OBSAH 56/SN2/2008 ŠTÚDIE J akub í kov á, Kornélia: Komunikácia ...

OBSAH 56/SN2/2008
ŠTÚDIE
J a k u b í k o v á, Kornélia: Komunikácia v obradoch životného cyklu – zmeny v 20. storočí...123
B u ž e k o v á, Tatiana: Nepriateľ zvnútra a jeho povesť – skúmanie bosoráctva a klebiet
v antropológii...130
H o l u b o v á, Markéta: Čeští poutníci a slovenský Šaštín ve světle “knih milostí”...146
N á d a s k á, Katarína: Náboženský život v komunikácii obyvateľov obce...157
MATERIÁLY
Z m e t á k, Igor: F. X. Eder a jeho spis o bolívijských Moxoch v kontexte etnografie 18.
storočia...168
L e n o v s k ý, Ladislav: Klientela kúpeľného mesta – medzikultúrna komunikácia – kultúrna
zmena...177
DISKUSIA
B e c h t e l o v á, Delphine – G a l m i c h e, Xavier: Daleko od centra – středoevropská odhalení
“areálních” výzkumů...195
VYHRADENÉ PRE
Ako sme žili Slovensko v 20. storočí – úvod...199
L u t h e r, Daniel: Libreto výstavy. Slovensko v 20. storočí. Spoločenstvo a kultúra mesta...199
S l a v k o v s k ý, Peter: Slovensko v 20. storočí – spôsob života a kultúra vidieka. Prírodné,
historické a sociálno-ekonomické podmienky vývinu vidieckych spoločenstiev na Slovensku v 20.
storočí...210
M l y n k a, Ladislav: Ako Sme žili. Slovensko v 20. storočí...219
ROZHĽADY – SPRÁVY – GLOSY
Jubilantka PhDr. Viera Gašparíková, DrSc. (15. 4. 1928) (Bohuslav B e n e š)...223
K životnému jubileu Mgr. Juliany Kováčovej (Hana U r b a n c o v á)...226
Juraj Podoba jubiluje (Oľga D a n g l o v á)...229
Spolupráca s Etnografskim Institutom SANU v Belehrade (Peter S l a v k o v s k ý –
Dušan R a t i c a)...239
Konferencia Putujúce koncepty/Travelling Concepts (Gabriela K i l i á n o v á)...240
Vedecká konferencia „Kresťanstvo na Kysuciach v priebehu storočí“ (Martin P r i e č k o)...243
Konferencia „Súčasná kultúra každodenného Života Slovákov v Maďarsku“ (Katarína
K i r á l y o v á)...245
RECENZIE – ANOTÁCIE
M. Vrzgulová: Deti holokaustu (Katarína P o p e l k o v á)...247
T. Brod: Ještě že člověk neví, co ho čeká. života běh mezi roky 1929-1989 (Peter S a l n e r)...249
A. Habovštiak: Oravci o svojej minulosti (Martina B o c á n o v á)...250
R. Gerát: Čadčianske pľace (Martin P r i e č k o)...251

K. Rozália: Hartai gyógyító hagyományok –Tradičné ľudové liečenie v obci Harta (Izabela
D a n t e r o v á)...253
CONTENTS
STUDIES
J a k u b í k o v á, Kornélia:Communication of life-cycle rituals: changes in the 20th century...123
B u ž e k o v á, Tatiana: Enemy within and reputation: investigation of witchcraft and gossip in
anthropology ...130
H o l u b o v á, Markéta: Czech pilgrims and Slovak Šaštín in the light of the „Books of
mercy“...146
N á d a s k á, Katarína:Religious life in village community (partial results of research)...157
MATERIALS
Z m e t á k, Igor: F. X. Eder and his script on Bolivian Moxos in the context of 18th
century ethnography...168
L e n o v s k ý, Ladislav: Clientele of bath-city – intercultural communication and cultural change
...177
DISCUSSION
B e c h t e l o v á, Delphine – G a l m i c h e, Xavier: Far from the centre – Central-European
revelations of „areal“ researches...197
RESERVED FOR
How did we live Slovakia in the 20th century – introduction...199
L u t h e r, Daniel: Libreto of exhibition. Slovakia in the 20th century. Urban community and
culture...199
S l a v k o v s k ý, Peter: Slovakia in the 20th century – Rural culture and habitus of life. Natural,
historical and social-economic conditions...210
M l y n k a, Ladislav: How We lived. Slovakia in the 20th century...219
NEWS – HORIZONS – GLOSSARY
Jubilee of PhDr. Viera Gašparíková, DrSc. (Bohuslav B e n e š)...223
Jubilee of Mgr. Juliana Kováčováj (Hana U r b a n c o v á)...226
Jubilee of Juraj Podoba (Oľga D a n g l o v á)...229
Cooperation with the Institut of Ethnology SANU in Beograd (Peter S l a v k o v s k ý – Dušan
R a t i c a)...239
Conference „Travelling Concepts“ (Gabriela K i l i á n o v á)...240
Scientific conference „Christianity in Kysuce in the course of centuries“ (Martin P r i e č k o)...243
Conference „Recent culture of everyday-life of Slovaks in Hungary“ (Katarína K i r á l y o v á)...245
BOOKREVIEWS – ANOTATIONS...247

A B S T R A C T S and S U M M A R I E S SN2/2008
COMMUNICATION OF LIFE-CYCLE RITUALS:
CHANGES IN THE 20 TH CENTURY
(KOMUNIKÁCIA V OBRADOCH ŽIVOTNÉHO CYKLU: ZMENY V 20. STOROČÍ)
KORNÉLIA JAKUBÍKOVÁ
doc. PhDr. Kornélia Jakubíková, CSc., Katedra etnológie a kultúrnej antropológie FiF
UK, Gondova 2, 818 01 Bratislava
The article is dealing with changes which have occured in types, contents and participants
of communication in life-cycle rituals (childbirth, wedding, funeral).
Kľúčové slová: obrady životného cyklu, komunikácia, zmeny
Key words: life-cycle rituals, communication, changes
Summary
The article presents a analysis of such elements of life-cycle rituals, the dominant function of which is a disclosure
of the particular ritual’s performance and an invitation to participate in it. I focus on the following attributes of
communication processes:
- what type of communication is used (contact/mediated, oral/written)
- what is the content of communication
- who are the participants of communication
- whether any feedback exists and what it is about
Results of a comparison of traditional vs. contemporary style of ritual communication has showed that various types
of mediated technical communication have been expanding. Share of non-verbal elements – symbols has dropped.
Direct participants of a ritual become also expedients of communication and not as previously, when this role was
played by agents. Feedback is now dominated by verbal forms, whereas in the past, reactions were of material or
activity nature (gifts, assistance). Multifunctionality of ritual communication is still valid, but concerning its structure,
aesthetic and prestigious functions tend to dominate. A new function of retrospective documentary has appeared.
ENEMY WITHIN AND REPUTATION: INVESTIGATION OF WITCHCRAFT
AND GOSSIP IN ANTHROPOLOGY
(NEPRIATEĽ ZVNÚTRA A JEHO POVESŤ:
SKÚMANIE BOSORÁCTVA A KLEBIET V ANTROPOLÓGII)
TATIANA BUŽEKOVÁ
RNDr., Mgr. Tatiana Bužeková, PhD., Ústav etnológie SAV,
Klemensova 19, 813 64 Bratislava
The paper is dedicated to the anthropological investigation of witchcraft and gossip. These
two phenomena are interconnected and have been examined by scholars since the early
period of anthropological research. No anthropologist denied that both witchcraft and
gossip have psychological dimension, but it was not easy to deal with them theoretically.
After delineation of the key points of anthropological investigation of witchcraft and gossip

the author introduces the current perspective of evolutionary psychology integrating
principles and results drawn from evolutionary biology, cognitive science, anthropology,
and neuroscience.
Kľúčové slová: bosoráctvo, čarodejníctvo, klebety, antropológia, evo-lučná
psychológia
Key words: witchcraft, sorcery, gossip, anthropology, evolutionary psychology
Summary
The paper is dedicated to the anthropological investigation of witchcraft and gossip. These two phenomena are
interconnected and have been examined by scholars since the early period of anthropological research. In social
sciences witchcraft has been investigated in different disciplines – folkloristics, history and anthropology. Historical
and anthropological approaches have often overlapped and manifested the same key problems. Most anthropological
and historical works has demonstrated the relations between the occurrence of misfortunes in human life and alleged
personal animosities through beliefs in witchcraft, and the setting of those animosities in particular social contexts.
Both historicists and anthropologists emphasized the close connection between witchcraft and gossip that served as a
main channel of transmission of suspicions concerning alleged witches. Anthropological analysis of gossip, on the
other side, oscillated between functionalistic and psychological explanation. Despite the difference between theoretical
approaches, anthropological research has shown the same characteristics of gossip in different cultural settings: I. It
reinforces norms; 2. It is transmitted between members of one group; 3. It centres around people with whom a close
social relationship exists; 4. To be the butt of gossip is an indication of social importance; 5. Gossip is utilised to
forward personal interests. Reputation appeared as a key aspect in gossip as well as in witchcraft suspicions. From
evolutionary point of view, gossip as a manipulation with reputation was a crucial factor in humans’ evolution: it
presented information that had implications for individuals’ fitness-relevant social strategies in the environment of
evolutionary adaptedness. Evolutionary approach therefore takes into account psychological as well as social factors. It
is consistent with ethnographical findings and offers their explanation in terms of human development.
CZECH PILGRIMS AND SLOVAK ŠAŠTÍN IN THE LIGHT OF
THE „BOOKS OF MERCY“
(ČEŠTÍ POUTNÍCI A SLOVENSKÝ ŠAŠTÍN VE SVĚTLE
„KNIH MILOSTÍ“)
MARKÉTA HOLUBOVÁ
PhDr. Markéta Holubová, Ph.D., Etnologický ústav AV ČR, v.v.i.
Na Florenci 3, 110 01 Praha
Based on the excerpts from the sources, it is apparent that the tradition of pilgrimages to
the Šaštín Virgin from the Moravia-Silesian borderland, is still alive lasting more than 275
years almost without interruption even in the politically unfavourable period of the second
half of the 20th century, although there was a significant shift in the mental experience of
miraculous hearings.
Klíčová slova: „Knihy milostí“, poutnictví, kult Panny Marie
Key worlds: „Books of Miracles“, pilgrimage, cult of the Virgin Mary
Summary
The site of pilgrimage was part of the system of creating regional, religious and ethnic awareness. Mutual cultural
and social ties were forged based on the principle of the manifestation of a certain religious act common to all pilgrims
participating in the pilgrimages which were one of the occasions for the gathering of wider local, frequently also
geographically multiregional communities. The foundation for the dense and relatively evenly distributed network of

sites of pilgrimage emerged in the Czech lands during the post-Tridentine period. In accordance with the nature of the
Baroque pilgrimages knowing no boundaries, a great number of pilgrims from the territory of the Czech lands visited
famous sites of pilgrimage within the Austrian Dual State or beyond its borders.
Among the frequently visited Marian sites of pilgrimage was also the town of Šaštín in Slovakia which was a
destination for processions from the Moravian-Silesian territory soon after 1732. One of the motivating incentives for
undertaking pilgrimages was the fact that the pieta of Šaštín’s Seven Sorrows of the Virgin was considered the
Madonna that worked miracles. After all, there is plenty of evidence to support this in the form of manuscripts and
printed miracle books dating back to 1732-1794.
Excerpts from these sources enable us to examine in a specific manner the oldest experiences of Czech worshippers
going on miracles to Slovak Šaštín. Their comparison with the current books of mercy kept at the Šaštín pilgrimage
Basilica of Seven Sorrows has provided us with remarkable comparative material for the study of transformations of
Czech peregrination to Slovakia.
Based on the excerpts from the sources, it is apparent that the tradition of pilgrimages to the Šaštín Virgin from the
Moravia-Silesian borderland, is still alive lasting more than 275 years almost without interruption even in the
politically unfavourable period of the second half of the 20th century, although there was a significant shift in the
mental experience of miraculous hearings.
RELIGIOUS LIFE IN VILLAGE COMMUNITY COMMUNICATION.
(Partial results of research)
(NÁBOŽENSKÝ ŽIVOT V KOMUNIKÁCII OBYVATEĽOV OBCE -
Čiastočné výskumné závery)
KATARÍNA NÁDASKÁ
PhDr. Katarína Nádaská, PhD., Katedra etnológie a kultúrnej
antropológie FF UK, Gondova 2, 818 01 Bratislava
This paper is focused on the communication about religious life in one rural village of
Zahorie region in West part of Slovakia primarily where the traditional and conservative
character of life and religious identity was closely connected with the local identity
perception. The role of communication leaders judging Sunday homily, participation of
people at divine service, their dressing and behavior, etc. was examined here. The manifest
and collective forms of religiosity together with their local bonds were in this village
emphasized.
Kľúčové slová: náboženská komunikácia, náboženská identita, mienkotvorný líder,
náboženský inštitucionalizmus, ľudová religiozita
Key words: religious communication, religious identity, public opinion leader, religious
institutionalism, folk religiosity
Summary
One of the organizing principles of the local community is to follow the rule „do the same as your neighbor is
doing“. Everyone is member of as small- as large-scale groups and he or she also belongs to different own and foreign
groups (family, occupational group, community, nation…).
Social communication is characterized by its referential systems – networks that enable interactions, control, norms
sharing and moral values of each individual. The networks operate as communication canals between individual and
different groups.
The set of statements and attitudes of community related to crucial societal event is described as public opinion
which John Lock understands not as a sum of individual but rather as „dominant” attitudes. Within the local
community to be under examination it was possible to see the public opinion management otherwise controlled by socalled
public opinion leaders.

Although the community has declared the homogeneity from religious point of view on the one hand, the
heterogeneity was from gender and social perspective on the other hand in the village.
Despite of this heterogeneity it is possible to say that community members share modal values, i.e., dominant signs
of respective culture or society.
The village is located/ neighboring nearby capital city and one small town but there still some aspects of
traditionalism, suicentrism, folk religion and rituality are keeping alive. On the other hand the „real and living“ folklore
is appearing to be vanished while urbanization assists to changing face of rural country, traditional conservativism and
patriarchal mentality.