CORDIO Status Report 1999.pdf

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Table of contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY RATIONALE STATUS REPORTS FROM DIFFERENT REGIONS Coral reef ecosystems in South Asia 11 Status report India 25 Coral mortality in the Chagos Archipelago 27 Status report Kenya 33 A preliminary assessment of coral bleaching in Mozambique 37 Assessment of the extent of damage, socio-economics effects, mitigation and recovery in Tanzania 43 Influence of coral bleaching on the fauna of Tutia Reef, Tanzania 48 Consequences of the 1998 coral bleaching event for the islands of the Western Indian Ocean 53 Status report Mauritius 60 Status report Socotra Archipelago 63 ARTICLES ON THE SCOPE OF CORDIO Remote sensing as a tool for assessing reef damage 67 Coral bleaching effects on reef fish communities and fisheries 71 Rehabilitation of degraded coral reefs 78 Socio-economic aspects of the 1998 coral bleaching event in the Indian Ocean 82 Sustainable energy and wastewater treatment as alternative/ sustainable livelihood for costal communities 86 LIST OF CORDIO PROJECTS 1999 East African region 93 South Asia region 96 Central Indian Ocean islands 98 APPENDIX Meeting agenda 103 List of participants 105 – 5 –
Executive Summary The reports in this volume summarize the extent of damage to the coral reefs of the Indian Ocean caused by the elevated temperatures in 1998. Most of the reports also contain information on the status of reefs 6 to 12 months after the events of 1998, thus describing the fate of dead corals, the first signs of recovery in some areas, and the secondary damage to other organisms dependent on the reef, such as fish. A brief summary of the results is given here. EAST AFRICA • Several areas suffered very high coral mortality. For example, surveys in Kiunga and Malindi (Kenya), Misali and Mafia (Tanzania), and Pemba and Inhacca (Mozambique) showed that 90–100% of the corals died after exposure to water temperatures that exceeded 32°C, mainly in March and April 1998. The mortality of corals culminated around mid- May. In some areas, however, corals continued to die until October. • Following the event in 1998, coral cover appears to have been reduced to between 10 to 50% of previous levels in most areas along the coast of Kenya, Tanzania and northern Mozambique. In some areas the reduction is greater, i.e. up to or above 90%. • Initial investigations indicate that fish communities associated with coral reefs were affected by the coral mortality and that, in general, herbivorous species increased while corallivorous species decreased. • In most affected areas, the cover of algal turf on bleached and dead reefs increased significantly. On Kenyan reefs, for example, algal cover in many areas increased up to 200% as a result of the newly available substrate. INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS • Coral mortality ranged from 50–90% over extensive areas of shallow reefs in Seychelles, Comoros, Madagascar and Chagos. In some areas (around Mahe, Seychelles), mortality was close to 100%. • By the end of 1998, algal turf covered coral reefs throughout much of the region. • Monitoring of potentially toxic, epiphytic dinoflagellates has shown drastically increased concentrations in areas with dead corals. • By early 1999, much of the dead coral in Chagos was reported to be eroded to rubble, preventing recolonisation. In Socotra Archipelago, coral rubble has been washed ashore and can be found in piles on the beach. • Preliminary assessments of the reef fish communities in Chagos indicate that abundance and diversity have decreased to less than 25% of their former levels. SOUTH ASIA REGION • Bleaching was reported down to a depth of 40 m in Sri Lanka and 30 m in Maldives, as a result of water temperatures of approximately 35°C during the period April to June, 1998. • In Sri Lanka and Maldives, nearly 90% of the corals died in many areas. In the Hikkaduwa and Bar reefs of Sri Lanka, close to 100% of the corals died, and by the end of 1998, these reefs were covered by thick algal turf. In May 1999, large areas of reefs in Maldives showed few signs of recovery. • In India, surveys indicated mortality between 50 and 90% in the reefs in Gulf of Mannar, Andaman Islands and Lakshadweep. • Assessments of the reef fish communities showed drastic reductions in butterfly fish numbers in Sri Lankan reefs. – 6 –
Page 2 and 3: CORAL REEF DEGRADATION IN THE INDIA
Page 4 and 5: Foreword Corals as organisms and co
Page 8 and 9: Rationale Coral reefs throughout th
Page 10 and 11: STATUS REPORTS FROM DIFFERENT REGIO
Page 12 and 13: The South Asia region of the Indian
Page 14 and 15: man and Nicobar islands. Mainland I
Page 16 and 17: Table 1. (Cont.) Country Locations/
Page 18 and 19: International Year of the Coral Ree
Page 20 and 21: 72ºE Makunudu North Malosmadulu So
Page 22 and 23: has been a consequent lack of train
Page 24 and 25: Stoddart, D.R (1971). Environment a
Page 26 and 27: Table 1. Diversity of scleractinian
Page 28 and 29: 5ºS 71ºE 72ºE 73ºE Indian Ocean
Page 30 and 31: much higher in lagoons than on seaw
Page 32 and 33: Various corals in Chagos, 1999. A:
Page 34 and 35: THE BLEACHING EVENT The 1997-98 El-
Page 36 and 37: MONITORING AND RESEARCH RELEVANT TO
Page 38 and 39: (17°20’S) and Bazaruto Island (2
Page 40 and 41: Locality Reef Description Results B
Page 42 and 43: Institute and from 24-30 March by D
Page 44 and 45: Tanga TANZANIA 39ºE 40ºE Bawe and
Page 46 and 47: Zanzibar noticed the rise in water
Page 48 and 49: Influence of coral bleaching on the
Page 50 and 51: Dead table-forming Acropora spp. af
Page 52 and 53: Horrill, J.C. & Ngoile, M.A.K. 1991
Page 54 and 55: The fringing reefs of Reunion are a
Page 56 and 57:
platforms (21 km 2 ). As human acti
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Bleached and partly bleached Acropo
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Status report Mauritius DR JOHN R T
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OTHER RELEVANT WORK IN THE REGION T
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BLEACHING EVENT SST anomaly data in
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Remote sensing as a tool for assess
Page 68 and 69:
parameters and apply correction and
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Coral bleaching effects on reef fis
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Chabanet et al., 1997; Öhman & Raj
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the status of the reef fish communi
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Letourneur, Y., Harmelin-Vivien, M.
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grow, but damage and loss of transp
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corals: a manual for coral reef use
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dependence on fisheries for income
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REFERENCES Berg, H., Öhman, M.C.,
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is an enigma. Everyone is in favour
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solar cells is estimated to decreas
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LIST OF CORDIO PROJECTS 1999 - 89 -
Page 92 and 93:
lagoons will be studied to determin
Page 94 and 95:
South Asia Region Regional co-ordin
Page 96 and 97:
Central Indian Ocean islands Region
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APPENDIX - 97 -
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08.30 a.m.-09.00 a.m. Coral transpl
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MAIZAN HASSAN MANIKU Director Gener
Page 104:
DR MOHIDEEN WAFAR Scientist Nationa
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