CORDIO Status Report 2002.pdf

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Kiunga shows that on reefs with high coral cover and diversity, that had large populations of the vulnerable speciese, recovery of coral cover was reversed. In southern Kenya, a similar effect may be found in reefs that had high abundance of Astreopora, Echinopora and Montipora. For example, a monospecific stand of Montipora spongodes, measuring some 30m in diameter that dominated one patch reef in a protected lagoon suffered >99% mortality, with only a few small fragments remaining alive, and depending on transect layouts, may cause over 30% reduction in coral cover at that site. As with recovery from bleaching losses, recovery from smaller impacts such as coral disease is likely to be slower in the north where conditions are less favourable for reefs, as well as in southern Kenya reefs suffering chronic stress from pollution, overfishing or other threats. Coral recruitment has been at reasonable levels from 2000 to 2002, and on the whole at levels that suggest recovery in the long run may not be limited by larval supply. There do appear to be reproducing coral populations that survived the El Niño, though their output in 1998 and 1999 was significantly reduced during and immediately after the El Niño. Whether a reproduction impact of the coral diseas will be seen as depressed recruitment in 2003 of species affected by the disease will be a specific objective of monitoring in 2003. The impact of the coral bleaching and mortality of 1998 on fish populations is not indicated in a consistent post-1998 trend in the data from the Kiunga Marine Reserve, though a lack of before data weakens the power of the dataset. Certainly gross changes in fish community structure is not reported for southern Kenya (Mc- Clanahan et al., 2001). The Kiunga data does confirm prior findings from East Africa, that fishing and protection levels over-ride other factors that affect fish community structure (McClanahan & Kaunda-Arara, 1996; McClanahan, 1997), with the upper range for fish abundance declining with proximity to major fishing communities at the south of the marine reserve. Continuation of coral reef monitoring in Kenya is a primary objective of the two programmes monitoring Kenya’s reefs, with increasing attention being paid to the interaction of climate change and local threats. Additional effort is being made to understand recovery processes through recruitment and transplantation studies, and through feeding information from monitoring directly to management for more responsive interventions to ongoing and new threats. Extending monitoring to further sites and reefs zones, such as to fore reef sites, and to include non-scientists in monitoring, such as through dive operators and community groups is also being undertaken (eg. Obura et al., this volume). Improving responsiveness of monitoring to threats, such as through rapid response and more frequent focussed sampling following the initial impact will become a greater component of monitoring. Experimental studies investigating different components of bleaching responses are continuing to be undertaken (Kirugara & Wawiye, this volume), to help explain patterns of response to environmental changes. REFERENCES McClanahan, T., (1988) ‘Seasonality in East Africa’s coastal waters’. Marine Ecology Progress Series 44, 191–199. McClanahan, T., (1992) Status of Kenyan coral reef lagoons. Wildlife Conservation International. McClanahan, T. R., (1997) ‘Effects of fishing and reef structure on East African coral reefs’. In: 8th International Coral Reef Symposium, 2, pp. 1533–1538, Panama. McClanahan, T. R., & Kaunda-Arara, B., (1996) ‘Fishery recovery in a coral-reef marine park and its effect on the adjacent fishery’. Conservation Biology 10(4), 1187–1199. McClanahan, T., & Obura, D., (1995) ‘Status of Kenyan Coral Reefs’. Coastal Management 23, 57–76. McClanahan, T., Muthiga, N., & Mangi, S., (2001) ‘Coral reef and algal changes after the 1998 coral bleaching: interaction with reef management and herbivores on Kenyan reefs’. Coral Reefs 19:380–391. McClanahan, T. R., Maina, J., & Pet-Soede, L., (2002) ‘Effects of the 1998 coral mortality event on Kenyan coral reefs and fisheries’. Ambio 31:543–550. Obura, D. O., & Church, J., (in prep.) ‘Coral reef monitoring in the Kiunga Marine Reserve, 1998–2002’. CORDIO/WWF. Obura, D., Suleiman, M., Motta, H., & Schleyer, M., (2000) ‘East Africa’. In: Wilkinson, C., (ed.) Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000. Townsville: Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network. Australian Insitute of Marine Science. 53
Obura, , D. O., Uku, J. N., Wawiye, O. P., Mwachireya, S., & Mdodo, R. M. (2000) ‘Kenya, Reef Status And Ecology’. In: Souter, D., Obura, D. O., & Lindén, O., (eds.) Coral Reef Degradation in The India Ocean. Status reports 2000. COR- DIO, University of Kalmar, Sweden. Obura, D, Church, C., Mwadzaya, H., Wekesa, E., & Muthiga, N., (1998) Rapid Assessment of Coral Reef Biophysical and Socioeconomic Conditions in the Kiunga Marine Reserve, Kenya: Methods Development and Evaluation. FAO/UNEP Samoilys, M., (1988a) A survey of the coral, reef fish communities on the Kenyan Coast. World Wildlife Fund, Kenya. Samoilys, M., (1988b) ‘Abundance and species richness of coral reef fish on the Kenyan coast: the effects of protective management and fishing’. In: Proceedings of the 6 International Coral Reef Symposium, 2, pp. 261–266. Wilkinson, C., (2002) Global Status of Coral Reefs 2002. Global Coral Reff Monitoring Network (GCRMN) 2002, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia. 54
Page 1 and 2: Coral Reef Degradation in the India
Page 3 and 4: Coral Reef Degradation in the India
Page 5 and 6: Contents Foreword 7 Executive Summa
Page 7 and 8: Foreword In addition to being magni
Page 9 and 10: Executive Summary Since the 1998 co
Page 11 and 12: REEFS OF THE GULF OF MANNAR AND NIC
Page 13 and 14: Part I East Africa 13
Page 15 and 16: MORTALITY AND RECOVER AFTER THE 199
Page 17 and 18: Table 2. Area and date for reportin
Page 19 and 20: Obura, D., Suleiman, M., Motta, H.,
Page 21 and 22: Table 1. The geographic positions (
Page 23 and 24: changes are minor and show slight i
Page 25 and 26: mean number/m 2 mean number/m 2 10
Page 27 and 28: % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Tuti
Page 29 and 30: In Misali there are very few reprod
Page 31 and 32: observed to induce a shift in the c
Page 33 and 34: 20 Corallimorpharian cover (%) 15 1
Page 35 and 36: Table 2. Proportions of corallimorp
Page 37 and 38: corallimorpharians in terms of bent
Page 39 and 40: Seawater Temperature on Shallow Ree
Page 41 and 42: ing Southeast (SE) monsoon (May-Oct
Page 43 and 44: 31 Coral settlement density Seawate
Page 45 and 46: Jokiel, P. L., & Guinther, E. B., (
Page 47 and 48: 50 40 Southern coast Parks Fished C
Page 49 and 50: 30 Sites Quadrats/site 8 Adults/m 2
Page 51: Latitude (degrees) -1.7 -1.8 -1.9 -
Page 55 and 56: people live within Mozambique’s 4
Page 57 and 58: Percentage cover 60 50 40 30 20 10
Page 59 and 60: Pereira, M. A. M., Gonçalves, P. M
Page 61 and 62: later converted into percentage cov
Page 63 and 64: Table 2. The substrate cover of the
Page 65 and 66: Percentage cover 100 90 80 70 60 50
Page 67 and 68: a) Filamentous algae Hypnea sp. Fil
Page 69 and 70: Participatory Monitoring of an Arti
Page 71 and 72: for management purposes and scienti
Page 73 and 74: ever, suffer from the presence of t
Page 75 and 76: Traps 100 y z Gill nets Handlines H
Page 77 and 78: 250 m 2 at highly fished sites (sim
Page 79 and 80: Table 6. Interpretation of correlat
Page 81 and 82: The success of any management inter
Page 83 and 84: BACKGROUND Kleypas et al. (1999) as
Page 85 and 86: 50 y = -0.5989x + 45.87 R 2 = 0.495
Page 87 and 88: Table 4. Species Reproductive strat
Page 89 and 90: Schleyer, M. H., Obura, D., Motta,
Page 91 and 92: Coral Reef Degradation in South Asi
Page 93 and 94: al.; 1999, Wilkinson et al., 1999).
Page 95 and 96: tance of reef fisheries in India, s
Page 97 and 98: working group is preparing specific
Page 99 and 100: scientific data and results can be
Page 101 and 102: The Conservation Status of Coral Re
Page 103 and 104:
Table 1. Study sites in Andaman and
Page 105 and 106:
K (Competitors) 10 90 20 80 30 70 4
Page 107 and 108:
phologies in each of the three adap
Page 109 and 110:
Table 4. Mortality index, relative
Page 111 and 112:
Sheppard, C. R. C., (1988) ‘Simil
Page 113 and 114:
Figure 1. Fixing of coral fragments
Page 115 and 116:
Table 1. List of species of hard co
Page 117 and 118:
Status of the Coral Reefs of Maldiv
Page 119 and 120:
Table 2. Reef Check data showing 19
Page 121 and 122:
Figure 5. Large colonies of Acropor
Page 123 and 124:
Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Co
Page 125 and 126:
Figure 2. The three sites in Vaavu
Page 127 and 128:
No coral spat/plate (0.04 m≤) No
Page 129 and 130:
Percent cover 100% 80% 60% 40% 20%
Page 131 and 132:
frequency (no/m≤) 20 15 10 5 0 Fe
Page 133 and 134:
Assessing Bioerosion and Its Effect
Page 135 and 136:
16 weight removed by bioerosion (%)
Page 137 and 138:
Status Report on the Condition of R
Page 139 and 140:
During the immediate post-bleaching
Page 141 and 142:
spp.), caught on the coral reefs in
Page 143 and 144:
Figure 7. Recolonisation by Acropor
Page 145 and 146:
activities. Such problems are the m
Page 147 and 148:
Reef Fisheries and Coral Reef Degra
Page 149 and 150:
southern Sri Lanka. Before 1998 the
Page 151 and 152:
Table 3. Spiny lobster catches in W
Page 153 and 154:
No. of fishermen 12 8 4 0 Negombo W
Page 155 and 156:
Gerald, R., Allen, R., Steene, C.,
Page 157 and 158:
THE ORNAMENTAL FISH COLLECTION AND
Page 159 and 160:
positive correlations between fish
Page 161 and 162:
of September, and packing lists fro
Page 163 and 164:
REFERENCES Andrews, C., (1990) ‘T
Page 165 and 166:
Future Effects of Climate Change on
Page 167 and 168:
which operated on multi-decadal tim
Page 169 and 170:
elevation in Maldives is only 5 m,
Page 171 and 172:
The predicted warming will produce
Page 173 and 174:
IPCC (1997) The Regional Impacts of
Page 175 and 176:
2001 Bleaching on Acropora Dominate
Page 177 and 178:
Daily mean SST anomaly (°C) 1.5 1.
Page 179 and 180:
nb of cells per g of biodetritus 30
Page 181 and 182:
Status of Coral Reefs at Réunion,
Page 183 and 184:
Geyser bank, located between Mayott
Page 185 and 186:
was now observed (25%) for stations
Page 187 and 188:
pacted large areas of coral reef in
Page 189 and 190:
Table 1. Study Sites Location of th
Page 191 and 192:
ABUNDANCE OF DIADEMA SETOSUM The de
Page 193 and 194:
Table 5. Total number of genera obs
Page 195 and 196:
Table 9. Summary of indicator fish
Page 197 and 198:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are very gratefu
Page 199 and 200:
Chagos Archipelago Peros Banhos Sal
Page 201 and 202:
30.0 29.5 29.0 28.5 deg C 28.0 27.5
Page 203 and 204:
uild-up of beaches. However, at som
Page 205 and 206:
Figure 9. Eroded rim of the island
Page 207 and 208:
Sheppard, C. R. C., (1999b) ‘Cora
Page 209 and 210:
Table 1. Overview of the 40 coral r
Page 211 and 212:
Transects were placed at an oblique
Page 213 and 214:
RESULTS Scleractinian Live Hard Cor
Page 215 and 216:
Mean % live hard coral cover 10 5 0
Page 217 and 218:
partly confounded due to the signif
Page 219 and 220:
Table 6a. (continued) Type Site No.
Page 221 and 222:
Table 6a. (continued) Type Site No.
Page 223 and 224:
Figure 15. Recent Acropora sp. recr
Page 225 and 226:
sampled was calculated at 9.4 + 0.4
Page 227 and 228:
Harriott, V. J., & Fisk, D. A., (19
Page 229 and 230:
growth, and to recover reef habitat
Page 231 and 232:
The quantified fish surveys on the
Page 233 and 234:
cussed on obtaining a video record
Page 235 and 236:
arely exposed at low tide, and are
Page 237 and 238:
50 Outer reef families 40 Percent 3
Page 239 and 240:
7241 86 14 0 950 24 72 4 81 93 1437
Page 241 and 242:
that there may have been several co
Page 243 and 244:
Roberts, C. M., Hawkins, J. P., McA
Page 245 and 246:
Economic Analysis of Coral Bleachin
Page 247 and 248:
Table 1. Comparison of cost and ben
Page 249 and 250:
changes. In the Seychelles case stu
Page 251 and 252:
ents questioned in Zanzibar came in
Page 253 and 254:
Table 3. Regression results for res
Page 255 and 256:
Table 5. WTP Estimates for Kenya, Z
Page 257 and 258:
Coral Reef Rehabilitation: Feasibil
Page 259 and 260:
Since Kiunga is remote, with low or
Page 261 and 262:
4000 Pavona spp. 4000 Porites spp.
Page 263 and 264:
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Recruits
Page 265 and 266:
Obura, D. O., Uku, J. N., Wawiye, O
Page 267 and 268:
such as increased penetration of so
Page 269 and 270:
Table 1. Filter specifications for
Page 271 and 272:
Table 2. The percentage cover of th
Page 273 and 274:
Adresses to Authors S. Ahamada BP 1
Page 275 and 276:
Jelvas M. Mwaura CORDIO East Africa
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