CORDIO Status Report 1999.pdf

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Tanga TANZANIA 39ºE 40ºE Bawe and Chumbe Reefs Misali Tanga Reef Reefs Zanzibar Pemba Bongoyo and Mbudya Reefs Dar-es-Salaam Indian Ocean Mafia Tutia and Pange Reefs Songo Songo Archipelago 5ºS 6ºS 7ºS 8ºS 9ºS ty, sedimentation, salinity, tides (emersion), water pollution, population explosion of predatory organisms (especially crown-of-thorns starfish) and ecological competition with algae and other non-reef building organisms. The main anthropogenic threats to coral reefs include over-exploitation, destructive activities (fishing and anchor damage), sedimentation (unplanned agriculture and deforestation) and pollution. In order to prevent and eradicate overfishing and destructive fishing, laws and regulations aimed at preventing overfishing, destructive fishing and environmental pollution have been enacted. Zoning of coastal marine protected areas for reef conservation purposes is another positive step taken by the Government (e.g. the establishment of Mafia Island Marine Park). Although useful, the current efforts to regulate exploitation of coral reef environments and resources are facing two serious obstacles. The first obstacle is lack of human and financial resources to facilitate proper enforcement of existing regulations, carry out research and monitor the coral reef environment. The second obstacle is that given the current trend in human population increase and the system of free entry to reef resources, efforts to reduce fishing efforts and destructive activities on coral reefs are unlikely to be realised unless new management strategies are instituted. 10ºS Mnazi Bay Distribution of coral reefs in Tanzania. Due to the narrow continental shelf, reefs are close to land. The effects of coral bleaching varied; generally shallow-water reefs and reefs around Mafia suffered more. Proposed study sites are named. THE STATUS OF CORAL REEFS BEFORE 1998 Most reports suggest a widespread degradation of coral reef environments and their associated living resources in Tanzania (UNEP, 1989; Horrill et al., 1994). While a decline in coral reef resources and environment near urban centres is obvious, reefs in remote areas seem to be in relatively “better condition’’, such as SongoSongo, Mafia, islets in the Zanzibar channel, Misali in Pemba, and off Mnazi bay in Mtwara (this may be incorrect, due to lack of initial or pristine reference conditions). However, after the recent coral bleaching event, the condition of the reefs in Tanzania needs to be assessed again. – 43 –
CORAL BLEACHING EVENT IN TANZANIA Coral bleaching in Tanzania probably occurred from February and continued through May 1998. In Zanzibar, coral bleaching started in the last week of March (pers. obs.). Coral bleaching was reported from all parts of the Tanzania coast. The extent of coral bleaching on a national level could not be accurately estimated, but individual reports seem to suggest that bleaching was not uniform. Corals in shallow water (reef flats) bleached more that those in deeper waters. Mafia coral reefs (Kitutia and Pange) seem to have suffered more than Zanzibar reefs. Similarly, corals on the western side of Pemba Island were more affected than corals on the eastern side. The response differed considerably between coral species. In general, more than 60% of the scleractinian corals showed signs of bleaching (Table 1 and 2). The Acropora bleached most. Other coral species that bleached include Echinopora, Montipora, Millepora, Pocillopora, Seriatopora, Galaxea, Astreopora, Lobophyllia and Porites. A few corals, such as Diploastrea and Pachyseris, didn’t show any signs of bleaching in Zanzibar. Two factors seem to be associated with coral bleaching in Tanzania: water temperature and rainfall (salinity). The water temperature was 30.5°C (according to a temperature logger placed at 3 m on a coral branch at Bawe, Zanzibar), about 2°C higher than in the previous year (28.5°C) (Figure 1). Even casual swimmers in Table 1: Bottom cover category summary in some of the monitored coral reef sites in Zanzibar in 1997. Benthic Bawe Changuu Chapwani Chumbe Kwale Mnemba category (W- (W- (W- (SW- (SW- (Ecoast) coast) coast) coast) coast) coast) Hard coral 53.11 50.17 44.31 51.85 29.73 13.95 Softcoral 2.45 0.74 2.85 0.76 1.66 30.67 Rhodactis 0.97 6.65 2.37 0.49 0 0.1 Zoanthids 0.14 1.65 0.58 0.05 0.03 0.05 Sponges 0.85 0.09 0.17 0.36 0.18 0 Algae 2.94 10.97 3.88 8.87 28.06 2.44 Others 2.04 2.27 0.74 0.12 0.39 0.03 Substrate 37.5 27.46 45.1 37.5 39.95 52.76 Source: IMS-LGL Coral reef monitoring programme, 1997. Table 2: The extent of hard coral bleaching on monitored plots in Zanzibar Coral category Chapwani Changuu Bawe Chumbe Kwale Hard coral before bleaching, October 1997 44.31 50.11 53.11 51.85 29.73 Hard coral after bleaching, November 1998 25 33 45 42 15 Normal coral 44.4 42.6 33.3 16.5 32.8 Bleached 12.7 14.8 11.8 49.4 36.4 Partly bleached 21.0 25.8 14.1 9.3 15.0 Dead coral 19.9 5.8 33.2 11.5 7.1 Partly dead coral 2.0 10.0 7.6 13.3 7.7 Source: IMS-LGL Coral reef monitoring programme, 1998 Figure 1. Seawater temperatur (°C) on Zanzibar coral reefs in 1997 and 1998. 31 30 29 28 1998 27 26 25 1997 Bleaching period in Zanzibar Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec – 44 –
Page 2 and 3: CORAL REEF DEGRADATION IN THE INDIA
Page 4 and 5: Foreword Corals as organisms and co
Page 6 and 7: Table of contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 8 and 9: Rationale Coral reefs throughout th
Page 10 and 11: STATUS REPORTS FROM DIFFERENT REGIO
Page 12 and 13: The South Asia region of the Indian
Page 14 and 15: man and Nicobar islands. Mainland I
Page 16 and 17: Table 1. (Cont.) Country Locations/
Page 18 and 19: International Year of the Coral Ree
Page 20 and 21: 72ºE Makunudu North Malosmadulu So
Page 22 and 23: has been a consequent lack of train
Page 24 and 25: Stoddart, D.R (1971). Environment a
Page 26 and 27: Table 1. Diversity of scleractinian
Page 28 and 29: 5ºS 71ºE 72ºE 73ºE Indian Ocean
Page 30 and 31: much higher in lagoons than on seaw
Page 32 and 33: Various corals in Chagos, 1999. A:
Page 34 and 35: THE BLEACHING EVENT The 1997-98 El-
Page 36 and 37: MONITORING AND RESEARCH RELEVANT TO
Page 38 and 39: (17°20’S) and Bazaruto Island (2
Page 40 and 41: Locality Reef Description Results B
Page 42 and 43: Institute and from 24-30 March by D
Page 46 and 47: Zanzibar noticed the rise in water
Page 48 and 49: Influence of coral bleaching on the
Page 50 and 51: Dead table-forming Acropora spp. af
Page 52 and 53: Horrill, J.C. & Ngoile, M.A.K. 1991
Page 54 and 55: The fringing reefs of Reunion are a
Page 56 and 57: platforms (21 km 2 ). As human acti
Page 58 and 59: Bleached and partly bleached Acropo
Page 60 and 61: Status report Mauritius DR JOHN R T
Page 62 and 63: OTHER RELEVANT WORK IN THE REGION T
Page 64 and 65: BLEACHING EVENT SST anomaly data in
Page 66 and 67: Remote sensing as a tool for assess
Page 68 and 69: parameters and apply correction and
Page 70 and 71: Coral bleaching effects on reef fis
Page 72 and 73: Chabanet et al., 1997; Öhman & Raj
Page 74 and 75: the status of the reef fish communi
Page 76 and 77: Letourneur, Y., Harmelin-Vivien, M.
Page 78 and 79: grow, but damage and loss of transp
Page 80 and 81: corals: a manual for coral reef use
Page 82 and 83: dependence on fisheries for income
Page 84 and 85: REFERENCES Berg, H., Öhman, M.C.,
Page 86 and 87: is an enigma. Everyone is in favour
Page 88 and 89: solar cells is estimated to decreas
Page 90 and 91: LIST OF CORDIO PROJECTS 1999 - 89 -
Page 92 and 93: lagoons will be studied to determin
Page 94 and 95:
South Asia Region Regional co-ordin
Page 96 and 97:
Central Indian Ocean islands Region
Page 98 and 99:
APPENDIX - 97 -
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08.30 a.m.-09.00 a.m. Coral transpl
Page 102 and 103:
MAIZAN HASSAN MANIKU Director Gener
Page 104:
DR MOHIDEEN WAFAR Scientist Nationa
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