CORDIO Status Report 2002.pdf

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Coral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean Status Report 2002 The coral reefs of the Indian Ocean are extremely diverse ecosystems and play a key role in the productivity of the coastal areas. In addition, these reefs are essential for the food security of a large proportion of the human population, for the protection of coastlines and as a valuable tourist attraction. Unfortunately, a number of threats that have caused serious declines in the distribution and condition of these reefs during recent decades. In particular, the El Niño event of 1997/98 produced extremely high water temperatures that caused bleaching and mortality of corals on a global scale. CORDIO is a collaborative program involving research groups in 11 countries and was created in 1999 to help mitigate the widespread degradation of the coral reefs throughout the central and western Indian Ocean. This report presents a summary of the results obtained during 2001 and 2002. CORDIO is an operational program under the International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI). CORDIO is supported by Sida (Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency), the Dutch Trust Fund of the World Bank, The Government of Finland, IUCN and WWF. Program co-ordination CORDIO Olof Lindén David Souter Department of Biology and Environmental Science University of Kalmar 391 80 Kalmar Sweden (e-mail: olof.linden@cordio.org, david.souter@cordio.org) CORDIO East Africa Region David Obura P.O.Box 10135 Bamburi, Mombasa Kenya (e-mail: david.obura@cordio.org, dobura@africaonline.co.ke) CORDIO South Asia Region Dan Wilhelmsson South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme (SACEP) 10 Anderson Road Colombo 5 Sri Lanka (e-mail: dan.wilhelmsson@cordio.org, dan.wilhelmsson@telia.com) CORDIO Indian Ocean Islands Jean Pascal Quod ARVAM (Agence pour la Recherche et la Valorisation Marine)14, Rue du Stade de l’Est, 97490 Sainte Clotilde La Réunion (e-mail: jpquod.arvam@wanadoo.fr) CORDIO Socio-economic project Herman Cesar IVM-VU (A-670), Vrije Universiteit De Boelelaan 1087 1081 HV Amsterdam the Netherlands (e-mail: herman.cesar@ivm.vu.nl) Website: www.cordio.org ISBN 91–973959–2–7
Coral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean Status Report 2002 EDITORS: OLOF LINDÉN, DAVID SOUTER, DAN WILHELMSSON & DAVID OBURA The Netherlands Finland
Page 1: Coral Reef Degradation in the India
Page 5 and 6: Contents Foreword 7 Executive Summa
Page 7 and 8: Foreword In addition to being magni
Page 9 and 10: Executive Summary Since the 1998 co
Page 11 and 12: REEFS OF THE GULF OF MANNAR AND NIC
Page 13 and 14: Part I East Africa 13
Page 15 and 16: MORTALITY AND RECOVER AFTER THE 199
Page 17 and 18: Table 2. Area and date for reportin
Page 19 and 20: Obura, D., Suleiman, M., Motta, H.,
Page 21 and 22: Table 1. The geographic positions (
Page 23 and 24: changes are minor and show slight i
Page 25 and 26: mean number/m 2 mean number/m 2 10
Page 27 and 28: % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Tuti
Page 29 and 30: In Misali there are very few reprod
Page 31 and 32: observed to induce a shift in the c
Page 33 and 34: 20 Corallimorpharian cover (%) 15 1
Page 35 and 36: Table 2. Proportions of corallimorp
Page 37 and 38: corallimorpharians in terms of bent
Page 39 and 40: Seawater Temperature on Shallow Ree
Page 41 and 42: ing Southeast (SE) monsoon (May-Oct
Page 43 and 44: 31 Coral settlement density Seawate
Page 45 and 46: Jokiel, P. L., & Guinther, E. B., (
Page 47 and 48: 50 40 Southern coast Parks Fished C
Page 49 and 50: 30 Sites Quadrats/site 8 Adults/m 2
Page 51 and 52: Latitude (degrees) -1.7 -1.8 -1.9 -
Page 53 and 54:
Obura, , D. O., Uku, J. N., Wawiye,
Page 55 and 56:
people live within Mozambique’s 4
Page 57 and 58:
Percentage cover 60 50 40 30 20 10
Page 59 and 60:
Pereira, M. A. M., Gonçalves, P. M
Page 61 and 62:
later converted into percentage cov
Page 63 and 64:
Table 2. The substrate cover of the
Page 65 and 66:
Percentage cover 100 90 80 70 60 50
Page 67 and 68:
a) Filamentous algae Hypnea sp. Fil
Page 69 and 70:
Participatory Monitoring of an Arti
Page 71 and 72:
for management purposes and scienti
Page 73 and 74:
ever, suffer from the presence of t
Page 75 and 76:
Traps 100 y z Gill nets Handlines H
Page 77 and 78:
250 m 2 at highly fished sites (sim
Page 79 and 80:
Table 6. Interpretation of correlat
Page 81 and 82:
The success of any management inter
Page 83 and 84:
BACKGROUND Kleypas et al. (1999) as
Page 85 and 86:
50 y = -0.5989x + 45.87 R 2 = 0.495
Page 87 and 88:
Table 4. Species Reproductive strat
Page 89 and 90:
Schleyer, M. H., Obura, D., Motta,
Page 91 and 92:
Coral Reef Degradation in South Asi
Page 93 and 94:
al.; 1999, Wilkinson et al., 1999).
Page 95 and 96:
tance of reef fisheries in India, s
Page 97 and 98:
working group is preparing specific
Page 99 and 100:
scientific data and results can be
Page 101 and 102:
The Conservation Status of Coral Re
Page 103 and 104:
Table 1. Study sites in Andaman and
Page 105 and 106:
K (Competitors) 10 90 20 80 30 70 4
Page 107 and 108:
phologies in each of the three adap
Page 109 and 110:
Table 4. Mortality index, relative
Page 111 and 112:
Sheppard, C. R. C., (1988) ‘Simil
Page 113 and 114:
Figure 1. Fixing of coral fragments
Page 115 and 116:
Table 1. List of species of hard co
Page 117 and 118:
Status of the Coral Reefs of Maldiv
Page 119 and 120:
Table 2. Reef Check data showing 19
Page 121 and 122:
Figure 5. Large colonies of Acropor
Page 123 and 124:
Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Co
Page 125 and 126:
Figure 2. The three sites in Vaavu
Page 127 and 128:
No coral spat/plate (0.04 m≤) No
Page 129 and 130:
Percent cover 100% 80% 60% 40% 20%
Page 131 and 132:
frequency (no/m≤) 20 15 10 5 0 Fe
Page 133 and 134:
Assessing Bioerosion and Its Effect
Page 135 and 136:
16 weight removed by bioerosion (%)
Page 137 and 138:
Status Report on the Condition of R
Page 139 and 140:
During the immediate post-bleaching
Page 141 and 142:
spp.), caught on the coral reefs in
Page 143 and 144:
Figure 7. Recolonisation by Acropor
Page 145 and 146:
activities. Such problems are the m
Page 147 and 148:
Reef Fisheries and Coral Reef Degra
Page 149 and 150:
southern Sri Lanka. Before 1998 the
Page 151 and 152:
Table 3. Spiny lobster catches in W
Page 153 and 154:
No. of fishermen 12 8 4 0 Negombo W
Page 155 and 156:
Gerald, R., Allen, R., Steene, C.,
Page 157 and 158:
THE ORNAMENTAL FISH COLLECTION AND
Page 159 and 160:
positive correlations between fish
Page 161 and 162:
of September, and packing lists fro
Page 163 and 164:
REFERENCES Andrews, C., (1990) ‘T
Page 165 and 166:
Future Effects of Climate Change on
Page 167 and 168:
which operated on multi-decadal tim
Page 169 and 170:
elevation in Maldives is only 5 m,
Page 171 and 172:
The predicted warming will produce
Page 173 and 174:
IPCC (1997) The Regional Impacts of
Page 175 and 176:
2001 Bleaching on Acropora Dominate
Page 177 and 178:
Daily mean SST anomaly (°C) 1.5 1.
Page 179 and 180:
nb of cells per g of biodetritus 30
Page 181 and 182:
Status of Coral Reefs at Réunion,
Page 183 and 184:
Geyser bank, located between Mayott
Page 185 and 186:
was now observed (25%) for stations
Page 187 and 188:
pacted large areas of coral reef in
Page 189 and 190:
Table 1. Study Sites Location of th
Page 191 and 192:
ABUNDANCE OF DIADEMA SETOSUM The de
Page 193 and 194:
Table 5. Total number of genera obs
Page 195 and 196:
Table 9. Summary of indicator fish
Page 197 and 198:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are very gratefu
Page 199 and 200:
Chagos Archipelago Peros Banhos Sal
Page 201 and 202:
30.0 29.5 29.0 28.5 deg C 28.0 27.5
Page 203 and 204:
uild-up of beaches. However, at som
Page 205 and 206:
Figure 9. Eroded rim of the island
Page 207 and 208:
Sheppard, C. R. C., (1999b) ‘Cora
Page 209 and 210:
Table 1. Overview of the 40 coral r
Page 211 and 212:
Transects were placed at an oblique
Page 213 and 214:
RESULTS Scleractinian Live Hard Cor
Page 215 and 216:
Mean % live hard coral cover 10 5 0
Page 217 and 218:
partly confounded due to the signif
Page 219 and 220:
Table 6a. (continued) Type Site No.
Page 221 and 222:
Table 6a. (continued) Type Site No.
Page 223 and 224:
Figure 15. Recent Acropora sp. recr
Page 225 and 226:
sampled was calculated at 9.4 + 0.4
Page 227 and 228:
Harriott, V. J., & Fisk, D. A., (19
Page 229 and 230:
growth, and to recover reef habitat
Page 231 and 232:
The quantified fish surveys on the
Page 233 and 234:
cussed on obtaining a video record
Page 235 and 236:
arely exposed at low tide, and are
Page 237 and 238:
50 Outer reef families 40 Percent 3
Page 239 and 240:
7241 86 14 0 950 24 72 4 81 93 1437
Page 241 and 242:
that there may have been several co
Page 243 and 244:
Roberts, C. M., Hawkins, J. P., McA
Page 245 and 246:
Economic Analysis of Coral Bleachin
Page 247 and 248:
Table 1. Comparison of cost and ben
Page 249 and 250:
changes. In the Seychelles case stu
Page 251 and 252:
ents questioned in Zanzibar came in
Page 253 and 254:
Table 3. Regression results for res
Page 255 and 256:
Table 5. WTP Estimates for Kenya, Z
Page 257 and 258:
Coral Reef Rehabilitation: Feasibil
Page 259 and 260:
Since Kiunga is remote, with low or
Page 261 and 262:
4000 Pavona spp. 4000 Porites spp.
Page 263 and 264:
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Recruits
Page 265 and 266:
Obura, D. O., Uku, J. N., Wawiye, O
Page 267 and 268:
such as increased penetration of so
Page 269 and 270:
Table 1. Filter specifications for
Page 271 and 272:
Table 2. The percentage cover of th
Page 273 and 274:
Adresses to Authors S. Ahamada BP 1
Page 275 and 276:
Jelvas M. Mwaura CORDIO East Africa
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