "شکی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت که <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست<br />
(Verworn)<br />
Howard V. Knox in ) [<br />
A<br />
–<br />
–<br />
(Orginalität)<br />
١٩٠۴<br />
١٩٠۶ (٣٠١ – ٢٩٨<br />
(Das Weltproblem etc.", S. 137, Anm")<br />
٩٩<br />
م<strong>ن</strong>طقی" Apriori) (logisches<br />
– (Nosdrjow)<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>کيدت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م کلمه <strong>ا</strong>ست." ) II, Georg Rodier in "Revue philosophique, 1888,<br />
(vol. 26, p. 200<br />
(٨<br />
–<br />
١٩٠١<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی <strong>و</strong>يلي<strong>ا</strong>م کليف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د "<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>زديک" مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ("تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" صفحه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد معلم م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>،<br />
چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی کليف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی هفت<strong>ا</strong>د (ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم م) <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> "س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
تف<strong>ا</strong>هم" <strong>ب</strong>ه عهده خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی کليف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د "ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د"<br />
که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "چيزی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی"، يک "شيئ <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی"، يک "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ع<strong>ا</strong>لی س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته" <strong>و</strong><br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: "<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً ک<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه شد."<br />
Die Lehre des Prof. K. Pearson ist ein einfaches Echo der wirklich grossen Lehren<br />
Berkeleys
178<br />
A<br />
غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهيم ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم<br />
که کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سطح <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>"ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت علم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
د<strong>ا</strong>د!<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>صفحه "تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"، م<strong>ا</strong>خ فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ر</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong>ئی "<strong>ن</strong>زديک شده" (<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ئيسم <strong>و</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم)، <strong>پ</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دتم<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>و</strong>ست شخصی" م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> شيک<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه "م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست"، <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>و</strong>قف فلسفه شده <strong>و</strong> "محکمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز"،<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>و</strong>قف ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يج مذه<strong>ب</strong> شده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د. س<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه ک<strong>و</strong>چک م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د: "علم <strong>و</strong>حی <strong>ا</strong>لهی <strong>ا</strong>ست." <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که علم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>حی ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت دهد که "تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong> حقيقی <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست" حفظ ک<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>خ يک<br />
همک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ئم "م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست" <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> فصله<strong>ا</strong>ی جد<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س، م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت "کمی" تصحيح میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>خ "يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ي<strong>ا</strong>،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ئيم، يک ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست." "<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه "م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشخيص د<strong>ا</strong>دم." ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س<br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه، <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست... که تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
متد <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." (<strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>م يک س<strong>ر</strong>قت <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف!) شع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست: "<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ب</strong>لکه علم مث<strong>ب</strong>ت، <strong>ن</strong>ه ع<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشی، <strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>لط<strong>ب</strong>يعهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، <strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>لکه يک <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>ه يک دگم مذه<strong>ب</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>ه کيش <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س يک "خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س جديد"، يک "خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی علمی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>و</strong>عظه میک<strong>ن</strong>د که ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>جيل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد که "حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>لهی <strong>و</strong> خد<strong>ا</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> علم <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د." <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد گفت که کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت علم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>صيه میک<strong>ن</strong>د. (صفحه <strong>و</strong>قتی ههکل تزه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>تح<strong>ا</strong>د م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ر</strong>د، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه شدت <strong>ب</strong>ه مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<br />
ههکل <strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده تل<strong>ا</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د که "ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فلسفه علمی س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست"، د<strong>و</strong>م<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ههکل "<strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."، س<strong>و</strong>م ههکل د<strong>ر</strong> "ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
يک <strong>ب</strong>عدی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عليه مح<strong>ا</strong>فظه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی س<strong>ن</strong>تی کليس<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> دشم<strong>ن</strong><br />
١٠٠ B<br />
C<br />
(١۵١ –<br />
۵٢<br />
١٩٠۵<br />
٢٨۴<br />
،١٩٠١ جلد ،٢ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت :۶٩ ،۶۵ ،۵۵<br />
،١۶<br />
١٠٠<br />
-A<br />
-B<br />
-C<br />
<strong>و</strong>يلي<strong>ا</strong>م کي<strong>ن</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کليف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، "خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت"، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م، ل<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>،<br />
"د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقم." (صفحه ۵٨): "<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ُ<strong>ب</strong>ژه <strong>ر</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه چيزی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>." (صفحه ۵٢)<br />
"م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست"، جلد ژ<strong>و</strong>ئيه ١٩٠۶؛ <strong>پ</strong>. ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س، "فلسفه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ"، صفحه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه مق<strong>ا</strong>لهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> شد.<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، جلد ١٣، صفحه ٢۴ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه، "خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک علم"، مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س<br />
٣٣٣<br />
،٣۴۵<br />
،٣٢٠
فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 179<br />
کليس<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد. <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک تفسي<strong>ر</strong> جديد <strong>و</strong> حقيقیت<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز دگمه<strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>شح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد..." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، جلد<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئيس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ج<strong>ا</strong>علي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ر</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که دست <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
معت<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> خلق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>في<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه يک "س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
تف<strong>ا</strong>هم" مختص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
، XVI ،١٩٠۶ صفحه (١٢٢<br />
۵-"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسمِ"<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ.<br />
–<br />
–<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "م<strong>ن</strong> شخص<strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سم <strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خيلی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سم <strong>و</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يم که<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل مقدس تقدم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ز<strong>ن</strong>جي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>سته تک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که حلقهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظمی ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> گم شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که حلقهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>، که <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، م<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ست (ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف) تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>، حتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيکی. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><br />
مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه که معم<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د، مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست." ("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"،<br />
(xii, III<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل "مقدس" که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مسخ<strong>ر</strong>ه میگي<strong>ر</strong>د ق<strong>و</strong>ل مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ست. ليک<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف سي<strong>ا</strong>ستمد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز ذک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>ٓه <strong>ن</strong>ه!<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> خل<strong>ا</strong>صه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم" <strong>و</strong> "ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong>ی" مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دقت <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م شده که تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيکی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ز<strong>ن</strong>جي<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهمل محض <strong>ا</strong>ست! <strong>و</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع مهملی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که خ<strong>ا</strong>ص کليه فلسفهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>عيد <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
"سيستم" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم قلمد<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت هگل هم يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ست. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز<br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی (تحت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده مطلق) <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> "د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>حله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>" جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
فيزيکی، ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>يده مطلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>د. حتی<br />
يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست تقدم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک تقدم حقيقی <strong>ن</strong>يست، چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده، <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه "<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی" ح<strong>ا</strong>صل<br />
میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ديست: خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده مطلق، خ<strong>و</strong>د کلی،<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>لک. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مشخص میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> تعد<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع<br />
<strong>ب</strong>یشم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده؛ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه شده، <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>تيجه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>
-١<br />
-٢<br />
-٣<br />
-۴<br />
180<br />
"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی" مقدم هميشه <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت يک تج<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد که خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ر</strong>قيقی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ه<strong>ر</strong> کسی ميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که يک <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی چيست؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ يک <strong>ا</strong>يده مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong> مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، يک <strong>ا</strong>يده مج<strong>ر</strong>د، يک <strong>ا</strong>يده مطلق <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع خد<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه هگل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ست. ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
کسی ميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی چيست؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، مهمل،<br />
يک تج<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، يک <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی<br />
مت<strong>و</strong>سل میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ظمی "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>". (ميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم هيچ مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>شت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س)<br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>.<br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيکی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>.<br />
مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سیه<strong>ا</strong>ی (<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی) <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>له <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک تج<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی معم<strong>و</strong>لی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی خي<strong>ا</strong>لی، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی هيچ کس، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لهی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی معم<strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> هگل <strong>ا</strong>لهی شد <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
جد<strong>ا</strong> شد.<br />
<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>پ</strong>له <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>!<br />
<strong>پ</strong>له د<strong>و</strong>م هم <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيکی (<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>پ</strong>له د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>له س<strong>و</strong>م<br />
میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د) چيزی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> علم <strong>ا</strong>ست. قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> فيزيکی <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>پ</strong>له د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف هم يک تج<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مغز، خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>له <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست. يع<strong>ن</strong>ی:<br />
١- جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> مدته<strong>ا</strong> مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی" <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت؛<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ده (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی فيزيکی) ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه<br />
<strong>پ</strong>يچيده م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست که مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميده میش<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی: <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی چيز ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه<br />
–<br />
-٢<br />
(XXXIX<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>يده، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>و</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه شده، ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. فيشته گفت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جز<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>ديست که ت<strong>و</strong>سط خ<strong>و</strong>د خلق شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. هگل گفت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ست. ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> گفت
فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 181<br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ر</strong>مک ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong>ست. ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد هستی<br />
شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف میگ<strong>و</strong>يد فيزيکی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که م<strong>ا</strong>هيت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> زي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>قهه<strong>ا</strong>ی کل<strong>ا</strong>می گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فهمد.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم" (صفحه می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>يم: يک م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ز<strong>ن</strong>ده ’مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيست؟‘" <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد: "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
يک ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ’تج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه‘ <strong>ا</strong>ست. (دقت ک<strong>ن</strong>يد، <strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>ً! (Primarily" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه، د<strong>ر</strong><br />
تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ب</strong>عدی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه، ’<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>‘ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک جسم میش<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
فيزيکی."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک "ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ز مهمل<strong>ا</strong>ت محض <strong>ا</strong>ست، که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج ف<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<br />
خد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>ً يک ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د تک<strong>ا</strong>مل<br />
<strong>ب</strong>عدی يک جسم فيزيکی میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد! <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی "ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه" ی<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک جسم فيزيکی،<br />
مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک جسم فيزيکی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د! ج<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔسف <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong> مد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>س<br />
دي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ا</strong>ست! ت<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز خدم<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ش ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> محت<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه قد<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ش<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>يم که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت فيزيکی خ<strong>و</strong>د محص<strong>و</strong>لی (ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف) <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت يک<br />
خصيصه <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>ست (که هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تعلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د)، که (ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت م)<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ب</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>پ</strong>يچيدهت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د (د<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ً متشکل م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت ز<strong>ن</strong>ده) (صفحه ١۴۶)<br />
فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی که می<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زد ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت خ<strong>و</strong>د يک محص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست، ص<strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده فلسفه کشيشه<strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong><br />
خصيصه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف شخص<strong>ا</strong>ً م<strong>و</strong>ٔکد<strong>ا</strong>ً مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د ع<strong>و</strong>ض <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ هم يک ملحد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> حتی ط<strong>ر</strong>ح تح<strong>ر</strong>يم مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ن</strong>ظم "س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليست م<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong>يخت. معهذ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً حق د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>د که "سيستم" د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<br />
<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته<strong>ا</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد. همي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف هم ص<strong>ا</strong>دق <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>صلی که قطعه <strong>ن</strong>قل شده يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی تص<strong>ا</strong>دفی <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه هسته "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم" <strong>و</strong><br />
"ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong>ی" <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت يک محص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د محص<strong>و</strong>ل<br />
چيزی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گت<strong>ر</strong>، غ<strong>ن</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>و</strong>سيعت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> عظيمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ست، محص<strong>و</strong>ل چيزی که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "ت<strong>و</strong>ليد" ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که چيزی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، چيزی که <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خد<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د. فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست هميشه ک<strong>و</strong>شش ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>و</strong>ض ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، مج<strong>ر</strong>دت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ب</strong>همت<strong>ر</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش) <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه "<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی" <strong>ن</strong>زديکت<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، مثل يک "ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه"، مثل <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده، که هيچ دليلی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد، <strong>ا</strong>يده مطلق، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح کلی، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، "ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong>ی کلی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دیه<strong>ا</strong>ی مختلف <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. [ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی، <strong>ا</strong>يده، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
–<br />
(١٢٨ –<br />
٢٩<br />
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A<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عمل ع<strong>ا</strong>دی مغز فع<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يش ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد. <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong>ه شکلی معي<strong>ن</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عمل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک تج<strong>ر</strong>يد کلی <strong>و</strong> عم<strong>و</strong>می ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
تج<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>" کل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت فيزيکی ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>، هذي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يشخ<strong>ن</strong>د علم <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ً متشکل م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت ز<strong>ن</strong>ده" محص<strong>و</strong>ل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت فيزيکی،<br />
<strong>ن</strong>تيجه تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ست. تک<strong>ا</strong>ملی <strong>ا</strong>ز يک ح<strong>ا</strong>لت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت فيزيکی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> هيچ گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
ج<strong>ا</strong>معه، س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت ز<strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت فيزيکی محص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت ز<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خد<strong>ا</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد. (<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د) چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک<br />
محص<strong>و</strong>ل تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ً متشکل م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت ز<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز چه ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong>يد، فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف چيزی مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د ح<strong>ر</strong>ف زد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت" <strong>ا</strong>ست. (کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
ش<strong>و</strong>د، ژ<strong>و</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ئيته<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓتشي<strong>ن</strong> "س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>هيت <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ً متشکل" <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong> شکی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>ليکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی يک<br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ً متشکل <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ فقط (ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>ليکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی م) <strong>ن</strong>ه حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی (که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ علم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میس<strong>ا</strong>زد)، <strong>ب</strong>لکه س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز جهل ت<strong>و</strong>دهه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میس<strong>ا</strong>زد.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ژ<strong>و</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ئيته<strong>ا</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم! م<strong>ا</strong> "س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت" <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
کليت<strong>ا</strong>ش د<strong>ر</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مح<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم. لکل<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه يک ف<strong>ر</strong>د. فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
چقد<strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد <strong>ب</strong>ه شم<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت فيشته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د. ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ع<strong>ا</strong>مل عم<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
[<br />
–<br />
،٣ صفحه (xxxxiv<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>" etc) (das Realismus, S. 55,<br />
(Das generische, das gattungsmässige Moment des Bewusstsein)<br />
(Vierteljahres-schrift fuer wissenschaftliche Philosophie, Bd.xvii, S.80<br />
-379)<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:<br />
ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده، ذه<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يک ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع<br />
مغز<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی عمل<br />
-A<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> علم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد.<br />
Jedermann kennt – und die Naturwissenschaft untersucht die Idee, den<br />
Geist, den Willen, das Psychische als eine Funktion des normal<br />
arbeitenden menschlichen Gehirns, S. 227
فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 183<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>و</strong>قتی شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
متشکل ج<strong>ا</strong>ی يک شخص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د، مثل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong>قتی يک ش<strong>ر</strong>کت سه<strong>ا</strong>می ج<strong>ا</strong>ی يک ش<strong>ر</strong>کت تک س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>، ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ر</strong>خمت<strong>و</strong>ف<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست، تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ست (<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ر</strong>خمت<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ب</strong>ه فحش میکش<strong>ن</strong>د.) <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ز کج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف يک <strong>پ</strong>ديده ف<strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong>ديده <strong>ا</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>قی، يک م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>يست. ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف شخص<strong>ا</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د که يک سيستم "<strong>ا</strong>صلی" <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>ده، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>يش گفته م<strong>ا</strong>خ مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشخيص دهد. ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست. ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س (<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>)<br />
کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> تسيه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ً متشکل" <strong>ا</strong>ست که گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شد م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف (<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>يم) <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خد<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يهه<strong>ا</strong>ی معلم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی"... <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong>حشت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک"ت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>م که "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم" <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>، ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> (همک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>) د<strong>ا</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د. تمجيده<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مستقيم م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ز "ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong>ی" خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ليغ ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز دل<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
ليک<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک سيستم تم<strong>ا</strong>م شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يست<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم. طی س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>ل ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>حله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>شت س<strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست "ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی" <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يمه <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی م<strong>و</strong>ٔم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح علم) کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>: "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ش ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت" <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>حله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ر</strong>حله د<strong>و</strong>م "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک" <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>د<br />
ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> گذشته <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم مغش<strong>و</strong>ش که گ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم میلغزد.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد (د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فلسفه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی" <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شده: "تقديم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ") <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong>فت، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه کل فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ست، ق<strong>ر</strong>ض گ<strong>ر</strong>فت. م<strong>ر</strong>حله چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م ک<strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حذف <strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
تض<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>د يک مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی. "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong>ی عم<strong>و</strong>می" <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد<br />
که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ش چ<strong>ر</strong>خيده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>حله <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حل <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong><br />
يک <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ن</strong>ی که طی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
(Rachmetow)<br />
.<br />
–<br />
–<br />
١٩٠٨<br />
(Rezension)<br />
١٨٩٩<br />
١٨٠<br />
٩
184<br />
ح<strong>ر</strong>کت ک<strong>ر</strong>ده ح<strong>ر</strong>کت ک<strong>ن</strong>د کمت<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک قدم جدی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گشت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. يع<strong>ن</strong>ی کل<strong>ا</strong>ً کل ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong>ی کلی تم<strong>ا</strong>م خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم م<strong>ر</strong>دد <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م ضعفه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم جمع میک<strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که<br />
ج<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چک مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ر</strong>د) "<strong>ا</strong>يده مطلق" هگل تم<strong>ا</strong>م تض<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>و</strong><br />
تم<strong>ا</strong>م ضعفه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيشتهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم جمع ک<strong>ر</strong>د. ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد يک قدم جدی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong>شت ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>دد، [يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده مطلق، ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong>ی هگلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی (<strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی)<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت فيزيکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، کل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد <strong>و</strong> مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً حذف ک<strong>ن</strong>د. ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> هيچ گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه "ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی" م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت.<br />
زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد د<strong>ا</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم م<strong>ا</strong>خی مدتی ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>شد <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد<br />
د<strong>ا</strong>د.<br />
si Licet parve componere magnis!)<br />
[<br />
A<br />
۶- "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>" (ي<strong>ا</strong> هي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>گليفه<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مکمل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>فق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم گفته شده، م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه خصيصه <strong>ن</strong>قد م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
فلسفی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>حث ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>شح<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong>ه "هي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>گليفه<strong>ا</strong>ی" <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف چس<strong>ب</strong>يد<strong>ن</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>پ</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه عل<strong>ا</strong>ئم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>دی، سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>، هي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>گليفه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم هي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>گليفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>يشخ<strong>ن</strong>د میگي<strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد گفت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> حق می<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم هي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> گليفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فع م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم غي<strong>ر</strong> هي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>گليفی <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک ت<strong>ر</strong>دستی <strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قد "هي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>گليفگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی" ج<strong>ا</strong> میز<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز هي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>گليفه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>پ</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>، عکسه<strong>ا</strong>، تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> حقيقت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شيده<br />
<strong>ن</strong>گه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
A- ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده مطلق، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت فيزيکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>" هگلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد<br />
<strong>و</strong> مطلق<strong>ا</strong> حذف ک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
Nämlich die absolute Idee, diese hegelsche "Substitution des Psychischen" für die<br />
physische Natur, universal über Bord zu werfen, absolut zu entwerfen
فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 185<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که هم خط<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> هم <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مهم<br />
"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>" (سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>گليف خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> هيچ چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>و</strong>ض <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د) ، <strong>ب</strong>ه هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد که چط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت.<br />
هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز که يک د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت عظيم<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>مّ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت خ<strong>و</strong>د حتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت هم ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل قطع<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ُ<strong>پ</strong>تيک فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی" <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم: "م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>فً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی قلمد<strong>ا</strong>د<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong> تع<strong>ا</strong>دلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی، صفحه ۵٧٩؛ <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>عد د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
صفحه میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم: "مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong>ئی که د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک<br />
میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی سيستم عص<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> حک شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت مطلق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست. <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل کمی <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>م که د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف زد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز حقيقت هيچ مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک حقيقت عملی. <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چيزی جز سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ي<strong>ا</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>ئم<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>د میگي<strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ن</strong>ظيم ح<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>و</strong>قتی ي<strong>ا</strong>د گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم، د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قعيتی هستيم که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
کمک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هد<strong>ا</strong>يت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه مطل<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيم..." <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>يست.<br />
هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> میغلطد. <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت تم<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی می<strong>ر</strong>سد: "يک <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>و</strong> شيئ<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت تعلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د..." ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت، شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت جد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ليک<strong>ن</strong> کمی <strong>ب</strong>عد میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم: "د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، کمی فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد د<strong>ا</strong>د که کليه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>صی که ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />
دهيم ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی حک<br />
شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه، صفحه ۵٨١، <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، صفحه ۴۴۵؛ م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>م) <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ضع م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز يک ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که گ<strong>ا</strong>هی ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong>ئی" زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ر</strong>د. (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>) ؛ گ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مشتق<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> عمل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ر</strong>د که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی عل<strong>ا</strong>ئم <strong>ا</strong>ختي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت" <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>م<br />
جد<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د. (<strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
"د<strong>ر</strong>ک هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> ١٨٩٧)<br />
(۴۴٢<br />
Viktor Heyfelder, über den Begriff der Erfahrung<br />
bei Helmholtz
١٨٧٨<br />
186<br />
هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>طقی که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعي<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک" <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<br />
شد ("يک <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>طق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>صيف <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د)<br />
چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د: "<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که ت<strong>و</strong>سط علته<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
حسی م<strong>ا</strong> حک شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته شي<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز میده<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت چيزی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز میده<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ستگی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت چيزی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قش <strong>ب</strong>سته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که کيفيت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص يک عمل خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی مطلع میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>مت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شيئ<strong>ا</strong>ی که تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> شده طل<strong>ب</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د... <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ يک عل<strong>ا</strong>مت لز<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً ش<strong>ب</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست که<br />
(خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>طقه<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>ئم ي<strong>ا</strong> سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
"ش<strong>ب</strong>يه <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د"، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت مقدمه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>صلی هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د شک ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د؛ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>ئم ي<strong>ا</strong> سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خي<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> کس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>ئم <strong>و</strong> سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست. هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ب</strong>عيت <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت،<br />
میک<strong>و</strong>شد چيزی مثل يک م<strong>ر</strong>ز مطلق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>پ</strong>ديده" <strong>و</strong> "شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" <strong>ب</strong>کشد. هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز يک <strong>پ</strong>يش<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>شد<strong>ن</strong>ی عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ کمی <strong>ب</strong>عد<br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>فهمم چط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د سيستمی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حتی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی مطلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
که حي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong>ؤي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د. شخص ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
شديد<strong>ا</strong>ً غي<strong>ر</strong> متحمل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ن</strong>يست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د شديدت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هم ک<strong>ر</strong>د معهذ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد... <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> عکس ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مش<strong>ا</strong>هده خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک که <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل يک عمل<br />
معي<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د هيچ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مح<strong>ر</strong>ک ق<strong>ب</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه ه<strong>ر</strong> چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
می<strong>ر</strong>سد ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زم<strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت شده، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی<br />
که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د." (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٢۴٢) "<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه<strong>ا</strong>يست که م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>هيم؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه د<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong>شته<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong>سيع ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يش شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت گشته <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه <strong>ب</strong>ه دقت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش تع<strong>ر</strong>يف شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی عمل <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مفيد <strong>و</strong> ثم<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز هم ش<strong>ب</strong>يه "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ش<strong>ر</strong>مگي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يچ <strong>و</strong> خمه<strong>ا</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی، که متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>يچ <strong>و</strong> خمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی م<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
يک <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ب</strong>ه شدت <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
[<strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>شت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>،<br />
هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد، <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی<br />
هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز يک ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<br />
١٨٨۴، جلد ٢، صفحه<br />
–<br />
۴٣<br />
–<br />
(Zeichen)<br />
عل<strong>ا</strong>مت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست..." Reden) Vorträge und<br />
(٢٢۶<br />
[<br />
A<br />
(Albrecht Rau)<br />
–<br />
(Aussage)<br />
(٢۴٣<br />
Albrecht Rau, S. 234<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong>،
فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 187<br />
A<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>يم." تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی (که هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست) <strong>و</strong>فق ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی تل<strong>و</strong>يح<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>دی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک، <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong>ست. شکی <strong>ن</strong>يست که يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً ش<strong>ب</strong>يه مدل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> يک چيز <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>مت ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>دی چيز ديگ<strong>ر</strong>.<br />
تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً تل<strong>و</strong>يح<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که "تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د".<br />
"عل<strong>ا</strong>مت ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>دی"، سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل، هي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>گليف مف<strong>ا</strong>هيمی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که يک ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً غي<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>زم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>شت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong><br />
هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ج می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد، ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>حق <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی خ<strong>و</strong>د ص<strong>ا</strong>دق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
میک<strong>ر</strong>د که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هيچ<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong>شت؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست مختص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> مفيد <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد: <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ٣٢٠)<br />
چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شی که يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ز هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم هي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>گليفی<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong> سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليک ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يمه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فع م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست (يک <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده "مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی" که <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> قل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ عزيز <strong>ا</strong>ست)<br />
هم هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی، <strong>ب</strong>ه تم<strong>و</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی متهم میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه) <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی لکل<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه خيلی زي<strong>ا</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست. لکل<strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>يت زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی علته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong>ئی حم<strong>ا</strong>يت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عقيده هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong>ئی (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی) ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه <strong>و</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong> عليه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
"<strong>پ</strong>يش د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيک هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز" ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د: <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د میز<strong>ن</strong>د "خد<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
علت ف<strong>ر</strong>ضی تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی حدّ<strong>ا</strong>قل هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ز عليت<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ست که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی." (صفحه "ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>... <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ختل<strong>ا</strong>ط س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ب</strong>تذل (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم) <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ چيز <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong>ٓيد." (صفحه<br />
Das<br />
)<br />
(٣٣<br />
١٨٧٩<br />
(٣۴<br />
،Realismus صفحه ١۵۴<br />
(٣۵<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شی که يک "<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی" د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>يست س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>عد کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>، م<strong>ر</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong>خ که ت<strong>و</strong>سط معلم<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ست<strong>و</strong>ده<br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
شده، د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له "<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>يش ه<strong>ر</strong>تز<br />
فيزيک" هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز "عتيقه شده" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک فلسفه "مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>" م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> (که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د) ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه<br />
(Heinrich Hertz)<br />
١٠١B<br />
A- "Albrecht Rau, Empfinden und Denken", Giessen, 1896, S.304<br />
B- Archiv für Philosophie,II,Systematische Philosophie 101 ,Bd.5,1899, S.64-163
188<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز ت<strong>و</strong>سط کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قل قطع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه، میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>ی فک<strong>ر</strong>ی هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>ب</strong>ه مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم:<br />
<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
تغيي<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عمل يک علت (که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده) تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>صلی کلمه، م<strong>ا</strong>ده م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. (<strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل ت<strong>و</strong>سط کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.)<br />
میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کليه <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>طق<strong>ا</strong>ً معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد تعيي<strong>ن</strong> شده، <strong>ا</strong>ز علته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج ک<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ر</strong>سيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست مع<strong>ا</strong>دل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست، که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> کس<strong>ب</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه ١۴۶)<br />
کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عص<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت، متض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل غي<strong>ر</strong><br />
ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل حل، <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong>ٔکد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت معتقد <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
"<strong>پ</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که ت<strong>ا</strong> حد<strong>و</strong>دی ي<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ز کلم<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ست"<br />
چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده، <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>، عليت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت زي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه مشکل <strong>ن</strong>يست که م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>يتی خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت جِ<strong>ر</strong>م، <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه ضعف عمده کل دليل<br />
هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>و</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت تخيل م<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه. م<strong>ا</strong> حتی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قعيتی <strong>ن</strong>يستيم که چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيم. م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يستيم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
مش<strong>ا</strong>هده ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س خ<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيم.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> يک مختص<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
يک عدد معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم: هميشه د<strong>ر</strong> حد<strong>و</strong>د معي<strong>ن</strong>ی، تعد<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ی شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>د ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که همگی <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعي<strong>ا</strong>ت مش<strong>ا</strong>هده س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت<br />
د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چيزی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی که خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. ليک<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختيم؛ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت هيچ حقی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طق <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم م<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
(ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>) <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعي<strong>ا</strong>ت هيچ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لی س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> قطعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<br />
علت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>يست د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه کل <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>جی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ده شده د<strong>ر</strong>هم می<strong>ر</strong>يزد. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>ه کس<strong>ب</strong> حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی يع<strong>ن</strong>ی حقيقتی که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> کل هيچ گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم." (صفحه ١۶۴)<br />
(durch ablesen<br />
-١<br />
-٢<br />
٣- علت،<br />
-۴<br />
-۵<br />
(Erlangung)<br />
einer Skala)<br />
(als Menschen)
فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 189<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د، م<strong>ر</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د معلم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />
که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، کل فلسفه هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی<br />
<strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د. تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ص ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ذک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ا</strong>مّ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
يک <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده "<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت س<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> شده، "<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی که ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> سهيم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه ١۶٠)<br />
<strong>ن</strong>تيجه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سيده<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم يک <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تک<strong>ب</strong> شد، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً مغش<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>د، م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
مخل<strong>و</strong>ط ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>" ي<strong>ا</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم هي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>گليفی"، مهمل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که "<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست". <strong>ا</strong>ز هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی، هم چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ، م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>پ</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
٧- د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه يک صفت <strong>و</strong>يژه ديگ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خی ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف سعی میک<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>، که متص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ن</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ط مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک<br />
<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong>هم <strong>ب</strong>شک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه شدت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ُ<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه همي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>ز ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، ط<strong>ب</strong>ق معم<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی" که، <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف میگ<strong>و</strong>يد "غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تحقي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف زده میش<strong>و</strong>د" دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"، کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ٣، صفحه ۵) <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> فل<strong>ا</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله گيج هست<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس هميشه <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>د "<strong>ب</strong>ه تحقي<strong>ر</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />
میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د"؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ب</strong>ه دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم صحيح، س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
علمی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> طل<strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه يک گ<strong>ر</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی. م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />
هميشه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>د (<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص ضد دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> محک<strong>و</strong>م میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فتهت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه هي<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی. م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>و</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>حث میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> سعی میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تصحيح ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س حتی <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> تحقي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک کل محد<strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>يمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>خته<br />
میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ر</strong>يخت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چشم عم<strong>و</strong>م، <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک کل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ، <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس.
–<br />
١٠٢<br />
190<br />
(٢١<br />
<strong>و</strong> مشکل <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هجدهم <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>، <strong>و</strong>گت<br />
<strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>لش<strong>و</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضحت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش د<strong>و</strong>م کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> "ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د. غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کسی <strong>ن</strong>فهمد، مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد عمد<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف ک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>و</strong>قتی ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح میدهد چه چيزی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سً<strong>ا</strong> کليه مک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز کل<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ز کليه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل مشخص میک<strong>ن</strong>د، میگ<strong>و</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست هستيم. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>، يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع س<strong>ب</strong>ک فک<strong>ر</strong>ی، س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د، که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>هی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> (ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ م) <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک کل <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ظ د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>هگ<strong>ر</strong>د (<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک کل د<strong>ر</strong>هم میک<strong>ر</strong>د." (صفحه<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ف<strong>ا</strong>سد<br />
شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>هيت چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ میک<strong>ن</strong>د غلط فهميده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس خيلی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> "<strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>ديته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
معلمه<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هجدهم "غل<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د"، که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> حتی يک قدم هم <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔ<strong>ا</strong>خذه ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که "ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ديد<strong>ر</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی (م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه ده<strong>ن</strong>د." ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔ<strong>ا</strong>خذه ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی<br />
<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>کته سه<br />
ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هجدهم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میشم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>ديت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی که<strong>ن</strong><br />
"مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی" <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه "ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت شيمي<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک" معتقد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. (صفحه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ده خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد که <strong>ن</strong>فهميد<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong> شد که <strong>ا</strong>شخ<strong>ا</strong>ص معي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم تسليم ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی "مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>" (<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م ديگ<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong>) <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت میده<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د. محد<strong>و</strong>ديت د<strong>و</strong>م، خصيصه مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی "خصيصه ضد دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>". د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>ديت د<strong>و</strong>م<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم، <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک د<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>فهم<strong>ن</strong>د. (<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل حقيقت مطلق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی) محد<strong>و</strong>ديت<br />
س<strong>و</strong>م حفظ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم "د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>أس" د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه عل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فهميد<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سه "محد<strong>و</strong>ديت" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میشم<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> (<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>) <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
میدهد<br />
محد<strong>و</strong>ديت" خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. Schranken) (über diese<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سه چيز <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>ديته<strong>ا</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هجدهم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د! <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> کليه مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئیت<strong>ر</strong><br />
"محد<strong>و</strong>ديت" (Beschränktheit)<br />
(١٩<br />
(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت – ٢١ ،(١٩
فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 191<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم (مس<strong>ا</strong>ئلی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف شد<strong>ن</strong>د) هيچ ف<strong>ر</strong>قی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز يک<br />
ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> کليه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>ف ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
معلمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> هم فک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ر</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>و</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خط<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>زم ديد<strong>ن</strong>د که مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
مغش<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه همزد<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "تصحيح <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چيز" م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!<br />
د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم. مشکل <strong>ا</strong>ست چيزی تحقي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميزت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز عقيده<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ر</strong>د،<br />
لکل<strong>ر</strong>، کسی که "فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز" م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میست<strong>ا</strong>يد، چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ر</strong>د. لکل<strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "چ<strong>پ</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل" م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> هيچ گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه طف<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
کل ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> عقل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ش، ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع، گل س<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> جمع شده <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم<br />
<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جهت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ خي<strong>ر</strong>. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>هی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف، <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>هم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>، که مف<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
"ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت خ<strong>و</strong>د، هم د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>يده س<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong> هم <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت ل<strong>ا</strong>زم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک ت<strong>و</strong>ليد م<strong>ن</strong>ظم <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>حشي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی، <strong>ب</strong>ه "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک خ<strong>ا</strong>م" چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسمی؛ <strong>ب</strong>ه "خ<strong>و</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه حمله میک<strong>ن</strong>د. (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ١۶٠<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جهت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> غلم<strong>ب</strong>ه سلم<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مسخ<strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>مّ<strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت، که ت<strong>و</strong>سط شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه يک شکل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>قيه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست... يک مقدمه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ستقل<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ز تجلیه<strong>ا</strong>ی شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست." لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تعد<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز حمل<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
"يک دگم مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه متهم میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک" (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٢٢٢<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جهت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ خي<strong>ر</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت ت<strong>و</strong>سط ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong>، هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست<br />
ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ديده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز چه ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سمه<strong>ا</strong>ئی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که صده<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> تحقي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميزت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong> – ۶٣ (١۶١<br />
حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د." Realismus") ،"Der ،١٨٧٩ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت – ٢۴ ٢٣<br />
– ٢١٨)، <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل
192<br />
که د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ تجسم <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ش<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong>. ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>، معلم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ، د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه "[<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong>ؤي<strong>ا</strong>ئی متهم ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>م لق<strong>ب</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ژ<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" که د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ه کليه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> عکس <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت قدم، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>و</strong> همي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ژ. ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong>، م<strong>و</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د شد<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم کل<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مت<strong>ر</strong>قی، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص د<strong>ر</strong> محفله<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>قه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> حکم<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست ت<strong>و</strong>جه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی که<strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه تک<strong>ا</strong>مل تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک جدی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تکميل<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> معط<strong>و</strong>ف میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تصحيح <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ، مسخ<strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>دي<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست، <strong>ن</strong>قد<br />
<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> (<strong>ب</strong>ه ژ. ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong>يد)، ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص ف<strong>ا</strong>قد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د يع<strong>ن</strong>ی دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک محد<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>و</strong> ژ.<br />
ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم که ت<strong>و</strong>سط د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د زده<br />
شده، <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه همه ت<strong>و</strong>جه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> معط<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تذ<strong>ا</strong>ل کشيده <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>ر</strong>ط س<strong>ا</strong>دگی تح<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ("م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئي<strong>ن</strong>،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>")، <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>شی مي<strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی، دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک هگلی م<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يدی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی مز<strong>ر</strong>عه، <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> (<strong>و</strong> همي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong>،<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه) <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ه کث<strong>ا</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم مطلق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>کش<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی مشخص ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>و</strong> ژ. ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته<br />
شد<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د، ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>قم<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
م<strong>ب</strong>تذل س<strong>ا</strong>زی حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق. م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ط<strong>ر</strong>يق مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>قم<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ب</strong>تذل س<strong>ا</strong>زی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته<strong>ا</strong>ی دمک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی سي<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته<strong>ا</strong>.<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجعي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ن</strong>فهم<strong>ن</strong>د" <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه ده<strong>ن</strong>د که چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد که گ<strong>و</strong>ئی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی چه.<br />
١٨٧٨<br />
-<br />
("Beiträge zu einer monistischen Erkenntnistheorie", 1882, S. 45)<br />
B A<br />
"[<br />
٨<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ژ<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>.<br />
– چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ژ. ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
م<strong>ر</strong>حمت فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>د؟<br />
Traumrealismus<br />
-A<br />
م<strong>ن</strong>طق ( S.56 B- Dr. Wilhelm Schuppe, Erkenntnistheoretische Logik, Bonn, 1878,<br />
(ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی
فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 193<br />
مث<strong>ا</strong>لی که ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز گلف<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ذک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ژ. ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> مثل گلف<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست قطع<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د ژ. ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ط ضعف <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
دهيم.<br />
ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد<strong>ن</strong> عمل مغز <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
.S 52 ,Kopfarbeit؛ ,1903 يک ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست) "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه يک محص<strong>و</strong>ل مغز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست... ميز م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه يکی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>قی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ميز م<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> يک شيئ جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه<br />
ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ت<strong>و</strong>سط ژ. ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تکميل میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د: "معهذ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده غي<strong>ر</strong><br />
محس<strong>و</strong>س، محس<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ن</strong>يز هست... ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ميز، <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> صد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
مقد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم ف<strong>ر</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> غلط <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د" يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ديست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong> قدمی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست، قدمی <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> دقيق ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />
حدّ<strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مخ<strong>ر</strong>ج مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست... م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>م ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هم که <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> حي<strong>ا</strong>ت تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک ديده میش<strong>و</strong>د... م<strong>ا</strong>ده م<strong>ر</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د... ذه<strong>ن</strong> يک محص<strong>و</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ م<strong>ا</strong>ده محص<strong>و</strong>ل ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست..." (صفحه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تحليل دل<strong>ا</strong>يل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست، مثل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، خ<strong>و</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د! <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جيح میده<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه قطع<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong>چس<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> دقيق <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>هم <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد،<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>: "ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>شته خ<strong>و</strong>د" میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د "<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د" (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> سک<strong>و</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ حد<strong>و</strong>د يک صفحه ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<br />
ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> "ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم" (صفحه <strong>و</strong> "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>صيل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د، که<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>جد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت س<strong>ر</strong>چشمه<br />
میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه قطعی. (١٠٧) <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
چه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> ضد دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
["حقيقت حقيقی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> مقدس د<strong>ر</strong> شخص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میگي<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ست" (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج شخص) د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ]؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست... م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم...<br />
(Das Wesen der menschlichen<br />
(۵٣<br />
(۶۴<br />
(١٠٨<br />
(۵۴<br />
(٨٠<br />
(١٠۶<br />
A<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
حقيقت س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> علمی م<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> شخص <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج<br />
(<strong>ا</strong>ز شخص)، د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong>
194<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت مشخص میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>أس<br />
ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>له، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه شي<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز کلمه... جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ب</strong>ه دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم خ<strong>و</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد: "م<strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>حقيم که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> سيستم م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<br />
کلی فلسفه، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مش<strong>ا</strong>هده علمی <strong>ا</strong>يده، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تفحصی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
(صفحه مشکل <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست چس<strong>ب</strong>يد ت<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>دقيقت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ست، که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لغ میش<strong>و</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
که<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی علمی (<strong>ب</strong>ه کمک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم که<strong>ن</strong>: "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ا</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د فهم م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د<br />
سي<strong>ا</strong>سی يک <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زی علمی <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی که م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی گذشته مشخص میک<strong>ن</strong>يم، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی که<strong>ن</strong><br />
مشخص میک<strong>ن</strong>يم. م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مخ<strong>ر</strong>ج مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مقدمه،<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مقدم <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>يم." (صفحه ١۴٠) <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلمه "ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>" مهم <strong>ا</strong>ست! <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم، م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم، <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ت<strong>و</strong>جه ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ب</strong>تذل متم<strong>ر</strong>کز شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ کمی <strong>ب</strong>عد قطعه<strong>ا</strong>ی می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد که ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست: "مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد تعميم د<strong>ا</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
مفه<strong>و</strong>م کليه <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز ق<strong>و</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د." (صفحه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه مغش<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم زي<strong>ر</strong><br />
لف<strong>ا</strong>ف "<strong>و</strong>سعت د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د. چس<strong>ب</strong>يد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>و</strong>سعت د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>: يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
فلسفه ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong>. يع<strong>ن</strong>ی عدم ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل تقدم م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> "م<strong>ر</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong>". <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>د خط <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئي<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تصحيح میک<strong>ن</strong>د: "کل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> جز<strong>ء</strong> حکم ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>... <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>لق <strong>ب</strong>هشت <strong>و</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<br />
<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم." (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که مفه<strong>و</strong>م "م<strong>ا</strong>ده" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم ش<strong>ا</strong>مل ش<strong>و</strong>د، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ٢۴)، يک <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ست، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓيد، ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده، <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ، ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی که خ<strong>و</strong>د ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد، تم<strong>ا</strong>م مع<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز دست میدهد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد "قطعی"،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز <strong>و</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>فی <strong>ن</strong>يست. (<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>متي<strong>ا</strong>زيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زيد) حد<strong>و</strong>د ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت مطلق <strong>و</strong> حقيقت مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حد<strong>و</strong>دی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت تحقيق<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. عمل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
(Kleinere philosophische Schriften, 1903, S. 59, 62)<br />
(١۴٢<br />
١٠٣<br />
(۶٢<br />
(١۴١<br />
"Profane wahrhaftige Wahrheit gründet sich nicht auf eine Person. Sie hat ihre<br />
Gründe außerhalb" (d.h. außerhalb der Person) "in ihrem Material,
فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 195<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حد<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>، فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که گ<strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> متض<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
مطلق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خل<strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی م<strong>ب</strong>هم، <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> دست <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> چلفتی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قص د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>دی<strong>ا</strong>ش، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>و</strong>فقيت <strong>ا</strong>ز "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی" (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک"<br />
دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د. ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>پ</strong>س تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی<br />
می<strong>ر</strong>سد که عض<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هيچ <strong>ا</strong>شعه مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه جزئی <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میس<strong>ا</strong>زد." (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت "ق<strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی م<strong>ا</strong> يک م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><strong>ا</strong>لط<strong>ب</strong>يعه<strong>ا</strong>ی حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه يک <strong>و</strong>سيله <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی عميق م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تحليل ه<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
میچس<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ژ. ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه م<strong>ر</strong>تجع خ<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓه<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> که گ<strong>ا</strong>هی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓشفته میشد. <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل فهم <strong>ا</strong>ست که ه<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشفتگی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong>فت.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس د<strong>ر</strong> دس<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong>گلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً مدته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> (ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong>)<strong>ب</strong>خشی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
يک دست <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه "ق<strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د که علي<strong>ر</strong>غم <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>شی معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً زي<strong>ا</strong>د، ش<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته<strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل مستقل يک ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تحسي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست." (ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی، صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> خط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس چه چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش د<strong>ر</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> چيزی که ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong>زديک میک<strong>ن</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ متم<strong>ا</strong>يز<br />
میس<strong>ا</strong>زد. <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د: چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک مشکل <strong>ن</strong>يست ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس<br />
تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت دست <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يح میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حتی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
يک ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> هم مسلک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس<br />
میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش د<strong>ر</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> کسی که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong>فت، <strong>ن</strong>زديک میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"، که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>کت خ<strong>و</strong>دش(م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس)<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د؛ ف<strong>ر</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، تص<strong>و</strong>يق ک<strong>ر</strong>د؟<br />
–<br />
،(٢٧<br />
(٢٢٢<br />
–<br />
٢٢٢<br />
٢٣<br />
–<br />
١٠٤<br />
(۵٣<br />
(٢۴٣<br />
١٨۶٨<br />
۵<br />
(صفحه ٢٢۴)
<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><br />
196<br />
چه کسی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> سعی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong> ده<strong>ن</strong>د، چه کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong>ست د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست<br />
ه<strong>ا</strong>"، ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>ديده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طل<strong>ا</strong>ع ده<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>خِ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> قه<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د حدس <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست تصديق ک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی هم <strong>ر</strong>فته ژ. ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> مستحق چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> سختی <strong>ن</strong>يست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه دهم يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong>ح<strong>ب</strong> يک فلسفه خ<strong>ا</strong>ص متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> هميشه <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>ز تفک<strong>ر</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده؛ د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه<br />
۴، عقيده<strong>ا</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس "<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش فلسفی ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د."؛ د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه<br />
س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده." <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>ز تفک<strong>ر</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />
س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>پ</strong>.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>فس<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.) ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يگ<strong>ن</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> "Naturmonismus" (<strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی) ي<strong>ا</strong> "ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ِگ<br />
س<strong>ر</strong>میده<strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> خدمت چ<strong>پ</strong>کی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. "ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی" چيزی متم<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک، يک <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش، قدمی <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>د يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> ژ<strong>و</strong>زف ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ست (<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش خ<strong>و</strong>د کشف ک<strong>ر</strong>د، چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ست) <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ط ضعف<strong>ا</strong>ش<br />
می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.<br />
م<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل محد<strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>م ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهم چط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>پ</strong>. د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>گ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ژ<strong>ن</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی میلغز<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "حتی <strong>ن</strong>قد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه<br />
(صفحه د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>گ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>و</strong> هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی" <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد "<strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د." (<strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ز يک "<strong>ن</strong>قد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی")<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک د<strong>ا</strong>شت که <strong>پ</strong>. د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ز ژ. ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک د<strong>ا</strong>شت که <strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مفتضح میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض، عقيده يک<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی "کث<strong>ا</strong>فتک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>د که دشم<strong>ن</strong> قسم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>قه<strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>ی میدهد که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>عظ <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
"ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>غ<strong>ا</strong>لتحصيل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جي<strong>ر</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>گ عقيده شخص ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجعي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه سمت م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هشد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد: ج<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت <strong>و</strong>يژگیه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د، ج<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
سمت ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ هم ط<strong>ب</strong>قه ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> گيج د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل Kleinere<br />
٩۵<br />
٨١<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
)<br />
–<br />
–<br />
" <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<br />
١٨٧٣<br />
١٠٥<br />
(٢٧٣<br />
–<br />
،philosophische Schriften صفحه<br />
١٨٧۶<br />
١٨٨۶<br />
Akquisit<br />
،(P. Dauge)<br />
–<br />
١٠٦<br />
م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>گ دف<strong>ا</strong>ع خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هم ک<strong>ر</strong>د. م<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میک<strong>ن</strong>م که ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> مستحق <strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ هم<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست. م<strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ز يک ش<strong>ا</strong>هد، <strong>ا</strong>ز صل<strong>ا</strong>حيتد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شخص د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،
فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 197<br />
کسی که هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> "ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست که خ<strong>و</strong>د لکل<strong>ر</strong>،<br />
س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ل دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong> کم<br />
يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>م. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يش محق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه (کمت<strong>ر</strong> محق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه) <strong>ب</strong>ه هگل تکيه میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> فلسفه هگل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی<br />
<strong>و</strong><br />
میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه ژ. ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong>يد. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong>، مطلق، جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی<br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی، شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد <strong>و</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ذه<strong>ن</strong> مطلق میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
مصد<strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> (ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong>) <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق يک تج<strong>ر</strong>يد خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه<br />
مشخص ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه هگل خ<strong>و</strong>د تشخيص مید<strong>ا</strong>د، تشخيص <strong>ن</strong>میدهد... <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ط<strong>ر</strong>زی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ظم هگل، د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، ههکل <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم علمی – ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم جمع میک<strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د دستهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی ق<strong>ا</strong>ضی <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>عيض ه<strong>ر</strong> کسی، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ضم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شليم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میست<strong>ا</strong>يد.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يگ<strong>ن</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديش <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ا</strong>مه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی گله ک<strong>ر</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سيه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ژ<strong>و</strong>زف ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> "ت<strong>و</strong>هي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د" <strong>و</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>گ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
"مع<strong>ر</strong>فت<br />
ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ک<strong>ر</strong>د. (ژ<strong>و</strong>زف ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong> حقيقت" <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>و</strong>تگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت، ١٩٠۶، ضميمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد) گله "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست" <strong>ب</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>دش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گشت. ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تز مه<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گفت چيزکی <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت که <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> عليه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>گ د<strong>ر</strong>ست میگفت. Zeit) ،Die neue<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>و</strong>قتی ژ. ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />
م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف شد، <strong>ب</strong>ه مشکل<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د (صفحه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مه<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يگ<strong>ن</strong><br />
ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مه<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ د<strong>ر</strong> يک ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>له <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت که گفت<br />
ژ. ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه "<strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>" "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>زع، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تدکسه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يزي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>" خدمت ک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
(Universum)<br />
١٨٩۶ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "<br />
"Erkenntnis und Wahrhit" –<br />
(۴٣٢<br />
(۴٣١<br />
(Die soziale Frage, S. xxxiii)<br />
،Peuilleton صفحه<br />
،١٩٠٨ شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ،٣٨<br />
Zeitِ) ،Die neue ،١٩٠٨ شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ،۴۴ صفحه (۶۵۴<br />
يک هشد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>. <strong>ر</strong>فيق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>گ: ج<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت "ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی" <strong>و</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم"<br />
د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د، ج<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، [<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک ف<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
سيد<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ،(Pawel) <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی سمت<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی گله <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>يد که م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز "م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جع" <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>م؛ <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>ت شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه "م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جع"<br />
چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جع س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليست<br />
(م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک، مه<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ، ک<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong>تسکی) م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جع <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> (م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong><br />
ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که مسئله "م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جع" <strong>و</strong> "م<strong>ر</strong>جعگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
مط<strong>ر</strong>ح <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>يد!<br />
،(Iwan)<br />
[<br />
A<br />
(Richtung)<br />
(Sidor)<br />
A- ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>م، ديک <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>ی، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تفک<strong>ر</strong>.<br />
... nicht für einzelne Person, nicht für Iwan, Sidor oder Pawel, sondern für die<br />
Richtung
ع"<br />
فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 199<br />
<br />
٠٧) Die neue Zeit<br />
(Josef Diner-De'nes)<br />
١<br />
–<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی<br />
– ٩٠۶، شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ۵٢)، مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته ژ<strong>و</strong>زف دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>-<br />
يک س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يش د<strong>ر</strong><br />
تحت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی" چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><br />
د<strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
شد. عي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت که <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيک "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" میش<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>جه م<strong>ا</strong>ست، چشم می<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً همي<strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. ژ<strong>و</strong>زف دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ن</strong>ه، مثل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
ض<strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>دی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تحقي<strong>ر</strong> متک<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>د<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد که: "معم<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً عض<strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> مت<strong>و</strong>سط خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک<strong>ر</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>) <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عض<strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>دی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست، د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> ژ.دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>- د<strong>ن</strong>ه، مستقيمً<strong>ا</strong> کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> علم، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک (<strong>ا</strong>شعه <strong>ا</strong>يکس، <strong>ا</strong>شعه<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل ،(Becquerel-Strahlen) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<strong>ا</strong>ی کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>- د<strong>ن</strong>ه می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "د<strong>ر</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی کس<strong>ب</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، که همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> متم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حدی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ’تض<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، خط<strong>و</strong>ط م<strong>ر</strong>زی <strong>و</strong><br />
تم<strong>ا</strong>يز<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د‘ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز<strong>ا</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه چشم میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> مطلق <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت مع<strong>ر</strong>فی ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل کشف<br />
شد که <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته د<strong>و</strong> مظه<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز محتملت<strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که ميل<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> شيمي<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل گ<strong>ر</strong>دد. (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>فهمد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ميل <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست م) ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> شيمي<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>فتی <strong>و</strong> تجزيه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> که تعد<strong>ا</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
گ<strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستهز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong>حدت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>شد <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد، <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت شده که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> تجزيه<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> هلي<strong>و</strong>م ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. "د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که کليه <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> تقليل ي<strong>ا</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، کليه ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> تقليل ي<strong>ا</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
(ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>- د<strong>ن</strong>ه) م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>تم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ميع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د، میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong>خش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس که سی س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شد مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>قت
200<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که ح<strong>ر</strong>کت شکل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست." "کليه <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ح<strong>ر</strong>کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شکله<strong>ا</strong>ی مختلف د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>يم...<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس گفت، ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز جهت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد که<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جع<strong>ا</strong>ت ل<strong>ا</strong>ف ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که گفته میش<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>لک. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ديگ<strong>ر</strong>يست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه مکت<strong>ب</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی<br />
مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. تحليل م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل چشم <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که<br />
<strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستهز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی <strong>ا</strong>ست، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی فد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی لفظ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که: "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> کشف د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز حتی د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه علم<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ("<strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>تی <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>يم") م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد شکل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>و</strong>ض ک<strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
("ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، صفحه [تجديد <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> شکل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، تجديد<br />
د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> جمل<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong>ه فقط هيچ "تجديد <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی طل<strong>ب</strong>ی"<br />
مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong>سيع کلمه <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> عکس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه، يک تق<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تجديد <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> حقه ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يزي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم تحت لف<strong>ا</strong>فه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز شکل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حک<strong>ا</strong>م فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی<br />
مستقيم، <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت معي<strong>ن</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست." ("<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی<br />
د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"، صفحه ۵٠) مهم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ب</strong>ه گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>لد<br />
د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ز قض<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> محکم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>سيله <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
ميگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل شکل گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هدف م<strong>ا</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خط<strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
–<br />
(Revisionistisches)<br />
١٠٧<br />
(١٩<br />
..."<br />
١٠٨<br />
–<br />
[<br />
A<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تجديد <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يزي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم" <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده کلمه <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>عکس<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
Eine Revision der "form" des engelsschen Materialismus, eine Revision seiner<br />
naturphilosophischen Sätze enthält folglich nicht nur nichts "Revisionistisches" im<br />
landläufigen Sinn des Wortes, sondern ist im Gegenteil eine unumgängliche<br />
Forderung des Marxismus.
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<br />
فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 201<br />
١- <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش علم" میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که<br />
"<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جدی" د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک <strong>ب</strong>ه چشم میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong>خش خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ن</strong>يست که<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ختص<strong>ا</strong>ص میدهد. (<strong>ب</strong>خش<br />
"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی ک<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>: <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دي<strong>و</strong>م" <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه زي<strong>ر</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میکشد. "کليه <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ط<strong>ر</strong>زی مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> خط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>صل ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زيه ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ر</strong>م<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه زي<strong>ر</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل کشيده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چکی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تشکيل شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی مث<strong>ب</strong>ت ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>فی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> "د<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>مل<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم جمع شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مح<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
س<strong>ر</strong>عت گ<strong>ر</strong>دش <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> (ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>) تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک ديده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت شده که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>عت گ<strong>ر</strong>دش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>عت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> کيل<strong>و</strong>مت<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه) ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل حد<strong>و</strong>د يک س<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. تحت چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يطی د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
حس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>قت<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د. ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل، ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی ي<strong>ا</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>م د<strong>و</strong>م، "ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميک که م<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست." <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>م میش<strong>و</strong>د که ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
صف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت میش<strong>و</strong>د که تم<strong>ا</strong>می ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>فی کل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميکی <strong>ا</strong>ست. ج<strong>ر</strong>م مح<strong>و</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د، م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>ب</strong>ه زي<strong>ر</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل کشيده<br />
میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>، تس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی عمل <strong>و</strong> عکس<strong>ا</strong>لعمل <strong>ب</strong>ه زي<strong>ر</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل کشيده میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میگ<strong>و</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>: "<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی" <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل که<strong>ن</strong> فيزيک؟، ي<strong>ا</strong> "يک قلع <strong>و</strong> قمع عم<strong>و</strong>می<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل" <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ئيم. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست که کليه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت مذک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت<br />
ک<strong>و</strong>چکه<strong>ا</strong> دل<strong>ا</strong>لت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت ک<strong>و</strong>چکه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ن</strong>ثی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ی خ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيم. <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> کم ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک "عص<strong>ر</strong> شک" <strong>ر</strong>سيده<strong>ا</strong>يم. ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم که م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "عص<strong>ر</strong> شک" چه <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د: "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>يست که مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> تحميل (ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
ديکته) میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> هستيم که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت تحميل میک<strong>ن</strong>يم."؛ "ه<strong>ر</strong> چيزی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست، هيچ محض <strong>ا</strong>ست." <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>جه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>جه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی هست<strong>ن</strong>د. ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يخت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد (چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش فک<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه) که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>سخهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> عکسه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> چيزی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>جه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه <strong>ن</strong>ميدهد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل عل<strong>ا</strong>قم<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل فلسفی،<br />
(١٧١<br />
٣٠٠)<br />
(Trägheit)<br />
٨، صفحه<br />
(١٨٠<br />
(Trägheit)
خی.م<strong>ا</strong><br />
202<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<br />
"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيکِ فيزکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>" )<br />
Abel Rey, "La<br />
(Abel Rey)<br />
F. Alcan <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس، ،theorie de la physique chez les physiciens contemporains"<br />
(١٩٠٧ ،<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>له، م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف خ<strong>و</strong>د يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست <strong>ا</strong>ست، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم گيج <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يمه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حتی مزيتی <strong>ا</strong>ست، چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه تم<strong>ا</strong>يلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی "<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> زد<strong>ن</strong>"<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong> ظ<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه تع<strong>ر</strong>يف دقيق مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>و</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم می<strong>ر</strong>سد، <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> هم يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
تحقي<strong>ر</strong> محض م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. (<strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> جهل محض <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مشخص میک<strong>ن</strong>د.) ح<strong>ر</strong>فی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که يک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
"م<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علم" <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه دقت <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>جد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ا</strong>دی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع، <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی (<strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
خل<strong>ا</strong>صه میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جع<strong>ا</strong>ت مک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم د<strong>ا</strong>شت.<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف میگ<strong>و</strong>يد ت<strong>و</strong>جه فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>و</strong> هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جه کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> دليل عم<strong>و</strong>مً<strong>ا</strong><br />
میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز علم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت فيزيک معط<strong>و</strong>ف شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. "د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> حد<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش مع<strong>ر</strong>فت فيزيکی، <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يت علم مث<strong>ب</strong>ت، <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong> شيئ<br />
م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د." (<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>" میشت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د (<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<br />
چيست؟ طی د<strong>و</strong> ثلث <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ه<strong>ر</strong> چيز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق<br />
د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ" ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت معتقد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د: <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که فيزيک<br />
چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>پ</strong>يچيدهت<strong>ر</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی يک مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک ملک<strong>و</strong>لی. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تقليل فيزيک <strong>ب</strong>ه مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک د<strong>ر</strong> جزئي<strong>ا</strong>ت مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم ف<strong>ر</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د." "د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>ع که ت<strong>و</strong>سط عل<strong>و</strong>م فيزيکی شيمي<strong>ا</strong>ئی ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه شده، ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً تغيي<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
می<strong>ر</strong>سد. عدم ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق مطلق ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>تح<strong>ا</strong>د عقيده کلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د جزئي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی عمده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>يز ص<strong>ا</strong>دق <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم که ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>دی تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ا</strong>ت مخص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست. معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ر</strong>د که علم،<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص فيزيک مثل ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يکديگ<strong>ر</strong><br />
متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ن</strong>يز ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف <strong>و</strong> متخ<strong>ا</strong>صم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د...<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>سعت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده<br />
قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يمه د<strong>و</strong>م ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم فيزيک س<strong>ن</strong>تی ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ست فيزيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک م<strong>ا</strong>ده گست<strong>ر</strong>ش د<strong>ا</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزيک <strong>ب</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش هستی<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ق<strong>ا</strong>ئل میشد <strong>و</strong> کليه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم س<strong>ن</strong>تی (<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
مع<strong>ن</strong>ی مشخص سيستمی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> که فيزيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک تقليل میدهد، <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.) <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه، يک مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک<br />
ش<strong>ر</strong>ح ف<strong>ر</strong>ضی <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک دگم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د..." (صفحه ١۶)<br />
(iii<br />
،١۴ صفحه (١٣<br />
ii – i صفحه<br />
–
فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 203<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ح<strong>ر</strong>ف "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست" گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> قطع ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> فلسفه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی فيزيک س<strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>صيف میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ن</strong>میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد شيط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> (م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>سم صد<strong>ا</strong><br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> يک هي<strong>و</strong>می مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک، جزم، تخطی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد. <strong>ر</strong>ی ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م که هيچ چيز <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>ا</strong>ز دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلسی کلمه <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت مطلق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ب</strong>هم <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم س<strong>ن</strong>تی که طی کل <strong>ن</strong>يمه د<strong>و</strong>م ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong>فت، مقدمه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<br />
هستی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ک س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت، يک مفه<strong>و</strong>م فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيک<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی گ<strong>ر</strong>ديد که تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه هم س<strong>ن</strong>ت شد. علم چيزی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong><br />
يک ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليک <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش عل<strong>ا</strong>مت گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ،reperage) <strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>د عل<strong>ا</strong>ئم، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>که<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی عل<strong>ا</strong>مت گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ق میک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>و</strong>دی معل<strong>و</strong>م شد که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی عل<strong>ا</strong>مت گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میش<strong>و</strong>د که ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی عل<strong>ا</strong>مت گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی (ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی) د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. (faconne) علم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی تف<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی شد، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>: [<strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی کل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علم ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د. يک علم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فقط <strong>و</strong>سيله مص<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک تک<strong>ن</strong>يک س<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ده، حق <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مد، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد<br />
مفه<strong>و</strong>م لغ<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>و</strong>ض <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد. گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که علم <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چيزی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد مگ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>سيله<br />
مص<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی عمل، <strong>ر</strong>د علم <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م ک<strong>ا</strong>مل کلمه <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
سق<strong>و</strong>ط مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم س<strong>ن</strong>تی ي<strong>ا</strong> دقيقت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی که سق<strong>و</strong>ط (مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم م) ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ميد که علم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يز سق<strong>و</strong>ط ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ص<strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم<br />
س<strong>ن</strong>تی، <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی علم <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط میشد." (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ١۶<br />
<strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد: "<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک يک <strong>ا</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>ق م<strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی د<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل علم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که علم خ<strong>و</strong>د تغيي<strong>ر</strong> قي<strong>ا</strong>فه میدهد <strong>و</strong> قطع<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يم<strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟...<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> عل<strong>و</strong>م (فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> شيمي<strong>ا</strong>ئی) که <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ن</strong>د، که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ضع يک دست<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>لعمل ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ن</strong>يکی مفيد تقليل میدهد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>هميت س<strong>ا</strong>قط میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>ر</strong><br />
(<br />
–<br />
(١٧ –<br />
[<br />
A<br />
..."<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی که <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی میشد عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علم تفسي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د، علمی که يک<br />
مص<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی عمل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ست، يک تک<strong>ن</strong>يک ف<strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست، حق <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که کلمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
تح<strong>ر</strong>يف ک<strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
Ein Standpunkt, denn man natürlicherweise allgemein als Verneinung der<br />
Möglichkeit der Wissenschaft auszulegen begann. Ein Wissenschaft als bloßes<br />
künstliches Mittel, um auf die Natur einzuwirken, als einfache utilitarische Technik,<br />
hat kein Recht, sich Wissenschaft zu nennen, wenn mann den Sinn der Wörter nicht<br />
entstellen will. S. 255
–<br />
204<br />
م<strong>ن</strong>طق <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه فيزيک تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زشی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز دست میدهد؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح<br />
علم مث<strong>ب</strong>تی که (فيزيک م) <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>ذ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد." علم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د دست<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
عملی <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی. "مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>يل ديگ<strong>ر</strong> جستج<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد<br />
<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د... شخص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ج<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د، شخص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه غ<strong>ر</strong>يزه ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<br />
ع<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت، د<strong>ر</strong> يک کلمه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز، همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط علم شک<strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه ١٩)<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> غلط <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قتی<br />
مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>و</strong>دی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد که <strong>ر</strong>ی چط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong><br />
تصفيه میک<strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه حقيقت "<strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل شده ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست که کد<strong>ا</strong>م ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
س<strong>و</strong>د جسته <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشديد ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
"ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ضد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ر</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم" د<strong>ر</strong> جستج<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ست که<br />
"خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح عم<strong>و</strong>می فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>هد." (صفحه د<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ر</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. (<strong>ا</strong>ز کلمه ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>)<br />
ضد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ر</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که حق<strong>و</strong>ق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
فلسفی م<strong>ا</strong>هيت "<strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که فيزيک که<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
"مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی" يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>فت. گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، عل<strong>ا</strong>ئم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>که<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د،<br />
يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س ي<strong>ا</strong>فته ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د میگفت: "<strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی، که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی<br />
غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی ت<strong>و</strong>سط فيزيک <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong> شک<strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>ن</strong>شسته <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
علي<strong>ر</strong>غم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> شک<strong>ا</strong>کي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>د جسته <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی گزي<strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د. گ<strong>و</strong>ئی کليه فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل کليه فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يست<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. خي<strong>ر</strong>. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه سه مکت<strong>ب</strong> تقسيم میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د: مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>؛ مکت<strong>ب</strong><br />
مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی که <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت عظيم فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong>.، م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>و</strong>هم <strong>ب</strong>ه مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل متعلق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مکت<strong>ب</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م ؛ کي<strong>ر</strong>شهف،<br />
هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز، ت<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>س (ل<strong>ر</strong>د کل<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>)، م<strong>ا</strong>کس<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قديمت<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مکت<strong>ب</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش عمده چيست (چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش س<strong>و</strong>م<br />
مستقل <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ی قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>د:<br />
"مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم س<strong>ن</strong>تی سيستمی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د." <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده م<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> کيفی همگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه "تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ذ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>و</strong><br />
غي<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته میشد<strong>ن</strong>د. فيزيک "يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ز مص<strong>ا</strong>لح <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>و</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی میس<strong>ا</strong>خت. فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی، علته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل عمل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی عمل<br />
(Mörtel)<br />
fides<br />
–<br />
(ii<br />
–
فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 205<br />
(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت – ٣٣ (٣٨<br />
["تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيک <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> چيز <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش هستی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ر</strong>د میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ديد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه فيزيک<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد" د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>قشهم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
"تج<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong>ت خُلص" س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،" "<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> جستج<strong>و</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> مج<strong>ر</strong>ديست که ت<strong>ا</strong> حد <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حذف ک<strong>ن</strong>د." "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی جزئی <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>خت فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دليل <strong>ا</strong>ست که فيزيک مفه<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
تسميه مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د يک <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده فيزيک مفه<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست. (<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<br />
۴۶<br />
(konzeptualistische Auffassung)<br />
[<br />
A<br />
صفحه ۴١)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته يکی ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً صحيح <strong>ن</strong>يست. هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهی<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> که مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی علي<strong>ر</strong>غم عدم ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق ژ<strong>ر</strong>ف خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>ديد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د. (صفحه <strong>ن</strong>يز د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>يست. ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه م<strong>ب</strong>هم میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ستيم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زيم <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستيم <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيم که يک "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست" <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفت مکت<strong>ب</strong> "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت که<strong>ن</strong>، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز که ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ن</strong>قل ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> تزلزل <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس<br />
میس<strong>ا</strong>زد. م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يخت<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>فی<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> تشکيل میش<strong>و</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
<strong>و</strong> شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی. <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مشکل <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>يژه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د "م<strong>ا</strong>ده مح<strong>و</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست". <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مکث <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم <strong>و</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مشکل <strong>ب</strong>حث ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.<br />
(۴٨<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: "تغيي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>هميت هستی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>پ</strong>ديد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>" تج<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong>ص"<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د"...<br />
Die Modifikationen in dieser Auffassung der Physik bestehen vornehmlich<br />
darin, daß der ontologische Wert der Theorien abgelehnt und die<br />
phänomenologische Bedeutung der Physik außerordentlich betont wird.<br />
Die konzeptualistische Auffassung habe es mit "reinen Abstraktionen" zu<br />
tun,... S. 257
206<br />
٢- "جسم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ديد شده"<br />
ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong>ت فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تحت<strong>ا</strong>للفظی چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ل. ه<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>يگ د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د "تک<strong>ا</strong>مل عل<strong>و</strong>م" ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
فصل م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد: "<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟" <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>تم غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی میش<strong>و</strong>د، م<strong>ا</strong>ده مح<strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد." <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> که<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح علمی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی محکم <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک<br />
<strong>ا</strong>فس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>فس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>چ." (صفحه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>چ<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>و</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يگی فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>يت<strong>ا</strong>لي<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د که میگ<strong>و</strong>يد تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
قد<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته <strong>ن</strong>يست که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ سيستم <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />
میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." (<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>و</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يگی، "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی"<br />
١٣١، يک ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست.) <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:<br />
"چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يگی <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه میدهد که چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حمله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده مقدس <strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست، يک م<strong>ن</strong>قد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>، يک <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست، ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی <strong>ب</strong>دت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ست؟"<br />
[<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>، که <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>حشت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>يشد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
گ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی د<strong>و</strong>شيزه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مسئله م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم فلسفی <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد. <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف هيچ س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
ظ<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>و</strong> "مح<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده" <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. "مح<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده" که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تقليد<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>طی <strong>ب</strong>ه تم<strong>ا</strong>يز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong><br />
ي<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ا</strong>ز گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی تشکيل شده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> (م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست م) "مدل <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> شکل زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
" <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<br />
Die moderne Theorie der<br />
١٩٠۵، صفحه<br />
(صفحه ۶۴)<br />
[<br />
B<br />
(۶٧<br />
١٠٩A<br />
،physikalischen Erscheinungen ل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ،<br />
–<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس<br />
(تک<strong>ا</strong>مل عل<strong>و</strong>م) هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> Les L'annee<br />
(<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده)<br />
L. Houllevigue, L'evolution des sciences -A<br />
١٠٩<br />
،<br />
،١٩٠٨ psychologieque صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٨٨ ،٨٧ ،۶٢<br />
١٩٠٨<br />
-B<br />
<strong>ب</strong>یگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی معص<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم فلسفی <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد.<br />
Diese Bemerkung gegen die Materialisten, die Herrn Walentinow so furchtbar bissig<br />
dünkt, zeigt seine ganze jungfräuliche Unschuld in der Frage des philosophischen<br />
Materialismus.<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ش م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>
فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 207<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد، ليک<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح میدهد که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه حس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
علم"، ("ق<strong>ا</strong>عده<br />
صفحه ٢٨٢)<br />
-<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ده ک<strong>ر</strong>ده شکل خ<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی مث<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حذف میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهم <strong>ن</strong>يست. مهم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م" <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ز ذ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت، ذ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز ملک<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مدل جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م. م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<br />
مع<strong>ر</strong>فت (<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل "ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی") <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده، <strong>ا</strong>تم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی". <strong>و</strong>قتی فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
که "م<strong>ا</strong>ده مح<strong>و</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست"، م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> علم مش<strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong>ه سه مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی تقليل د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست: م<strong>ا</strong>ده، <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>؛ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته تقليل د<strong>ا</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>تم<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ب</strong>يه <strong>ب</strong>ه يک سيستم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيدی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت ک<strong>و</strong>چک ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>عتی (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديديم، <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ا</strong>د) <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ب</strong>ت ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> سه ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> تقليل د<strong>ا</strong>د. (ت<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی مث<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>فی "د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً مشخص م<strong>ا</strong>ده" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>پ</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ر</strong>ی، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong>ه "<strong>و</strong>حدت م<strong>ا</strong>ده"<br />
م<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>) چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مح<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده، <strong>ن</strong>شست<strong>ن</strong><br />
(٢٩۴ – ٩۵)<br />
–<br />
١١٠A<br />
،١٩٠۶ صفحه ١۵٩<br />
–<br />
"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی م<strong>ا</strong>ده"، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>ج، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس،<br />
"ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی" "يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه هميشه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شيده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>حدت<br />
"د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده"<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده." هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يکی<br />
ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ژ. ت<strong>ا</strong>مس<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده"، ل<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>پ</strong>زيک، "فيزيک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>"،<br />
،-<br />
Über die Struktur der Materie<br />
" physique La<br />
،١٩٠٧ <strong>پ</strong>. ١١٠<br />
،١٩٠۵ ،Revue generale des sciences ،۶۵<br />
١٩٠٨، ژ.<br />
"des electrone<br />
صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت - ٧۶ ٢۵٧<br />
-A
208<br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه که <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه میکش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. "م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مح<strong>و</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د"<br />
يع<strong>ن</strong>ی حد<strong>و</strong>دی که م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong>يم د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل عميقت<strong>ر</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong>؛ همي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص م<strong>ا</strong>ده که س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً مطلق، تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی (<strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ذ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی، ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ،(Trägheit=Inertia) ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه) <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل مح<strong>و</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> "خ<strong>ا</strong>صيت" م<strong>ا</strong>ده که<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم فلسفی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مقيد <strong>ا</strong>ست، خ<strong>ا</strong>صيت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>، خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
خط<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم د<strong>ر</strong> کل مثل خط<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
فلسفی <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک چشم می<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شد. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>، "ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ضد دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه همي<strong>ن</strong> دليل <strong>ا</strong>ست که ژ. ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد ک<strong>ر</strong>د که<br />
"م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع علم <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست." که <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>لکه "ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>تم" <strong>ن</strong>يز غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<br />
گي<strong>ر</strong>ی، ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. "چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت د<strong>ر</strong> کليه <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د هيچ <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه همي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."<br />
دليل <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس کشف <strong>ا</strong>ٓليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> قط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> زغ<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل زد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> شکل د<strong>ر</strong>ست، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک مط<strong>ر</strong>ح ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيم: <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيته<strong>ا</strong>ی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> خي<strong>ر</strong>؟ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ده<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong><br />
هم<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ مث<strong>ب</strong>ت میده<strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />
مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فع م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تل<strong>و</strong>يحی چيزی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خصيصه تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی علمی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد؛ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی مطلق د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />
متح<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ز يک ح<strong>ا</strong>لت <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ا</strong>لتی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد. ه<strong>ر</strong> چه قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه "عقل سليم" دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لعکس<br />
عجي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد، ه<strong>ر</strong> چه قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ر</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مگ<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>م<br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> مغ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>طيسی "عجي<strong>ب</strong>" <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓيد، ه<strong>ر</strong> چه قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی ح<strong>ر</strong>کت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه يک ح<strong>و</strong>زه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی محد<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> تحت تسلط ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عميقت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
مغ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>طيسی هست<strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> همه چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ئيدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک. فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عمدت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم د<strong>ر</strong>غلطيده <strong>ا</strong>ست که فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،<br />
دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی (<strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلسی کلمه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يستی يع<strong>ن</strong>ی هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>) <strong>و</strong> "خص<strong>و</strong>صيت مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک" يک <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong> لگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يخت<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص م<strong>ا</strong>ده که ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
Schriften") ،"Kleinere philosophische صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت – ٣٠ (٢٢٩<br />
–
فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 209<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فی م<strong>ا</strong>ده يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ر</strong>سيد<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی خصيصه مطلق<br />
<strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ا</strong>ز مهمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فی ه<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>دی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong>سيد<strong>ن</strong>د که يک ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت يک ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>د ص<strong>ر</strong>ف، "يک محد<strong>و</strong>ديت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تظ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت"، کي"<br />
ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ن</strong>طقی" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خصيصه تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فی<br />
شيئ مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سيد<strong>ن</strong>د که تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ز صحيح <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً حقيقی ت<strong>و</strong>سط ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس<br />
میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد، <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong><br />
عق<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه "م<strong>ا</strong>هيت تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>"، عق<strong>ا</strong>يد<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه مي<strong>و</strong>ه ه<strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ز جهل <strong>ب</strong>ه دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قطه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل<br />
می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی (<strong>و</strong>قتی يک ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د) <strong>ا</strong>ست. هيچ "تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی"<br />
ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی،؛ هيچ "ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت" ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی، هيچ "ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> مطلق" ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه تهی ت<strong>ر</strong>سيم شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. "ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت" <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>، ي<strong>ا</strong> "ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>"<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه عمق مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که دي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<br />
عمق <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>تم ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د، م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خصيصه م<strong>و</strong>قتی، <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی کليه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت که<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط علم <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده، ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>تم، ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی مطلق، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی غي<strong>ر</strong> مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم متم<strong>ا</strong>يز میس<strong>ا</strong>زد.<br />
<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>يم که چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک، که <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> "<strong>پ</strong>ديد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی (<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه) <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
همي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>و</strong>ست<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يگی Righi) ،(Augusto که <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ذيعل<strong>ا</strong>قه ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً چه هست<strong>ن</strong>د حتی <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ علي<strong>ر</strong>غم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>يد مقد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>و</strong>ل زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت فلسفی زي<strong>ا</strong>دی کس<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تقليل کليه <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ب</strong>ه يک م<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>و</strong>شش می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد.<br />
"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يستی <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مزيتی ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج کمی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ا</strong>يد عمدتً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>سيله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>ظم <strong>و</strong> خل<strong>ا</strong>صه ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong><br />
حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تحقيق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی<br />
که د<strong>ر</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی گذشته ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز حدی <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میشد، <strong>و</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میشد<br />
١٨٩٩
210<br />
که خيلی <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی کليه چيزه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فت، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ٣)<br />
چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يگی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يستی <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه میُ<strong>ب</strong> َ<strong>ر</strong>د؟ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی<br />
که <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> هيچ ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه فلسفی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی میچس<strong>ب</strong>د که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک "ت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>" (<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه) ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک "<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی"<br />
(ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ)، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ س<strong>ا</strong>ز" (<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف) ي<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> چيز ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه قدمی ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، عقيده <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه خط<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ن</strong>قطه مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی<br />
که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، ش<strong>ا</strong>يد میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست يک <strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع فلسفی د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ محيط کليه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>و</strong>ش فلسفه <strong>ر</strong>سمی م<strong>ب</strong>تذل می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد.<br />
<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يز ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که س<strong>ن</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی "مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم" (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میده<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
"مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم" ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط گي<strong>ر</strong>شهف، ه<strong>ر</strong>تز، <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong>کس<strong>و</strong>ل، هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>ر</strong>د کل<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تعقي<strong>ب</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د. "مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>ی مطلق، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> کس ديگ<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم، کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>تز <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ج<br />
يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فی ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ج<strong>ر</strong>م می<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> همه مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. (ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>ی، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٩١<br />
(<br />
(٢٩٠-<br />
(l'aboutissant)<br />
..."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>تز، ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>سيله ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔئيد<br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی، يک م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی سيستم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> فيزيک <strong>ب</strong>ه دست مید<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
مشخص میشد که ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زي<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
مغ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>طيس: <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> حد<strong>و</strong>د مشخصی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د. ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>يزسی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ر</strong>عته<strong>ا</strong>ی مت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ليکه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه ’مت<strong>و</strong>سط‛،<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه عم<strong>و</strong>می م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د، ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل فهم<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> يک تغيي<strong>ر</strong> شکل عم<strong>و</strong>می مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک، يک تغيي<strong>ر</strong> شکل عم<strong>و</strong>می سيستم<strong>ا</strong>تيزه ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> فيزيک<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم می<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د؟ <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه. س<strong>ن</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
میشد <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د معم<strong>و</strong>لی تک<strong>ا</strong>مل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> طی میک<strong>ر</strong>د." (صفحه ٢٩۵)<br />
"فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی <strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی<br />
ش<strong>و</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> متم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong>ه تحميل <strong>ن</strong>ظم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی ت<strong>و</strong>سط مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک ديده <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>و</strong>سط ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک ديده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی <strong>ا</strong>ست، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>:
فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 211<br />
-١ ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> (figure)<br />
-٢<br />
مج<strong>ا</strong>زی م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
میگي<strong>ر</strong>د؛ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میگي<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>م مستقيم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزيک حفظ میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت مف<strong>ا</strong>هيمی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم فيزيکی شيمي<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم س<strong>ن</strong>تی ح<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>تی<br />
که <strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً ک<strong>ن</strong>دی ک<strong>پ</strong>ی شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>و</strong> مستقيمً<strong>ا</strong><br />
ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،... <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ز کليه ح<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته میشد<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>عکس <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د که ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong>ک خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت ممک<strong>ن</strong> گست<strong>ر</strong>ش<br />
دهيم... مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک س<strong>ن</strong>تی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً دست <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ح<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>تً<strong>ا</strong><br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د... د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>عته<strong>ا</strong>ی زي<strong>ا</strong>د، ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد<br />
که م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی<strong>ا</strong>ی تقليل ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>تم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د...<br />
٣- ح<strong>ر</strong>کت، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی تغيي<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> مج<strong>ا</strong>زی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح عم<strong>و</strong>می فيزيک <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ست که مفه<strong>و</strong>م فيزيک، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م فيزيک که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی<br />
میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ۴۶<br />
م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> جهت <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز "فيزيک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی"، غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شی<br />
ديگ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ه<strong>ر</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> هم که <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ن</strong>قض عهد ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، شکی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک يک ک<strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی س<strong>ر</strong>عت<br />
مت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک ک<strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی س<strong>ر</strong>عت <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ک<strong>پ</strong>ی، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ک<strong>پ</strong>ی تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ر</strong>ی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> "عکس<strong>ا</strong>لعملی عليه مکت<strong>ب</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
(م<strong>ا</strong>خی) <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>" <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عکس<strong>ا</strong>لعمل <strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی میک<strong>ن</strong>د (صفحه ۴۶)، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔئيد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>يش<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی عم<strong>و</strong>می عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم که د<strong>ر</strong> کليه س<strong>ر</strong>سخت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تحصيل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جستهت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يسي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک جهل ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ز دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک فلج شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
(figuratif)<br />
–<br />
(calques)<br />
(۴٧ –<br />
-۴
گ<strong>ب</strong>ي<br />
212<br />
٣-<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> جسم <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست؟<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی میک<strong>و</strong>شد ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>د ج<strong>و</strong>يد، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که<br />
<strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> کشف <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>،<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ست که ک<strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل شکل گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> "ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست" <strong>ب</strong>ه جد<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خيز<strong>ن</strong>د. ژ. ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong>هيت ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش مغش<strong>و</strong>شی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی "<strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>" م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ا</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم غي<strong>ر</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حتج<strong>ا</strong>ج میک<strong>ن</strong>د، ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مسئله م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> (<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>) میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د کل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> جز<strong>ء</strong>، ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده، <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>، علم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong> مص<strong>ا</strong>لح، مطلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده، <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong>ز مغز مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه میک<strong>ن</strong>د. ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه<br />
م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف<br />
که <strong>ا</strong>ز علم <strong>ا</strong>ستق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه گم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زی<br />
میدهد: "لی<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
میش<strong>و</strong>د، ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً مثل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ديده ش<strong>و</strong>د." (صفحه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حی، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ش<strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه<br />
١١٠) "<strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی تز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> که<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی تز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
(صفحه ٣) "<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته هيچ <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده، هيچ م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong>ی مح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د غي<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> معتقد<strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
١٨۶٩<br />
(Das Wesender der menschlichen Kopfarbeit, 1903,S.<br />
".<br />
(Spekulation)<br />
١٠٩) "<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
(Liegig)<br />
108)<br />
(صفحه ١١۴)<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم که چهل س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يش هم میشد <strong>ب</strong>ه کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، که ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> "د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>و</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>و</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> چيست؟<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>فهت<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ن</strong>يست که ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د؟<br />
<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم که معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست کل جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست. (<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده "هيچ کس" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong><br />
میدهد <strong>ن</strong>ه ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>) <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست حتی فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ست، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که چه چيز ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مهمل <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د: <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت میگي<strong>ر</strong>د تغيي<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> هيچ چيز ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست. خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ن</strong> هيچ چيز <strong>ن</strong>يست. "ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د"، <strong>و</strong>
فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 213<br />
همي<strong>ن</strong>. غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>فهت<strong>ر</strong>" ي<strong>ا</strong>فت. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز عقيده خ<strong>و</strong>د ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ن</strong>د هيچ دليل، قي<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يفی ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست.<br />
تم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س، <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک، <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>و</strong>سط شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه يک ح<strong>ر</strong>کت م<strong>ا</strong>ده خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ن</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ده چيزی<br />
جز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />
ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده مع<strong>ا</strong>دل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ي<strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong> يک کلمه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست. حقه<strong>ا</strong>ی که معم<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی م<strong>ا</strong>ده، د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<br />
ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده میز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، چشم <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong>ست. مسئله ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مط<strong>ر</strong>ح<br />
شده که گ<strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ق<strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د شده <strong>ا</strong>ست؛<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>عد کم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فهميد ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
میش<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ّيت <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده مح<strong>و</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيم: <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مح<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ن</strong>يز مح<strong>و</strong><br />
شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مح<strong>و</strong> مغز <strong>و</strong> سيستم عص<strong>ب</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هم مح<strong>و</strong> شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت معل<strong>و</strong>م<br />
میش<strong>و</strong>د که همه چيز مح<strong>و</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت شم<strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه (ي<strong>ا</strong> فقد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه) مح<strong>و</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست! <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض شده <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مح<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده،<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه (<strong>ا</strong>يده، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه) مح<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يد. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هميشه د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>ق می<strong>ا</strong>فتد که م<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، "<strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>فه<br />
ج<strong>و</strong>ئی"، ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حتج<strong>ا</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میده<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
م<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ضم<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز مح<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يچيده، م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. يک<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد (م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م، <strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست)؛ يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>پ</strong>يچيده <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه، <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی يک<br />
شخص ز<strong>ن</strong>ده، يک تج<strong>ر</strong>يد م<strong>ر</strong>ده يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه هيچ کس، <strong>ا</strong>يده هيچ کس، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س هيچ کس، <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه د<strong>ر</strong> کل (<strong>ا</strong>يده مطلق، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده کلی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه)، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک "ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، "<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"<br />
که <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی کل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت فيزيکی <strong>ن</strong>شست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong>د. هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دسته <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی ممک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> هميشه ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> يکمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خلق ک<strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> يکمي<strong>ن</strong> سيستم ک<strong>و</strong>چک (مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم") <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>قيه متم<strong>ا</strong>يز میک<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست مهم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓيد، ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً ف<strong>ر</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>ا</strong>صلی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه جد<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ست.
214<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>، که <strong>ا</strong>ز حقهه<strong>ا</strong>ی کل<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً فصل هفتم کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه "م<strong>ا</strong>ده"<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ختص<strong>ا</strong>ص د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> فصل <strong>و</strong>يژه "کليه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک" ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د: "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل که چه چيز ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ی مص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست." ("ق<strong>ا</strong>عده علم"، صفحه ٢۴٣)<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف هم مصي<strong>ب</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع شد<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع شد<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شيميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>و</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف حقي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد<br />
<strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د. م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قطعه <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
که<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز تک<strong>ا</strong>مل فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف مکث ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قع صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>تی معي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک" <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد چشم <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شيد.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "گفته<strong>ا</strong>يم که ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خل<strong>ا</strong>ص ک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت تحت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م "م<strong>ا</strong>ده" حتی ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی مهم د<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> متفک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." ("ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ش ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت"، صفحه ٣٨)<br />
گفته<strong>ا</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش محض <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د متح<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د متغي<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
مغش<strong>و</strong>ش شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه سختی <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> متفک<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>میفهمد.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت د<strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه معم<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز متم<strong>ا</strong>يز<strong>ن</strong>د: م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>. <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گفت<br />
که مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح مشخص شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل که م<strong>ا</strong>ده چيست <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ<br />
<strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>خشی د<strong>ا</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ئم <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س تع<strong>ر</strong>يف شده <strong>ا</strong>ست؛<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت مغش<strong>و</strong>ش شده <strong>ا</strong>ست..."<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف غلط <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی يک م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> (که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک د<strong>ر</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت "علت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>له شده) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف شک<strong>ا</strong>کی<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط ميل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ئمی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ع<strong>و</strong>ض میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه خط<strong>ا</strong>ی عمده د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>أت <strong>ب</strong>ه سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> عدم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د يک م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يمه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong> عدم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ر</strong>کت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د (<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ً متشکل" <strong>و</strong> "هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ شده" "<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه)؛<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ر</strong>کت يک م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع عي<strong>ن</strong>ی، يک مدل عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ضد دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د. (<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قت<strong>ا</strong>ً، ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز "م<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه) م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک خ<strong>ا</strong>صيت جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده شده ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
١٨٩٩<br />
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١٨٩٩<br />
(Mill)<br />
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فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 215<br />
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–<br />
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ش<strong>ا</strong>يد دقيقت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد: م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong><br />
خ<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ز محت<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که گ<strong>و</strong>ئی کسی <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد: م<strong>ا</strong>ده ف<strong>ا</strong>عل جمله <strong>ا</strong>يست که مس<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ’ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د‘<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حتم<strong>ا</strong>ل زي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> عص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>دت د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً چيزی ج<strong>ا</strong>مد يع<strong>ن</strong>ی يک شيئ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قش ف<strong>ا</strong>عل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د چيز <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حتی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
’ح<strong>ر</strong>کت‘ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک مغز <strong>ا</strong>يست<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک مس<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز صف<strong>ا</strong>ت ’م<strong>ا</strong>ده‘<br />
تحمل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مثل <strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓکيم<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يسک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئیه<strong>ا</strong> زده شد، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
(<strong>ا</strong>يسک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئیه<strong>ا</strong> م) ش<strong>ا</strong>مل کلمه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>لت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م ف<strong>ا</strong>علی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د! <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده متح<strong>ر</strong>ک<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت م<strong>ا</strong>ديست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً ف<strong>ر</strong>قی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
"کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده معتقد<strong>ن</strong>د میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>و</strong>سيله<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دليل<br />
می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد – چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>ا</strong>عل <strong>و</strong> مس<strong>ن</strong>د تشکيل ش<strong>و</strong>د؟" (صفحه ٣٩)<br />
ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د سفسطه <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم<br />
ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> دهد، <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> عق<strong>ا</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> تشکيل ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع حذف ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "ف<strong>ا</strong>عل"، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ضم<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "ف<strong>ا</strong>عل" <strong>ا</strong>ست. (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی، <strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع، مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده) <strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
ف<strong>ا</strong>عل <strong>ب</strong>لکه م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س حذف شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س "ف<strong>ا</strong>عل" میش<strong>و</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی فلسفه،<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه میش<strong>و</strong>د، ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که کلمه "<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س" <strong>ب</strong>ه چه زي<strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته ش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد<br />
ک<strong>و</strong>شش ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شق <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> فلسفی (م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم) <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>م<br />
کلمه "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی" <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>دگی چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حيلهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ست، شم<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مشکل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>ا</strong>عل <strong>ب</strong>ه مس<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong>تقل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يد، شم<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی م<strong>ا</strong>ديست؟ ع<strong>و</strong>ض ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يد. <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>، مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت میگي<strong>ر</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>،<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، عل<strong>ا</strong>ئم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>" مهلک <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که ک<strong>و</strong>شيد<br />
خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم چ<strong>ن</strong>د مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که چط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> دچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش شد. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه<strong>ء</strong><br />
"خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فلسفه" <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د که "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong>ف شد<strong>ن</strong> مشکل<strong>ا</strong>ت قديمی د<strong>ر</strong> متحد ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ" د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ست، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت (<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح تشخيص <strong>ن</strong>ميدهد که <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><br />
شيمي<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>!) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>و</strong>ل خط<strong>و</strong>ط م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی هد<strong>ا</strong>يت گ<strong>ر</strong>دد، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ختي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی" حل <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه مغش<strong>و</strong>ش میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><br />
١٨٩٩<br />
A- Wilhelm Oswald, "Vorlesungen über Naturphilosophie", 2. Aufl., Leipzig 1902,<br />
S.VIII<br />
A
–<br />
–<br />
216<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م (<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی م) ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی کل<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی تز (<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> م) حل <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>لت <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>ه، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک" خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه "خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی" <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم: "کليه <strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>يع خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی که ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک عمل متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژیه<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>صيت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کليه <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی تحميل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ا</strong>ست: <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>ست که يک خ<strong>ا</strong>صيت "معي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میس<strong>ا</strong>زد! فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ر</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong>ئی هیي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قطعه <strong>و</strong> قطع<strong>ا</strong>ت مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong><br />
"خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد"، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد "د<strong>ر</strong> يک لف<strong>ا</strong>ف ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د."<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د! هیي<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:<br />
"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف ش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که د<strong>ر</strong> محفله<strong>ا</strong>ی علمی ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فهميده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم..." دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی، ت<strong>و</strong>سط علم <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه عي<strong>ن</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ذه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، ح<strong>ر</strong>کت<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديده<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف يک م<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد که م<strong>ر</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
شده <strong>ا</strong>ست ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
(<strong>و</strong> حتی گ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د میگي<strong>ر</strong>د) م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
میغلطد، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>و</strong>شد م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی دهد. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٩٠۶ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد که دشم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> هم<br />
ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، صميم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>قه م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جل<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د. ليک<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>و</strong>دی يک<br />
تض<strong>ا</strong>د مهم د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فتم: <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>هميت ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />
’<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی‘ ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد، د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> لحظه ’<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی‘<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>و</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه، <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>يه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د. ("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"، کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ٣، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی يک <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ا</strong>ست! <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ه<strong>ر</strong> چه قد<strong>ر</strong> که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليست"، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>حث ک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حثی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کسی که <strong>ب</strong>ه شيط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ز<strong>ر</strong>د معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> کسی که <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
شيط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ب</strong>ز. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>کته مهم ف<strong>ر</strong>قی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی: تفسي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>و</strong> "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی"، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی که<br />
:<br />
A<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "...<br />
(xvii – xvi<br />
٣٩۴<br />
".(aufprägen)<br />
–<br />
. گ. ژ-<br />
٣٢٩ - ٣٠<br />
A هیي<strong>ن</strong> "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>" "م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست"، جلد ١٣، شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ٣، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يل ١٩٠٣، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت
فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 217<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق ي<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>هد که د<strong>ر</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی" علمی <strong>و</strong><br />
"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک" <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
"(<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد) <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه مص<strong>ا</strong>لح جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی؟) س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی؟ <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک مغش<strong>و</strong>ش د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> شد، <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی... <strong>و</strong>قتی<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم که<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
مطلق م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک تصحيح د<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>) <strong>ب</strong>له. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
که<strong>ن</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٩٠۶<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> کم میفهميد که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٨٩٩، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ر</strong>د؛<br />
چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> هيچ <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده تحصيل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>، هيچ ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، هيچ "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>" <strong>و</strong><br />
غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ک "<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی، <strong>ب</strong>ه تفسي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک "<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ا</strong>ز هم<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ستگی حق<strong>ا</strong>يق تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>پ</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> شده<strong>ا</strong>يم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد ديد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د: م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>و</strong>ضع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." ("م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست"، جلد<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> کمکی <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
ه<strong>ر</strong> چيز م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست، که <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً يک ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی هم <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong>قتی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ن</strong>يز يک ع<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی<br />
"<br />
...<br />
(xvii<br />
(Carus)<br />
..."<br />
،١٩٠٧ شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ،۴ صفحه (۵٣۶<br />
–<br />
،١٧<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست." (۵٣٣)<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد مث<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که چه س<strong>ر</strong>يع يک ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" مُد میش<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong> چه س<strong>ر</strong>يع معل<strong>و</strong>م میش<strong>و</strong>د که يک شکل <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> "ع<strong>و</strong>ض شده" <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حذف ک<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>و</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک" <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د (<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی کمت<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>) د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. فيزيک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع ت<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه تجزيه <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده که ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تجزيه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه حس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓمد<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه کشف <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل ح<strong>ر</strong>کت م<strong>ا</strong>دی که ت<strong>ا</strong><br />
ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
–<br />
د<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی<br />
-۴<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی مشخص ج<strong>ن</strong>گ فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يجی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی مختلفی که <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهيم، <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>
218<br />
<strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ر</strong>کت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مستقيم "<strong>ن</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong>ع" <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يم، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جهت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسیه<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>يم.<br />
فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>. <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><br />
دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ جيمز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف، گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> جلسه م<strong>و</strong>ٔسسه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ئی که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> گل<strong>ا</strong>سک<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شد، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ. <strong>و</strong>. <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئيس<br />
<strong>ب</strong>خش فيزيک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص شکه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong>سته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د. سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>تيگ <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>سهيم <strong>ا</strong>ست) که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>. هگل <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> گفت: "مسئله م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی علمی <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد يک ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح دقيق <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً تخيله<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>." (د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف، ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه: <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ک<strong>پ</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده متح<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک "<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی"، يک "<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"، "<strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
ص<strong>ر</strong>ف" س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دهی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت میک<strong>ن</strong>د که ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
هيچ تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؛ جهت يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>دخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>سط کسی که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خط<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>قشه ي<strong>ا</strong> شکل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د تعيي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد که ت<strong>و</strong>سط کسی که مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط مع<strong>ر</strong>ف<br />
يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>دخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ست. تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه يک تخيل م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> "کمکی <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ا</strong>فظه"، <strong>و</strong>سيله<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی "<strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظم" د<strong>ر</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س يک سيستم س<strong>ا</strong>ختگی، <strong>و</strong>سيله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی "م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<br />
مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>و</strong> تقليل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
محد<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم، گ<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> شکلی <strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>ر</strong>کت ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>ده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>ی متح<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی ع<strong>و</strong>ض <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم که ک<strong>و</strong>شش هم<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>يم م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف ک<strong>ن</strong>يم." <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کس<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>و</strong>فقيته<strong>ا</strong>ی علمی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد، <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ر</strong>أت ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میک<strong>ن</strong>د که "ش<strong>ر</strong>ح چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سيستمی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong>کتيکه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>م علم د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حقيقت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت." <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> تحميل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د: "<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ديده<strong>ا</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يش<br />
د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> دليلی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که ط<strong>ر</strong>حی که علم <strong>ر</strong>سم ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong> حدی يک کُ<strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ست؟"<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تحليل مسئله س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک مث<strong>ا</strong>ل میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
گ<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ئی تشکيل میش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> علم "يک گ<strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مخل<strong>و</strong>طی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> تجزيه میک<strong>ن</strong>د...<br />
کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د ‘<strong>ن</strong>گهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>‘ ملک<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong>ک گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<br />
ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل علم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د:<br />
" کي<br />
١٩٠١<br />
(Arthur W. Rücker)<br />
A<br />
) کي<br />
-A<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ٔسسه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> گل<strong>ا</strong>سگ<strong>و</strong> ١٩٠١، خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>. <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ر</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong>ی علمی،<br />
مکمل" شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ١٣۴۵<br />
<strong>و</strong> ١٣۴۶
فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 219<br />
حلقهه<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تلسک<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>سته <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضيد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مح<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ه ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> تحليل طيفی <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س مح<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔئيد ک<strong>ر</strong>د. يک <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض ديگ<strong>ر</strong>: چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>صی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تم معم<strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ئی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>يع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد. حق<strong>ا</strong>يق، مش<strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی جد<strong>ا</strong> تشکيل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>صلی" ي<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی" (<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>) متم<strong>ا</strong>يز<strong>ن</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>خشه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه د<strong>ر</strong> يک ح<strong>ا</strong>لت خ<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز يک سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> هيچ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>طی <strong>ب</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. هيچ م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د "ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی" <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده معم<strong>و</strong>لی (<strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>) ف<strong>ر</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ مجم<strong>و</strong>ع ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی علمی ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی شک ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ملک<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ن</strong>میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>عدً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی جديد د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز ذ<strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong> (<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>)ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی م<strong>ن</strong>فی تشکيل شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هته<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> مح<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ملک<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جه میک<strong>ن</strong>د: "<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>" قط<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> حد<strong>و</strong>د ميلی<br />
ميک<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> (يک ميلي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم ميلی مت<strong>ر</strong>) میدهد. م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> حذف <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>يم:<br />
حي<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
"کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی علمی ح<strong>ا</strong>کم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>و</strong>چک میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong><br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>ض میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که شق ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت متض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز يک ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><br />
س<strong>ا</strong>ختهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ص<strong>ر</strong>ف تخيل علمی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>ف ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قص <strong>ا</strong>ست ک<strong>ا</strong>مل میشد میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست يک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>دهد. م<strong>ن</strong> معتقدم که يک حد <strong>و</strong>سطی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم د<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>ق ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی تي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشخيص دهد، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ا</strong>ثيه تص<strong>ا</strong>دف <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
قدم <strong>ن</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> چيزکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> لز<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ن</strong>يست که<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ذ <strong>ب</strong>ه زي<strong>ر</strong> سطح ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>يم. "میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت که ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><br />
که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> (<strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> م) د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم، <strong>ب</strong>لکه م<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دهم که<br />
علي<strong>ر</strong>غم م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشی <strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>، علي<strong>ر</strong>غم مشکل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ا</strong>د، تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>تمی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جمع میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>پ</strong>يچيده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد که م<strong>ا</strong> حق<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم د<strong>ر</strong> کليه م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ت<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که يک ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه معق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong>قي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓيد <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم که س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
عمده تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ که <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong>سيله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضيد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيته<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
١٠<br />
–<br />
(Vitalismus)<br />
–<br />
–
–<br />
220<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ر</strong>د. خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د که سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>ف گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً يک ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ح مید<strong>ا</strong>د. ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست: تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيک ک<strong>پ</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. (که ه<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> دقيقت<strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد) جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ست که مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
چه عميقت<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئیه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه يک دف<strong>ا</strong>ع غي<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی<br />
(چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> مغ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>طيسی؟) ح<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه شکست <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت<br />
<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong>قد ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ا</strong>ست. (<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
مل<strong>ا</strong>حظ<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مهم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه حس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تش<strong>و</strong>يق میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک" <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د)<br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>ل میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د: "... ط<strong>ب</strong>يعتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی علم<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت هم که م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست علم <strong>ن</strong>يست... معهذ<strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong> چه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>و</strong> عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی، تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک علم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ا</strong>ز هم<br />
متم<strong>ا</strong>يز<strong>ن</strong>د، معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل خيلی ش<strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> خيلی <strong>ن</strong>زديکی <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<br />
م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>و</strong> فلسفهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی (ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه) <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً خط<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong>يست. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> کليه چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>يش ش<strong>ر</strong>طه<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<br />
که علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د..." د<strong>ر</strong>ست! عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>ض میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میس<strong>ا</strong>زد <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست! "... <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ط<strong>ب</strong>يعتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ص<strong>ا</strong>دق <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه خ<strong>و</strong>د علم <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ط<strong>ب</strong>يعتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، مثل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>ست که مثل<br />
مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د میش<strong>و</strong>د... <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک ط<strong>ب</strong>يعتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکی خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی، کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دگم <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ م<strong>و</strong>ٔکد<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تقدم ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>دی<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فيزيک مثل مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د! يک <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>. م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک (د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل فهم <strong>ا</strong>ست؛<br />
چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> کس ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م، غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
ج<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی "مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی" <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>مکی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک ک<strong>ر</strong>د!...<br />
"<strong>و</strong>قتی مسئله <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
يک کل م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د (<strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د يک س<strong>ر</strong>قت <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف!) مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میش<strong>و</strong>د، ط<strong>ب</strong>يعتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>...<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> عقيده میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong> فيزيکی ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق دقيق معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
شدت <strong>ب</strong>ه هم <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>سته <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د: <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده، ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه قل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>فته...<br />
میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه يک تقسيم مجدد م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت تع<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د... [<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که دل<strong>ا</strong>يل چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> گست<strong>ر</strong>دگی<br />
A<br />
–<br />
A- جيمز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم"، ١٩٠۶، جلد ١، صفحه ٣٠٣
فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 221<br />
[<br />
A<br />
فلسفی، <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز علم فيزيکی" (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی) "هست<strong>ن</strong>د، فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ئت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی مستقيم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که علم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د حمله<br />
کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته که د<strong>ر</strong> جستج<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک مخفی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم فيزيکی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د... <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ب</strong>لی چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست (ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>)... د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong> (<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک" که م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ست) کل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يف يک مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> کسی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>ً تعد<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ذش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> زي<strong>ا</strong>دت<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د، کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong>سط<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مدته<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده که<br />
م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی يک ه<strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>ج علمی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong> مطمئ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گز<strong>ا</strong>فه<br />
گ<strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست که تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم م<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> کي<strong>ر</strong>شهف ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>می ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته<br />
شده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه جستج<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی علم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،...<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که مکت<strong>ب</strong> جديد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د مکت<strong>ب</strong> قديم، که تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم، متم<strong>ا</strong>يز ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم مکت<strong>ب</strong> جديد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه خيلی<br />
م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم<br />
مفيد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی محس<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حدی<br />
ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> يک سيستم <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی مج<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> جزئي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<br />
متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً يکی هست<strong>ن</strong>د؛ ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت مت<strong>و</strong>سل میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ يکی معتقد<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>زديکت<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د محض <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت س<strong>ر</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د يک شم<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>صيفی عم<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ت<strong>ن</strong>ظيم <strong>ا</strong>ست ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز حق<strong>ا</strong>يق مشخص میک<strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش فيزيک <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه (ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د) <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی تغيي<strong>ر</strong> میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی گست<strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د عملی<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د يک س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت ف<strong>ر</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<br />
مسئله<strong>ا</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>هميت..."<br />
مسئله ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> حقيقت <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح د<strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جهی مط<strong>ر</strong>ح شده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> فلسفی، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی<br />
تم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که يکی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت "<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی" (<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد میگفت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی) <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س ي<strong>ا</strong>فته ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زمیش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
A- ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تعميم د<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه ديد فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>جه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه حقی <strong>ا</strong>ز علم فيزيکی<br />
هست<strong>ن</strong>د که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> شج<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
Daß Behauptungen von solcher philosophischen Bedeutung und Tragweite<br />
gesetzmässige Folgerung aus der physikalischen Wissenschaft" (d.h. der<br />
Naturwissenschaft) "seien, das getrauten sich die modernen Physiker nicht direkt zu<br />
behaupten. S.279
..."<br />
222<br />
يک م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه، يک سيستم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>لک د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل فلسفی که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يخت<strong>ن</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم فلسفی که<strong>ن</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی<br />
"مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی" متعلق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د (<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>، هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong>) ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ح مسئله م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی<br />
مشخص <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عهده <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست مع<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که کليه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>دهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>فتت<strong>ا</strong>حيه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم فيزيکی د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تف<strong>ا</strong>سي<strong>ر</strong><br />
سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليکی <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>تيد <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>يگ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی شده <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
٣٠۵؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> قسمته<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ليست، <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>می د<strong>و</strong>هم، <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه)<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> (<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>) د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز "عکسه<strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی" ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میز<strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت فک<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع م<strong>ن</strong>تهی میش<strong>و</strong>د که: د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م عکس ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زم، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد مثل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> (عکس که م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست م) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد... <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> (<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>) <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>صف <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مج<strong>ر</strong>د<br />
يک عکس ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه دهد... <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ’م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشی <strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>‘ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه میدهد: <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ’مشکل<strong>ا</strong>ت ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی‘ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>پ</strong>س خل<strong>ا</strong>صه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
يک ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د، ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه<strong>ا</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> گذشته <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ستيژ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
دست د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>تمی <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong><br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی محد<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، هيچ ت<strong>و</strong>جيهی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم همه ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق حي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ديده <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> تقليل میدهد. يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>پ</strong>ديده<strong>ا</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، يک د<strong>ر</strong>جه کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>. <strong>ب</strong>جز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> حم<strong>ا</strong>يت میک<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم." (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
–<br />
١۵<br />
– ۶<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ جلد د<strong>و</strong>م، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٨٣ ٧۵، ۵٧، ۶٣، ١۶١،<br />
..."<br />
–<br />
–<br />
(٣١۴<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که گفته ش<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم حتی لحظه<strong>ا</strong>ی معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک عکس "کمت<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی ي<strong>ا</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً يک عکس <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>پ</strong>يچيدهت<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> مغ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>طيسی ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده متح<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست مع<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شی حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً زي<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی مغش<strong>و</strong>ش)<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ط ضعف م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی "غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی" میچس<strong>ب</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> مطلق. <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>شتک میز<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی،<br />
تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشی" <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس س<strong>ا</strong>زد! <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ز جهت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک "ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"، خيلی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> (<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م) مط<strong>ر</strong>ح شده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ (که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج میک<strong>ن</strong>د) <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
تق<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>ی چيزی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی "ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"<br />
هست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> علم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شم<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه ش<strong>ر</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که شم<strong>ا</strong> فلسفه <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
–
فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 223<br />
–<br />
–<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ش<strong>ر</strong>ط ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>ئی خد<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کش<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی "<strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فته".<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>تی که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فيزيک "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد حمله مصمم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> شم<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يشخ<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ئص ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> متض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد م<strong>ا</strong>ده چيست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی چيست؟ <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ ي<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>يد "م<strong>ا</strong>يع ک<strong>ا</strong>مل"<br />
جديديست که خ<strong>و</strong>دس<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کيفي<strong>ا</strong>ت ت<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> متحمل <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست: "...<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> هيچ چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم فهميد مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ح<strong>ر</strong>کت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong>د. ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عط<strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> مغ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>طيس <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل ح<strong>ر</strong>کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د ج<strong>ر</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک شکل <strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>ر</strong>کت چيزی<br />
که <strong>ن</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>مد <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>يع <strong>ن</strong>ه گ<strong>ا</strong>ز، <strong>ن</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د جسم <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م، <strong>ن</strong>ه ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
معم<strong>و</strong>لی، يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی (کلمه<strong>ا</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط فيلس<strong>و</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت، <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
حد <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>فت) که م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم." (جلد ی، صفحه ١۴٠)<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>حق <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong>قتی ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده جد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ر</strong>کت چيزی ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل میش<strong>و</strong>د که جسمی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>می ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ر</strong>کت يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته د<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل م<strong>ا</strong>ده که<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت میگي<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>پ</strong>يش چشم <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>پ</strong>يش چشم<br />
عم<strong>و</strong>م، <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>) <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔئيدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ب</strong>لکه ش<strong>ا</strong>هدی عليه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست: "... تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت کش<strong>ن</strong>ده خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
فيزيک مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فت میک<strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه م<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهيم جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
<strong>و</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong>عته<strong>ا</strong>ی معتدل <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> مغ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>طيس د<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong>عته<strong>ا</strong>ی زي<strong>ا</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د... "<strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>ی گست<strong>ر</strong>ش ي<strong>ا</strong>فته، ج<strong>ا</strong>مد، ف<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> هميشه قله<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>تم سخت <strong>و</strong> گست<strong>ر</strong>ش ي<strong>ا</strong>فته تک<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ی تق<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
که مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ا</strong>يش ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی غم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د..."<br />
(صفحه ف<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی کليه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
هميشه قله م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. کليه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> هميشه ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>زديک شد<strong>ن</strong> تد<strong>ر</strong>يجی ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت،<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده يک <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، يک عل<strong>ا</strong>مت ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>دی، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی محص<strong>و</strong>ل ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>تم مثل يک <strong>ن</strong>قطه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong>ل ف<strong>و</strong>ت، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ر</strong>ض<br />
ف<strong>و</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>ع ف<strong>و</strong>ت (خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong>چک)؛ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>عتی مع<strong>ا</strong>دل هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> کيل<strong>و</strong>مت<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه<br />
ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يچيدهت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> جهت ح<strong>ر</strong>کت م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong><br />
مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی شگفت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت کشف ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کشف خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ا</strong>يش خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد د<strong>ا</strong>د.<br />
١٠٠<br />
-<br />
٢٠٠<br />
٢٧٠<br />
(١۴٣<br />
Apeiron<br />
۵٠<br />
(١۴۴
224<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت مخل<strong>و</strong>ق ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> مج<strong>ر</strong>د يع<strong>ن</strong>ی خد<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، "ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی"<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مطل<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مطل<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> "مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم") که <strong>ب</strong>ه شدت <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>هيليسم می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د: کليه تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ح<strong>ر</strong>کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی هست<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
که م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>فهميم، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong>ک ش<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ح<strong>ر</strong>کت<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد." (صفحه ١۶۶) "هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که سعی ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهم، <strong>و</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که معتقدم، <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت<br />
فيزيک <strong>و</strong>سيله م<strong>و</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>يشع<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
مج<strong>ر</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی کل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد... م<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ب</strong>ه خد<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيم." (صفحه ١٨٠)<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>. خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً مثل "مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی ’د<strong>ر</strong>‛ فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم" <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی، ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف مع<strong>ر</strong>فی ک<strong>ن</strong>يد. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> کمی "ش<strong>ر</strong>مگي<strong>ن</strong>"ت<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز شم<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>عظه میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
د<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
-۵<br />
(Hermann Cohen)<br />
،"Geschichte des Materalismus"<br />
(Fr. Albert Lange)<br />
١٨٩۶<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong><br />
("ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ"<br />
ف<strong>ا</strong>تح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه غي<strong>ر</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>لی مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت. ک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong><br />
تح<strong>ر</strong>يف شده "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم") <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته ف. <strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>يد (صفحه (xxvi "<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه ل<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>يد ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مدتی ک<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>هم <strong>ب</strong>شک<strong>ن</strong>د." "<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيک<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ذ میک<strong>ن</strong>د." (Durchwirkung) "<strong>ا</strong>تمگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ج<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميسم <strong>ب</strong>دهد..." "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تحقيق د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ميده <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ت<strong>ا</strong>لس <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه س<strong>ا</strong>زی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط ک<strong>ر</strong>د، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته مقد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ده س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> عملی س<strong>ا</strong>زد." (صفحه (xxix<br />
ه<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
جيمز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> (چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د) د<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
A<br />
A- :<br />
Im Jahre 1896 schrieb der bekannte Kantianer und Idealist تم<strong>ا</strong>م جمله چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
Hermann Cohen außergewöhnlich feierlich und frohlockend in der Einleitung zur 5<br />
Auflage der von Fr. Albert Lange Falsifizierten "Geschichte des Materialismus".
فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 225<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليست، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه گم <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د. ک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong><br />
گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی مکت<strong>ب</strong> فيزيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی ت<strong>و</strong>صيف میک<strong>ن</strong>د. "دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong> مهمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>حی" <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که ژ. ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده که <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده، <strong>ا</strong>تم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>غ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ح<strong>ر</strong>کت م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کشف ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی ش<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>هت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل که<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>ً مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>ن</strong>شده<br />
<strong>و</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong>لعه <strong>ن</strong>شده، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> "معجزه <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong>"ي<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه میده<strong>ن</strong>د ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک<br />
ح<strong>ر</strong>کت غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی (<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حی، ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی) <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد. حد دي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت ک<strong>و</strong>چک م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده مح<strong>و</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. (<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د) ه<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> مه<strong>ن</strong>دسی مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته<br />
ح<strong>ر</strong>کت (م<strong>ا</strong>دی) <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ کسی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چه چيز ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم (<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م) <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش <strong>ن</strong>ديده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong>ل ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong> ده<strong>ن</strong>ده "<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی" گ<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>يم: <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ن</strong>يم...<br />
ه<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong> سعی میک<strong>ن</strong>د فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>يش ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> متحد خ<strong>و</strong>د ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>هيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د. کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> عقيده میک<strong>ن</strong>د که ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
"هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ." <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
عجي<strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>ب</strong>ه کج<strong>ا</strong> متعلق <strong>ا</strong>ست مث<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست<br />
چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت، <strong>ب</strong>ه جزئیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
میچس<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه جل<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جيه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع مقدمه فلسفی<br />
ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> "مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک" ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه معم<strong>و</strong>لی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که <strong>ا</strong>ز هي<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
عليه "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک" م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ر</strong>سيده، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی غل<strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong>د . <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> هم <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده که <strong>ا</strong>ز يک جهت جز<strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>خش میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>تز ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>ز جهت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong>يژه فلسفی<br />
می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د که "ه<strong>ر</strong>تز، د<strong>ر</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میچس<strong>ب</strong>د." که تم<strong>ا</strong>می<br />
فيزيک میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د. که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>و</strong> "ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
–<br />
–<br />
A<br />
–<br />
C<br />
–<br />
١٨۶٩<br />
–<br />
–<br />
B<br />
A- Archiv für systematische Philosophie, Bd v, 1898 – 1899, S. 69 - 170<br />
B - Heinrich Hertz, Gesammelte Werke, Bd. 3, Leipzig 1894, bes. S. 1-2-49<br />
C- "Kantstudien", Bd. VIII, 1903, S. 309
"<br />
B<br />
[<br />
A<br />
226<br />
معم<strong>و</strong>لی فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، [که ه<strong>ر</strong>تز ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز هم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>پ</strong>شتي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د." <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.<br />
ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>تز د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک دقت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> علت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> فيزيک د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جيح میدهد خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د دقيق<br />
ش<strong>و</strong>يم، ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> دهيم که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق (فيزيک م) <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>جهی <strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>ر</strong>ف زد<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه چيزی که <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> کم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد... <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> متق<strong>ا</strong>عديم که م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> تشکيل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د معي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ شکل <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، همه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شيده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع مهم <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>و</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>م مفيد <strong>ن</strong>يست." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، جلد<br />
صفحه ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تظ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت که مط<strong>ا</strong>لعه <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيحی <strong>ا</strong>ز "م<strong>ا</strong>هيت م<strong>ا</strong>ده س<strong>ن</strong>تی...<br />
<strong>ا</strong>صطک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>ذ<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>" تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د. (حلد يک، صفحه ٣۵۴)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه فک<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>تز<br />
هم خط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم. د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>مّ<strong>ا</strong><br />
ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong>سيع ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيده <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ يک<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه ديگ<strong>ر</strong> میدهد؛ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ن</strong>يست؛ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> سه م<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
<strong>پ</strong>يش ژ<strong>و</strong>ئ<strong>ن</strong> ژ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓک<strong>ا</strong>دمی عل<strong>و</strong>م ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش د<strong>ا</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>فق <strong>ب</strong>ه کشف<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "جز<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تشکيل ده<strong>ن</strong>ده م<strong>ا</strong>ده" شده <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>و</strong>د ج<strong>و</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قعيتی خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong>قتی "م<strong>ا</strong>ده" ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز ت<strong>و</strong>سط ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "جستج<strong>و</strong>" میشد <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک "<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، م<strong>ر</strong>تجعت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ف<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong><br />
يک کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ختص<strong>ا</strong>ص د<strong>ا</strong>د. )<br />
، <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong>ص<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف د<strong>ر</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی خ<strong>و</strong>د ذيعل<strong>ا</strong>قه <strong>ن</strong>يستيم. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهم <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>و</strong>جه میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ر</strong>ی، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>. ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "فيزيک<br />
مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong>شد ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکی د<strong>ر</strong> عص<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت ت<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تفسي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه<br />
،٣<br />
–<br />
comptes rendus des seanves de<br />
Eduard von<br />
Die<br />
)<br />
–<br />
(١٩٠٨<br />
(٢١<br />
٢٢)<br />
L'Academie des Sciences, S. 1311<br />
(Hartmann<br />
Weltanschaung der modernen Physik, 1902, Leipzig)<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: که ه<strong>ر</strong>تز ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ز "عکسی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه "ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
,dass Hertz "immer noch an der Existenz der Welt an sich festhält" usw.<br />
-B<br />
م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست، جلد ١٩٠۶، ١۶، شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ٢، صفحه ١۶۴؛ مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه "م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم" م<strong>ا</strong>خ
فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 227<br />
–<br />
–<br />
(٢١٨<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong> سه سيستم تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
هيل<strong>و</strong>کس <strong>ن</strong>تيکس (<strong>ا</strong>ز کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت)، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>و</strong> دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميسم. (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی<br />
ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>) <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ز دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميسم ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که<br />
ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> يک کلمه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت فيزيکی میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> هيل<strong>و</strong>کس<strong>ن</strong>تيکس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سيستمی <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
"<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز همه <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته میش<strong>و</strong>د." (صفحه ١٩٠)، که <strong>ن</strong>قص عمده <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>لح<strong>ا</strong>ديست که خ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز هيل<strong>و</strong>کس<strong>ن</strong>تيکس خ<strong>ا</strong>لص میدهد." (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک سيستم مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم<br />
میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> (<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک م) يک متحد دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميسم خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ا</strong>ست، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د." (١٩٢٠صفحه ،(vi <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ب</strong>يه شکلی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم حقيقی يک م<strong>ر</strong>تجع حقيقی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست.<br />
<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست که ديد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>شد<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست (<strong>ب</strong>ی ط<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong><br />
خشک مغز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> سي<strong>ا</strong>ست) چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح میدهد که د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت يع<strong>ن</strong>ی چه... ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه تفسي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی جديدت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج د<strong>ر</strong><br />
فيزيک می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد که "ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> کمی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>سعت<br />
<strong>و</strong> دل<strong>ا</strong>لت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشخيص میده<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>فهم<strong>ن</strong>د که فيزيک، ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم خ<strong>و</strong>د، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت کس<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز قضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
میک<strong>ر</strong>د. يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ، تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> عليت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>... ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی (<strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong>ئی عليت، زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی)<br />
يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ط که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت، که فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میز<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه م<strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست، مشخص میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی که <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
متم<strong>ا</strong>يز<strong>ن</strong>د، ح<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د. ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی د<strong>ر</strong> قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> عمل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيحی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت خدمت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی ل<strong>ا</strong>زم<br />
تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م) د<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ١٩<br />
ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی حس میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک مُد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
يک چ<strong>ر</strong>خش فلسفی جدی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح میدهد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "مد" <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>مع ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، عليت <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ص<strong>ر</strong>ف، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک "ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه"<br />
ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم. زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> کل جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />
"ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ي<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی کلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی کل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />
) <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<br />
(٢١٨ –<br />
–<br />
(١٨٩<br />
Kinesis<br />
"<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
Hyle<br />
(١٣۶<br />
"Anglomania"<br />
–
228<br />
فيزيکی؛ کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>هم میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک لشگ<strong>ر</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف جز<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>يستيم.<br />
که د<strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong>گذشت، <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش م<strong>ا</strong>خی م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه ک<strong>ر</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم که د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که<br />
"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دگمه<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ت<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د"، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>ر</strong>سيد خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong><br />
م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی تقليل د<strong>ا</strong>د. (<strong>ب</strong>خش يک، صفحه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>سط ز. گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د کليه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی يک "تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>"<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه ميش<strong>و</strong>يم." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که<br />
(ي<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>پ</strong>ی) <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>ست. (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
"<strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>"، <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>هی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت شخص صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> يک "عکس ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
م) يک "عکس عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف (<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> (صفحه ت<strong>ر</strong>جيح میدهد. "<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>ده هم چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
عقيده ک<strong>و</strong>دک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه میک<strong>ن</strong>د که س<strong>ن</strong>گی که شکسته د<strong>ر</strong>د کشيده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که<br />
شخص <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>دی ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>ر</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓيد<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عقيده مشخص تحصيل <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه میک<strong>ن</strong>د که میگ<strong>و</strong>يد ف<strong>ا</strong>صله <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيد <strong>و</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ميلي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه ١٨۶) <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓل علم ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يچيده <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه<br />
١٩٠۶<br />
–<br />
(Ludwig Boltzmann)<br />
(٢٩<br />
(٧٧<br />
A<br />
(١۶٨<br />
–<br />
(۶<br />
B<br />
(١٧۶<br />
–<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ٢٠<br />
(٣٩۶<br />
ل. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه يک فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد مج<strong>ا</strong>دله میک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
میک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ن</strong>ه میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>شی (يک د<strong>و</strong>م ج<strong>ر</strong>م ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع س<strong>ر</strong>عت)<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه حذف، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ر</strong>م (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>شی) <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
تع<strong>ر</strong>يف ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>طلی میچ<strong>ر</strong>خيد. (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>د تفسي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم" می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
"مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک" م<strong>ا</strong>خ می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "د<strong>ر</strong> علم، مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ده چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ض<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>م تقليل میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د؛ ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س تحليل دقيق ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت میش<strong>و</strong>د که ض<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>م، معک<strong>و</strong>س<br />
<strong>ا</strong>زدي<strong>ا</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong>عت <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong>قتی د<strong>و</strong> جسم م<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ب</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم عمل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> يک جسم معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong>د، ح<strong>ر</strong>کت (مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی) کليه <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
(١١٢<br />
(١۴۶<br />
١٣٩<br />
A - Ludwig Boltzmann, Populäre Schriften, Leipzig, 1905, S 187<br />
B - Siegmund Günther, "Geschichte der anorganischen Naturwissenschaften im 19.<br />
Jahrhundert", Berlin 1901, S. 942 und 941<br />
١١١
<strong>ب</strong>(<br />
فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 229<br />
ديگ<strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ا</strong>زدي<strong>ا</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong>عت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست که<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م" (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده) مح<strong>و</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong>قتی کل جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تقليل میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز کليه مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت حذف ک<strong>ر</strong>د،<br />
چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> همه ج<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض میش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت ش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
ح<strong>ر</strong>کت مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، هم<strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> تجمعه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>زدي<strong>ا</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong>عت<br />
متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تقليل میدهد.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه عليه فيزيک "<strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> گفت که "کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>تمگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>و</strong>سط مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت ديف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>سيل <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>خت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>لی<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>خت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه "<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>هميت يک مع<strong>ا</strong>دله<br />
ديف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سيل دچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>هم ش<strong>و</strong>يم... <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم شک ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عکس جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> (که د<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
ديف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سيل <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>تمی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی دست<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که<br />
تغيي<strong>ر</strong> کميت <strong>و</strong>سيعی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه، تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د،" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه. (صفحه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يخ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شد گفت: "<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيم که <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت ديف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سيل <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حده<strong>ا</strong>ی جد<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>تم م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ص<strong>ا</strong>ح<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ص<strong>ا</strong>ح<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong>تمگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده يک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>و</strong>دی مجدد<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد<br />
شد." (صفحه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی "د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ب</strong>ه يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>تمی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
يک کل <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه <strong>و</strong>حدت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت د<strong>ر</strong> "مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هته<strong>ا</strong>ی حي<strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز" <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست." مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حدی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حل مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل هيد<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميک <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سيله<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>يع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
يک مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هت <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> حي<strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>صطک<strong>ا</strong>ک د<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong><br />
مغ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>طيس <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی ع<strong>ا</strong>م" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د: چه کسی <strong>ب</strong>ه فک<strong>ر</strong> "ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی" ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>د؟<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ <strong>ب</strong>ه کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که "فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> که<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل <strong>ن</strong>قل<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د که چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong>د متخصص د<strong>ر</strong> "شيمی فيزيکی" د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک م<strong>و</strong>ضع تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت متض<strong>ا</strong>د<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>مع<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong>) م<strong>و</strong>ضعی متخ<strong>ا</strong>صم <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>صطل<strong>ا</strong>ح <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زه<br />
<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ا</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>صيه میش<strong>و</strong>د، میگي<strong>ر</strong>د." (صفحه ٣٨١) "<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> سعی میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
يک <strong>ا</strong>يده مشخص <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ملک<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ع<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ملی که <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> عمل<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته<br />
(Einzelwesen)<br />
(۵٧<br />
(Vaubel)<br />
(١۴۴<br />
(١۵۶<br />
(٣۵٧<br />
(Gasreibung)<br />
(٢٢٣<br />
١٨٩٩<br />
١٩٠٣
Zeemanneffekt)<br />
230<br />
<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه) د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د... م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
(ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دي<strong>و</strong>م، زيم<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>فکت<br />
شدت <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د، که ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مخ<strong>ر</strong>ج مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د که ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
يک ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>صی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>يز م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف (<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل م) <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د، معهذ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ٔکدت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهف<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>دی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د." (صفحه<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف د<strong>ر</strong> جلد د<strong>و</strong>م ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د (تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته) "<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته ت<strong>و</strong>سط عمل متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>تم م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تعيي<strong>ن</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
–<br />
A<br />
(٣٨١<br />
(صفحه ٣٨٣)<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که جيمز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مشخص میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز ص<strong>ا</strong>دق <strong>ا</strong>ست. يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>و</strong> کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>فقيت سيستم<strong>ا</strong>تيزه میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
B<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد که م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف سعی <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د. صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
"د<strong>و</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم" <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ن</strong>دهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم فلسفی، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه د<strong>و</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم، د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong><br />
"مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی عل<strong>و</strong>م دقيق"، ل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ، ١٩٠٧، که م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>م<br />
تم<strong>ا</strong>م شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> شدم، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف گفته شده ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد میک<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ن</strong>زديکت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز همه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم "ش<strong>ر</strong>مگي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<br />
فک<strong>ر</strong> شده، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>و</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong> مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فيزيک <strong>و</strong> شيمی میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع ط<strong>ب</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ج<strong>ن</strong>گی عليه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ه<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>مت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده م<strong>ا</strong>خی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
فيزيک ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل میش<strong>و</strong>د (<strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه صفحه <strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم<br />
س<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ژکتي<strong>و</strong>" ت<strong>و</strong>صيف میک<strong>ن</strong>د (صفحه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دليلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<br />
"جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی (<strong>ب</strong>خشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه دليلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> "<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> "مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" تقليل میدهد.<br />
<strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه" ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی میکش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه) <strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
کل<strong>ا</strong>مه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی" (صفحه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع علم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د "<strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"<br />
میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جز<strong>ء</strong> "گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً "شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" ط<strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی<br />
يع<strong>ن</strong>ی شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>و</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong><br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ب</strong>هم <strong>و</strong> مهمل <strong>ا</strong>ز کلمه ل<strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی. (صفحه د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی که<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong><br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه میک<strong>ن</strong>د. (<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />
"ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>شی کشش <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>" م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>) تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست گ<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش د<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>حدت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی، ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی هست<strong>ن</strong>د." ،Ladungen) صفحه ٢٢٣) "ه<strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>شی خ<strong>ا</strong>لصی <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت، چيزی <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
مگ<strong>ر</strong> تعد<strong>ا</strong>د معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ژه، متح<strong>ر</strong>ک، چه <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چه ه<strong>ر</strong> چيز ديگ<strong>ر</strong>. ح<strong>ا</strong>لت ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong>صلهه<strong>ا</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی مت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ضعيت <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لت ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong>صله زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ق<strong>ب</strong>ل تعيي<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد."<br />
Philosophische Voraussetzung der exakten Natur-" (Erich Becher)<br />
"wissenschaften<br />
(٩١<br />
(iii<br />
(٧ – ٢<br />
(von Wahrgenommenwerden unabhängige Existenz)<br />
٧٨ – ٨٢<br />
(١٣٨<br />
(Empfindungsmonismus)<br />
conscientia<br />
(١۵۶<br />
–<br />
–<br />
-A<br />
-B
فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 231<br />
د<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی<br />
-۶<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه <strong>ن</strong>يز فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ن</strong>ه کمت<strong>ر</strong> مصمم، <strong>ب</strong>ه تزلزل<strong>ا</strong>ت فيزيک م<strong>ا</strong>خی چس<strong>ب</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
ديديم که چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> "مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک" م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>صله<br />
خصيصه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشخيص د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>خيست ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی، ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د حتی م<strong>و</strong>فقت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی که مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قطع<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>صله <strong>ب</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> چس<strong>ب</strong>يد<strong>ن</strong>د. يک ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه ل ُ<strong>ر</strong>ی چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>د: حق<strong>ا</strong>يق علم عل<strong>ا</strong>ئم <strong>و</strong> سم<strong>ب</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>دی هست<strong>ن</strong>د؛ شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی"<br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يد خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>پ</strong>س م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت ک<strong>ن</strong>يد<br />
که علم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک ح<strong>و</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>ز فع<strong>ا</strong>ليته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت عملی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<br />
کمت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ح<strong>و</strong>زه ديگ<strong>ر</strong> فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ علم "سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليک" م<strong>ا</strong>خی حقی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>فی خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. ه. <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>يجه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی دست<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>چه شد <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
حمله <strong>و</strong>يژه <strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ فقط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> چه م<strong>و</strong>ضع تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد میگ<strong>ر</strong>فت ت<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز متحدي<strong>ن</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> لِ<strong>ر</strong>ُی خل<strong>ا</strong>ص ک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "م. لِ<strong>ر</strong>ُی عقل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت مث ًل<strong>ا</strong> قل<strong>ب</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س، غ<strong>ر</strong>يزه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong>م." :ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> علم<br />
<strong>ب</strong>دهد." (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> سم<strong>ب</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ "<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> دست<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>لعمله<strong>ا</strong>ی علمی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
عمل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong> حدّ<strong>ا</strong>قل د<strong>ر</strong> کل مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>فق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی چيزکی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيد که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم هيچ<br />
چيز <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم؟" (صفحه ٢١٩)<br />
ه. <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک مت<strong>و</strong>سل میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> دهد؛ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی تفسي<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د. لِ<strong>ر</strong>ُی هم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی علم <strong>و</strong> ص<strong>ن</strong>عت می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک حقيقت<br />
عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> حقيقت ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> حقيقت<br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی علم (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د) <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تشخيص میدهد که شخص<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حتج<strong>ا</strong>ج عليه ِل<strong>ر</strong>ُی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک محد<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> علم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میک<strong>ن</strong>د. "معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> علم چيست؟ دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>تی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيخته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
(Le Roy)<br />
La valeur la science<br />
qu'ils )<br />
–<br />
(٢١۵ –<br />
٢١۴<br />
(٢٢۵<br />
(صفحه <strong>ن</strong>قص عمده کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>، جهل مطلق <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جهل غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> مهمل گ<strong>و</strong>ئی میکش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مکث ک<strong>ر</strong>د.
ته<strong>ا</strong><br />
232<br />
nous font eprouver)<br />
(٢٧٠<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ز<strong>و</strong>د گذ<strong>ر</strong> متحد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د." (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
– ٢۶٩<br />
..."<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست يک فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً ح<strong>ر</strong>فی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<br />
که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شيل<strong>و</strong>ف میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>ً يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م شده<br />
که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>و</strong>سط "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی"<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> حمله <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه زي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د! چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>لصت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست که گفت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيخته میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د" <strong>ب</strong>ه عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> علم هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د" <strong>ب</strong>ه عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گفت که <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت کمت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز هيچ جسم خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." (صفحه ٢٧٠)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> گفته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> چه هلهله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د! چه<br />
لطيفهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ب</strong>تذلی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ی" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه گفته میشد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>چ صفحه <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليسم میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: ه<strong>ر</strong> چيزی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ن</strong>يست، هيچ مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ست، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
چيزی فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد." (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه؛ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی شم<strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د که کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه چيزی فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ز فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. مغش<strong>و</strong>ش<br />
<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> ژ<strong>ر</strong>ژ س<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د تعلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست "د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل" کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش علم "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح لِ<strong>ر</strong>ُی" <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم "<strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی د<strong>ا</strong>د"، ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>د يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> علم <strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>و</strong>هم <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ط<strong>ر</strong>ح ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> علم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت مع<strong>ر</strong>فت د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>فی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که علم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسمه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong> خلق شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. ("مشغلهه<strong>ا</strong>ی مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی<br />
فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>"<br />
(٢٧۶<br />
"Georges Sorel, "Les pre'occupations me'taphysiques des<br />
modernes" ،physiciens <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس ،١٩٠٧ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت – ٧٧ ٨٠ – (٨١<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز "فلسفه" <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ذک<strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> گذشت، ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ط<strong>ر</strong>زی مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ر</strong>ی مکث ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم که د<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفه<br />
مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>، که <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "مفه<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>" <strong>و</strong> "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی" میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی تقليل میده<strong>ن</strong>د. ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم که چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست<br />
مسئله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حل میک<strong>ن</strong>د که ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل مسئله<strong>ا</strong>يست که ت<strong>و</strong>سط جيم<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
ک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>خستي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح شد يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه مسئله چس<strong>ب</strong>يد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
فلسفی فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>لکه مسئله تصحيح <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی (ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه)<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ن</strong>خی که <strong>ا</strong>ز کل ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ی میگذ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه) <strong>و</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی" (صفحه شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د حق<strong>و</strong>ق<br />
(صفحه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
عقل <strong>و</strong> حق<strong>و</strong>ق علم (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
– ٢<br />
(٣١١<br />
(٢٠٠<br />
٢١٠)، ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
(A. Rey)<br />
–<br />
٢٢٠<br />
٣۶٢<br />
–<br />
٢٢٠<br />
–<br />
١٧
فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 233<br />
فيزيکی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "مفه<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" (م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong>) چس<strong>ب</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی "عق<strong>ا</strong>يد<br />
فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی فيزيک" (صفحه ٣) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>کز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تحليل چيست<strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />
يک مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، مفه<strong>و</strong>م تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که تفسي<strong>ر</strong><br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی م<strong>ا</strong>خ (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی سه<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ختص<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم گ<strong>ر</strong>فت که<br />
<strong>ر</strong>ی مفه<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د) يک فهم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست محض <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست که يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
"خصيصهه<strong>ا</strong>ی جديد مهم فلسفه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>هگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی که د<strong>ر</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
جزئی ظ<strong>ر</strong>يفت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> غ<strong>ن</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، <strong>ب</strong>ه تقدم <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>هگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
که يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی عليه <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<br />
کلمه ’تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه‘ <strong>ب</strong>ه تد<strong>ر</strong>يج <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت جزئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>محس<strong>و</strong>س تح<strong>ر</strong>يف شده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه علم تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> دقيق <strong>و</strong> تصفيه ک<strong>ن</strong>د، م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><br />
حقيقت میکش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه شک <strong>ن</strong>يست که کل م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong>سيع کلمه چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست<br />
مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک تح<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت جزئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>محس<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی کلمه "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"! <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف متهم میک<strong>ن</strong>د چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
تصحيح میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ گ<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong>يد: "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تع<strong>ر</strong>يف مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong>ه شيئ <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف د<strong>ر</strong> علم<br />
فيزيک م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست... تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه چيزيست که ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> هيچ تسلطی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،<br />
که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، که د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خته م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست. تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
شيئی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong>ست. du) "(en face (صفحه ٣١۴)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>لی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که چط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د! <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>غه چه د<strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی جديدت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
ش<strong>ر</strong>مگي<strong>ن</strong>" خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مشت<strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ر</strong>ی يک <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ع<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک "ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت شيئ" <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه شيئ د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست"، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که چيزی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج dehors) quelque)خ<strong>و</strong>د chose du <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
مي<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد<br />
میش<strong>و</strong>د! <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔکد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> چيزی جز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
چيزيست که عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً معت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> همه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>جي<strong>ر</strong>، يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شش<br />
کل<strong>ا</strong>می تهی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> گفته میش<strong>و</strong>د:<br />
"عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج د<strong>ا</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د، که ت<strong>و</strong>سط تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه تحميل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد؛<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که س<strong>ا</strong>خته م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> حد معي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
میس<strong>ا</strong>زد." (صفحه <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د! <strong>ر</strong>د تف<strong>ا</strong>سي<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه شي<strong>و</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ش<strong>ر</strong>مگي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>صل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>عد<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong>د تم<strong>ا</strong>يز د<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ق ج<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>و</strong>شد ت<strong>ا</strong> کليه<br />
تم<strong>ا</strong>يز<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فع گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
(٣٩٨<br />
"<br />
S.324) ،(se pose et en se posant s'impose, <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لغ<br />
(impose)<br />
–<br />
(٣٢٠
–<br />
٢٣٧): "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong><br />
234<br />
مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که (<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> م) "کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شکی، کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی" <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه عليت<br />
(د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong>) شخص <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<br />
فيزيک <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. (صفحه<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فی که می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی میي<strong>ا</strong>فت ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد، <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ همي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت" م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>صيف خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>یش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. خصيصه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ز عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> علم، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط علم م<strong>ن</strong>عکس شده ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>تی"<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>ج د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong>، شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>، "<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" "<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج ک<strong>ن</strong>د". <strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>) د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيکی معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> تز)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه ٢٣۵)<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی يک ک<strong>پ</strong>يه<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی مکت<strong>ب</strong> "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی" چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی. ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهد که<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong> هم د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تخفيف ده<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>هيت ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong> (م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ئی که کم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يش ش<strong>ر</strong>مگي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د) <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
که <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
می<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
سمتگي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی عليت <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد. <strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه "شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی" <strong>و</strong><br />
"ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی" "<strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong>د" (صفحه ٧۶)؛ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک کل گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک کل<br />
ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
<strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong><br />
میگي<strong>ر</strong>د، قطع<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
خص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong>خش م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ه عليت د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ... م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><br />
قطعه تعيي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ک<strong>ن</strong>د که ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت فيزيکی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د! کل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
که (<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م) م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش میک<strong>ن</strong>د، که تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم<br />
<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong>خ تحليل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی هي<strong>و</strong>م، ميل<br />
<strong>و</strong> کليه <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه علی هيچ <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ا</strong>لتی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ع<strong>ا</strong>دت<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> همي<strong>ن</strong> تز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه عليت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست يع<strong>ن</strong>ی (<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تز م) چيزی <strong>ب</strong>جز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>و</strong>ل يک خط ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه میک<strong>ن</strong>د که علم، د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ئم <strong>و</strong> مشت<strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د که گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong>يد شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيتی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>سيله مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ئم <strong>و</strong> مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> فيزيک." (صفحه ١١٧)<br />
"<br />
:٢٣۴<br />
٣٣<br />
(Le decalaque)<br />
،equivoque) صفحه (١١۵<br />
١١٢<br />
Analyse der Empfindungen Wärmelehre<br />
–<br />
–
فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 235<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong>خ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی هي<strong>و</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه عليت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
مفه<strong>و</strong>می ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی تفسي<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د! <strong>ر</strong>ی مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ،<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی" تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه "ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت" می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد، <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ دف<strong>ا</strong>ع<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>پ</strong>س تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه چيزيست که <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> هم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج، <strong>ا</strong>ز يک ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته که ف<strong>ر</strong>ق<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>م "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تسليم<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>و</strong>ل خط دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د. کلمه <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حفظ میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>.<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه. ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً مثل م<strong>ا</strong>خ ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت – حتی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ر</strong>ی میشت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> "تصحيح ک<strong>ن</strong>د": <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ<br />
"م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت"<br />
<strong>و</strong>جه "<strong>ا</strong>ختي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی" <strong>ن</strong>يست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓه <strong>ن</strong>ه، "م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت" <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی" (ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>ی،<br />
صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ست. چه تشخيص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شک<strong>و</strong>هی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> چه "<strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شک<strong>و</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ! "<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک خليج ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تفسي<strong>ر</strong> هستی<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مکت<strong>ب</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی جد<strong>ا</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک ک<strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>)... <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه حم<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه علمی <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل عم<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيک <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> فيزيک <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک مع<strong>ر</strong>فت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که<br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی میش<strong>و</strong>د، م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه ٢٠٠)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز يک جهت <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>يم؛ <strong>ا</strong>ز جهت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>ز يک جهت خليج ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم جد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>سط "مفه<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی" م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هيچ خليجی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم<br />
جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>ز جهت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فيزيک کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه "مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز جهت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه حم<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
فلسفی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ز جهت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی کلمه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ز يک جهت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د، مع<strong>ن</strong>ی کلمه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>محس<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست که<br />
"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست" تح<strong>ر</strong>يف ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز جهت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
که تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست... که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> فيشته ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق<strong>ن</strong>د!<br />
<strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ظيفه غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی دهی" ضديت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عهده گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میک<strong>و</strong>شد م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مکت<strong>ب</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت فيزکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ک<strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، مل<strong>ا</strong>يم ک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> میک<strong>و</strong>شد <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم مکت<strong>ب</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
–<br />
A<br />
convenience<br />
(١٩۶<br />
<strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ر</strong>ی "مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>جی" <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> حج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
فلسفی مط<strong>ر</strong>ح شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د کشيد <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضحت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی هم چشم<br />
-A
ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
236<br />
مث<strong>ا</strong>ل زد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>و</strong>ٔکدت<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>قيه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حيه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ش<strong>ر</strong>مگي<strong>ن</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong>يم<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ت<strong>ا</strong> چه حد <strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>و</strong> خي<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong><br />
عقيده <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>هميت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت ديف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سيل م<strong>ا</strong>کس<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
عقيده م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سيستمی <strong>ا</strong>ز مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت محد<strong>و</strong>د<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د: مع<strong>ا</strong>دلهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه چيزی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده، <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<br />
عي<strong>ن</strong>ی، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د فيزيک<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> خي<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی دف<strong>ا</strong>ع<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د! <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ستيم م<strong>ا</strong>کس<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ’مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>‘ ط<strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>يم<br />
محد<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<br />
چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ن</strong>ظي<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت ديف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سيل ل<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ژ<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong>ه عقيده م<strong>ا</strong>کس<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>تز م<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<br />
يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته <strong>ب</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زيم. ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>عکس. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه میک<strong>ن</strong>يم که شکل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شکل عم<strong>و</strong>می مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
حل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی مسئله<br />
دليل <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ست..." (صفحه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
"همچ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>که م<strong>ا</strong>هيت کميته<strong>ا</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، دقيقت<strong>ر</strong> تعيي<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت ت<strong>ن</strong>زل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد ک<strong>ر</strong>د." <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> شکل ح<strong>ر</strong>کت م<strong>ا</strong>دی ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>ن</strong>شده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دليلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ن</strong>میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. "همگ<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده" (صفحه <strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>صل مسلم <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه علم، "همگ<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ژه فيزيک". <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست ش<strong>ر</strong>طی که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> مح<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد.<br />
(٢۶٢<br />
(Lagrange)<br />
(unbestimmtheit)<br />
(٢۵٣<br />
١٩٠٢<br />
(Alfred Cornu)<br />
.<br />
که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>گذشت ذک<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شيده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓلف<strong>ر</strong>د کُ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>دی" (ي<strong>ا</strong> غل<strong>ب</strong>ه) <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لدی "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم علمی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> تحقي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميزی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>ف ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مسئله خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>لمللی فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شد ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> گفت: "... ه<strong>ر</strong> چه<br />
عميقت<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ذ میک<strong>ن</strong>يم، مفه<strong>و</strong>م ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تزي<strong>ن</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د يع<strong>ن</strong>ی (<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد م) که د<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی چيزی مگ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. مسئله <strong>و</strong>حدت <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی... <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز کشفي<strong>ا</strong>تی که <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مشخص میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
مط<strong>ر</strong>ح شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>ئمی <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده، م<strong>ا</strong>کس<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>تز (ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم) د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د تع<strong>ر</strong>يف ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی دقيقت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده گ<strong>و</strong>ل ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<br />
subtile) ،(matiere <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مخز<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د... گشت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تزي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست...<br />
("گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>لمللی فيزيک"<br />
ل<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د "فيزيک<br />
مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تزي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>صح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>ر</strong>ة<strong>ا</strong>لمع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هجدهم جذ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>. ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مقدمه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ب</strong>عدی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
Revue generale des sciences, 1895, S. 130-)<br />
١٩٠٠<br />
"Rapports presentes au congres international de<br />
،١٩٠٠ ،t.4-me صفحه (٧<br />
،١٩٠۶ صفحه (١۴<br />
–<br />
(131<br />
،physique" <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس،<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong>فت. modern") ،"La physique <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس،
فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 237<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت: "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>عکس قض<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
مج<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد که گفته ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش عملی علم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد."<br />
(صفحه <strong>ر</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>جيح میدهد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت صح<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ط<strong>ر</strong>زی غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong>هم ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> کل مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> (<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش عملی<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک علم) د<strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شدت م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> (علم م)<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که يک ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش عملی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د... <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً مثل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که گفته ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت عي<strong>ن</strong>يت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. عمل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> شيئ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ضم<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تغيي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> شيئ <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ط<strong>ر</strong>ف شيئ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ضم<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی عکس<strong>ا</strong>لعمل شيئ <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تظ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ق<strong>و</strong>لی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> شيئ عمل ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم، مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>قت میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تظ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که ت<strong>و</strong>سط شيئ <strong>و</strong> عملی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت میگي<strong>ر</strong>د، ک<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ل میش<strong>و</strong>د...<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشی <strong>ا</strong>ز عي<strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong>هميت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>هميتی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>ن</strong>يست. جمع <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، ک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مسئله<br />
<strong>ن</strong>زديک شد، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ر</strong>سيد يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی که گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تقسيم د<strong>و</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> عمده د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشکيل میده<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
–<br />
(٣۶٨<br />
(٣۶٨<br />
يک "فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست"<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س<br />
-٧<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مس<strong>ا</strong>عدی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد تحت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، م<strong>ن</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م. م<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
محد<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هم ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط مهمی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>، م<strong>ر</strong>تجع <strong>ا</strong>عظم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له د<strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>کت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه "مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل فلسفه <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی" د<strong>ر</strong> ١٩٠٧ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> شد <strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> "فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست" <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> يک<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست فلسفی "حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی"، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی مع<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل "<strong>ا</strong>تح<strong>ا</strong>د خلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> محيطه<strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong><br />
گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز میده<strong>ن</strong>د. مق<strong>ا</strong>له <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د يک تعزيه<br />
يک مدح <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فقيد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>. شيشکي<strong>ن</strong> (مت<strong>و</strong>فی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> شيفته<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>و</strong> عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>قم<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک دمک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>طه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه دست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د (صفحه ٣٣٩)، <strong>ب</strong>لکه يک م<strong>ر</strong>د شديد<strong>ا</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی،<br />
يک ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه فلسفه <strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ديمي<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>يف <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. ليک<strong>ن</strong> علی<strong>ر</strong>غم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که خط<br />
عمده "تل<strong>ا</strong>ش" <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>پ</strong>ليس ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> مص<strong>ا</strong>لحی هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
– eloge<br />
–<br />
(١٩٠۶<br />
١١٣<br />
–
238<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>صيف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک ديده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong><br />
می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تل<strong>ا</strong>ش خستگی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی ه<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>و</strong>سيعت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ا</strong>هده<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>ضي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق علم <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>و</strong> مص<strong>ا</strong>لحی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
يک جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>مع <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل، يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست حقيقی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>. شيشگي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه<br />
مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز مع<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. م<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت ق<strong>ب</strong>لی خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه تل<strong>ا</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح دهم که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>صطل<strong>ا</strong>ح جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی علمی <strong>ا</strong>ز چه مص<strong>ا</strong>لح <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>همگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی س<strong>ا</strong>خته شده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق مح<strong>ر</strong>ز، تعميمه<strong>ا</strong>ی کم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>، ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که د<strong>ر</strong> يک لحظه معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته علم م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> حتی تخيل<strong>ا</strong>ت علمی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> همه <strong>ب</strong>ه شخصيت <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حق<strong>ا</strong>يق عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست که کليه ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> کليه <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ر</strong>د<br />
ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علمی <strong>و</strong> متفک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذ<strong>و</strong>ق م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>. <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>دسکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت علمی يک د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک سيستم غي<strong>ر</strong><br />
متح<strong>ر</strong>ک دگم <strong>ا</strong>لز<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی همه، چه قد<strong>ر</strong> کم عمق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>مه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> (زي<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئي<strong>ن</strong>: "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ع<strong>ا</strong>مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شده که هدف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که مص<strong>ا</strong>لح علمی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د. ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع: ’<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده‘ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خز ي<strong>ا</strong> ’معم<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>‘ ههکل <strong>ا</strong>ست.") <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ص علم مقص<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديلی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د؛ عجيتت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ر</strong>سمی<br />
هم م<strong>ر</strong>تک<strong>ب</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که کليه ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جهت <strong>ا</strong>ست که ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> چيزی<br />
جز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عل<strong>و</strong>م گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> گفته شده <strong>ن</strong>میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>. شيشگي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيسم <strong>پ</strong>يش د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک قه<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<br />
مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک شي<strong>و</strong>ه مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د..." (صفحه<br />
<strong>ب</strong>له. <strong>ب</strong>له... يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓه<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>! "<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی م<strong>ا</strong>هيت حقيقی<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ديده ه<strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ا</strong>هده شده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ثم<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<br />
متحد س<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ف علمی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>فت. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />
مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه يکی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د." دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً مثل م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی ’د<strong>ر</strong>‛ فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم"! "ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>عکس <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ن</strong>ظمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست يک سمتگي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> حتی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی ده<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د."<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "غل<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>" تض<strong>ا</strong>د "مت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ک، محد<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong>عدی" <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست." مس<strong>ا</strong>ئلی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی، م<strong>ا</strong>هيت د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده،<br />
ف<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong>سيع <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>سعت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> (تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی م)<br />
<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش مش<strong>ا</strong>هده، <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حق<strong>ا</strong>يق تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيکی محد<strong>و</strong>د میش<strong>و</strong>د." (صفحه د<strong>و</strong> خط <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک يک س<strong>ر</strong>قت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم" <strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
،(٣۴١<br />
–<br />
(٣۴٢<br />
–
فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 239<br />
–<br />
("Woprossy Filossofii i Psichologii", Heft 1, S. 127)<br />
–<br />
شيشگي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له "<strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی فيزيکی <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی" <strong>ا</strong>ز کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت."<br />
شکی <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی شيشگي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جسم<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه مکت<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی فيزيکی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تعلق د<strong>ا</strong>شت، ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> حق <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. شيشگي<strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد که شي<strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده شي<strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> "س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" (<strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف) هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی مختلف<br />
متس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ً مج<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د. ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی" گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" (<strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ) هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> (شيشگي<strong>ن</strong> م) د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک ک<strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ<br />
شيشگي<strong>ن</strong> خيلی <strong>ب</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ح<strong>ر</strong>کت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت..." <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>ه ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
شيشگي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست... "<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته..." <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته يک ح<strong>ر</strong>کت ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>پ</strong>س شيشگي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> هم غلط میگ<strong>و</strong>يد. تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> مغ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>طيسی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل ح<strong>ر</strong>کت ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> (<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>)<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. "<strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س..." <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>جز <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم؛ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> عمل م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيخته میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که علم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ق<strong>ر</strong>مز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>يلي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>ر</strong>يلي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد. <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><br />
مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عمل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> عض<strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ستگی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که علم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه شيشگي<strong>ن</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع سفسطه <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
"مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه" (Gegenüberstellung)<br />
۴۵٠<br />
۶۵٠<br />
٨- م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم "فيزيکی"<br />
A<br />
ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم که مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل [<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>جه<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عمل <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی مط<strong>ر</strong>ح شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>ب</strong>حث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. شکی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د يک ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>لمللی <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيک د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
يک سيستم فلسفی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه علل عم<strong>و</strong>می معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>و</strong>زه فلسفه<br />
ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> "م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط"<br />
[<br />
erkenntnistheoretischen Schlußfolgerungen, S. 305<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>جه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشی
–<br />
iv<br />
xii<br />
–<br />
240<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که ش<strong>ر</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong>عه ي<strong>ا</strong>فته<br />
<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ن</strong>يز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د فيزيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مُد <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی مختص <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی عم<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong>ص<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ج<strong>ا</strong>يگ<strong>ا</strong>هی که (<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>يع م) <strong>ا</strong>شغ<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "فلسفه علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يستم"، "فلسفه مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong> عل<strong>و</strong>م"، "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم<br />
مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی علمی" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>، يک د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>غ د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>له <strong>ا</strong>ست. (<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
"تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"، صفحه <strong>و</strong> ، هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد) <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيک ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک مکت<strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک ش<strong>ا</strong>خه <strong>ا</strong>ز علم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست. ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ً، <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
کليه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی متم<strong>ا</strong>يز میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>لکه مخ<strong>ر</strong>ج مشت<strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی د<strong>ر</strong> کل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيک م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک کل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت ت<strong>ا</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی هم د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شک <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د. فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد، م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی، <strong>پ</strong>. د<strong>و</strong>هم <strong>ب</strong>لژيکی، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مخ<strong>ر</strong>ج مش<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د: هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ه<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حدی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> جهت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حدی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ مخ<strong>ر</strong>ج مش<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
ش<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ش<strong>ا</strong>مل مث ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه "جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong>يژه. سه فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> حتی ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی هم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مخ<strong>ر</strong>ج<br />
مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی، که همهش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستث<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> کم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه، کم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يش قطعی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
سمت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<strong>ا</strong>ی که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ميک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، که سعی<br />
می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه ده<strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست يکه <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد ي<strong>ا</strong>فت. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
همه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک مخ<strong>ر</strong>ج مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> همه کم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه، کم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يش قطعی ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
تم<strong>ا</strong>يل ت<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> تيزی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی شخصی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> (مثل م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی مکت<strong>ب</strong> فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
م<strong>ن</strong>عکس شده د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>، شک <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيتی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شد<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم (که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>دقيق <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم، <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم، هيل<strong>و</strong>کي<strong>ن</strong>هتيک<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>و</strong>سط فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه ي<strong>ا</strong>فته) که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عم<strong>و</strong>می د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم "فيزيکی" <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلمه <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> که خيلی عجي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد قسمتی <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ فلسفه<br />
مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> علم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم. د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ل. ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س م<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> حمله ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> صف "<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی" ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت س<strong>ر</strong>چشمه میگ<strong>ر</strong>فت<br />
–<br />
" کي "<br />
(Hylokinetik)<br />
–<br />
١٨۶۶<br />
–<br />
(Werke, Bd. 10, S. 197)
فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 241<br />
که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قع <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>هميت مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> مث ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه عمل مح<strong>ر</strong>که<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چشم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست، م<strong>ا</strong>يل<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<br />
يک مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت "<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی" يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت يک تفسي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ل. ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه دقت مش<strong>ا</strong>هده ک<strong>ر</strong>د. "<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه" <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
فلسفی، عمدت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی، مدته<strong>ا</strong>ی مديد م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت. ف.<strong>ا</strong>.<br />
ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يش ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی د<strong>ر</strong> حم<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>خت؛<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> (که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
میدهد) ژ. <strong>ر</strong>مک د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که تعد<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی جذ<strong>ب</strong><br />
شد<strong>ن</strong>د هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی<br />
جذ<strong>ب</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم "فيزيکی" يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم مکت<strong>ب</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يستم <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی ف. <strong>ا</strong>. ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی "فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی"<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>د" <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم (ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم) <strong>و</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی که د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>سط مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک ش<strong>ا</strong>خه <strong>ا</strong>ز علم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز ک<strong>ر</strong>ده يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف م<strong>و</strong>قتی، يک د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ علم، يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>و</strong>شی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>شد <strong>ا</strong>ست که عمدت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يخت<strong>ن</strong> شديد مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم مح<strong>ر</strong>ز<br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>صل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم "فيزيکی" مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ه شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ک<br />
گ<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه تیي<strong>ر</strong>، می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "دل<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه عليه فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سً<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه مع<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف همه شکگ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د: <strong>ا</strong>ختل<strong>ا</strong>ف عقيده" (د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>). <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ختل<strong>ا</strong>ف "چيزی عليه عي<strong>ن</strong>يت فيزيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د." "ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ فيزيک، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ه<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی، <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی مختلفی تقسيم میش<strong>و</strong>د که ت<strong>و</strong>سط شکل <strong>و</strong> خص<strong>و</strong>صيت عم<strong>و</strong>می تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز هم مشخص<br />
میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>ه مج<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که کشفی ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت میگي<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> کليه <strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيک ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> جزئی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. (<strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> م) تم<strong>ا</strong>می ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيک ع<strong>و</strong>ض شده <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ يک عص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
چيزيست که <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت ژ<strong>و</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>سي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>د.<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيز <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز کشف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دي<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>کتي<strong>و</strong>يته <strong>ن</strong>يز د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>ق می<strong>ا</strong>فتد... ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسی که <strong>ب</strong>عده<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>ا</strong>صله ل<strong>ا</strong>زم می<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> زحمت، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که مع<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>ی ، تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<br />
–<br />
١٨٨٢<br />
A<br />
–<br />
-A<br />
صفحه ١۵<br />
ي<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س <strong>ر</strong>مک<br />
Philosophie und Kantianismus<br />
(فلسفه <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی)، ،Eisenach ١٨٨٢،
242<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> میديد<strong>ن</strong>د، يک تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>سته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده میک<strong>ن</strong>د. همچ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که<br />
فيزيک د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. (ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د) <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ده<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>کتش<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت عظيم <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست. دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک<br />
که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد شد (<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د؟) <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حيه<br />
علمی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد د<strong>ا</strong>د." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٧٢<br />
<strong>ر</strong>ی مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>جیگ<strong>ر</strong> سعی میک<strong>ن</strong>د کليه مکت<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> عليه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی متحد ک<strong>ن</strong>د! <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
کذ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، خي<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> جهت کذ<strong>ب</strong>؛ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش مکت<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی تصفيه شده) شکی <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> فيزيک که<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حيه علمی" هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ر</strong>ی مشت<strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ست چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی"ش<strong>ر</strong>مگي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم خصلت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی فيزيک، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د تم<strong>ا</strong>می علم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> غل<strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی.<br />
<strong>ر</strong>ی مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>جیگ<strong>ر</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً سعی میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت چشم <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شد که <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی مستقيم، قطعی <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش عي<strong>ن</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ حق<strong>ا</strong>يق، <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>و</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز کليه ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی ده<strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ر</strong>ی می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد که <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضيد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
"د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی علمی که م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ب</strong>ه شکل ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط ذه<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د خلق شده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> جهت <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی مشخص د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی د<strong>ا</strong>خل <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ز علم فيزيک يک مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
مج<strong>ر</strong>د س<strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه عمل <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>زديک ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong><br />
مفه<strong>و</strong>م عم<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م فيزيک ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست... <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک ته<strong>ا</strong>جم خصلت <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
شي<strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> فهم فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>و</strong>سط کليه <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> فيزيک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>تی که ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> مشکل<strong>ا</strong>تی که <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> جهت ق<strong>و</strong>يست چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عضی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د؟..." (صفحه ٢٢٧)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته گفته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>" د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم "فلسفی" مُد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز.<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد که تخيل<strong>ا</strong>ت مج<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضيد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> شي<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی که<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضيد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میفهم<strong>ن</strong>د کشيده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ب</strong>هم عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />
فيزيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حس میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د... گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيک کشيده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> چيز<br />
میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د؛ گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه جستج<strong>و</strong>ی ي<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> حفظ ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<br />
ع<strong>ا</strong>دته<strong>ا</strong>ی که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که حتی د<strong>ر</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک که می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست محکمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ی کمت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم س<strong>ا</strong>خته میشد که (مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم م) میک<strong>و</strong>شيد جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> محس<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زس<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضيد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ک<strong>پ</strong>ی<br />
س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم... <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> همه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حفظ ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
(crise de croissance)<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
.<br />
–<br />
(٢٧٠ –<br />
–<br />
–<br />
..."<br />
(decalquer)
فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 243<br />
–<br />
–<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>، فيزيک <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد... <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>پ</strong>يچيدگی <strong>و</strong> گم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. (<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م) خيلی س<strong>ا</strong>ختگی، خيلی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع، خيلی خشک<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يش ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که تم<strong>ا</strong>س د<strong>ا</strong>ئم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت فيزيک<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میدهد حسی <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط کليه فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د گفته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط تم<strong>ا</strong>می مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی گفته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست... <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه غل<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حيه<br />
<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضی د<strong>ر</strong> قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong>فت فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>ز يک جهت <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز جهت<br />
ديگ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> علم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ميد... فيزيک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک فيزيک <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضی<br />
شده <strong>ا</strong>ست... <strong>ب</strong>عد د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>سمی فيزيک ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع شد يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فيزيک <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضی خ<strong>ا</strong>لص؛ فيزيک<br />
<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضی <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>خه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيک <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>خه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضيد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میشد. د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضيد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که معت<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی (ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
م<strong>ن</strong>طقی) <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>دی که<br />
فهميد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>مش <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د محد<strong>و</strong>د میديد، لز<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً هميشه تم<strong>ا</strong>يل د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> حد<br />
ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong>ت تقليل دهد. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شي<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه ک<strong>ن</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی<br />
کل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> چشم <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شد. ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>و</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً مح<strong>و</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong>د. ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت ديف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>سيل ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه<br />
میشد<strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضيد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی خ<strong>و</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>دهد، <strong>و</strong>قتی فيزيک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
تحليل میک<strong>ن</strong>د... میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> شخص <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک ت<strong>و</strong>سعه <strong>ا</strong>ختي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ئيم...<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ک مفه<strong>و</strong>م، همه ج<strong>ا</strong>، ج<strong>ا</strong>ی ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست... <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی، <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>و</strong>شی<br />
malaise) ،(le <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيک <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز حق<strong>ا</strong>يق عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س شکل <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضی<br />
که ت<strong>و</strong>سط فيزيک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک ف<strong>ر</strong>ض شده، ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د." (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٣٢<br />
چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> علت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم "فيزيکی". ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong>فت علم<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ق ي<strong>ا</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>و</strong>فقيته<strong>ا</strong>ی عظيمی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی کس<strong>ب</strong> شده، <strong>ن</strong>زديک شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضيد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تش<strong>و</strong>يق <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده چشم <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د. "م<strong>ا</strong>ده مح<strong>و</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د"، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
مع<strong>ا</strong>دله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>حله <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شي<strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی جديد، <strong>ا</strong>يده که<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم: خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. ه<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حيه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>جد می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضي<strong>ا</strong>ت ع<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
مد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>س ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> محصلي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حيه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم که د<strong>ر</strong> عص<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong>د. (ف. <strong>ا</strong>. ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ؤي<strong>ا</strong>ی مسخ<strong>ر</strong>ه يک<br />
،Materialismus چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم،<br />
م<strong>ر</strong>تجع <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> چيزی جز يک شيفتگی م<strong>و</strong>قت عده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز متخصصي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
(٢٢٨ –<br />
Geschichte des<br />
،١٨٩۶ جلد ،٢ صفحه (xiix<br />
–<br />
(edifie)
244<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>و</strong>يژگی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مهم <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ست که غ<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ک<strong>ا</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong>گ میز<strong>ن</strong>د، م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی تحصيل<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ختگی ک<strong>و</strong>شش میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حفظ ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه جهل <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط<br />
ستم<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>دهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>لت <strong>و</strong>حشي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه تض<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی، ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>دهه<strong>ا</strong>ی خلق<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
علت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم "فيزيکی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يت<br />
مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>صلی که د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يخت<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يشه محکمی د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد.<br />
مسئله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک ش<strong>ا</strong>يد مهمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح مص<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>ب</strong><br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد که مثل س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>ا</strong>ز دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> کلمه دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه س<strong>ا</strong>زی فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گ<strong>ر</strong>چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> حس<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د که فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه <strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگی تقل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
ک<strong>و</strong>شش میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی معتدل <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> معتدل ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته "<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی غي<strong>ر</strong><br />
معتدل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> عمل، <strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ب</strong>ه شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ست" (صفحه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ، می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد، هيچ <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يت گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی "غي<strong>ر</strong> معتدلی" د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی تف<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓدم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، مثل يک عط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، کمی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت دهد<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک صحيح <strong>ا</strong>ز مسئله <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> جهل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی<br />
می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد. <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فهميد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> مهمل <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong><br />
"دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش گ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>، مهمل <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک که مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم که د<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت کليه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> قدمی فقد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت شده <strong>ا</strong>ست که کليه حق<strong>ا</strong>يق فيزيکی که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ضم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ب</strong>ه شدت مح<strong>ر</strong>ز <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>ديد د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> همه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی "فيزيکی" د<strong>ر</strong><br />
کل. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که حقيقت مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ز مجم<strong>و</strong>ع حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که<br />
حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز يک شيئ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
حقيقت علمی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز حقيقت مطلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، کليه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل که <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> کسی که <strong>ب</strong>ه "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<br />
"مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>" کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هفت مُه<strong>ر</strong>.<br />
،(٢١۵<br />
(Berman)
فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 245<br />
A<br />
د<strong>و</strong>هم<br />
C<br />
B<br />
[ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيک" <strong>پ</strong>. <strong>و</strong> "مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص ت<strong>و</strong>صيه میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد، که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی "فيزيکی" <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دليل <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د، که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف که <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مختلف<br />
متعلق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong> ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يه مختلف <strong>ب</strong>ه مسئله <strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د (تخصص د<strong>و</strong>هم د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong>يست س<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> يک هگلی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تدکس <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>عده<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فلسفه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حيه که<strong>ن</strong> هگلی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ش<strong>ر</strong>مگي<strong>ن</strong> شد) <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>می<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>تمی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت میج<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه محد<strong>و</strong>ديت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حد مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه تحج<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />
معتقد<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قصی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. ؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> شکست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> کليه<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی علمی، <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> جهل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش میک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خل<strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>) ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم هگلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد <strong>و</strong> هسته عظيم <strong>و</strong> حقيقی دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک هگلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی که<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی که د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی د<strong>ر</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کليه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی جزئی، مطل<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong>، ش<strong>ا</strong>يد ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>دی، <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ضد دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فهميده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم میلغزد.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>و</strong>هم <strong>ن</strong>يز ص<strong>ا</strong>دق <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مث<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ فيزيک، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که "ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيک م<strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه [<strong>و</strong>قتی يک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عی مید<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ختی د<strong>و</strong>هم، <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليتسی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
(١۵٠<br />
(٢٨٠<br />
١٨۴٨<br />
(Stallo) [<br />
–<br />
A- P. Duhem, "La the'orie physique, son objet et sa structure", Paris 1906.<br />
-B<br />
Werke wie "Die theorie der Physik" von P. Duhem oder " Die Begriffe und Theorien<br />
der modernen Physik" von Stallo,... S. 312<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيک د<strong>و</strong>هم <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>...<br />
C- J. B. Stallo, "the concepts and Theories of Modern Physics", London 1882, Es gibt<br />
eine französische und eine deutsche Übersetzung.
246<br />
A<br />
<strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. [<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دست د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> يک ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم سُ<strong>ر</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>و</strong>هم می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "کل<strong>ا</strong>ً يک ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيک <strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>ه غلط،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>لکه تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ب</strong>لکه" <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف، <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز مح<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
علمی که <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong>د يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> يک<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ختي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی، خي<strong>ا</strong>لی ي<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>دی مث ًل<strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی ي<strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی شط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
د<strong>و</strong>هم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> میکش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>ا</strong>دی" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>ست (صفحه مسئله <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>! مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>و</strong><br />
"<strong>ا</strong>ختي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی" (صفحه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>ئم ص<strong>ر</strong>ف (صفحه<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک قدم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم، ت<strong>ا</strong> "فيزيک م<strong>و</strong>ٔم<strong>ن</strong>" که <strong>پ</strong>ی<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong>هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حيه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی م<strong>و</strong>عظه<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د ف<strong>ا</strong>صله <strong>ا</strong>ست. (<strong>ر</strong>ی، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ١٢۶ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓدل<strong>ر</strong> (ف<strong>ر</strong>يتز) خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز هم يک م<strong>ا</strong>خيست<br />
که مدعی <strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ا</strong>ست! ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>و</strong>هم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "صحيح<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>د": <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>و</strong>هم "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی، <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت حذف میک<strong>ن</strong>د." <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>و</strong>هم سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> مثل م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چه چيز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>هد. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
قطعهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک خيلی <strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که م<strong>ا</strong> صد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م صد<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست،"<br />
میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيم. "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓک<strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د که ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که صد<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong> يک ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ديک <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>يع <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه. (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> (ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>، تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>) <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. "تک<strong>ا</strong>مل فيزيک مس<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong> يک م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه د<strong>ا</strong>ئم <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د مص<strong>ا</strong>لح جديد خسته <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی خسته <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ست، د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جز<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> (<strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ضم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>) <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی "شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
(٢٧<br />
–<br />
،(١٠<br />
٢۶)، س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
(٧<br />
<strong>و</strong> ١۶٠)<br />
B<br />
(٢٧۴<br />
-<br />
(٣٢<br />
-<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>و</strong>قتی يک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
شخصی يک د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ميک<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>د! <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً مسئله د<strong>و</strong>هم، <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>میفهم<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
Er rennt doch offene Türen ein! Denkt der Marxist, der die langen Betrachtungen<br />
über dieses Thema liest. Aber das ist eben das Unglück der <strong>و</strong>Duhem <strong>و</strong>Stallo Mach,<br />
Poincare', daß sie die von dem dialektischen Materialismus geöffnete Tür nicht sehen.<br />
S. 313<br />
-B<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شت مت<strong>ر</strong>جم <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong>هم، ل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ ١٩٠٨، ج. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت
فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 247<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه "شيئ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>" ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل میک<strong>ن</strong>د. "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزيک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد د<strong>ا</strong>شت؛ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ه<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که فيزيک ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی میک<strong>ن</strong>د دي<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ز<strong>و</strong>د يک<br />
<strong>ر</strong>د خش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت يک حقيقت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ فيزيک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی خستگی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د<br />
شده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد د<strong>ا</strong>د، تغيي<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد د<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يچيده خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد ک<strong>ر</strong>د." (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت معتقد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست يک ش<strong>ر</strong>ح د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيک يک سيستم ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً س<strong>ا</strong>ختکی <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<br />
م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>... فيزيک يک ط<strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی، که <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی میش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>و</strong><br />
يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س، که <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيته<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>د." ) صفحه ۴۴۵)<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong>هم م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی ل<strong>ا</strong>س میز<strong>ن</strong>د: گ<strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شی <strong>ب</strong>جز<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش "<strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشی" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>و</strong>ئی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً، <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيم. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيک <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی میش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
"ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت"، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت "م<strong>ن</strong>عکس شده" ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> يک کلمه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم "فيزيکی" <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم "فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی" دي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<br />
ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که يک مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی د<strong>ر</strong> يک ش<strong>ا</strong>خه <strong>ا</strong>ز علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی س<strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قدم ت<strong>و</strong>سط فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد شد؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قدم <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش حقيقی <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> فلسفه حقيقی علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ن</strong>ه مستقيم <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />
(٢٩٠<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. "...<br />
A<br />
A- شيميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>يلي<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong>مسی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میش<strong>و</strong>د: "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست؟<br />
چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تلگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ی سيم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>و</strong>چک ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>د؟" ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست:<br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته يک شيئ <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست. (ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>مسی)، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ژه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>ک<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، يک م<strong>و</strong>ج، مثل م<strong>و</strong>ج <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تلگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ی سيم <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />
<strong>ر</strong>مسی <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
میش<strong>و</strong>د." (<strong>و</strong>يلي<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong>مسی، "مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> شيمي<strong>ا</strong>ئی"، ل<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />
صح<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه هلي<strong>و</strong>م میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "حدّ<strong>ا</strong>قل يک ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه يک شکل س<strong>ا</strong>دهت<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده تغيي<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته مث<strong>ب</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ده ف<strong>ا</strong>قد <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته م<strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ست يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی." (صفحه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته چيست؟ س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، يکی مث<strong>ب</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میشد <strong>و</strong><br />
ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>فی. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ تحقيق<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> محتمل س<strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته م<strong>ن</strong>فی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میشد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong> يک<br />
ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ ه<strong>ر</strong> جز<strong>ء</strong>، يک هفت صدم ج<strong>ر</strong>م يک <strong>ا</strong>تم<br />
ئيد<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست... <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> که<br />
کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>لهه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>د ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد میفهميد<strong>ن</strong>د که ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />
"م<strong>ا</strong>ده مح<strong>و</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د"، "م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت د<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ست که علم ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده، <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کشف ک<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.<br />
١۶٠) "<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
١٧۶) "<strong>پ</strong>س<br />
،١٩٠٨ صفحه (١٢۶<br />
(١٩۶<br />
–
248<br />
هفت <strong>و</strong> هشت، <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>لکه غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی، <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی "هدف غ<strong>ا</strong>ئی" خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ل، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔمل <strong>و</strong> حتی گ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هدف <strong>ن</strong>زديک شد<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته میش<strong>و</strong>د. فيزيک<br />
مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> لحظه ز<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه ت<strong>و</strong>لد <strong>ب</strong>چه د<strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ز<strong>ن</strong>ده س<strong>ا</strong>لم، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی هم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>پ</strong>س<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>د سطل <strong>ا</strong>ٓشغ<strong>ا</strong>ل میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> کل مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فيزيکی، کل فلسفه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتکی هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.
فصل ششم 249<br />
<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی<br />
١١٤<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه تقسيم میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> هم<br />
مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سک<strong>و</strong>يه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>تست<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه ديگ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که سعی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی که شده، <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>خش<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>خشیه<strong>ا</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً چيزی جز <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د. حتی يک م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong><br />
ه<strong>ر</strong>گز کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته عل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه ک<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله کمی مکث میک<strong>ن</strong>يم،<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ي<strong>ا</strong>فت ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>يم.<br />
(Russkoje Bogatstowo)<br />
دخ<strong>ا</strong>لته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>-ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> حيطه عل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی<br />
-١<br />
A<br />
١٨٩۵<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ر</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز ز<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
میشد، مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی تحت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د سي<strong>ا</strong>سی"، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>، ف. <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> شد. کليه معلمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> عليه "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک" ص<strong>ر</strong>يح <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم فلسفی <strong>ب</strong>لکه (عليه "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک" م) علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ن</strong>يز که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی<br />
ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د ج<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ر</strong>يد (<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی م) عليه<br />
مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د سي<strong>ا</strong>سی مسلح میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong>گ عليه مک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د سي<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
–<br />
–<br />
(F. Blei)<br />
A- "Vierteljahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie", 1895, Bd. XIX, F. Blei,<br />
"Die Metaphysik in der Nationalökonomie", S. 378 - 390
250 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
–<br />
[<br />
A<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه می<strong>ا</strong>فتد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خصيصه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی عليه مکت<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />
ذیعل<strong>ا</strong>قه<strong>ا</strong>يم.<br />
ف. <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "هدف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهد که <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د سي<strong>ا</strong>سی هميشه<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> تل<strong>ا</strong>ش خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تفسي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی عمل میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛<br />
يع<strong>ن</strong>ی...’ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>‘ ح<strong>ا</strong>کم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ’ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>‘ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ع<strong>ا</strong>مل ف<strong>ر</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د سي<strong>ا</strong>سی ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کليه<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ کليه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> زيستی <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> علمی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د... تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يسي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> مي<strong>و</strong>ه چه خ<strong>ا</strong>کی هست<strong>ن</strong>د. [<strong>ب</strong>ی محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> تعظيم<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ليکه خ<strong>و</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>م، عملی <strong>و</strong> ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی<br />
مشغ<strong>و</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>و</strong> همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت متعدد د<strong>ر</strong> فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لدي<strong>ن</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه س<strong>ا</strong>زی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>تقل س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د. يک مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ’<strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی‘<br />
’<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د‘ (<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت معم<strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>و</strong>مه میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ده<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی حقيقی، "خصيصه" <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی" <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط "تحليل تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت" <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong>تذل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>و</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تحليل میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دهد؛ فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>د<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ’ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح‘<br />
<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ’ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د‘ ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />
ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس، ’ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی‘ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>تی<br />
ق<strong>ا</strong>عده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ’ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>‘ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليه<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د شد<strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش غ<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
گشت<strong>ن</strong>د... ’<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د‘ ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک مق<strong>و</strong>له <strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل شد که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ’ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی‘<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کشف ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong>ه کشف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د: ’ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>‘ ’س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يه‘ <strong>و</strong> ’ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>‘، ’<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ه‘، ’مزد‘ <strong>و</strong><br />
’س<strong>و</strong>د‘. <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong>فل<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د ’س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>‘، ’ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>‘ <strong>و</strong><br />
غي<strong>ر</strong>ه. س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ’س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>‘ صفت ’طم<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>و</strong>د‘ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>د. لي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
(Initialabschnitt)<br />
(Finalabschnitt)<br />
–<br />
–<br />
(Wirkungen der Seele)<br />
(٢٧٨<br />
–<br />
٧٩<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ئی مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هيچ مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی عمل <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
’عملی‘، <strong>و</strong> ’ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل لمس‘<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ’متي<strong>ن</strong>‘<br />
(Sinnfällige)<br />
،(nüchterne)<br />
می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د...<br />
Sie dücken sich die voraussetzungslosesten Realisten, da sie sich ja mit den so,<br />
`[nüchternen]´, `praktischen´ und `[sinnfälligen]´, wirtschaftlichen Erscheinungen<br />
befassen... S.318
فصل ششم 251<br />
صفت ’مکمل‘ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> صفت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ’عملک<strong>ر</strong>د ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يه‘ ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />
شد<strong>ن</strong>د." (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٨٢<br />
"م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong>ه مط<strong>ا</strong>لعه س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليزم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د سي<strong>ا</strong>سی ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی<br />
دست زد، <strong>و</strong> هدف <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک ديد<strong>ن</strong> يک ’م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک‘ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليه خ<strong>و</strong>د ’مح<strong>ا</strong>فظت ک<strong>ن</strong>د‘. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فت... <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تل<strong>ا</strong>ش خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ’مح<strong>ا</strong>فظت‘<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> يک تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت حي<strong>ا</strong>تی، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،<br />
چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک جز<strong>ء</strong> متشکل د<strong>ر</strong> محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شکل<br />
’خشم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ر</strong>قت <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>‘ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که<br />
’ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‘ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د‘ <strong>ر</strong>د شد<strong>ن</strong>د، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ’<strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>ق د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د سي<strong>ا</strong>سی‘ هست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست، میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>قی ت<strong>و</strong>ده يک حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دليلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست که س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دليلی که حقيقت ق<strong>ب</strong>لی تحمل <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه حس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست يک محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد." (<strong>ا</strong>ز مقدمه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> "فق<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه" ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس)<br />
<strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل ف<strong>و</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، ف. <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد: "د<strong>ر</strong> قطعه ف<strong>و</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>خش مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>جه م<strong>ا</strong>ست جد<strong>ا</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
يک کلمه تک<strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی: <strong>ب</strong>ه شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د شد، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ٓمد)<br />
<strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ’ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی‘ که يک ’حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی‘ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت ’شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>قی غي<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه‘<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>خش غ<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی ’<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی‘ می<strong>ر</strong>سد. ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ظيفه<strong>ء</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ِ ’د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>‘ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليه، ’جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی‘ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ’حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی‘ <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليه<br />
’حف<strong>ا</strong>ظت ک<strong>ن</strong>د‘. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته ش<strong>ا</strong>مل مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی <strong>ا</strong>ست، ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ’ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی شده‘ چط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش غ<strong>ا</strong>ئی ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د، ’<strong>ب</strong>ه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی‘ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش مستقل، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ’حقيقت مطلق‘ ’ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه گذشته‘ يک م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />
شده ’<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>سيله يک ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت‘ خ<strong>ا</strong>ص د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>سيله سيستم <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong><br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ... ’حقيقت‘ ’ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی‘ د<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فی ’حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی‘ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د. حف<strong>ا</strong>ظت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليه ک<strong>ا</strong>مل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه گذشته <strong>ن</strong>قد خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٨۶<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حتم<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>قل مفصل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ع<strong>ا</strong>مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>حمق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
علمی که د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س زي<strong>ن</strong>ت ي<strong>ا</strong>فته، <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>جيده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ کسی که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد<br />
دشم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>فهمد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ر</strong>زمي<strong>ن</strong> دشم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
Initialabschnitt,<br />
(٣٨۴ –<br />
Medialabschnitt,<br />
Wer den Feind will verstehen, muss )<br />
)<br />
١١٦<br />
(٣٨١ –<br />
١١٥<br />
(Medialabschnitt)<br />
– abgebrochen)<br />
...(Finalabschnitt
252 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
(im Feindes Lande gehen<br />
–<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> دشم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده دع<strong>و</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک لحظه <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دلقک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
علم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ش<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> همک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تحليل ک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه يک: م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس يک "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيسي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست که "<strong>ن</strong>قد" تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت "مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د، که يک ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت عم<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> "ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong>ص" خ<strong>و</strong>د تز<strong>ر</strong>يق ک<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong> دهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> صده<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم که<br />
کليه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>و</strong> کليه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک"<br />
متهم میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> دقيقت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت که<strong>ن</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong>، هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> عليه "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک"<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong>: م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزکی <strong>ا</strong>ست که علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی (فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی). <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong><br />
هم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست که "مسئ<strong>و</strong>ل" <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>لکه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
ج<strong>ن</strong>گ عليه "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت غ<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تصديق خ<strong>و</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت کليه کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت عظيم د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه سه: م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د که "شخصيت" يک<br />
(کميت ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م)، يک چيز <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ا</strong>ست، که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک "ع<strong>ا</strong>مل ف<strong>ر</strong>عی"<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع "ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د" <strong>ا</strong>ست که يک تحليل ،des gefundenen يع<strong>ن</strong>ی تحليل <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه ي<strong>ا</strong>فته شده، تحليل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حجت يک تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ا</strong>دهه<strong>ا</strong>ی "هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی" <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س. <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً حق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهمل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زد م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهمل، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ز مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong>د ش<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>: تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس "غي<strong>ر</strong> زيستی" <strong>ا</strong>ست، ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ز "تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>تی"<br />
<strong>و</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی س<strong>ا</strong>ختگی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ست که علم <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>هد.<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong><br />
سفسطهه<strong>ا</strong>ی "زيستی" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه معل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>و</strong>دی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong> چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج: ج<strong>ب</strong>هه د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>، ج<strong>ب</strong>ههگي<strong>ر</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه حل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>يش تعيي<strong>ن</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک کل، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>و</strong> علم <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ق<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه تل<strong>ا</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong>شته ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong>قتی د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد تعج<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.<br />
Quantite negligeable<br />
(Schrulle)<br />
cypher<br />
–
فصل ششم 253<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه شش: تمسخ<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت "عي<strong>ن</strong>ی". <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی يک م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong>ه حس ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی حس<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>و</strong> کل <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دقت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی که دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی، "<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز" م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت "ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی" م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس، <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د (چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که مطمئ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د شد) م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم گفت:<br />
شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> يک چه<strong>ر</strong>ه کج <strong>و</strong> مع<strong>و</strong>ج س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong>يد. <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
دقت تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میس<strong>ا</strong>زد، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> حس<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تل<strong>ا</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س.<br />
<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> شخص <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل يک م<strong>ر</strong>يد ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست، شخص <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong><br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> لس<strong>و</strong>يچ، يک <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
مسئله م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی يک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس<br />
ص<strong>ر</strong>ف ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ص<strong>ر</strong>ف ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه شکلی مث<strong>ب</strong>ت ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جلد د<strong>و</strong>م کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>"مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص" <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت، د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تيت<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
س<strong>و</strong>ی ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت" <strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف، تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ا</strong>هده خ<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد. "خصيصهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
عمده ح<strong>ا</strong>لت <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>ق، زي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی می<strong>ر</strong>سيم." (صفحه<br />
ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی هدف خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت يک ح<strong>ا</strong>لت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<br />
متم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل، چه قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ديک<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه که<strong>و</strong>لت، "ع<strong>ا</strong>قلت<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>مت<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ د<strong>ر</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
م<strong>و</strong>قع" (صفحه يک عل<strong>ا</strong>مت س<strong>ر</strong>سخت <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>سخت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت يک<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>چه" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشکيل <strong>ن</strong>میده<strong>ن</strong>د؟" (صفحه ۶٢)<br />
<strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>فِ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه میک<strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست: " خصيصه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>صلی کليه <strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ف تفک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> عمل م<strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست: "خيلیه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک کليد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ميزی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته تحمل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، يک عکس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که کج<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی دي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته کمت<strong>ر</strong> تحمل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شخ<strong>ا</strong>ص ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د... ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
چيز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> حس میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک چيزی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست." (صفحه ٧٢، ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت) <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> "تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ک<strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک ح<strong>ا</strong>لت مطلق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی." (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> همه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم جلد د<strong>و</strong>م تحت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
(iii "تک<strong>ا</strong>مل<br />
(vollkommene)<br />
A<br />
–<br />
(٧٢<br />
–<br />
(Philister)<br />
A- "Einführung in die Philosophie der reinen Erfahrung"<br />
B - "Auf dem Wege zum Dauernden"<br />
(endgültige)<br />
(۶٠<br />
(٧٣<br />
(۶٢<br />
B
254 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
A<br />
ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت"<br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. دل<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>زي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل: "<strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت ک<strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک مطلق، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>تفعت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، میک<strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د. همه ميل <strong>ب</strong>ه يک م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>سيع ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
لذت <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>دی د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت گست<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت قله میکش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>لکه غ<strong>ر</strong>يزه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يز هست که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی عميق د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ن</strong>هفته شده ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه يک<br />
فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> شده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک هدف ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد." (صفحه يک مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ديگ<strong>ر</strong>:<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>لی که م<strong>ر</strong>دم ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> يک کلکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د! "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شخص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ليست قيمته<strong>ا</strong>ی تم<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>و</strong> معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک هيچ چيز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعیت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>کت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>يست." (صفحه ٧۴)<br />
شخصی که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> فلسفی تعليم <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فته هيچ مفه<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>و</strong>سيع ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی" خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی شخص د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل ت<strong>و</strong>سعه میدهد.<br />
"هم د<strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ح<strong>ا</strong>لت ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست."، هم د<strong>ر</strong>دی يک تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>سخه<br />
ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج مش<strong>ا</strong>هده شده <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>جی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ست... <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطگی هم د<strong>ر</strong>دی گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت... <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>يم، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>سيله <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>يم که <strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ه ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی شخص مط<strong>ر</strong>ح <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>، <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> سع<strong>ا</strong>دت گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ب</strong>ه شک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> صلح، ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>پ</strong>ليد <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه مشت<strong>ا</strong>ق<br />
کمک <strong>ا</strong>ست....<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطگی هم د<strong>ر</strong>دی غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطگی کمک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز میک<strong>ن</strong>د. يک <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت ده<strong>ن</strong>ده غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
فک<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت غ<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه کسی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>گ دست<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ظيفهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خط<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد ت<strong>ا</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی <strong>ب</strong>یف<strong>ا</strong>يده يک د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>لخم<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت دهد؛ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> تحت<br />
ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط معي<strong>ن</strong>ی هم د<strong>ر</strong>دی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د شخص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>قی ت<strong>و</strong>جيه<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
<strong>و</strong> دهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> صده<strong>ا</strong> صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهمله<strong>ا</strong>ی ز<strong>ا</strong>ئد<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>صفی <strong>پ</strong>ُ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!<br />
<strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ز مفه<strong>و</strong>م "ح<strong>ا</strong>لت <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>قی ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت" <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. (قسمت د<strong>و</strong>م، جلد<br />
"Dauerbestande der Seele ("ح<strong>ا</strong>لت ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح")، <strong>ب</strong>خش يک: "<br />
"Dauerbestande (د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>قی") "ح<strong>ا</strong>لت ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت خ<strong>و</strong>د هيچ تغيي<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> هيچ يک <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> متشکل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه میش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong>گ<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>د." (صفحه ٢٠٢) "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ضم<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م ح<strong>ا</strong>لت<br />
<strong>و</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "ح<strong>ا</strong>لت ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت" <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
غ<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
"علم" <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست. "<strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت" چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م دهد. <strong>و</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يت کمک ک<strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ٓه <strong>ن</strong>ه. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
(٧٣<br />
Die " :٢<br />
Vom ethischen<br />
–<br />
(٢٠٧<br />
(٢١٣<br />
(endgültig)<br />
A - "Die psychische Tendenz zur Stabilität"
فصل ششم 255<br />
[<br />
A<br />
"تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د" <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه مطل<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد. [<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فت س<strong>و</strong>د<br />
س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يه، مزد ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د؟ (صفحه ٢٢٣)، کليه <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>دگی مزد"<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. (صفحه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میشد <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> کيف<strong>ر</strong> شکست، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>؟ خي<strong>ر</strong>، شکی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
"<strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>قی" <strong>ن</strong>يست؛ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شگ<strong>ا</strong>هی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليس، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تش <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی، (صفحه<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه "ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>مع <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>قی" <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong>يد. تحت <strong>ا</strong>سم "ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت زي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" (<strong>ب</strong>خش<br />
<strong>ر</strong>د شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تيکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی کليه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل گست<strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم، مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک، <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>لگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ستی "ستم قه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قليت" <strong>و</strong><br />
"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓل س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ل دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دهی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط د<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د." (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
٢، قسمت<br />
–<br />
۴١<br />
(٢٢٩<br />
(٢٣٠<br />
٢) "<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يتکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"<br />
B<br />
(٢۴٠<br />
گشت <strong>و</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی، <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حم<strong>ا</strong>قت <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> لج<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی که که<strong>ن</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشغ<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تحت <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شش م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی"<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> میف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شد. يک خ<strong>ر</strong>قه ل<strong>ا</strong>ف ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی کل<strong>ا</strong>می، <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئل زشت د<strong>ر</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی قي<strong>ا</strong>سی<br />
<strong>و</strong> ظ<strong>ر</strong>يف، د<strong>ر</strong> يک کلمه، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت، د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>يز هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
زي<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ی ز<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>.<br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ديم.<br />
٢- چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تصحيح میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong> "تک<strong>ا</strong>مل میدهد"<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له خ<strong>و</strong>د "ت<strong>و</strong>سعه حي<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه" (<strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ج<strong>ا</strong>معه"،<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه) قطعه مع<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز مقدمهی <strong>ن</strong>قد <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د سي<strong>ا</strong>سی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> "ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س ک<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>"، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس، <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ح<br />
١١٧<br />
"Zur Kritik"<br />
،١٩٠٣ صفحه ٣۵<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>و</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ت<strong>ن</strong>زل <strong>و</strong> مزد ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ن</strong>يست؟<br />
-A<br />
Ist nicht in der Tat der Kapitalzins im Sinken, steigt nicht Vortwährend der<br />
Arbeitslohn<br />
(Menger)<br />
(Popper)<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه همي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق م<strong>ا</strong>خ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د که "<strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی ف<strong>ر</strong>د" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تضمي<strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> عقيده میک<strong>ن</strong>د: دکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong> که "د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم" <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مطل<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، خط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>دگی حتی کلیت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ستمگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>دگی يک د<strong>و</strong>لت ش<strong>ا</strong>هی ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فی میدهد. ،Erkenntnis und Irrtum چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ١٩٠۶، ٢، صفحه ٨٠<br />
٨١ –<br />
-B
256 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
(٣٧<br />
میدهد. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قل گفت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د که "ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong>ستی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز دست د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
تصحيح ک<strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>خشد. <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی عمده م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست:<br />
<strong>ن</strong>" ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>ه ژ<strong>ن</strong> کلی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی تعلق<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>سيله ح<strong>و</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم: <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک تع<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
ژ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد مح<strong>ر</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک<br />
شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د متحد ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د: <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> هيچ <strong>ا</strong>ٓميزشی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حي<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی د<strong>ر</strong> کليه تجلیه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د يک حي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست... ج<strong>ا</strong>معه <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. هستی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی دقيق <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><br />
ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ب</strong>يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تدکس <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
("مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی"، س<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گ،<br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سز<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د: <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تدکس <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی "<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی دقيق <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>"<br />
<strong>ن</strong>قل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د "<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف حق د<strong>ا</strong>شت<br />
که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تصحيح ک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>"تح<strong>ر</strong>يف"، "ج<strong>ا</strong>يگز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه ("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"،<br />
کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م، صفحه <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی م<strong>ب</strong>هم ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ن</strong>کته م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی دقيقی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کلمهه<strong>ا</strong>ی "<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی"<br />
<strong>و</strong> "شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی" <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، شکی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت که ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>يست. "<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی" <strong>و</strong> "شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی" مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميزش خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> عمل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه ح<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د که شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong> کليه شکل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يچيدگی <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> شکل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی<br />
س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص م<strong>ر</strong>دم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميزش خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که چه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
شکل میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کد<strong>ا</strong>م ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل دهق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
که غلّه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د "<strong>ا</strong>ٓميزش" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ليد ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی غلّه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د؛ هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>دله شکل میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست. شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس.<br />
يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک ک<strong>پ</strong>ی تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س ي<strong>ا</strong>فته، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ صح<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست. شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست يک <strong>ا</strong>صل عم<strong>و</strong>می<br />
تم<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم. غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه مستقيم <strong>و</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ديد: شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تصحيح ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> محس<strong>و</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس "د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د" يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست. مضحک <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
۵٠<br />
(Gattung)<br />
١٨٣، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس)<br />
–<br />
١٩٠۶، صفحه<br />
–<br />
(<br />
(xiiv<br />
۵١
فصل ششم 257<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ر</strong>د. ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم (<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم، <strong>ا</strong>ٓه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ه! تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> "سيستم" <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د!): "<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست." <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> هستی. <strong>ب</strong>عد ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>و</strong>. ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کسی که <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شدت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> قسم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong>د که يک<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ن</strong>يست، که کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی دقيق کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د:<br />
"<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست." ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس ت<strong>و</strong>سط ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ن</strong>يد: "ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه م<strong>ا</strong>دی ت<strong>و</strong>ليد هميشه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هدهگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> يک عمل شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست... <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی ت<strong>و</strong>ليد <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی هست<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> حتی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی ت<strong>و</strong>ليد <strong>ن</strong>يز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."(<br />
عم<strong>و</strong>می شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong> صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٩۶<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی "تح<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>"<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ هيچ <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد د<strong>ا</strong>د. تصحيح تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong><br />
تک<strong>ا</strong>مل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس متص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست" <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز هيچ<br />
ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شی که ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت تل<strong>ا</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>يست.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>خشد که يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ن</strong>يست. ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
می<strong>ب</strong>خشد که يک <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ست. (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف حتی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د) د<strong>ر</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليست" <strong>و</strong> يک "دشم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم" <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ن</strong>د. زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی که شم<strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> فهميديد،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong>! ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong> همه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>،<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>حتج<strong>ا</strong>ج میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل کليه <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مثلت مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش کليه <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>جه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت، "يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی" هستی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>عظه ک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ م<strong>ا</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم گفت: <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف م<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم" (ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ) يک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ا</strong>ست. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی مهمل محض <strong>و</strong> يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مطلقً<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی میده<strong>ن</strong>د، م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه دهيم.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی میدهد، <strong>و</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> فد<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. ه<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ليد ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حدی د<strong>ر</strong> سيستم <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تشخيص میدهد که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
تغيي<strong>ر</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ن</strong>يک ت<strong>و</strong>ليد مع<strong>ر</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>لکی تشخيص ميدهد که محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت معي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>دله ميک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ليد ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>لک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تشخيص <strong>ن</strong>میده<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د هستی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د. مجم<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> کليه ش<strong>ا</strong>خهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
(prius)<br />
Das menschliche<br />
(٢٩۵ –<br />
(Bewußtseinzusammenhang)<br />
،Glück und die soziale Frage صفحه ٢٩٣
258 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی حتی ت<strong>و</strong>سط هفت<strong>ا</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس هم <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مش<strong>ا</strong>هده گ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت کشف شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، که م<strong>ن</strong>طق عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><br />
تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> عمدت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی که ج<strong>ا</strong>معه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د (<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی مزگیه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی" خ<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد) <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی که<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که شم<strong>ا</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی میک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>و</strong><br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد، <strong>ب</strong>چه <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد، محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>تی ت<strong>و</strong>ليد میک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>دله<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>يد يک ز<strong>ن</strong>جي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>يع، يک ز<strong>ن</strong>جي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که<br />
مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی شم<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز ت<strong>و</strong>سط شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.<br />
ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ظيفه <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طق عي<strong>ن</strong>ی تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی (تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی)<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خصيصهه<strong>ا</strong>ی عم<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد که شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی يک<br />
شخص <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کليه کش<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>جهی ت<strong>ا</strong> حد ممک<strong>ن</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>م،<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong>ق گ<strong>ر</strong>دد.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> همه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی "يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی" <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، که يک ز<strong>ا</strong>ئده<br />
مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی تهی میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد، <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه تهی، م<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی مص<strong>ر</strong>ف که "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی عم<strong>و</strong>می ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی" ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه "تد<strong>ا</strong>خل" <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>قيه چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>دي<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خی. "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ م<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز ز<strong>ن</strong>ده ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د"؛<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ز<strong>ا</strong>يده مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>ده، عليه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف، فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
خدمت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجعي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز مختلف،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز صده<strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ن</strong>دلی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيز م<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی ز<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>پ</strong>خش میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خفه<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيز ز<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> هد<strong>ا</strong>يت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف شخص<strong>ا</strong> يک دشم<strong>ن</strong> قسم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>ع<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زيست. "ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی" <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی "يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong><br />
شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی" <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>ع خدمت میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> غم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> کل، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی (م<strong>ا</strong>ده) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س، تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد، م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد. د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لت شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لت يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س حقيقی<br />
(م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>، ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً دقيق) <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی که <strong>ا</strong>ز يک قطعه<br />
ف<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد س<strong>ا</strong>خته شده يک مقدمه <strong>ا</strong>صلی، يک <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حذف ک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز حقيقت<br />
عي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>يد، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong>م کذ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ن</strong>يفتيد.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم چ<strong>ن</strong>د مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست<br />
ز<strong>ن</strong>ده ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د:<br />
مق<strong>ا</strong>له "<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم چيست؟"، ١٩٠١، (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ٢ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه): "م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه می<strong>ر</strong>سيم:<br />
هم د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که م<strong>ر</strong>دم د<strong>ر</strong> قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> هم د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق<br />
<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت يکی <strong>ا</strong>ست يع<strong>ن</strong>ی کم<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ا</strong>يش ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده حي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>
فصل ششم 259<br />
شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>ست... ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<br />
<strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دیه<strong>ا</strong>ی زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی که ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><br />
ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>ده شد ("<strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ا</strong>يشی د<strong>ر</strong> مجم<strong>و</strong>ع حي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست."، صفحه<br />
مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> متق<strong>ا</strong>عد خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong>می مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong><br />
میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج ش<strong>و</strong>د... <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> حي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>ه حي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لغ<br />
میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست: <strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ا</strong>يش د<strong>ر</strong> کم<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی حي<strong>ا</strong>ت:<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم حي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی ه<strong>ر</strong>گز محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد." (صفحه ١۶)<br />
"م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>يم... که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم م<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زی ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓل <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی<br />
<strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه ٣٢)<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که گفته ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی حتی ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ميخ<strong>ا</strong>ئيلفسکی هم ه<strong>ر</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يفی<br />
<strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د که ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د، که چيزی جز "<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>" م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> يک<br />
فقد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong>ک "<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم چيست" <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم چيست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ده<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"، مق<strong>ا</strong>له "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی (م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش)"، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د<br />
"ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طی ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ، ف<strong>ر</strong>ی، <strong>و</strong>لتم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>" ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
(صفحه ١)، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز "تحقيق" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم: "میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت زي<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم:<br />
"ه<strong>ر</strong> عمل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی م<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ا</strong>يش ي<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>هش <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong> ’<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> مث<strong>ب</strong>ت‘ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم. د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>و</strong>م ’<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>فی‘." (ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف)<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشغ<strong>ا</strong>ل ز<strong>ا</strong>ئد<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>صف <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه میش<strong>و</strong>د! <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چيزی<br />
عقيمت<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>تت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>فته<strong>ء</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
هيچ خدمتی، <strong>و</strong> هيچ خدمتی د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه عل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی تحقيق مشخص،<br />
ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی <strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک<br />
<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع ص<strong>ر</strong>ف تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. "<strong>ر</strong>شد س<strong>ر</strong>يع <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>ليدی ج<strong>ا</strong>معه س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک <strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ا</strong>يشی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی کل ج<strong>ا</strong>معه <strong>ا</strong>ست..." <strong>ن</strong>يمه د<strong>و</strong>م ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک يک تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>يمه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong><br />
کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده ت<strong>ا</strong> ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه مسئله "عمق" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>خشد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>معه زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>يست! "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ خصيصه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>شد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>تل<strong>ا</strong>ف ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>ليدی می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد: <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> مث<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />
ج<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>فی میدهد." (صفحه ١٨)<br />
(١۴<br />
١٩٠۶<br />
۵<br />
-<br />
–
260 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
–<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چس<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> زده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً مص<strong>ا</strong>لح مشخصی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> همه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يته<strong>ا</strong><br />
ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف د<strong>و</strong>ست د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> عمق<br />
<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>خشد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک مکت<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> تحمل <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی مخ<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>ت، <strong>ر</strong>قيق میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم"، تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong><br />
تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی" (صفحه <strong>و</strong> "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی"<br />
چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک مجم<strong>و</strong>عه ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستهز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> محض م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> يک تحقيق م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی د<strong>ر</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست! تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج<br />
کس<strong>ب</strong> شده ت<strong>و</strong>سط تحقيق م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی د<strong>ر</strong> يک ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
کل ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ا</strong>ست. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>"، "حذف <strong>و</strong> دفع" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی،<br />
تع<strong>ا</strong>دل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>قتی د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه عل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
تهی. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع يک تحقيق د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی عل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت گي<strong>ر</strong>د. هيچ چيز <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>چس<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک" ي<strong>ا</strong> "زيست – ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديده ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ، م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>تی<br />
<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه زد؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ هيچ چيزی عقيمت<strong>ر</strong>، مکت<strong>ب</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>تت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مشغله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست. <strong>ن</strong>کته مهم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف سعی میک<strong>ن</strong>د کليه ي<strong>ا</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً کليه (م<strong>ا</strong> "تصحيح" <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم) <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم ج<strong>ا</strong><br />
دهد، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی" ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً ک<strong>ا</strong>ذ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ<br />
<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس د<strong>ر</strong> ٢٧ <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong>گلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ ("د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مسئله ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه،<br />
چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م) <strong>ب</strong>ه صد<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ن</strong> ست<strong>ا</strong>يش میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هدف که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مهم ک<strong>ن</strong>د. می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ يک کشف عظيم ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. کل ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تحت يک ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی عظيم<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزی مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د)، ’م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>ت‘<strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت، ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> جمعيت ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه<br />
جمعيت م<strong>ا</strong>لت<strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی تحليل ’م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>ت‘ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يق<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ک<strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه<br />
مشخص <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ’م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>ت‘ <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه ’<strong>و</strong>هم جمعيت‘<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>لت<strong>و</strong>سی؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی جهل خ<strong>و</strong>د ست<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه، <strong>ب</strong>ه ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
علمی، م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لغه <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>لی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ر</strong>ی."<br />
م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ا</strong>ز ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص م<strong>ا</strong>لت<strong>و</strong>سگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>ل مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>و</strong>زه عل<strong>و</strong>م<br />
<strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>ل چه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت "خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>" ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد چه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>غ، <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> جهت ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک<br />
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١١٨<br />
ژ<strong>و</strong>ئ<strong>ن</strong> ١٨٧٠
فصل ششم 261<br />
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<strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی" <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف، جفت ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زی<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت، م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيک م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لغه <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د ("ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"،<br />
"هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی"، "تد<strong>ا</strong>خل" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه)، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی، حتی <strong>و</strong>قتی يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دت<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong>لص<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>و</strong><br />
لف<strong>ا</strong>ظیه<strong>ا</strong>ی زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه تهی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لغه <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف شد.<br />
يک خص<strong>و</strong>صيت ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی (ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> عقيده م<strong>ا</strong>خی د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ل دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>) چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ "<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئي<strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست"<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> حدی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>، <strong>و</strong>گت، م<strong>و</strong>لسش<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ ص<strong>ا</strong>دق <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی که کليه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ خ<strong>ا</strong>م دسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>و</strong> مفل<strong>و</strong>کی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong>شد ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه عليه خ<strong>ا</strong>م دست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>خته شد<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم فلسفی معط<strong>و</strong>ف د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ. <strong>ب</strong>ه همي<strong>ن</strong> دليل <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی. م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ن</strong>زديک شد<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong>قتی که فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت تخصص میي<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> جذ<strong>ب</strong> يک شکل يک <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>و</strong><br />
تح<strong>ر</strong>يف شده <strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> تشکيل ده<strong>ن</strong>ده دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک (<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی) ت<strong>و</strong>جه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
عمدت<strong>ا</strong>ً معط<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه يک دف<strong>ا</strong>ع ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شش م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
زي<strong>ر</strong> يک ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>ب</strong>ه ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> علمی خيلی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف زي<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>جه کمی <strong>ب</strong>ه فلسفه ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>فهميد<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه تع<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ُ<strong>ب</strong>عد ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديک شد<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جذ<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> جذ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ع<strong>ا</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی زي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> شده <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم مغش<strong>و</strong>ش خل<strong>ا</strong>ص<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د! د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>" م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong>تذل <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ف<strong>ا</strong>سد شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی زي<strong>ن</strong>ت ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست. "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ً متشکل"،"<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه جمعی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>" <strong>و</strong><br />
غي<strong>ر</strong>ه کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> کلمه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، که يک فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
–
262 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د، جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" ي<strong>ا</strong> يک "<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی" <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت <strong>ا</strong>ست، ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت فيزيکی "محص<strong>و</strong>ل" "<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی" <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>لک.<br />
يک تح<strong>ر</strong>يف ه<strong>ر</strong> چه زي<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم، يک ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه ه<strong>ر</strong> چه زي<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت ضد<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی تحت لف<strong>ا</strong>فه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست خصيصه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>يژه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يزي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د<br />
سي<strong>ا</strong>سی، د<strong>ر</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل ت<strong>ا</strong>کتيکه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> فلسفه د<strong>ر</strong> کل. هم د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>و</strong> هم د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی<br />
٣- "م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی" س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف<br />
مق<strong>ا</strong>له <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی "مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی ’د<strong>ر</strong>‘ فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم" <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته <strong>ر</strong>فيق س. س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف<br />
که ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت جمعی کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> يک دسته گل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
غي<strong>ر</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong>قتی د<strong>ر</strong> يک زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم <strong>ن</strong>طقه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف که میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> گفته<br />
که دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس "<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست"، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د، ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی که <strong>ب</strong>ه مذه<strong>ب</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد، ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ که<br />
"کل<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" مع<strong>ر</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> فلسفه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، گلف<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ژ. ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م س.<br />
س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ش "م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی" [<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>يع "<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح" گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش جديد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د. کميت <strong>ب</strong>ه کيفيت ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. "جستج<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی" که ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز هم د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>و</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی جد<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه جستج<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م فت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>سيده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. عدم ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقه<strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>دی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت ظه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> جمعی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> عليه (<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه "د<strong>ر</strong>") فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> خصيصهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
تحت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط مق<strong>ا</strong>له س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ن</strong>ه يک<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه يک "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليست". <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ب</strong>قيه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف، ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز هم جد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
يک مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليست" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> کمک<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد ک<strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهيم.<br />
س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ظم میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong>ه عم<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> کليه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>م تک<strong>ا</strong>مل میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>. م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ه<strong>ر</strong> سيستمی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
(Bermann)<br />
–<br />
(Suworow)<br />
[<br />
A<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>و</strong>ی صف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی جديد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يد<br />
- dann spürt man sofort den "Geist" der neuen Linie. S. 335
فصل ششم 263<br />
–<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> مص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>و</strong> مص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شت خدمت ک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل تع<strong>ا</strong>دل متح<strong>ر</strong>ک که مدته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>يده مصلحت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيخته<br />
(م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong>مه شمسی، سيکل <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی زمي<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه حي<strong>ا</strong>ت)، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی که د<strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میخيز<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>و</strong><br />
م<strong>ن</strong>ظم ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده تم<strong>ا</strong>می تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ست تک<strong>ا</strong>مل غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلی، زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی (صفحه<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف)<br />
"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>و</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی" م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چه سه<strong>و</strong>لت د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جهی "ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>م" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د! چه حيف که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حتی ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی هم <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
س<strong>ر</strong>عت ت<strong>و</strong>سط د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓمد<strong>ن</strong>د. "ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>م" س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> تهی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لغه <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ. سعی ک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف ذک<strong>ر</strong> شده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong>يد تک<strong>ا</strong>مل غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلی. خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد ديد که هيچ "<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی" <strong>ب</strong>جز ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل ش<strong>و</strong>د، چه <strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت "ع<strong>ا</strong>م" <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل ش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف<br />
ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی" <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ذک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. (صفحه<br />
<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>جز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> چه چيزی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته تک<strong>ا</strong>مل غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>يچيدگیه<strong>ا</strong>، ي<strong>ا</strong> کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، ي<strong>ا</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کج<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف حق د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>" تغيي<strong>ر</strong> دهد (ک<strong>ا</strong>مل ک<strong>ن</strong>د)؟ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>و</strong> کشفي<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛<br />
س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه هم <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>فِ ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>يفی میگفت قلم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ا</strong>ده ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک "ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>م" جديد<br />
"فلسفه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ر</strong>سيد (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست مص<strong>ا</strong>لحی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خته شده<strong>ا</strong>يم!<br />
چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ هستيم؟<br />
<strong>ر</strong>شته د<strong>و</strong>م تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد تک<strong>ا</strong>مل زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته، ج<strong>ا</strong>ئیکه تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسمه<strong>ا</strong><br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت میگي<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ست ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
"ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>" ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی؟ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>ه فک<strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيد! "فلسفه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>" میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د "مع<strong>ن</strong>ی" يک<br />
،٢٩٣<br />
–<br />
-<br />
(٢٩٢<br />
١١٩<br />
–<br />
–<br />
A<br />
(٢٩٢<br />
-A<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>يژه <strong>ا</strong>ست که س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف کشف ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی "مح<strong>ر</strong>ز شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک"<br />
میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليست" حس<strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده م<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ش<strong>ن</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ب</strong>تذل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مح<strong>ر</strong>ز شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليست" م<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست: <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مُد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده. <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> همي<strong>ن</strong>. <strong>و</strong><br />
مشکل د<strong>ر</strong>ست همي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست: "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>"ئی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مُد تسليم میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس کلمه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> جديد <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حذف ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> (مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی<br />
د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ") <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ١٨٨٨ "ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ" <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ا</strong>دل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم "<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>" <strong>و</strong> "ح<strong>ر</strong>کت" <strong>و</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> يک ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی جديد غ<strong>ن</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کلمه جديد چس<strong>ب</strong>يد<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک ت<strong>و</strong>جه<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
١٨٨۵<br />
(٢٩٢
264 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
–<br />
ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يق ديگ<strong>ر</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د. مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسمه<strong>ا</strong>ی ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ستت<strong>ر</strong>. چه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
يک ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت تهی ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل گ<strong>ر</strong>دد <strong>ا</strong>صل "<strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی" حفظ شده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته س<strong>و</strong>م<br />
(<strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی)، "ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>م" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م ث<strong>ا</strong>لثی تع<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>ليدی. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دليل <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک "ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>م" <strong>ا</strong>ست چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>خته ش<strong>و</strong>د<br />
که ه<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
"گ<strong>ر</strong> چه علم <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه محکم <strong>و</strong> تعميمه<strong>ا</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> علم <strong>ب</strong>ه يک سطح تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ر</strong>سيد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خدمت <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشکيل<br />
میدهد. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> علم <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سطح يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د..." <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس گفت که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس<br />
س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک تخيل <strong>ب</strong>ه يک علم ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ن</strong>يست. م<strong>و</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز علم متم<strong>ا</strong>يز ک<strong>ن</strong>يم (<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس يک علم <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
د<strong>ا</strong>شت؟) [چه میش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد!<br />
<strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميک <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د، که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>ليدی <strong>ا</strong>صل تعيي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده تم<strong>ا</strong>می تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>ليدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>زل <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی مص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "فلسفه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>" چه قد<strong>ر</strong> ثم<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست: يک م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم خلق شده <strong>ا</strong>ست!)... <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی خ<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د..."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً که ع<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست! چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس يک <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د سي<strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
کلمه "<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "فلسفه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميم!<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ه. م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هيچ <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مهمله<strong>ا</strong>ئی هست<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
که ت<strong>و</strong>سط کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ غ<strong>ب</strong>طه میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس يک<br />
تع<strong>ر</strong>يف مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً دقيق <strong>ا</strong>ز مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong>شد <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>ليد ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه مشخص <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong>لعه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف کلمه ت<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس تحليل شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<br />
مشخص ک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميم<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>د. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>د که م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>" چيست. چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
ش<strong>و</strong>د، چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. چه حق<strong>ا</strong>يق دقيق <strong>و</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong>يد:<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>و</strong>حدت د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی علم <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست (خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده عزيز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد؟)، <strong>ب</strong>لکه حلقه متصل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
عم<strong>و</strong>می هستی <strong>ن</strong>يز هست." (صفحه ٢٩۴)<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
[<br />
A<br />
–<br />
–<br />
..."<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:<br />
<strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد!<br />
- was tut's, wenn diese Unterscheidung keinen Sinn hat!
فصل ششم 265<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>. خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی عم<strong>و</strong>می هستی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه دفع<strong>ا</strong>ت متعدد <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل مختلف ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> متعدد فلسفه مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی کشف شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط س.<br />
س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف کشف شد. م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی عم<strong>و</strong>می هستی" جديد ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک<br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>ئيم! <strong>ا</strong>ميد<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيم که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> جمعی <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کشف<br />
عظيم ش<strong>و</strong>د!<br />
ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده فلسفه <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ح<br />
میدهد میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مث<strong>ا</strong>ل زي<strong>ر</strong> ديد: "د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>ليدی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی ژ<strong>ن</strong>تيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
تشکيل میده<strong>ن</strong>د (<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی!) <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>ده، ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی تغيي<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئل ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> که تک<strong>ن</strong>يک ت<strong>و</strong>ليد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د تشکيل شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د... د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک عمل ک<strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م میده<strong>ن</strong>د؛ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>فه<br />
ج<strong>و</strong>ئی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ا</strong>يش میده<strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>ليدی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک عمل ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م میده<strong>ن</strong>د! <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست مثل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم<br />
<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه حي<strong>ا</strong>ت يک عمل ک<strong>ر</strong>د حي<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م میده<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ح<br />
د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ن</strong>يست؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong>يخت <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت سد<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست کليه <strong>ر</strong>يخت <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> شم<strong>ر</strong>د. "<strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> يک ط<strong>ب</strong>قه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شد قد<strong>ر</strong>ت جمعی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>يملک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د." (صفحه<br />
هدف م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل تع<strong>ا</strong>دل د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ختل<strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی، دشم<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه، <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>و</strong> ضد <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. "<strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong>فت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی، <strong>ر</strong>شد <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مزخ<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم!<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست! <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شدت قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ر</strong>د. ه<strong>ر</strong> کسی می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت که <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>فق <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>و</strong>قتی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong><br />
چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم که<br />
همي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی "تک<strong>ا</strong>مل" م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گزي<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سيم که يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
(٣١٣<br />
(٢٩٨<br />
–<br />
–<br />
(٣٢٨<br />
..."<br />
(٣٢٢
266 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
A<br />
۴- <strong>ا</strong>حز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>و</strong> [مغش<strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفی [<br />
–<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>و</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
مسئله می<strong>ر</strong>سد که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>حز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ی ج<strong>ب</strong>هه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه<br />
چيست.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>پ</strong>ييشي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> مسئله تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت که ت<strong>و</strong>سط فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> لمس<br />
شده <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> مسئله فلسفی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>يل ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيک جديد، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong>ٓشغ<strong>ا</strong>ل مکت<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی د<strong>و</strong> صف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>صلی د<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> حل مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشخيص<br />
د<strong>ا</strong>ديم. <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت، م<strong>ا</strong>ده، فيزيکی، جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>، ذه<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<br />
(تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يج زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د)، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />
ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ر</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>يست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ<br />
تقسيم ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش ح<strong>ا</strong>کم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شش کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت، تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يف، <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>يل مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی کل<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. (<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ج<strong>ا</strong>ی مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی"، "ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت" <strong>و</strong> "ذه<strong>ن</strong>" مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی": فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. يک کلمه ع<strong>و</strong>ض شده <strong>ا</strong>ست!)<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>غ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت س<strong>ر</strong>چشمه میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، که يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، که د<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت که ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> حل شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>قف <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />
همي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه عل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د -، <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>دي<strong>ا</strong>ت ل<strong>ا</strong>ف ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه، ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی "کشف" يک خط "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه، <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓشغ<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>طل <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يخت<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>هيت کل<strong>ا</strong>می چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ئی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>يسمه<strong>ا</strong>ی"<br />
فلسفی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه، سد ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئل ل<strong>ا</strong>ف ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه، <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<br />
م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د تعقي<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
گفتيم "<strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>"، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس ت<strong>ا</strong>زه د<strong>ا</strong>شت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس<br />
يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم علمی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> میشد که <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
محت<strong>و</strong>ی غ<strong>ن</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
حتی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح شگفت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی عمده د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
-<br />
١٨۴٣<br />
–<br />
philosophische Wirrköpfe. S.339<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: س<strong>ر</strong>سخت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفی.
فصل ششم 267<br />
٢٠<br />
١٢٠<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>کت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مجله<br />
عليه شلي<strong>ن</strong>گ دع<strong>و</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شلي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د که<br />
کليه فلسفهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست، يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ی کم م<strong>ا</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ست." <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
(شلي<strong>ن</strong>گ) <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>في<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تح<strong>ا</strong>د فلسفه <strong>و</strong> خد<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی هستم؛ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تح<strong>ا</strong>د جسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده هستم؛ <strong>ب</strong>ه شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی<br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيسم هستم." م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که "شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"، ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
هي<strong>و</strong>می خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی (ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يستم م<strong>ا</strong>خی) عليه "دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيسم" م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تشخيص د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه دهد که ت<strong>و</strong>سط يکی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> سيستم فلسفی ک<strong>و</strong>چک مفل<strong>و</strong>ک م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف گ<strong>ر</strong>دد، ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ ج<strong>ا</strong>ده مستقيم<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست طی ک<strong>ن</strong>د. سی س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>عد، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ی گفت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><br />
د<strong>و</strong>م جلد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل "س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يه" د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>طعيت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
هگل، <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسمه<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی تحقي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز<br />
"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم" ک<strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه مع<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> لق<strong>ب</strong> مقلد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مفل<strong>و</strong>ک د<strong>ا</strong>د که خي<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د هگل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ب</strong>ه تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز هگل، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<br />
<strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گشته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه ژ<strong>و</strong>ئ<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong>گلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تحقي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
"<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>، ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ، د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ، فش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه" <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک هگل <strong>ن</strong>میفهميد<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> گفتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی متعدد<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس د<strong>ر</strong> "س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يه" <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيزه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت (غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />
تغيي<strong>ر</strong>) خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد ي<strong>ا</strong>فت، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستهز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> تحقي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>م، <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
سمت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم. کليه گفتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> حد متض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی میچ<strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong>ٔ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه عي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "محد<strong>و</strong>ديت" <strong>و</strong> "يک <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>قشهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>متج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم خدمت <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>و</strong>ل يک ج<strong>ا</strong>ده فلسفی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً تع<strong>ر</strong>يف شده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong>فت.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> همک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> کليه <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>د مختص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح خط<strong>و</strong>ط م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong> فلسفی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کليه مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل هم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی "گذشت<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>" م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم، <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم" "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم" ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
Deutsch – Französiche<br />
" کي<br />
،<br />
١٢٣ ١٢٢<br />
١٢١<br />
١٨۴٣<br />
١٨٧٠<br />
B<br />
A<br />
٢٧<br />
(Fechner)<br />
١٢٤<br />
١٨٩٢<br />
١٨٨٨<br />
(Karl Grün)<br />
١٨٧٨<br />
Jahrbücher<br />
A- Karl Marx, Ludwig Feuerbach in seinem Briefwechsel und Nachlass, sowie in<br />
seiner philosophischen Charakterentwicklung, Bd. 1, Leipzig 1874, S. 361<br />
١٨٧٠ ١٣<br />
(Beesly)<br />
-B<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>يسلی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه دس<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د:<br />
"<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يسلی يک ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مقيد <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه کليه ه<strong>و</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عقيده<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٨٩٢ ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يستی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده ، مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ن</strong>يد.<br />
١٢٣<br />
١٢٢
268 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جدی <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس تم<strong>ا</strong>م ج<strong>ن</strong>گ خ<strong>و</strong>د عليه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
تق<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش<br />
کل<strong>ا</strong>می مطل<strong>ب</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زی، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>لی که تسليم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> يک<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، متهم ک<strong>ر</strong>د. ي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ي<strong>ا</strong> کذ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی مسئله د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يگ؛ <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که<br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ف<strong>ا</strong>سد شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ" <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده تجديد <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>سيع<br />
گشت، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه تعقي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>و</strong> علم <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه د<strong>ا</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>می عزم <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشغ<strong>ا</strong>ل سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ جديد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
شست <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز "ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ" معل<strong>و</strong>م<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه حتی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ليد د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليس <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>سک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> ذک<strong>ر</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس (د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>) چيزی مگ<strong>ر</strong> تحقي<strong>ر</strong><br />
محض <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يج، <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز مش<strong>ا</strong>هده<br />
تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز هگلی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>و</strong>سط فلسفه ُمد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليس، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تظ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> چيز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>شت حتی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زگشت <strong>ب</strong>ه هگل (د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>)، <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ميد د<strong>ا</strong>شت که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>و</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيسي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>و</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی<br />
کمک ک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی دستهه<strong>ا</strong>ی مختلف ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د که کل تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> علمی يک قدم <strong>ب</strong>ه عق<strong>ب</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong> عقيده <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک<br />
"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يستی" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يج، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی" <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
که د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د چيست؟ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم"<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جل<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز جل<strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لت<br />
يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش ج<strong>ا</strong>هل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ق<strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ذک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که د<strong>ر</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سز<strong>ا</strong><br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قض عهد میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د! <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد کمی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی يک<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه<strong>ا</strong>ی يک <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليست، <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست،<br />
مث<strong>ب</strong>تت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چه تحقي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز شيفتگی ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong><br />
گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>"، <strong>ب</strong>ه "جديدت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه صح<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />
میک<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
<strong>و</strong> تسليم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی مف<strong>ر</strong>د،<br />
١٨٩۴، که<br />
–<br />
–<br />
١٨٨٨
فصل ششم 269<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع يک مذه<strong>ب</strong> جديد، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
خل<strong>ا</strong>ص ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />
س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong>صی د<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ح م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک ژ<strong>و</strong>زف ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
د<strong>ا</strong>شت، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ن</strong>ت ک<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی معلمه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت عجي<strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم گ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه زي<strong>ا</strong>دی م<strong>ر</strong>تک<strong>ب</strong> شد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ه<strong>ر</strong>گز ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. ه<strong>ر</strong>گز ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د يک معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" عَلَم ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> هميشه د<strong>ر</strong> لحظه حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>طع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ر</strong>د: م<strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست هستم؛ فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong> يک فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
ژ<strong>و</strong>زف ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> گفت: "د<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>حز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>، حز<strong>ب</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز همه ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دهت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست... هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه تقسيم میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د... علم هم د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>قه عم<strong>و</strong>می<br />
تقسيم میش<strong>و</strong>د: يک ط<strong>ر</strong>ف مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيسي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>ف ديگ<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>. ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زشگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. هدف م<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>طعيت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
دع<strong>و</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ر</strong>تجعي<strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه عق<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ، <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی<br />
تل<strong>ا</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong> حز<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>مد <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>يع مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک خمي<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ست! "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ضم<strong>ا</strong>م "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>"، م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه يک خمي<strong>ر</strong><br />
مفل<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ يک حز<strong>ب</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تحقي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ه<strong>ر</strong> مسئله<strong>ا</strong>ی مغش<strong>و</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش عمده د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه<br />
چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> "چ<strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی س<strong>ا</strong>زش ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه".<br />
ژ. ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی شک <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت که "کشيش خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه علمی" فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی کفش ک<strong>ن</strong><br />
کشيش خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "کشيش خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه علمی <strong>ب</strong>ه جديت میک<strong>و</strong>شد ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کشيش خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ن</strong>د." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ۵١) "<strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت، فهم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست" که د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع کشيش میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تخم <strong>ر</strong>يزی<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>پ</strong>ش د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. "ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>غ<strong>ا</strong>لتحصيل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جي<strong>ر</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی" که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>یش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه "<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓل" خلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
–<br />
"<br />
–<br />
(Retraitebläser)<br />
(Lausgrube)<br />
(Generalklassen)<br />
C<br />
A<br />
B<br />
-A<br />
-B<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز يک ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت عجي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> دقيق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم: <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيسي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد میگفت "<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>".<br />
ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيسي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيسي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد.<br />
دقت ک<strong>ن</strong>يد که ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>ح ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> دقيقت<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح میدهد که حز<strong>ب</strong> دشم<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
چيست.<br />
مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ء</strong> فلسفه س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ل دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت، <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شده د<strong>ر</strong><br />
،"Kleinere philosophische Schriften"<br />
١٨٧۶<br />
-C<br />
،١٩٠٣ صفحه ١٣۵
270 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
–<br />
(۵٣<br />
(geschraubte)<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستحم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست عقيده<br />
<strong>و</strong>سيله "<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم" <strong>پ</strong>يچيده<br />
ژ. ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه. "د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>قطه متض<strong>ا</strong>د خد<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> شيط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
هم قط<strong>ب</strong> متض<strong>ا</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> کشيش <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی "يک سل<strong>ا</strong>ح جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>و</strong>ل عليه <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> عليه مذه<strong>ب</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>"، "ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>لی کشيش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عليه تصفيه<br />
شدهت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی مغش<strong>و</strong>ش<br />
ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د "صد<strong>ا</strong>قت مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه "د<strong>و</strong> دلی" <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديش ت<strong>ر</strong>جيح دهد.<br />
(صفحه چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل سيستمی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شخ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>سي<strong>پ</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم، <strong>ا</strong>شخ<strong>ا</strong>صی که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>تيد "فلسفه يک علم<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>و</strong>سيله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی دف<strong>ا</strong>ع د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ل دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی..." (صفحه<br />
کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف، <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د، د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شگ<strong>ا</strong>ه میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د علي<strong>ر</strong>غم <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،<br />
کم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يش د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی غ<strong>ر</strong>ق شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ل دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی يک... <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشکيل میده<strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> طی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>لف<strong>ا</strong>ظ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شم<strong>ر</strong>ده مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> فلسفی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يم، ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
فلسفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong>لعه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم." (صفحه ١٠٣)<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست<br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>ٓه. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>قطه متض<strong>ا</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ی ج<strong>ب</strong>هه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />
يک چيز <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>... م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ن</strong>خ ق<strong>ر</strong>مزی که <strong>ا</strong>ز کليه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی کليه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> میگذ<strong>ر</strong>د،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حمق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يست که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ق" م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی تز<br />
"مت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ک" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت س<strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع کل ص<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قط<strong>ا</strong>ع د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم س<strong>ر</strong><br />
میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم هد<strong>ا</strong>يت میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت زي<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه کسی ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه، مگ<strong>ر</strong><br />
ک<strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> يک ف<strong>ر</strong>قه فلسفی "<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د"؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع، د<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط عم<strong>و</strong>می<br />
م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>قش عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی ميش<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د يکی <strong>ا</strong>ست. يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ص<strong>ا</strong>ف ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔم<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خدمت ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong>دفی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که مکت<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی مثل <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> حمله<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم میست<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
تحسي<strong>ن</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د! ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> "ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>غ<strong>ا</strong>لتحصيل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جي<strong>ر</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی" د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> کل مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه هدف <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مصي<strong>ب</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه عهده گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "س<strong>ا</strong>زش<br />
ده<strong>ن</strong>د"، که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی عملی که د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی متعدد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>سعه <strong>و</strong> تکميل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شد<strong>ن</strong>د خيلی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، س<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل<br />
".(benebelter) (صفحه (۵٨<br />
١٠٧) "تم<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
(Kathederpfaffen)<br />
(١٠٨<br />
(Welch)<br />
(der Holzweg der Holzweg)<br />
non-partisanship<br />
(۶٠<br />
(۵۵
فصل ششم 271<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه فلسفه می<strong>ر</strong>سد حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که<br />
ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ص شيمی، ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>و</strong> فيزيک خدم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه ده<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>؟ <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دليل که <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی عم<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د سي<strong>ا</strong>سی می<strong>ر</strong>سد حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
يک <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د سي<strong>ا</strong>سی که ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته مش<strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>و</strong><br />
تخصصی خدم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه ده<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
هم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت يک علم ج<strong>ب</strong>ههد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong> کل، <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی تحصيل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده ط<strong>ب</strong>قه س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی تحصيل<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>ده خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>و</strong>ظيفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> دست<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"<br />
تسلط ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تعديل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د (<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل شم<strong>ا</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد <strong>ر</strong>فت مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيد) <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، خط خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کل صف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ت دشم<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د! <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ب</strong>عيت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>ف م<strong>و</strong>ٔلفي<strong>ن</strong><br />
"مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت" <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "ش<strong>ا</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل جستج<strong>و</strong>ئيم." <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يستيد که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد جستج<strong>و</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>يد، <strong>ب</strong>لکه شم<strong>ا</strong>ئيد که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد جستج<strong>و</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>يد! شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د،<br />
يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی خ<strong>و</strong>د (چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيد) <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت مُد فلسفی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يد، مُد <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت شم<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد، محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>ق دست<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>عد ط<strong>ب</strong>ق دست<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>عدت<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>ق دست<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مزه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
شم<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئل "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک" <strong>ا</strong>حمق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ("<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک"، "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"، "تد<strong>ا</strong>خل" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه) که<br />
شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>يد، [د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی يک مکت<strong>ب</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>صله ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،<br />
ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گم<strong>ا</strong>تيسته<strong>ا</strong> تشخيص د<strong>ا</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مق<strong>ا</strong>صد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خدمت میک<strong>ن</strong>د. شيفتگی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم "فيزيکی" <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>عت شيفتگی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم "فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيک" <strong>ر</strong>د میش<strong>و</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی حق ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شيفتگیه<strong>ا</strong><br />
میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>ب</strong>ه هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق تغيي<strong>ر</strong> میدهد.<br />
تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ع<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
يک ط<strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعً<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ر</strong>تجعي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده ک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
مسئله <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد. <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک تص<strong>ا</strong>دف <strong>ا</strong>ست که ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
يک ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> جمعی که عليه فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم هد<strong>ا</strong>يت شده ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت که <strong>ا</strong>ز ["خد<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زی ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
[<br />
A<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ب</strong>ه يک مکت<strong>ب</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چک محد<strong>و</strong>د میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
verbleiben in den Grenzen einer ganz engen, winzigen Schule,... S. 347
272 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
B<br />
A<br />
ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" "<strong>ا</strong>لح<strong>ا</strong>د مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی همه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی د<strong>ر</strong> کل ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه ش<strong>ب</strong>يه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، ژ. ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> حتی ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ضد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت<br />
د<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم "<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لح<strong>ا</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست"<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>خ که "عقيده<br />
مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع شخصی <strong>ا</strong>ست" (ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی، صفحه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ص<strong>ر</strong>يح، <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>عظم ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میست<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ هم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میست<strong>ا</strong>يد، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> کليه ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ختم میش<strong>و</strong>د. خ<strong>ن</strong>ثی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
مسئله خ<strong>و</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>يگی د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ن</strong>ثی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
همي<strong>ن</strong> که شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>يد، کليه سل<strong>ا</strong>حه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د عليه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز دست د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يد، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی غلطيده<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت" ي<strong>ا</strong> "ش<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت" ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. (<strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف<br />
"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم" ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د خد<strong>ا</strong> يک ’مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی‘ <strong>ا</strong>ست) <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ست، م<strong>ا</strong>ده میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تجلیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>خهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>پ</strong>يچيده <strong>و</strong> جزئی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت، ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده، مط<strong>ا</strong>لعه ش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ، د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "فيزيکی" <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی که ه<strong>ر</strong> کسی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست هيچ چيزی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>و</strong> خص<strong>و</strong>مت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سز<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> کش<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی متمد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ع<strong>ا</strong>ديست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> همه ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> همه ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز عم<strong>و</strong>م <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گهد<strong>ا</strong>شته میش<strong>و</strong>د که حتی يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی حمل<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ،<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>و</strong> ژ. ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فع م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong>فته مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گهد<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>" تم<strong>ا</strong>يل م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی س<strong>و</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد د<strong>ا</strong>شت.<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. هيچ کس <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز گ<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه شي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>، ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>، ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>، لکل<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گم<strong>ا</strong>تيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
غي<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت دهد. <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ذ <strong>ا</strong>شخ<strong>ا</strong>ص مذک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د،<br />
Einführung in )<br />
(Schande)<br />
]، <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
،die Philosophie der reinen Erfahrung جلد يک، صفحه (٣۵١<br />
(۴٣۴<br />
١٢٦ ١٢٥<br />
-A<br />
-B<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: "خد<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئیه<strong>ا</strong>ی ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"<br />
"Vergottung der höchsten menschlichen Potenzen",... S. 348<br />
125<br />
Zagranitschnaja Gazeta<br />
126<br />
،٣ صفحه (۵ Obrazovanija ، ،١٩٠٨ شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
همي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ا</strong>ز "س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم علمی<br />
مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ١۵٧ <strong>و</strong> ١٧٩، د<strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> "صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د (شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
١٠، صفحه ١۶۴ <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "مدته<strong>ا</strong>ست که يک مذه<strong>ب</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>زه د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>خته میش<strong>و</strong>د."
فصل ششم 273<br />
[<br />
A<br />
مح<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>يت <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د "تحصيل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده" يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong>صی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د دهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>سيعت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> غ<strong>ن</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مکت<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چک خ<strong>ا</strong>ص م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست. [<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
مکت<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد خدمت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، خدمت میک<strong>ن</strong>د. ه<strong>ر</strong> کسی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
مکت<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ه میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی ش<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده مستث<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س "<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>" م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "مع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong>ص" کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، مع<strong>ن</strong>ی مستقيم <strong>و</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>ل، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
د<strong>ا</strong>شت [د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ر</strong>ديم؛ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حتم<strong>ا</strong>ل زي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میشد<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>ل ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> دقيقً<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>و</strong>له <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong>ه ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>دهد. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست (<strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست) م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong><br />
مع<strong>ن</strong>ی "خ<strong>ا</strong>ص" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم میج<strong>ن</strong>گيم ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی که ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز زمي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک ج<strong>ن</strong>گ د<strong>ر</strong><br />
خط<strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ر</strong>فيق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت "خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>" م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط ک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی" <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لت<br />
<strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> سيد<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت "خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>" م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>م، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>پ</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> هيچ <strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>ط<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيحی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تخفيف دهد. (<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل صفحه ٣۵٠ کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ش<strong>و</strong>د)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ن</strong>زديکی <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "خد<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"<br />
ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی <strong>و</strong> "ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی عم<strong>و</strong>می" <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی کل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ د<strong>ر</strong> يک م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه زي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت. "ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديک شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مسئله، <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ضم<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يه<br />
متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت "ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی" <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />
يک "<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی" گست<strong>ر</strong>ده، مج<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>لهی <strong>ب</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>ت "د<strong>ر</strong> کل" <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی کل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت فيزيکی، ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه "کل<strong>ا</strong>م" ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ که د<strong>ر</strong> "ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" مع<strong>ر</strong>فی شده، چه؟<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده گي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فتد، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده گي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> همه عميق د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ه<strong>و</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ضعيف شده. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز لحظه<strong>ا</strong>ی گي<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که "<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک "ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"<br />
-<br />
(Sidor)<br />
–<br />
[<br />
B<br />
(Pjotr) <strong>پ</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> ،(Karp)<br />
–<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد خدمت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، خدمت میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
-A<br />
میگي<strong>ر</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> سز<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
Das Schülchen dient, wem es zu dienen hat. Man bedient sich dieses Schülchen nach<br />
bedarf. S. 349<br />
-B<br />
, so würden wir mit dem Verfasser überhaupt nicht diskutieren; S.349<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف قطع <strong>ن</strong>ميک<strong>ن</strong>يم
274 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong>ص گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س هيچ کس، ذه<strong>ن</strong> هيچ کس، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح هيچ کس، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده هيچ کس. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد که ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک<br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
۵- <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست ههکل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
–<br />
–<br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم کل<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک" عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی میج<strong>ن</strong>گد. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سمی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی علمی میده<strong>ن</strong>د يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی، <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سته، شکل <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فته، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
فلسفی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی که<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س ي<strong>ا</strong>فته د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> سهيم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت سک<strong>و</strong>ت<br />
م<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش، گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشی که مدته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>و</strong> صده<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد شده ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>و</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د:<br />
Philosophie als Denken der Welt gemäß dem Prinzip des kleinsten<br />
Kraftmasses<br />
١٨٧۶<br />
A<br />
١٨٩١<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی – علمی حمله<br />
م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong> شده د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف ک<strong>ر</strong>د (<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د. تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت [ حمله ک<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
"صحيح ک<strong>ن</strong>د"!)، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه [<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ج<strong>ن</strong>گ ل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>قطعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
(ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی ز<strong>و</strong>دت<strong>ر</strong>) ت<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>ل عليه مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>جد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف ک<strong>ن</strong>د که "عده<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف" (<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ضم<strong>ا</strong>م ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>) <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ "تعد<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> کمی <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> سهيم<br />
هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> صد<strong>ا</strong>قت <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف ک<strong>ر</strong>د که<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. ("تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"، صفحه "<strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." irrtum) ،Erkenntnis und چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م، صفحه ۴)<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت که "عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." "’تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه‘ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد تصفيه ش<strong>و</strong>د."<br />
مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم<br />
که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ر</strong>د: "جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
"تصفيه" میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً هيچ <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی ه<strong>ن</strong>دي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست... <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی يک فيل<br />
١٩٠۶<br />
B<br />
١٩٠۶<br />
١٨٧٢<br />
١٩٠٠<br />
(ganz und gar)<br />
(Einführung in die Philosophie der reinen Erfahrung, Bd. 1, S. 343)<br />
(٩<br />
١٩٠۴<br />
-A <strong>ب</strong>خش ٧٩ <strong>و</strong> ١١٢<br />
-B<br />
<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی<br />
مت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی:<br />
des Erkenntnistheoretischen Idealismus
فصل ششم 275<br />
[<br />
A<br />
<strong>ا</strong>فس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>فس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ملک<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> [تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ستع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ی تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست." (جلد د<strong>و</strong>م، صفحه ١٧۶)<br />
<strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد. ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيستی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>زديکی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د، معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> هم د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ر</strong>د: "... عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ز همه<br />
چيز گذشته <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ر</strong>يتی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خل<strong>ا</strong>ص ک<strong>ن</strong>يم." ) gegen<br />
-<br />
– (bloss bildlich)<br />
١٩٠۵<br />
،die Schulweisheit صفحه (١۵٨<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشی محض، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>، ملک<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ا</strong>دل <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه فيلی <strong>ا</strong>ست که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يست<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست! ج<strong>ا</strong>ی تعج<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديش، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته د<strong>ر</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مُد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>و</strong>سط ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شد. حتی يک ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که دي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک" علم، <strong>ب</strong>ه "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم"<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده (<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>)، زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه ت<strong>و</strong>سط د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حمله <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د. مدته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
فيزيک ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که "<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فيزيکی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong>د، لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی مسلط علم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>" (ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش ششم<br />
يک ح<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<br />
ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد، ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی" (ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش<br />
ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد. <strong>ر</strong>مک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
علمی، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک ک<strong>و</strong>چه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>" ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد<br />
<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.<br />
ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> حق <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده م<strong>ا</strong>خی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه "خصيصه مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی" م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی<br />
علمی <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی مستقيم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سم <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong>سم میک<strong>ن</strong>د، شکی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> مج<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> "مف<strong>ا</strong>هيمی"<br />
خلق ک<strong>ن</strong>د که کمت<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی" <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.<br />
فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی علم مثل شي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی يه<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ی مسيحی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مسيح. م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ط<strong>ر</strong>يق، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی علم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> دست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ل<strong>و</strong> میدهد. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی علمی <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong>ديده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی که <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه کس<strong>ب</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه فلسفه که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میده<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ميک<strong>ر</strong>ديم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی ديديم. م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز هم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد<br />
Der<br />
(Grundzug)<br />
(Realismus usw., 1879<br />
" ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی –<br />
(Grundlagen einer Erkenntnistheorie, 1884<br />
Philosophie und Kantianismus, 1882, )<br />
(S. 17<br />
–<br />
–<br />
مت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی: S. 258 Erkenntnistheorie<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی.
276 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
B<br />
A<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست ههکل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته (د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>هل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع) <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.<br />
ط<strong>و</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که "معم<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست ههکل د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> کش<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> متمد<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيخت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز يک ط<strong>ر</strong>ف خصيصه ج<strong>ب</strong>هه د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>ف ديگ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی حقيقی م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> صده<strong>ا</strong> هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>سخه <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong>فت، که <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>صله <strong>ب</strong>ه کليه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه شد <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
قيمت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> شد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> "<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>دهه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست"، که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست ههکل <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
کشيده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چک م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>سلحه<strong>ا</strong>ی شد د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>تی. <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>و</strong> خد<strong>ا</strong><br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> کش<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه محک<strong>و</strong>م ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ههکل <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق ممک<strong>ن</strong> دست<br />
زد<strong>ن</strong>د. فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی ل<strong>و</strong>دج ،(Lodge) شت<strong>ا</strong>فت ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز خد<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ههکل دف<strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لس<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت ت<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> جز<strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی ش<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ههکل حمله<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>هل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> محت<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مطمئ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زد که <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> همه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د".<br />
خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه جد<strong>ا</strong>ل عليه ههکل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ی شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. هيچ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سز<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د. ديد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>دگیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>مي<strong>ا</strong>ئیه<strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> فض<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، خشک <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>کيده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>خشيد<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>هش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز کشيده<strong>ا</strong>ی که ههکل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> زده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong>خ شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، تم<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
کشيش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته علم خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه مج<strong>ر</strong>دت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خشم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>له س<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ر</strong><br />
ز<strong>و</strong>زه سختج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفی (<strong>پ</strong>لئ<strong>و</strong>لس<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست، <strong>ر</strong>مک ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ٓديکس ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>و</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>سمش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، ه<strong>ر</strong> چه میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد) يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيزه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تشخيص <strong>ا</strong>ست: <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> همه عليه<br />
"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک" علم، عليه "دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيسم"، عليه "<strong>ا</strong>غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت علم"، عليه "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی علمی"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ست لع<strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>! <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>کته ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ت<strong>و</strong>جه د<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کمدی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که خ<strong>و</strong>د ههکل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> لق<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه مذه<strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
– چشم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
-<br />
–<br />
C<br />
- ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژدی<br />
–<br />
A- O. D. Chwolson, "Hegen, Haeckel, Kossuth und das zwölfte Gebet", 1906, Vgl. S.<br />
80<br />
Der Kampf und die Welträtsel<br />
B- جز<strong>و</strong>ه<br />
-C<br />
(ج<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> "معم<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"، <strong>ب</strong>ُ<strong>ن</strong> ١٩٠٠)<br />
ه<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>شميت<br />
يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ن</strong>گی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>و</strong> خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی عليه ههکل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
میدهد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جز<strong>و</strong>ه ديگ<strong>ر</strong> قديمی شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
ع<strong>ا</strong>مل ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژيک س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong> قصدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مس<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ههکل شد. <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ههکل<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مهه<strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هی د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فت ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>لق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> "سگ"، "ملحد"، "سيم<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه مید<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، يک <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ن</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>ق مط<strong>ا</strong>لعه ههکل د<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
(١٩٠٨)
فصل ششم 277<br />
(Bulgakow)<br />
–<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>لح<strong>ا</strong>د مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی"<br />
<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د (چيزی مثل "<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لح<strong>ا</strong>دی" <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لگ<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>و</strong>ف<br />
ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی) <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ا</strong>تح<strong>ا</strong>د مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> علم ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> همه<br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه چيست؟ چه "د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست مسلکی" <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>د؟<br />
<strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که خ<strong>ا</strong>می فلسفی ههکل، <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong> هدفه<strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ب</strong>ههد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>طع، <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>هل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ، تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ا</strong>ت س<strong>ا</strong>زش ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>حه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
شخصی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> همه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح عم<strong>و</strong>می کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه قلع <strong>و</strong> قمع <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی علمی <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زش <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>می فلسفه <strong>و</strong> خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>سمی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جستگی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>د. ههکل شخصً<strong>ا</strong> سعی <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>هل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قطع <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه ک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>متزلزلی ش<strong>ر</strong>ح میدهد مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> دسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. تم<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دستهه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ا</strong>مت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی يک ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت که خي<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،<br />
مت<strong>ر</strong>قیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>ست، ت<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست، همه ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی – علمی يک "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک" <strong>ا</strong>ست، که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی علم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" محض <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تم<strong>ا</strong>می فلسفه <strong>و</strong> خد<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه "مقدس" <strong>ا</strong>ست ، ه<strong>ر</strong> صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ز کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
ههکل کشيده<strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک حس<strong>ا</strong>سيته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> محکم<br />
غ<strong>ر</strong>س شده <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يستم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د، ف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong>شش میک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز عم<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>د يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که ه<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>و</strong>سيعت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> محکمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شد میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> کليه<br />
ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong>عی هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> يک مکت<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم، <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم، <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>و</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>شگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>غ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی<br />
علمی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح" (<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يت) که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز يک جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>ده د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>ديست که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ز يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ر</strong>شد میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong>ت میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> فلسفی جديد <strong>و</strong> مخت<strong>ر</strong>عي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>يسمه<strong>ا</strong>ی" تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت جديد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی<br />
قطعی <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>و</strong>چک "<strong>ا</strong>صلی" خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
دست <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست سعی ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>جه عده <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ز دل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث<br />
ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> که چه کسی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> گفت "<strong>ا</strong>ٓه<strong>ا</strong>!" <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>چي<strong>ن</strong>سکی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong>يچ<strong>ن</strong>سکی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی، جل<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست حتی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قف <strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>د يک <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت گست<strong>ر</strong>ده<br />
"خ<strong>ا</strong>ص" ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، مثل "ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>". <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د تک<strong>ا</strong>مل علم، علي<strong>ر</strong>غم <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ش،<br />
علي<strong>ر</strong>غم خصيصه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش، علي<strong>ر</strong>غم شيفتگی دي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه "<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی" مُد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز ي<strong>ا</strong> شيفتگی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه "<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فيزيکی" مُد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز، د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د کليه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
سيستمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک"<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه جل<strong>و</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
–<br />
– علمی<br />
١٢٧
278 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
A<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز گفتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ههکل د<strong>ر</strong> يک مث<strong>ا</strong>ل. ههکل د<strong>ر</strong> "شگفتیه<strong>ا</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>ت" تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه میک<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم:<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که عض<strong>و</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يحی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مغز <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> قسمت مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که مع<strong>ر</strong>فت د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد، يک ح<strong>و</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی محد<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> غش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ مغز، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>ُ<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><br />
يک م<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>ُ<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><br />
دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميک ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ميلي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> سل<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حی<br />
تشکيل میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong>ست مثل ه<strong>ر</strong> عض<strong>و</strong><br />
ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د عض<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حی <strong>ن</strong>يز عمل<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی "<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح" مجم<strong>و</strong>ع عمل<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی سل<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی تشکيل ده<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيک<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قسمت <strong>ا</strong>ز مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
می<strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عض<strong>و</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>و</strong>سيله <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه<br />
میدهد <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عض<strong>و</strong><br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>ُ<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><br />
خ<strong>ر</strong>د مستقل <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>و</strong><br />
تشکيل ده<strong>ن</strong>ده خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
سل<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشکيل میده<strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong><br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی خدمت میک<strong>ن</strong>د. خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ع<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>و</strong> غ<strong>ر</strong>يزه<br />
حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>ست ف<strong>ر</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
(phronetal)<br />
(Phronema)<br />
(Seelenzellen)<br />
(Phronema)<br />
(Phronema)<br />
-<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که ههکل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک تحليل <strong>ا</strong>ز مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل فلسفی<br />
ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی<br />
ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دهد. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> کليه <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ج<strong>ا</strong>معت<strong>ر</strong>، کليه <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ص فلسفی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>يشخ<strong>ن</strong>د میگي<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه دهد که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>جز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی علمی ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه يک<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>يشخ<strong>ن</strong>د میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong>د تشخيص دهد که ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ش يک ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست!<br />
خشم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسمِ ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong>سته ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><br />
عقيده "<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س حقيقی" ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم عقيده <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>دلف <strong>و</strong>يلی مت<strong>ر</strong>قیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong>" که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>زش <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم دشم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. (<strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong>ديد!)<br />
"<strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ههکل يک مخل<strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>همگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست: ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی علمی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
-<br />
–<br />
–<br />
-A<br />
م<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه ،Les merveills de la vie <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس، شليج<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م. جد<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
i <strong>و</strong> xvi
فصل ششم 279<br />
ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>... <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ن</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه د<strong>ر</strong> يک مخل<strong>و</strong>ط<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>ظم د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." (128 .S (Gegen die Schulweisheit,<br />
–<br />
چه چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>" گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی تشخيص د<strong>ا</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه ههکل کليه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت عظيم معلم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل مغز عض<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، م<strong>ا</strong>ده ("ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>") ي<strong>ا</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong><br />
چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی محض!؟ ههکل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت زي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه د<strong>ا</strong>خل<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم" <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ر</strong>دلف <strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست تشخيص <strong>ن</strong>دهد که<br />
صد هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ههکل يع<strong>ن</strong>ی همي<strong>ن</strong> تعد<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س تف<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong>ه شي<strong>و</strong>ه ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت دل<strong>ا</strong>ئلی که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>يلی عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی علمی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه<br />
میدهد دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>يلی،<br />
<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>تست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>ليک<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست.<br />
"ج<strong>ن</strong>گ" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> ههکل ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>تی<br />
ج<strong>ا</strong>معه مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>قت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>و</strong>چک ديگ<strong>ر</strong>. کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی يک کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ر</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong><br />
مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی تحت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<br />
["تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>"<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم فهم <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />
شع<strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی علم میدهد. <strong>و</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> تهيه ک<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>ت معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد. مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ن</strong>يست" (صفحه<br />
چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>؟ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی شک <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong>ده فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د". (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عدی خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
"م<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" (ل<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>د<br />
تقديم شده که حد<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يت<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ميل<strong>ا</strong>د ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی میک<strong>ر</strong>د، میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يت<strong>و</strong>س غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>پ</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک<br />
مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زه کمی <strong>ا</strong>ز مُد <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>ده؛ معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong>ست که عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً کل<br />
<strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عملی<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>ضه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی د<strong>ر</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ت فيزيکی <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. (صفحه ١۴٠)<br />
–<br />
–<br />
.(٧<br />
٣۶٠<br />
–<br />
۴۶٠<br />
(٢٢٨<br />
(١٩٠٧<br />
(Demokrits von Abdera)<br />
Das Weltbild der modernen Natur-<br />
A<br />
[ (ل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ (١٩٠۵<br />
wissenschaft<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: (تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>) مت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong>تی:<br />
Das Weltbild der modernen Natur-wissenschaft S. 358
280 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
..."<br />
–<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> کسی د<strong>و</strong>ست د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د هم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سقف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خي<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong>د که همه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
يک <strong>ر</strong>ؤي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. ه<strong>ر</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> هم که ت<strong>ر</strong>دستی يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليزه شده دل خ<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د کمی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که، ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مسئله جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج<br />
فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، شک د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> "م<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>و</strong><br />
"<strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ن</strong>يست ت<strong>ا</strong> شخص <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشد که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک لحظه <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جه ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ن</strong>يم<br />
که <strong>ا</strong>ز شش<br />
که خ<strong>و</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک شخصيت <strong>و</strong> هستی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم، <strong>ب</strong>ه کل <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زه ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه دخ<strong>و</strong>ل میدهيم. ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه غ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>، تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>تمی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چيزی جز ’ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی‘ م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت که د<strong>ر</strong> غي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> يک دليل م<strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> کم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يش د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قعيتی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه که يک م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د که شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ’شم<strong>ا</strong>‘ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد، <strong>ا</strong>ٓه. خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل گذشت، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط<strong>و</strong>ط<br />
<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د." (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٣١<br />
س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت تلخ يک م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی زي<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د عل<strong>ا</strong>قه<strong>ا</strong>ش که مق<strong>و</strong>لهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
علم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ص<strong>ر</strong>ف تقليل میدهد ت<strong>و</strong>سط د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>قي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مهمل <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ن</strong>ده گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د! <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تعج<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ر</strong>دلف <strong>و</strong>يلی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يت<strong>و</strong>س میج<strong>ن</strong>گد چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که گ<strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک دشم<strong>ن</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>لی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز خصيصه ج<strong>ب</strong>ههد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفه تهيه میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی خ<strong>و</strong>دش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه<br />
ج<strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد؟ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يت<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> خل<strong>ا</strong>ٔ<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم خي<strong>ا</strong>لی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که خدم<strong>ا</strong>ت ف<strong>ر</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م میده<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>قتض<strong>ا</strong>ی مصلحت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حفظ میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که مفيد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يت<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ب</strong>جز <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ستث<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يت<strong>و</strong>س قديمی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ست." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، ۵٧)<br />
<strong>و</strong> دليل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميدی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د! "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong>" "<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی" ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"<br />
ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> "ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی میخ<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د ههکل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ن</strong>يستيم، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک<br />
<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست؛ م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم سعی میک<strong>ن</strong>يم (هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>) که خط تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يت<strong>و</strong>س<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>يم؛ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>ل چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سعی ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ همه<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده! <strong>و</strong> چيز ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ن</strong>میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د جز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د، ح<strong>ا</strong>صل ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی <strong>و</strong> فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ش<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يلهلم ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> تقديم ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔسف د<strong>ر</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> که "م<strong>ا</strong> هم" <strong>ا</strong>ز ههکل <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشی" ش<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>يم.<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> (د<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong> م)، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>گ ج<strong>ا</strong>هليت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی که م<strong>ر</strong>تجع <strong>ا</strong>عظم ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> "ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشی ههکل <strong>ا</strong>ست، خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong>ّ میس<strong>ا</strong>زد. همه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>هل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مي<strong>ا</strong>ل عشق <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی<br />
١٩٠۵<br />
(Erscheinungen)<br />
Handlangerdienste) ،(blosse <strong>و</strong><br />
(٣٢ –<br />
–<br />
٢٠٠٠<br />
Erkenntnis und Irrtum<br />
(صفحه ١۴)
فصل ششم 281<br />
١٢٨<br />
A<br />
(سي<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی)ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يلهلم ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>. <strong>ب</strong>ی ج<strong>ب</strong>هه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست جز خدمت<br />
گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی.<br />
<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تس مه<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ، که <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد يک<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>ب</strong>لکه مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ههکل مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
که "معم<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> شد، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٨٩٩، مه<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>د که "ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ههکل هم د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی کمت<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> هم د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کمک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><br />
شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>شی که د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>هميت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ا</strong>ز يک ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>ف ديگ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> حز<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست." عي<strong>ب</strong> ههکل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
مفه<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>کت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهمل<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه سي<strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه "مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>لک میکش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. "ههکل يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ه يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ب</strong>لکه يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی – علمی <strong>ا</strong>ست." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
"کسی که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی (م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی علمی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی)<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ملم<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ن</strong>د، کسی که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد متق<strong>ا</strong>عد ش<strong>و</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی – علمی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی ت<strong>و</strong>سعه ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد سل<strong>ا</strong>حی شکست <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه ک<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ههکل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مقص<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د! ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ضعيف غي<strong>ر</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>و</strong>ی غي<strong>ر</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>صيف ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی (که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
همه چيز گذشته قسمت <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> مهمت<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د) که ت<strong>و</strong>سط ههکل د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تک<strong>ا</strong>مل<br />
عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> (<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم) ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زم<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
B<br />
–<br />
C<br />
– علمی<br />
١٢٨<br />
.<br />
-A<br />
B<br />
<strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم د<strong>ر</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> زد<strong>ن</strong> يک ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>لش<strong>و</strong>يکی. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>دج<strong>و</strong>ئی حقي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> مفل<strong>و</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ز تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> سز<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong><br />
کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>يکه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شده، ت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>يه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
ف- مه<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ<br />
Welträtsel" "Die (معم<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>) Zeit" ،" Neue ١٩٠٠ – ،١٨٩٩ صفحه ۴١٨<br />
-C<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ۴١٩
<strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی 283<br />
<strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
يک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
<strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
يکم <strong>و</strong> مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> همه، م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک<br />
مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه<strong>ا</strong>ی که سه <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ختص<strong>ا</strong>ص د<strong>ا</strong>ده شد<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>و</strong>ل کل خط<br />
مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت، خصيصه ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>، کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>عی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت که<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد. ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> جهل محض <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم فلسفی د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د شخص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز "ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>و</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
د<strong>و</strong>م، م<strong>و</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ا</strong>ز متخصصي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
فلسفه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> جديد د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد تعيي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد. م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<br />
ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong> جهت مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف، <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ف هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س که خي<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> کل "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تصفيه میک<strong>ن</strong>د" د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<br />
د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی تصفيه میک<strong>ر</strong>د. کل مکت<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س دست د<strong>ر</strong><br />
دست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>صطل<strong>ا</strong>ح ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> قطع<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
سمت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
س<strong>و</strong>م، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ت<strong>ر</strong>ديد <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>و</strong> يک مکت<strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک ش<strong>ا</strong>خه <strong>ا</strong>ز علم جديد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>خه خ<strong>ا</strong>ص علم م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>حث يع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
فيزيک قطع<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قليتی <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جديد، تحت ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يخت<strong>ن</strong><br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی که<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت عظيم س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>، تحت ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه جهلش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم غلطيده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فيزيکی معم<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> يک شيفتگی<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيک مد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز گذشته <strong>ن</strong>زديک.<br />
چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت مکت<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> تحليل <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میس<strong>ا</strong>زد. فلسفه جديد هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ب</strong>ههد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که فلسفه د<strong>و</strong> هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>حز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>زع <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت جديد ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی ج<strong>ب</strong>ههگی <strong>ا</strong>حمق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>و</strong>می ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً يک شکل<br />
زي<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> تصفيه شده <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست که ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> مسلح می<strong>ا</strong>يستد، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
تسلط د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ز يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه فلسفی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فع
284 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>دهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد. <strong>ن</strong>قش عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه خدمت ص<strong>ا</strong>دق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زهش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه عليه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی.
مکمل فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 285<br />
129 <br />
–<br />
۴<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز کد<strong>ا</strong>م ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يه <strong>ن</strong>. گ. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د؟<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> قسمت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل فصل <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ديم که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> متض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. ز<strong>ا</strong>ئد <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> مختص<strong>ر</strong>، ت<strong>و</strong>ضيحی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>و</strong>ضع تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت هگلی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>. گ. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.<br />
کمی <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>شت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د،<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>. گ. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> هم يک م<strong>ر</strong>يد ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>يح خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت. <strong>ن</strong>. گ. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>ر</strong>يد ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><br />
(م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> حک<strong>و</strong>مت تز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يست م) <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>د حتی <strong>ا</strong>سم ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم ذک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>ح چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م "<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه زي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت خ<strong>و</strong>د"، <strong>ن</strong>. گ.<br />
چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی ک<strong>و</strong>شش ک<strong>ر</strong>د که مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٨٨٨ س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> حتی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ هم مم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عت ک<strong>ر</strong>د! <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مقدمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د ديد. (چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> شد) (<strong>ن</strong>. گ. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی، "مجم<strong>و</strong>عه <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>"، جلد <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم، قسمت د<strong>و</strong>م، صفحه<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد) د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مقدمه <strong>ن</strong>. گ. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی <strong>ن</strong>صف صفحه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>عيت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ختص<strong>ا</strong>ص د<strong>ا</strong>د.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٨٨٨ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>يم:<br />
"د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی که خ<strong>و</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ده تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی ش<strong>ا</strong>مل همه چيز تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>ر</strong>يد، <strong>و</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً م<strong>ر</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ی حقي<strong>ر</strong> متفک<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
متفک<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی که سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>یش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> جزئی ت<strong>و</strong>سط شلي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>و</strong>سط هگل <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی که تل<strong>ا</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>و</strong>سيعی <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عمل ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />
مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د..." (<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی که همه چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>هم<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم که چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ديف <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه میگي<strong>ر</strong>د؛<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً هم سطح <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ست چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>يخ میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی "شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
١٩٠۶<br />
٩٠<br />
١٨٨٨<br />
–<br />
٩٧
286<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع عي<strong>ن</strong>ی.) "... <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
که <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی م<strong>ا</strong> هيچ تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل عملی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د..." (<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی که همه چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> متض<strong>ا</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی هم چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی م<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ب</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د عملی يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د.)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د، کيفيته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د..." (<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی که همه چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی هم چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ديع ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> کيفيته<strong>ا</strong>یش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>.) "... <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د شيئ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
(<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه م) کليه مص<strong>ا</strong>لح مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>لی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د عملی (<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong> م) شکل<br />
می<strong>ب</strong>خشد، که <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>هميت ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د...." (<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی هم چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک<br />
<strong>ا</strong>هميت ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د عملی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.) "... (<strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م) که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت هيچ چيزی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه علت <strong>و</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>ل می<strong>ر</strong>سد مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه مقدمه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه، <strong>ن</strong>ه کل <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>لک..." (<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی هم چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی چيزی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> علت <strong>و</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>ل می<strong>ر</strong>سد،<br />
عليت ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی ي<strong>ا</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.) "... <strong>و</strong>قتی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهمل مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی <strong>و</strong><br />
مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د، ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی علم سيستمی <strong>ا</strong>ز مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم دقيقت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>ملت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ مط<strong>ر</strong>ح شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د..." (<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم که<br />
چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مهمل مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی کليه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> جهت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> جهت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.) "... <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ د<strong>ر</strong> ضم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم علمی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>صطل<strong>ا</strong>ح مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>جک<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ گفت." (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>جک<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که د<strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جديد <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong><br />
ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست سطح يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم فلسفی ج<strong>ا</strong>مع <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> کسی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که مهمل مفل<strong>و</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong>،<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د... <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه عق<strong>ب</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگی ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د سطح م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
–<br />
–<br />
(١٩۵ – ٩۶<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
..."<br />
١٨٨٨
ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong>ت 287<br />
<br />
-١<br />
"ده س<strong>و</strong>ٔ<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز يک سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" تزه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>.ف. د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong>فسکی (<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong>تی) عض<strong>و</strong><br />
م<strong>ر</strong>کزيت <strong>ب</strong>لش<strong>و</strong>يک <strong>و</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز سه د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>لت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک سم<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زي<strong>و</strong>م فلسفی که <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ.<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شد<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> ژ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عقد شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، ت<strong>و</strong>سط ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی مه<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، مسک<strong>و</strong><br />
،١٩۵۴ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ۶۶<br />
– ژ<strong>و</strong>ئ<strong>ن</strong> ١٩٠٨<br />
- ٢<br />
.۶۵ –<br />
- ٣<br />
- ٤<br />
- ٥<br />
- ٦<br />
٧<br />
- ٨<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ٨۶.<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ۵۶<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه<strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>سم مستع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>فسکی می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.<br />
- <strong>ر</strong>حمت<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>سم مستع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>م، يک م<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>يک <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ ٢۵ (س<strong>ب</strong>ک جديد)، <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيم گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>کی. کلي<strong>ا</strong>ت ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><br />
چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی، جلد ١٣، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ١٧<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>سم مستع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يک<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>لسکی می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.<br />
ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ژ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يه ١٩٠٨ ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ه مه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ل<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مدت يک م<strong>ا</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>زه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی مط<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> ژ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دست<br />
<strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ا</strong>ٓمد ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ن</strong>سخه <strong>ا</strong>صلی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>کت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل شد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓد<strong>ر</strong>س مخفی د<strong>ر</strong> مسک<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ل شد، که<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> شد. غلط گي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ. ی<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مسک<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م گ<strong>ر</strong>فت. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong>قت يک <strong>ن</strong>سخه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ل شد که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> يک<br />
س<strong>ر</strong>ی تصحيح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>خشی <strong>ا</strong>ز تصحيح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>سخه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ی ملحق شد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>قيه د<strong>ر</strong> يک ليست مهم<br />
غلطه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ف چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته شد.<br />
ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مج<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> تُ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ا</strong>ز گفت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>ع<br />
چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>زيع کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> طف<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میک<strong>ر</strong>د که کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> چه ز<strong>و</strong>دت<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت "<strong>ن</strong>ه فقط <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>لکه هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> سي<strong>ا</strong>سی جدی" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م مید<strong>ا</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>سخه د<strong>ر</strong> مه<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سيد.<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شهه<strong>ا</strong> (د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> گفت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل شده ت<strong>و</strong>سط ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>) ت<strong>و</strong>سط خ<strong>و</strong>د ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، مگ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>فشي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
فيدئيسم (<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی) ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>سخه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليه <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ر</strong>م<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی مذه<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه "فيدئيسم" ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>هيزد. ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>م "فيدئيسم" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه م<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> (س<strong>ب</strong>ک جديد)، <strong>ب</strong>ه ، ی<strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>ليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<br />
د<strong>ا</strong>د. (<strong>و</strong>. ی<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، کلي<strong>ا</strong>ت، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی، جلد ٣٧، می، ٣١۶)، صفحه ٣<br />
١٩٠٩<br />
priest - lore)<br />
.<br />
.<br />
(popovshchina)<br />
،١٩٠٨<br />
ف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يه ١٩٠٨<br />
۴١١ -<br />
١٩٠٨<br />
– ۵۵ <strong>و</strong> - ۵٨ ١۵٧<br />
٨<br />
–<br />
- ٩<br />
- ١٠<br />
- ١١<br />
- ١٢<br />
(clericalism<br />
.
288 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
–<br />
– س<strong>ا</strong>زی"<br />
–<br />
٧<br />
- ١٣<br />
ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>صطل<strong>ا</strong>ح <strong>ب</strong>ه "خد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد، يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگی فلسفی مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی ضد م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی<br />
که د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حز<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>شد ک<strong>ر</strong>د، کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
شکست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف شد<strong>ن</strong>د. "خد<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ.<strong>و</strong>. ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><br />
ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>) مدعی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی يک "س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم" مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی جديد شد<strong>ن</strong>د که هدف<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>و</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>کسيم گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>کی د<strong>ر</strong> يک زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه متحد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. يک ک<strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س <strong>و</strong>سيع <strong>ا</strong>ز هيئت تح<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>لت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د "خد<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> محک<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک مص<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مخص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د که ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>لش<strong>و</strong>يک هيچ گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مخ<strong>ر</strong>ج مشت<strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم علمی" <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "خد<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسم <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>کی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
ف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يل<br />
مق<strong>ا</strong>له <strong>و</strong>.<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>سکی که <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ضميمه د<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی کلي<strong>ا</strong>ت ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حذف شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، "ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>". م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس. م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،<br />
چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، مسک<strong>و</strong>، ١٩۵١، جلد د<strong>و</strong>م صفحه ٣٣۵<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، "مقدمه مخص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی <strong>ا</strong>ز "تک<strong>ا</strong>مل س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ز تخيل <strong>ب</strong>ه علم"<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، مسک<strong>و</strong>، ١٩۵١، جلد د<strong>و</strong>م،<br />
١٨٨٣<br />
١٨٩٢<br />
–<br />
١٩٠۵<br />
(١٩٠٩)<br />
– – دس<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ١٩١٣<br />
- ١٤<br />
- ١٥<br />
- ١٦<br />
صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت - ٠۶ ٨۶<br />
- ١٧ Zeit" "Die Neue (عص<strong>ر</strong> جديد) –<br />
١٨٩۵ .١٩٢٣<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ل دمک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>و</strong>تگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، عص<strong>ر</strong> جديد <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> سيستم<strong>ا</strong>تيک مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يزي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong>تسکی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> مد<strong>ا</strong>فع<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ج می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong>گ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<br />
س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ل – ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong> شد.<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، مسک<strong>و</strong><br />
١٩۵۴، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
(١٩١۴ – ١٨)<br />
- ١٨<br />
٣۴ <strong>و</strong> ۵۴<br />
I.e., Prolegomena - ١٩<br />
– (Revue Neu-Scolastique) - ٢٠<br />
، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص صفحه ٢٨<br />
ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل فلسفی مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط ج<strong>ا</strong>معه فلسفی ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>ليک د<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>لژيک، د<strong>ر</strong> ١٨٩۴ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی شد.<br />
"م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حز<strong>ب</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ل دمک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong>يش، که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>ديد. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تکيه <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ضع ف<strong>ر</strong>صت طل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه، خي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>لت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>عت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی ضد <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی زي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت چ<strong>پ</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>خت.<br />
مجله م<strong>ا</strong>هي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يزي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ر</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong>ئي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> شيک<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><br />
م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong> میشد<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی ١٩١٨ ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل فصلی<br />
زي<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
(ت<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست (م<strong>ا</strong>خی)، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> لي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>سم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س) م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong> میشد. – (The Struggle) "Der Kampf" - ٢١<br />
١٩٣٨ ١٩٠٧<br />
"The International Socialist Review" - ٢٢<br />
١٩٠٠ –<br />
(Viertel Jahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie) - ٢٣<br />
١٨٩۶ ١٩١۶ ١٨٧٧<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ١٩٠٢<br />
Viertel Jahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie und Sociologie<br />
٣٨٣<br />
– (Philosophie) - ٢٤<br />
١٩١٨ ١٩٠۵ ١٩٠٣ ١٨٨٣<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل فلسفی می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد که "قطع<strong>ا</strong>ً محيط<br />
تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د. ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه دشم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی که عمدت<strong>ا</strong>ً متعهد <strong>ب</strong>ه سئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ت<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>و</strong>يلهلم د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت د<strong>ر</strong> لي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی تحت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> شد.
ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong>ت 289<br />
–<br />
- ٢٥<br />
يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زيگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح م<strong>ر</strong>ده، <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يک<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ل. <strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ر</strong>ف ع<strong>ا</strong>شق مط<strong>ا</strong>لعه کت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong><br />
خيلی کم <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جه د<strong>ا</strong>شت. عل<strong>ا</strong>قم<strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> مجم<strong>و</strong>عه کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> فلسفه ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، "ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، مسک<strong>و</strong> ١٩۵١ جلد د<strong>و</strong>م،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ر</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ف که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تمسخ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد.<br />
– ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل فلسفی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ز يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ل<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٧٨۶<br />
<strong>پ</strong>.<strong>ب</strong>.<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی" س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق، سلط<strong>ن</strong>ت طل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> ضد <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی، <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> حز<strong>ب</strong><br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ستيت<strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل دمک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت (ک<strong>ا</strong>دت)<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>مک <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ذخي<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> دس<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> (س<strong>ب</strong>ک جديد)، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ. ی<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده ک<strong>ر</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>سخه <strong>ا</strong>صلی<br />
چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست که: "ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د حتی يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز خد<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست".<br />
جمله تغيي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تي<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>چي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه، ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز خد<strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د س<strong>ا</strong>خته می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل گ<strong>ر</strong>دد – خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که جمله<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>می م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>د مفه<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ت مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی، ي<strong>ا</strong> چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong>يل" (<strong>و</strong>. ی<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، کلي<strong>ا</strong>ت، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><br />
چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی، جلد ٣٧ صفحه ٣٢۴)<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه.<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، مسک<strong>و</strong>،<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، "ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،<br />
چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی مسک<strong>و</strong>، ١٩۵١، جلد د<strong>و</strong>م، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٣٣٧<br />
ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زیگ<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ی. س. ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>چه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د کشيده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م "ق<strong>ا</strong>عده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی"<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>ن</strong>ف، <strong>ن</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> مسجع، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی، ١٩٣١، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٢۵-٢۴).<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی چه <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد، چه <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد<br />
- ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>شي<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه سيستم<strong>ا</strong>تيک ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشی <strong>ا</strong>ز ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>يست<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه.<br />
که ش<strong>ا</strong>مل مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی،<br />
چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يت<strong>ا</strong>لي<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی – ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ن</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ١٩٣٧<br />
"ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت" مجله هفتگی چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ل<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ١٨۶٩ ت<strong>و</strong>سط ع<strong>ا</strong>لمي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی<br />
٤٤- حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>حشی، غ<strong>و</strong>ل، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی ف<strong>ر</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> تهيه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ. <strong>ا</strong>ی. <strong>ا</strong>ليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> جمله "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> ص<strong>ا</strong>دق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>لی" تغيي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د. ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د. (<strong>و</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>ی. ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، کلي<strong>ا</strong>ت،<br />
چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س. جلد د<strong>و</strong>م صفحه ٣۴١<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، "ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، مسک<strong>و</strong> ١٩۵١، جلد د<strong>و</strong>م صفحه ٣٣۵<br />
.<br />
، ١٩۵۴ صفحه ۵۵<br />
<strong>و</strong> ٣٢٨<br />
.<br />
–<br />
–<br />
١٨٩۶ –<br />
- ٢٦<br />
- ٢٧<br />
- ٢٨<br />
- ٢٩ "ذه<strong>ن</strong>" (Mind)<br />
– - ٣٠<br />
–<br />
- ٣١<br />
- ٣٢<br />
١٩<br />
- ٣٣<br />
) ی<strong>ا</strong> . س.<br />
١٩٣١<br />
–<br />
"<br />
- ٣٤<br />
- ٣٥<br />
- ٣٦<br />
- ٣٧<br />
-<br />
٣٨<br />
- ٣٩<br />
٤٠<br />
-٤١<br />
-٤٢<br />
- ٤٣<br />
-٤٥<br />
-٤٦
<strong>و</strong>(<br />
290 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
-٤٧<br />
ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زیگ<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>ی. ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د که يک <strong>ن</strong>يمچه <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيک معم<strong>و</strong>لی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ش "مسئله <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ضی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس" <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>صيف <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ی. ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، کلي<strong>ا</strong>ت،<br />
چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی، جلد <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم صفحه ١٣۴)<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس "ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، مسک<strong>و</strong>، د<strong>و</strong>م صفحه ٣٣۶<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>فه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس. "تزه<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، مسک<strong>و</strong>، ١٩۵١، جلد د<strong>و</strong>م صفحه ٣۶۵<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، مقدمه مخص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی "تک<strong>ا</strong>مل س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ز تخيل <strong>ب</strong>ه علم"<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، مسک<strong>و</strong>، جلد د<strong>و</strong>م صفحه ٩٢<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی حش<strong>ر</strong>ه کُش<br />
.<br />
،١٨٩٢<br />
٩۵١، جلد<br />
۵<br />
-٤٨<br />
-٤٩<br />
-٥٠<br />
-٥١<br />
-٥٢<br />
-٥٣<br />
-٥٤ مثل ٢۵ صفحه ٩٣<br />
-٥٥<br />
-٥٦<br />
– -٥٧<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>کس، ل. <strong>ا</strong>ٓی، <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م مستع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>کسل<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، مسک<strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>لت<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>سم مستع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ج. <strong>ا</strong>. <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف. <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ت<strong>و</strong>سعه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تک خطی <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ ١٨٩۵، تحت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> شد.<br />
-٥٨ مثل ۴٨ صفحه ٣٣۵<br />
-٥٩<br />
-٦٠<br />
-٦١<br />
-٦٢<br />
مثل ۵۶ صفحه <strong>ا</strong>٢٣<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> صفحه ١٢٨<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی، دخ<strong>ا</strong>لته<strong>ا</strong>ی يک س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليست د<strong>ر</strong> حيطه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<br />
<strong>ب</strong>خشی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سل<strong>ا</strong>ت،<br />
دس<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong>گلم<strong>ن</strong>، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، مسک<strong>و</strong>، ١٩۵٣، صفحه ٢۶١ زي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ٢<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست: ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس "تزه<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ" (١٨۴۵) <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />
"مقدمه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی"<br />
"ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی" (١٨٨٨) [<strong>و</strong> همچ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، جلد<br />
١٨٩٢"تک<strong>ا</strong>مل س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ز تخيل <strong>ب</strong>ه علم" <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> کلي<strong>ا</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس ؛ جلد ٢٢، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> ١٩۶٣،<br />
٢٨٧] (ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی" (١٨٩٢) <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی، "مقدمه<br />
صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ز "س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم: تخيلی <strong>و</strong> علمی" (م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><br />
مخص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، مسک<strong>و</strong>، ١٩۵١، جلد د<strong>و</strong>م صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ۶٧<br />
١٨۶٨<br />
/<br />
،٣ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> ،١٩۶٩ صفحه – ٧ ،۵ جلد ،٢١ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> ،١٩۶٢ صفحه – ٣٠٧ ٢۵٩<br />
– ٣١١<br />
"١٩٨٢<br />
– ١۵۶ ، ٣٢۴ – ۶۴ ، ٣۶۵ –<br />
٨٨<br />
… sowie die "Einleitung zur englischen Ausgabe" (1892) der Arbeit "Die<br />
Entwicklung der Sozialismus von der Utopie zur Wissenschaft" von Engels in<br />
karl Marx / Friedrich Engels, Werke, Bd. 3, Berlin 1969, S. 5-6, Bd 21, Berlin<br />
م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شت S.287-311) ۵٨ 1962, S.259-307; Bd.22, Berlin 1963,<br />
-٦٣<br />
-٦٤<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس "تزه<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ" <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس "ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>و</strong> "مقدمه مخص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ز تک<strong>ا</strong>مل س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ز تخيل <strong>ب</strong>ه علم"<br />
(م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی مسک<strong>و</strong>، ١٩۵١، جلد د<strong>و</strong>م<br />
"<br />
"١٨٩٢<br />
صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٩٣ ،٣٣۶ ،٣۶۵
لمث<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong>ت 291<br />
-٦٥<br />
-٦٦<br />
-٦٧<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح سي<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد. جلد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>يت<strong>ا</strong>ل. <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> مسک<strong>و</strong>، ١٩۵۴، جلد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل، فصل <strong>ن</strong>هم، <strong>ب</strong>خش A<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت "د<strong>ر</strong>" فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم.<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی، ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ز مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی.<br />
٦٨- <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه – ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس ١٩٠٠<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک، يک مح<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>و</strong>سعه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>.<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ز مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز مقدمه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ.<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، مسک<strong>و</strong>، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
،٣٣ –<br />
٣۴<br />
-٦٩<br />
-٧٠<br />
-٧١<br />
-٧٢<br />
٣۶ <strong>و</strong> ۵۵<br />
-٧٣ ۴٨ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٣۵٠ <strong>و</strong> ٣۵٣<br />
-٧٤<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />
٧٥- خز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی – ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مث<strong>ب</strong>ت تصيحيح ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>و</strong>يلهلم <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> لي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز ١٩٠٢ ت<strong>ا</strong> ١٩٢١<br />
-٧٦<br />
-٧٧<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت "د<strong>ر</strong>" فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم<br />
عل<strong>ا</strong>مت تعج<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته شده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دليل که ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز کلمه خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی "<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ختت<strong>ا</strong>ميه<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، مسک<strong>و</strong><br />
،١٩۵۴ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ۶۵<br />
-٧٨<br />
(۶۶<br />
-٧٩<br />
-٨٠<br />
-٨١<br />
-٨٢<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ٧۶<br />
"علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی" – <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ل<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ١٨٩٢<br />
"<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ی" فلسفی – ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ر</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ، <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ١٨٩٢، صفحه ١٣٣<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ل<strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong>ت مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست."،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>سخه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل، ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ. ی. <strong>ا</strong>ليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت که "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ل<strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد تغيي<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک ل<strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست"، ي<strong>ا</strong> يک غلط <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><br />
کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تصحيح د<strong>ر</strong> ليست غلط <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، مسک<strong>و</strong> ١٩۵۴، صفحه ١۵٨<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گشت <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت" د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی<br />
تحت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تيسم <strong>ا</strong>ست که تکثي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>غل<strong>ب</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>حه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>شتي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی "م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی" <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ش "يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
ديگ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓمد<strong>ن</strong>" (١٨٩٩) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د. (<strong>و</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>ی. ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، کلي<strong>ا</strong>ت، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی،<br />
<strong>و</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يزي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت "د<strong>ر</strong>" فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم<br />
<strong>و</strong>. م. <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يشک<strong>و</strong>يچ، سلط<strong>ن</strong>ت طل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> خيلی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تح<strong>ا</strong>ديه م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سيه<br />
the Black<br />
)<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong> ١٨٩٩<br />
١٨٧٠<br />
..."<br />
–<br />
-٨٣<br />
-٨٤<br />
صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت – ٧٧ (۵٩<br />
-٨٥<br />
-٨٦<br />
(Bundreds<br />
-٨٧<br />
يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong>صت طل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه که د<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه، <strong>ا</strong>يت<strong>ا</strong>لي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لژيک د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>قه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
گذشته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ب</strong>لغ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه "د<strong>و</strong>زخي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" ج<strong>ا</strong>معه د<strong>ر</strong> کل تکيه ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی
292 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>قه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>که صلح ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>تی گ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ئت<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
ل<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليست هفته <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک حز<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حز<strong>ب</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل شد.<br />
١٨٨۵<br />
– -٨٨<br />
١٩٠٢<br />
-٨٩ مثل ،۴۶ صفحه ٣۴٠<br />
-٩٠<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس "ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" (١٨٨٨) "د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی"<br />
(١٨٩٢) "تک<strong>ا</strong>مل س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ز تخيل <strong>ب</strong>ه علم" (م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، مسک<strong>و</strong>، ١٩۵١، جلد د<strong>و</strong>م صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
-۴۶ ٣٢۴ <strong>و</strong> - ٨٨ (١۵۶<br />
– ١٩٠٠<br />
–<br />
-٩١ مثل ،۴۶ صفحه ٣۴٢<br />
-٩٢ مثل ،۵٢ صفحه ٩٢<br />
-٩٣<br />
-٩٤<br />
ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>تس ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ١٨٩۵، م<strong>ب</strong>لغ س<strong>و</strong>لي<strong>پ</strong>يسم، يک<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>م خيلی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم.<br />
چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک، يک مح<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>و</strong>سعه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سيد.<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی، س<strong>ا</strong>ل فلسفی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>شح<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>ع<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی، ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يشهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يه غلط <strong>ن</strong>خست <strong>و</strong>زي<strong>ر</strong> تز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong>لي<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ديت ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />
مخص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>متح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>شخ<strong>ا</strong>صی که م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د شک د<strong>و</strong>لت تز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زد<strong>ر</strong>يف، يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زيگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته گ<strong>و</strong>گل "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح م<strong>ر</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"، يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>غگ<strong>و</strong>ی ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
"تک <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی" ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ر</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong>ئی م<strong>ب</strong>لغ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> شيک<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
١٨٩٠<br />
١٩٠۴<br />
-٩٥<br />
-٩٦<br />
-٩٧<br />
-٩٨<br />
-٩٩<br />
–<br />
-١٠٠<br />
١٩٣۶ -<br />
–<br />
-١٠١<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong> ١٩٣١<br />
-١٠٢ مثل ،۴۶ صفحه ٣٣٩<br />
-١٠٣<br />
-١٠٤<br />
-١٠٥<br />
-١٠٦<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>شي<strong>و</strong> فلسفی" ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong>- ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی م<strong>ا</strong>خی، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>: يکی مخص<strong>و</strong>ص ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ فلسفه <strong>و</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ه مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل عم<strong>و</strong>می فلسفی<br />
١٨٩۵<br />
–<br />
-<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی، دخ<strong>ا</strong>لته<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز يک س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong>ه حيطه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت.<br />
<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، مجم<strong>و</strong>عه <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، جلد ٣٢، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> ١٩۶۵، صفحه ۵٧٩<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يگ<strong>ن</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ر</strong> ژ<strong>و</strong>زف ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شده ت<strong>و</strong>سط د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>گ تحت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>: "ژ<strong>و</strong>زف ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>قد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><br />
د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ز کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ژ<strong>و</strong>زف ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> تحت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه (<strong>ا</strong>ٓکي<strong>و</strong>يزيت)<br />
-١٠٧ مثل ،۴۶ صفحه ٣٣٨<br />
-١٠٨ مثل ،٧٢ صفحه ٨۶<br />
–<br />
-١٠٩<br />
-١١٠<br />
-١١١<br />
-١١٢<br />
-١١٣<br />
(س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی) <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس <strong>ا</strong>ز ١٨٩۴.<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی، <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>مده <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يز هيچ<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>ضيحی <strong>ن</strong>يست.<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک، يک مح<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>و</strong>سعه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />
(مس<strong>ا</strong>ئلی <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی) ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی، ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔسيس ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ن</strong>. ی. گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ت که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
س<strong>ا</strong>ل ت<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong> میشد. د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>د "م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی" <strong>پ</strong>. <strong>ب</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong>ه، س.<br />
١٩١٨<br />
١٨٨٩
ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong>ت 293<br />
-<br />
<strong>ن</strong>. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>ع، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه همک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه تحت س<strong>ر</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ستی ل.م. ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت.<br />
(ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سيه) يک مجله م<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> س<strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سط د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئل<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> لي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>يک ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل شد <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط کي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> ميخ<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong>فسکی تصحيح میگ<strong>ر</strong>ديد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
مجله مُ<strong>ب</strong>َلغ س<strong>ا</strong>زش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong>لت تز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> قطع م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> عليه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> مص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>و</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی دشم<strong>ن</strong>ی می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ِ. <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لي<strong>و</strong> کلمه<strong>ا</strong>يست که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص، جلد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل صفحه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تع<strong>ر</strong>يف، ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ش<strong>و</strong>د که جزئی <strong>ا</strong>ز محيط م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ه می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تع<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه شده ت<strong>و</strong>سط ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong>د، م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ِ<strong>ا</strong><br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه)<br />
ک<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ه می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم. "<strong>ا</strong>ِ ح<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>و</strong> کلمه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
.١٩١٨<br />
:١۵<br />
(R)<br />
(E)<br />
<strong>و</strong> Erkenntnis<br />
١٧٨۶<br />
Experience)<br />
Erfahrung<br />
–<br />
(E. Value)<br />
١٨٩۴<br />
-١١٤<br />
١٨٩٠<br />
-١١٥<br />
Knoledge) ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت)<br />
– "Wer den Feind..." -١١٦<br />
-١١٧<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ز يک د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يتی گ<strong>و</strong>ته می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که ت<strong>و</strong>سط ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ی. <strong>ا</strong>س. ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong>يف <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م س<strong>ر</strong>زمي<strong>ن</strong> جديد <strong>ا</strong>خذ شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ه شده <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس (<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د سي<strong>ا</strong>سی) (١٨۵٩) م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،<br />
١٩۵١، جلد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٣١<br />
م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، مسک<strong>و</strong>، (م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سل<strong>ا</strong>ت، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
ژ<strong>و</strong>ئ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong>گلم<strong>ن</strong>، ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، مسک<strong>و</strong>،<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زيگ<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ی. <strong>ا</strong>س. ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م <strong>پ</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>.<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong>ه ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ، ٣ <strong>ا</strong>کت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ١٨۴٣، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ، کلي<strong>ا</strong>ت، جلد ٢٧، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،<br />
٣٢٧ -<br />
١٨٧٠ ٢٧<br />
،١٩٣۵ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت – ٩٠ (٢٨٠<br />
–<br />
١٣<br />
"Zur Kritik"<br />
-١١٨<br />
-١١٩<br />
-١٢٠<br />
صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت - ٢١ ۴١٩<br />
–<br />
-١٢١<br />
-١٢٢<br />
(س<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی) يک ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل تحت س<strong>ر</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ستی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>لد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ١٨۴۴<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس، فقط يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يه ١٨۴۴ م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong> شد.<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong>گلم<strong>ن</strong>، دس<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ١٨٧٠، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سل<strong>ا</strong>ت، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، مسک<strong>و</strong>، ١٩۵٣، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٧<br />
١٨٨٨، <strong>و</strong><br />
٣٠۵ –<br />
-١٢٣ ميل ،۵٢ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت - ٩٩ ٩٧<br />
-١٢٤<br />
-١٢٥<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong>: <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ ١٨٧٨، ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی ١٨٩٢<br />
هفته <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه مه<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی، م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong> شده د<strong>ر</strong> ژ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>س ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يل<br />
شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مدت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فت، <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی مه<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>مل میشد...<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong>م، سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش کم<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>" د<strong>ر</strong> يک ميتي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>لمللی د<strong>ر</strong> ژ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>س<br />
چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> شد. هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هفته <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه "خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی" <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><br />
ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی، ت<strong>ب</strong>ليغ میشد.<br />
١٩٠٨، چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
١٨<br />
١٣<br />
(Populärwissenschaft)<br />
١٩٠٨ ١٩٠٢<br />
١۶<br />
١٩٠٨<br />
"Obrasowanija" (<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش)<br />
١٩٠٩ ١٨٩٢<br />
-١٢٦<br />
مجله م<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ی، علمی م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong> میشد <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> کمک میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
١٢٧- <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> چي<strong>ن</strong>سکی <strong>و</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>چي<strong>ن</strong>سکی، ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کمدی <strong>ن</strong>يکل<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong>ل "Revision" می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه
294 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
:١٩٠٨<br />
-١٢٨<br />
-١٢٩<br />
<strong>ن</strong>. <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> "س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفی<br />
ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم" <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>. ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی".<br />
دست <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م، <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز کد<strong>ا</strong>م ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يه <strong>ن</strong>. ج. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د، <strong>و</strong>قتی که کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه زي<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د؟" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ. <strong>ا</strong>ی. <strong>ا</strong>ليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>س (س<strong>ب</strong>ک جديد)، ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "م<strong>ن</strong> يک<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>س ي<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه میف<strong>ر</strong>ستم. <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد که کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد، <strong>و</strong>لی ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>قت <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يل. مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد، <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز جمع <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> مخص<strong>و</strong>ص چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خيلی مهم تلقی می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يم.<br />
–<br />
١٩٠٩<br />
١٩٠٩<br />
٢۴<br />
٢٣